mqj;a úyaf,aik jd¾;dj - nisd.ac.lk · wmfoayl;ajh wdpd¾h ßâ,s chisxy wohci ckrd,a cd;sl iudc...

mqj;a úYAf,aIK jd¾;dj ^<uhska yd mßirh iïnkaOj m< jq mqj;a weiqßka&

m<uqjk l,dmh

2017

iudc ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd m%ldYk wxYh

cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kh'

mqj;a úYAf,aIKh ^<uhska yd mßirh iïnkaOj m< jq mqj;a weiqßka&

m<uqjk l,dmh

2017

ixialrKh

fla' pduß l=udß o ;dfn%õ


cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kh

mqj;a úYAf,aIKh

2017 foieïn¾

© iudc ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd m%ldYk wxYh" cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kh'

ISBN978-955-8003-17-6

wCIr ixfhdackh yd msgq ieliqu pduß ;dfn%õ$ ldxpkd lr`oj,

msg ljr ks¾udKh ;ß`ÿ Ñka;l

úúO iydh khkd ,shkf.a ñh" ta' fla' tia' w,xldr uhd

uqøKh

Kaleidoscope print & media solutions

fkd( 125" kdj, mdr"

kdrdfyakamsg" fld<U 05

Tel : 0112-368246

Fax : 0112-368712

E-mail : [email protected]

m%ldYkh

iudc ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd m%ldYk wxYh" cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" wxl 488 ta" kdj, mdr" rdc.sßh' 0112882506/7, 0112368180

E-mail:[email protected]

Web:www.nisd.lk

WmfoaYl;ajh

wdpd¾h ßâ,s chisxy

wOHCI ckrd,a


wëCIKh

IdñKS w;a;kdhl

w;sf¾l wOHCI ckrd,a ^wOHhk&


kshdukh yd u`.fmkaùu

tï' tia'tï' wiañhdia" wOHCI



ixialrK WmfoaYl;ajh

tia'ta't*a' Idkdia" lÓldpd¾h

ckikaksfõok wOHkdxYh

fld<U úYajúoHd,h

iïnkaêlrKh yd jd¾;dlrKh

fla' pduß l=udß o ;dfn%õ



iydh iïnkaêlrKh

ldxpkd lr`oj,



i

fmrjok

cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kfha iudc ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd

m%ldYk wxYh u`.ska jd¾Islj Ydia;S%h .%ka: m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,nhs' 2017

j¾Ih iòyd m¾fhaIK wxYh u`.ska kj .%ka: lsysmhla y`ÿkajd fok w;r

bka tla .%ka:hlajkqfha mqj;a m;a wdY%fhka isÿ lrkq ,nk úYaf,aIKd;aul

jd¾;djhs' YdiA;%Sh .%ka:lrKh ishü fokdg isÿ l< fkdyelsh' ta iòyd

ks¾udKd;aulnj ;a" jHjydßl {dkh ;a bka Tíng .sh Ydia;%Sh {dkh ;a

wjeis fõ' l,d .=Kh yd l,d rih msysgkafka jdikdjka;hskag nj

Ndr;fha NdId úIdro okaãka m`äjrhd yd ld,sodi m`ä;=ud úúO wjia:dj,

mjid we;' wOH;kfha ikaksfõok úIh ;=<ska udOH l%shdldrS;ajh ms<snòj

±kqu ,nd fok w;r ikaksfõok udOHhla jYfhka uqøs; udOHh iudchg

m%jD;a;s" woyia" ±kaùï" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a iudÔh lreKQ wvx.= uqøKhla

fõ' uqøs; udOH l,dfõ mqj;a m;a uQ,dY%h lr .ksñka fuu j¾Ifha y`ÿkjd

fok fuu ks¾udKd;aul yd Ydia;%Sh .%ka:h m%ldYhg m;a lsÍug wjYH

lghq;= iïmdokh lrkq ,enq iudc ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd

m%ldYk wxYfha wOHCI tï'tia'tï' wiañhdia uy;dg iy i`.rd

ixialdrljrekag ;a" i`.rdfõ id¾:l;ajh iïnkaOfhka fkduo

odhl;ajhla ,nd ÿka ishü ks,OdÍ" ks,Odßkshkag ;a udf.a lD;fõ§;ajh

msßkuk w;ru Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khla f,i fujeks Ydia;%Sh yd

m¾fhaIK lD;ss úoaj;a mdGl m%cdj fj; ,nd§ug yelsùu wm ,o iqúYd,

ch.%yKhla f,i o iòyka lrkq leue;af;ñ'

iudc jev wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka YS% ,xldfõ Wmdê msßkukq ,nk tlu

Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kh jk cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kh fujeks

l,d;aul yd úIhdkql+, Ydia;%Sh .%ka: ;=<ska mdGlhkag iajlSh ±kqu

j¾Okh lr .ekSu Wfoid uy;a msgqn,hla ,nd fok w;r bÈßhg ;a

fujeks YdiA;%Sh .%ka: m%ldYhg m;a lsÍug yelshdj ,efíjdhs iqn m%d¾:kd

lrñ'

wdpd¾h ßâ,s chisxy wOHCI ckrd,a cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kh

ii

WmldrldkqiauD;sh

cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kfha iudc ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd

m%ldYk wxYh ld,Sk iudc wjYH;djhka y`ÿkd.ksñka iudchg wjYH

m¾fhaIK yd m%ldYkhka isÿ lrkq ,nhs' 2017 j¾Ih iòyd m¾fhaIK wxYh

u`.ska m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,nk m%ldYhka w;r kjH m%ldYkhla jYfhka

mqj;a m;a úYaf,aIK jd¾;dj y`ÿkd.; yelsh'

uqøK l,dj j¾;udkfha ckm%sh ikaksfõok udOHhla fõ' 1900 ka miqj Y%S

,xldfõ mqj;am;a l,dj ;=< lemSfmfkk fõ.j;a ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' fï

iòyd m%Odk jYfhka n,mdkq ,enqfõ úúO wruqKq yd wjYH;d wkqj úúO

NdIdjkaf.ka" úúO mqoa.,hka yd wdh;khka úiska mqj;am;a wdrïN lsÍu h'

fufia wdrïN lrk ,o mqj;am;a ys jd¾;d jk úúOdldrfha mqj;a f;aud

wkqj ú.%yhg ,la lsÍug yels h' fuu .%ka:h ;=<ska <uhska yd mßirh

iïnkaOj m%ldYhg m;a jQ mqj;a ms<snòj úYaf,aIKd;aul ú.%yhla isÿ lr

we;' fuu .%ka:lrKfha oS WmfoaYl;ajh ,nd ÿka cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok

wdh;kfha wOHCI ckrd,a wdpd¾h ßâ,s chisxy uy;dg ;a" w;sf¾l wOHCI

ckrd,a ^wOHhk& IdñKs w;a;kdh; uy;añhg ;a" .%ka: ixialrK

WmfoaYl;ajh iemhq fld<U úYajúoHd,fha" ck ikaksfõok wOHkdxYfha

lÓldpd¾h tia'ta't*a' Idkdia uy;añhg ;a udf.a f.!rjKsh ia;+;sh mqo lr

isáñ' úfYAIfhkau fuu .%ka:lrKfha oS wOHhk lghq;= uKav,h yd

md,l iNd idudðlhka úiska ,nd ÿka u`. fmkaùug lD;{ fjñ'

fuu mqj;am;a úYaf,aIK jd¾;dj t<s±laùu iòyd fuu ld¾h läkñka yd

id¾:lj ksud lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fuys .%ka: ixialdrl jYfhka lghq;=

l< fla' pduß l=udß o ;dfn%õg ;a" iyh ixialdrl ldxpkd lròj,

uy;añhg ;a udf.a úfYAI ia;+;sh mqo lrk w;r .%ka: ixialrKh iòyd

iydh ±lajQ ishü fokdg ;a" kka whqßka iydh jQ wOHhk yd wkOHhk

ks,Odß uKav,hg ;a" fuu i`.rdfõ uqøK lghq;= Ndr.ksñka id¾:lj tlS

lghq;= bgqlrÿka l,fvdiafldma wdh;kfha l<ukdldr;=uka yd ld¾h

uKav,hg ;a udf.a úfYaI ia;+;sh mqo lr isáñ'

tï'tia'tï'wiañhdia wOHCI" iudc ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd m%ldYk wxYh

iii

ixialdrl igyk

YS% ,xldfõ uqøK Ys,amfha b;sydih fidhd hdfï § tys b;sydih ,kafoais

hq.fhka wdrïNjqj ;a wE; w;S;fha isgu .%ka:lrKh isÿúh' uqøK

fomd¾;fïka;j= úiska 1802 È m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o mqj;am;a udOHfha

wdrïNh iksgqyka jQ w;r th rdcH mKsjqv muKla wvx.= f,aLkhla jQ

fyhska 1832 È úúO úfYaIdx. we;=<;a mqj;am;la jYfhka Colombo Journal

m%ldYhg m;a úh' wOH;kfha Èkm;d" i;sm;d" i;s wka; yd udisl wd§

jYfhka mqj;am;a m%ldYhg m;a jk w;r fuu .%ka:h ;=<ska Èjhsk yd

,xld§m hk Èkm;d m< jQ mqj;am;aj, 2017 ud¾;= udih ;=< <uqka yd

mßirh hk f;audjka hgf;a m%ldYhg m;a mqj;a ms<snòj úpdrd;aul

úYaf,aIKhla lr ;sfí' tfuka u f;dard .;a mqj;ays m%Odk YS¾I mdGhg

wod< miqìu yd jd¾;dlrKfha iajNdjh ms<snòj o fuys úYaf,aIKhla isÿ

lr ;sfí'

fuu úYaf,aIKd;aul .%ka:lrKfhys § wdrïNfha isg wjidkh olajdu

ksjerÈ WmfoaYl;ajh yd u`.fmkaùu ,nd ÿka cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok

wdh;kfha wOHCI ckrd,a wdpd¾h ßâ,s chisxyhka fuys § isysm;a lsÍug

leue;af;ñ' tfuka u i`.rdfõ id¾:l;ajh msgq mi ksnòj yqka iudc

ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd m%ldYk wxYfhys wOHCI tï'tia'tï'

wiañhdia uy;d yd ish¨ m¾fhaIK ks,OdÍka" m¾fhaIK iyldrjreka yd

wkOHhk ld¾h uKav,fha ishü ks,OdÍka lD;fõ§j isysm;a lrñ'

fld<U úYajúoHd,fha ck ikaksfõok wOHkdxYfha lÓldpd¾h tia'ta't*a'

Idkdia uy;añhg fuu .%ka:fh ys id¾:l;ajh Wfoid ;a" Ydia;%Sh nj

ixj¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid ;a .%ka: ixialrK WmfoaYl;aj lghq;= isÿ lsÍu

fjkqfjka ,nd ÿka fiajh iïnkaOfhka ia;+;sjka; jk w;r" iyh

ixialdrljßhg ;a udf.a f.!rjh ysñ fõ' i`.rdfõ uqøK lghq;= id¾:lj

lrÿka l,fvdiafldma wdh;kfha ld¾h uKav,hg iy kka whqßka

iyfhda.h ±lajQ ieug ;a lD;{;dj ysñ fõ'

ixialdrl(

fla' pduß o ;dfn%õ iudc ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" m¾fhaIK yd m%ldYk wxYh cd;sl iudc ixj¾Ok wdh;kh

iv

mgqk

fmrjok I

WmldrldkqiauD;sh ii

ixialdrl igyk iii

mgqk iv-v

j.= mgqk vi

m<uq mßÉfÊoh

yeòskaùu 1-7

1'1 wOHhk miqìu 1-4

1'2 wOHhkfha wruqKq 4

1'3 wOHhk l%ufõoh 5

1'4 wOHhk ÿIalr;d" isudlï yd w;a±lSï 6

1'5 mßÉfþolrKh 6-7

fojk mßÉfþoh

ixl,am ks¾jpkh 8-29

2'1 mqj;am;a ms<snò w¾:l;kh 8-9

2'2 <uhd ms<snò w¾:l;kh 10

2'3 <uhd yd <ud wmrdO ms<sn|j iudc úoHd;aul

úYaf,aIKh

11-18

2'4 mßirh ms<snò w¾:l;kh 18-24

2¡5 mßir .eg¿ 24-26

2¡6 mßir ixrlaIKh 25-29

v

f;jk mßÉfþoh

o;a; úYaf,aIKh 30-50 ye`Èkaùu 30

3'1 úYaf,aIKhg mdol jQ mqj;a ys iajNdjh 31

3'2 <uhska iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a ys iajNdjh 32-33

3'3 <ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaO mqj;a 33-35

3'4 <ud >d;k iïnkaO mqj;a 35-36

3'5 wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka uqyqK mdk .eg¿ 36-38

3'6 wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿ jk ydks 38-39

3'7 <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¿ 39-42

3'8 <ud ysñlï lvlsÍï 42-45

3'9 mßirh iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a 46-47

3'10 w,s ñksia .egqu 47

3'11 iajNdúl iïm;a úkdY lsÍu 48-49

3'12 mßir ixrCIKh wdY%s; mqj;a 49-50

issõjk mßÉfþoh

iudf,dapkh" ks.uk yd fhdackd 51-56 ye`Èkaùu 51

4'1 iudf,dapkh 52-53

4'2 ks.uk 53-55

4'3 fhdackd 55-56

wdY%s; .%ka:kdudj,sh 57

weuqKqu 01

58-64

vi

j.= mgqk

j.=j 3'1¡1 úYAf,aIKhg mdol jQ mqj;a m;a 31

j.=j 3'1¡2 úYAf,aIKhg mdol jQ mqj;ays iajNdjh 31

j.=j 3'2¡1 <uhska iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;aj, f;audjka 32

j.=j 3'3¡1 <ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaO mqj;a 34

j.=j 3'4¡1 <ud >d;khkag iïnkaO jQ fya;=ka 35

j.=j 3'5¡1 wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka uqyqKmdk .eg¿ 36

j.=j 3'5¡2 wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka isÿ jQ ldhsl ydks yd Ôú; ydks 37

j.=j 3'6¡1 <uqkag isÿ jQ wk;=rej, iajNdjh 38

j.=j 3'6¡2 wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿ jQ ldhsl ydks yd Ôú; ydks 39

j.=j 3'7¡1 <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¿ 41

j.=j 3'8¡1 <ud ysñlï lvlsÍï 42

j.=j 3'9¡1 mßirh iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a 46

mqj;a úYAf,aIK jd¾;dj 2017

1

m<uq mßÉfÊoh

ye`oskaùu

1¡1 wOHhk miqìu

iudc wd¾Ól idOl mokï jk f,dalfha iuia; iudc l%shdj,sh u úúO

úm¾hdihkag ,la fjñka mj;s' Ôj wÔj iEu fohla flfrys u n,md we;s

fuu ;;a;ajh ñksia csú;j,g m%n, jYfhka n,mEï lr ;sfí' iudc

iïu;hka wNsnjdhñka iudc /ljrKh ,eìh hq;= m%cd iuqyhka

j¾;udkfha wjodkï ;;a;ajhg m;aj ;sfí' udkj l%shdj,sfha <udúh yd

jeäysáúh flfrys fuh m%n, jYfhka n,md we;' iudcfha jeä wjOdkhla

fhduq j we;s m%cd lKavdhula jYfhka <uhska y`ÿkd.; yelsh' j¾;udk

iudcfha jeä jYfhka ysxikhkag f.dÿrejk udkj lKavdhula jYfhka o

<uhska lKAvdhu y`ÿkd.; yelsh' úfYaIfhka u ldhslj yd udkislj

<uqkaj úúO ysxikhkag f.dÿreùu kQ;kfha m%n, iudc .eg¨jla fõ'

<uhska iïnkaO .eg¨ fuka u mßirh o j¾;udkfha wNsfhda.hg ,laj

we;' kQ;k udkjhdf.a m%d:ñl wjYH;d fukau oaú;shsl wjYH;d mßirh

;=<ska bgq lr .;a; o" mßirh flfrys wjOdkh fhduqùu iSud jkakg úh'

ñksidf.a wjOdkh mßirh flfrys fhduq fkdjkúg mrsirh ;=< isÿjk

fjkiaùï" mßir úkdYhka yd udkjhd yd mßirh w;r mj;sk

iïnkaO;dj wjfndaO lr .ekSug fkdyels fõ' tu ;;a;ajh ;=< udkj

l%shdldrlï ;=<ska mßirh úkdYhg m;afõ'

rfÜ hï ;ekl oS isÿjk isÿùula tieKska jd¾;d lsÍug j¾;udkfha

;dCIKh ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl mj;S¡ j¾;udk iudcfha mqj;a jd¾;dlrKh

wdldr lsysmhlg wkqj isÿfõ' th úoHq;a yd uqøs; fõ' úoHq;a udOH u`.ska

tieKska mqj;a jd¾;d lsÍfï yelshdj mj;sk w;r uqøs; udOHhg tfia

yelshdjla fkdue;' uqøs; udOHh u`.ska f;dr;=re yd mqj;a bÈßm;a lsÍfï oS

hïlsis m%udohlajQj;a úia;rd;aulj yd ld,hla tu f;dr;=re yd mqj;a

uQ,dY% jYfhka <`. ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj mj;S¡ úfYaIfhka u .%dylhdg

wjYH fõ,djg ksoyfia mqj;a lshùfï yelshdj mj;shs' tfiau uqøs; udOH


2

u`.ska jd¾;d lrkq ,nk mqj;a yd f;dr;=re m<ùug hï ld,hla .; jk

fyhska úYAjdijka;j yd úia;rd;aulj mqj;a bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj ysñ

fõ'

uqøs; udOH u`.ska úúO f;audjka hgf;a mqj;a bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk w;r fuu

.%ka:h ;=< úYaf,aIKhg ,la lr ;sfnkqfha <uhska yd mßirh wdY%s;j m<

jQ mqj;a iïnkaOj h' <uhska yd mßirh iïnkaOj úúOdldrfha mqj;a

jd¾;d jk w;r fuu mqj;a ufkda iudc me;slvlska ú.%yhg ,la lsÍug

yelsh' fuu úYaf,aIKd;aul jd¾;dj ;=<ska W;aidy ord ;sfnkqfha mqj;am;a

ys m< jQ <uhska yd mßirh iïnkaO mqj;a úYAf,aIKd;aulj ú.%yhg ,la

lsÍuh'

mqj;am;a ys <uqka iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï oS jeä

jYfhka jd¾;d ù ;sfnkqfha <ud wmrdO iïnkaOfhka h' <ud wmrdOhla

jYfhka y`ÿkajkq ,nkafka iudc iïm%odh úiska bosßm;a lr we;s yd iudc

iïu;hka úiska f.dvk`.d .;a;d jQ we.hqï yd O¾u;djhka blaujd hñka

Bg fjkia wdldrhlska <uhdg ldhslj yd udkislj mSvdldÍ whqßka yd

ysxidldÍ whqßka ie,lSula jYfhka w¾: oelaúh yelsh' <uqka úúO

wdldrhkag ysxikhkag m;a fõ' tfyhska <ud wmrdOhla isÿùu flfrys

n,mdkq ,nk idOl ljf¾ o hkak úuid ne,Su ldf,daÑ; fõ' <ud

wmrdOhla isÿùu flfrys iudc wd¾Ól idOlhka n,mdkq ,nhs' wd¾Ól

idOlh uq,alr .ksñka f,dalh fN!;sl wxYfhka bosßhg .uka lrkq ,nk

wdldrh j¾;udkfha oel .ekSug yelshdj we;' wd¾Ól idOlh uq,alr

.ksñka ixj¾Okhla f,dj ;=< we;s jk úg tu wd¾Ólfhkau udkj

iudcfha fldgila myiqlï N=la;s ú`osk w;r ;j;a fldgila ÿ.Snúka

mSvdjg ,la fõ' fuu ;;a;ajhka oaú;ajhu fya;=fjka iudch ;=< <ud

wmrdOhla isÿùfï bvlv mj;S'

<ud wmrdO i`oyd n,mdk idOlhlajkqfha <uqkag ksis /ljrKh

fkdue;slu h' úia;D; mjq,a l%uhla ;=< <uqkag ksis wdrCIdjla ysñ jqj o"

j¾;udkfha mj;sk kHIaál mjq,a l%uh ksid <uqkag ,efnk wdrCIdj ySk

ù f.dia we;' ;j o uj yd mshd fofokdu /lshdj, kshqla;ùu fya;=fjka


3

<uqkaf.a wdrCIdj wjodkï ;;a;ajhlg m;aj ;sfí' <uhdg ukd wdrCIdjla

fkdue;s úg úúO mqoa.,hka úiska úúOdldrfhka <uqka wmpdrhkag ,la

lrkq ,nhs' tfyhska <uqkag ukd wdrCIdjla ,nd oSug jeäysáhka j.n,d

.; hq;= fõ' <uhdf.a Ydßßl fi!LHhg iy j¾Okhg ydks f.k fok

f,i <uhd fõokdjg ,la lrk l%shdjka lsÍu fukau <uhdf.a hym;

fjkqfjka l< yels foaj,a meyer yeÍu <ud wmrdO fõ' ldhsl yd udkisl

jYfhka mßK; fkdjQ <uhdf.a ish¨ Yla;Ska jeros wdldrfhka

m%fhdackhg .ekSu o <ud wmrdO l%shdjla fõ' <uhd hkq wkd.;h Ndr

.ekSug isák mqrjeisfhda jYfhka y`ÿkajdÈh yelsh' fï ksid Tjqkag ksis

jeãula i`oyd ksis /ljrKh" ksis fmdaIKh" ksis fi!LH myiqlï"

úfõlh" yd úfkdaoh hk wdosh ,nd oSu iudcfha j.lSu fõ'

ñksidf.a wjOdkh mßirh flfrys fhduq fkdjk úg mßirh ;=< isÿjk

fjkiaùï" mßir úkdYhka yd udkjhd yd mßirh w;r mj;sk

iïnkaO;dj wjfndaO lr .ekSug fkdyels fõ' tu ;;a;ajh ;=< udkj

l%shdldrlï ;=<ska mßirh úkdYhg m;afõ' udkj l%shdldrlïj,ska iDcqj

fyda jl%j mßirh úkdYhg m;afõ' mßir úkdYh u`.ska isÿjk wys;lr

m%;sM,hka WmkQmka udkjhdg N=la;s ú£ug isÿfõ' mßirh CIh iïm;la

jk fyhska mßirh kùlrKh fldg ks¾udKh lsÍug fkdyelsh' mßirh

kjHlrKhla fkdjk fyhska mj;sk iïm;aj,ska udkj wjYH;d mQrKh

lrkq ,enqj o" j¾;udk udkj wjYH;d mQrKh lsÍug mj;sk mdßißl

iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdfõ' udkj wjYH;d Wfoid mßirh ixrCIKh l<

hq;=h' udkj i;a;ajhka wjfndaO lr.; hq;= lreKla jkqfha j¾;udk

wjYH;d Wfoid mßirh mßfNdackh lrñka wkd.; mrïmrdfõ mßfNdack

wjYH;d Wfoid mßirh ixrCIKh l< hq;= njhs'

w;S;hg idfmaCIj j¾;udkfha mßir úkdYhka nyq,h' mßir úkdYh ;a

iuÕ úúO mdßißl .eg¿ ks¾udKh úh' fuu mdßißl .eg¿ foi úúO

kHdh" m¾hdf,dal Tiafia úu¾Ykh lsÍu isÿ úh' ld¾ñl úma,jfhka miqj

mßirhg isÿ jQ úkdYh" mßir ydksh w;s úYd, h' iudchSh úoHdjkaf.a o"


4

iajdNdúl úoHdjkaf.a o úúO l;sldj;a f.dvkÕk md¾Yjhka w;r

mdßißl .eg¿ ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq úh' tjeks miqìula ;=< mßirh

uQ,sl lr.;a úúO úoHd;aul ±kqï flakaøhka f.dvkefÕkakg úh' iudc

úoHdj" udkj úoHdj hk úIhhka mßirh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï

m%;sM,hla jYfhka mdßißl iudc úoHdj" mdßißl udkj úoHdj wdÈ úIh

Odrdjka ks¾udKh úh' fuu úIhhka ;=<ska udkjhd yd mßirh w;r ;a"

iudch yd mßirh w;r ;a" mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;djhka wOHhkh

lrkakg úh' udkjhd mßirfhka jHqla; lsÍug fkdyelsh' udkjhd

mßirfha fldgila jYfhka ye¢kaúh yelsh'

fuu úYaf,aIKd;aul jd¾;dj ;=<ska mßirh yd <uhska iïnkaOj kj

u;jdohka iudch ;=< f.dvke.Su yd <uhska iïnkaO .eg¨ yd mßirh

iïnkaO .eg¨ wju lsÍu iòyd .; hq;= l%shdud¾. yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh

iòyd fuu wOHhk jd¾;dj uy`.= msgqjy,la fõ'

1¡2 wOHhkfha wruqKq

<uhska iïnkaOj yd mßirh iïnkaOj mqj;am;a jd¾;dlrKfha

iajNdjh y`ÿkd.ekSu

<uhska yd mßirh iïnkaOfhka jd¾;djk mqj;a m%fNaohka

j¾.SlrKh lr y`ÿkd.ekSu

<ud wmrdO fuka u mßir .eg¿ flfrys n,mdk idOlhka ms<snò

mqj;am;a ys wkdjrKh y`ÿkd.ekSu

<ud wmrdO wju lsÍu iòyd .; hq;= l%shdud¾. yd mßir .eg¿

wju lsÍu iòyd .; hq;= l%shdud¾. yd kj m%;sm;a;Ska ms<snòj

mqj;am;a jd¾;dlrKfha iajNdjh y`ÿkd.ekSu


5

1¡3 wOHhk l%ufõoh

o;a; /ialsරfï l%ufõoh

Y%s ,xldfõ cd;sl mqj;am;a jk Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk Èkm;d mqj;am;a

oaú;ajh uq,sl lr .ksñka 2017 ud¾;= udih ;=< m%ldYhg m;a jQ mqj;am;a

wOHhkh i`oyd fhdod .kq ,efí' úfYaIfhka u fuu m¾fhaIKh

.=Kd;aul o;a; u; mokï ù wOHhkh lrkq ,efí'

m%d:ñl o;a;j,g wu;rj oaú;hSl o;a; tla/ia lsÍula o isÿfõ' ta hgf;a

Wla; wOHhkh iïnkaOfhka ,shù we;s m¾fhaIK jd¾;d mqj;am;a yd

m%ldYk" fmd;am;a yd wka;¾cd,h ;=<ska ,nd .;a f;dr;=re Wmfhda.S lr

.kq ,efí'

ksheÈh f;dard .ekSu

Y%s ,xldfõ cd;sl mqj;am;a jk Èjhsk yd ,xldÈm hk mqj;am;a oaú;ajh

uq,sl lr .ksñka 2017 ud¾;= udih ;=< m%ldYhg m;a jQ mqj;am;a wOHhkh

i`oyd fhdod .kq ,nhs' tu mqj;am;a ys m< jk <uqka yd mßirh hk

f;audjka oaú;ajh hgf;a jk mqj;a úYaf,aIKhg fhdod .kakg úh'

mqj;am;a kduh mqj;a m;a ixLHdj

Èjhsk 25

,xld§m 25

uq¿ mqj;am;a tl;=j 50


6

1¡4 wOHhk ÿIalr;d" iSudlï yd w;a±lSï

fuu wOHhkhg wod< f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï oS úúO w;a±lSï" ÿIalr;d yd

iSudlïj,g uqyqK§ug isÿúh' tlS ÿIalr;d yd iSudlï jvd yrj;a imhd

.ekSulg m;a lrjd .ksñka ÿIalr;d yd iSudlï wju lr.ksñka wOHhkh

id¾:lj isÿ lrk ,§' wOHhkh w;r;=r uqyqK ÿka ÿIalr;djhjkqfha

m%d:ñl o;a;hka imhd .ekSu h' wOHhkh iòyd f;dr;=re /ia lr .ekSu

uQ,sl j m%jD;a;s m;% wdY%fhka isÿ lrk ,o ksid tys wod< f;dr;=re

fiùug mqj;am;a talrdYs lr .ksñka f.dkqjla idod .ekSfï wjYH;djh

u;= úh' ta wkqj Èkm;d isxy, mqj;am;a jk Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk

mqj;am;a wOHhkh iòyd mdol lr.kakd ,§' wOHhk jd¾;dj m%ldYhg

m;a lsÍug mej;sfha iSñ; ld,hla jk fyhska wOHhkh iòyd 2017

j¾Ifha ud¾;= udifha m< jk mqj;am;a muKla fhdod .kakg úh' ud¾;=

udifha Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;am;a wOHhkh iòyd wLKavj Èkm;d

/ialr .ekSfuka wk;=rej wjika mqj;am;a f.dkqjla ilia lr .kakd ,§'

wLKavj mqj;am;a mßYS,kh lsÍu Tiafia ffoksl mqj;a jd¾;d lsßï ms<snòj

wjfndaOhla ysñ úh'

mqj;am;a mßYS,kh lrñka ilia lr .kakd ,o wjika mqj;am;a f.dkqj

mßYS,kh lrñka wOHhk f;aud oaú;ajhg wkqj mqj;a f.dkq lr .kakd ,§'

wOHhkfha f;aud oaú;ajhg wkqj oaú;Sshsl o;a; /ia lr.ksñka wOHhkfha

úIhd;aul nj ixj¾Okh lrk ,§' tys§ oaú;shsl o;a; iïmdokh lsÍu

iòyd mqia;ld, mßyrKh lsÍfï § wNsfhda.hkag yd úúO ÿIalr;djhkag

uqyqK fokakg úh'

1¡5 mßÉfþolrKh

fuu wOHhk jd¾;dj m%Odk mßÉfþo y;rlska iukaú; fõ' m<uq

mßÉfþoh u`.ska wOHhkh ls%hd;aul ùu ms<snòj wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug

yelshdj we;' m<uq mßÉfþoh u`.ska bÈßm;a lr we;af;a wOHhkfha miqìu"


7

wOHhkfha wruqKq" wOHhk l%ufõoh" wOHhk ÿIalr;d" iSudlï" w;a±lSï

yd wOHhkfha mßÉfþo úldYh ù ;sfnk wdldrh ms<snòj idlÉPd lr

we;'

fojk mßÉfþoh u`.ska ú.%yhg ,la lr ;sfnkqfha wOHhk m%ia;+;hg

wod< ixl,am ks¾jpkh lsÍu h' tysÈ oaú;Shsl o;a; yd idys;H mßYS,kh

mdol lr.ksñka ixl,am ks¾jpkh isÿ lr we;' mqj;am;a ms<snò

w¾:l;kh yd tys b;sydih ms<snòj ;a" <uhd yd mßirh hk ixl,amhka

ms<snòj uq,sl jYfhka fojk mßÉfþoh u`.ska ú.%yhg ,la lr we;'

f;jk mßÉfþoh u`.ska wOHhk wruqKqj,g wkqj /ialr .;a o;a;hka

m%udKd;aulj yd .=Kd;aulj úYAf,aIKhg ,la lr we;' wOHhk ksheÈhg

wkqj f;dard.;a mqj;am;a oaú;ajfhys <uhska yd mßirh iïnkaOj jd¾;dù

we;s mqj;a úYaf,aIKhg ,la lr we;'

isõjk mßÉfþoh u`.ska iuia; wOHhkh ms<snòj bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk

iudf,dapkh yd wOHhk o;a; yd f;dr;=re u`.ska t<ôh yels ks.uk yd

fhdackd idlÉPdjg ,la lr we;'


8

fojk mßÉfþoh

ixl,am ks¾jpkh

ye`Èkaùu

2¡1 mqj;am;a ms<snò w¾:l;kh

Y%S ,xldfõ uqøK Ys,amh hg;aúð; iufha isÿ jq w;r" uqøK Ys,amh

wdrïNùu flfrys wOHhk l%uh n,mEï lrk ,È' Y%s ,xldfõ mej;s

wOHdmk l%uh ms<snòj wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § uqøK Ys,amfha

wjYH;djhla fkdùh' ukao uq,ld,Sk wOHdmk l%uh iòyd fhdod .kq

,enqfha zzje,sms,a,hZZ' w;S;fha § je,sms,af,a ,shd miqj mqiafld< fmd;l

,sùu muKla isÿ jQ w;r idïm%odhsl f,aLklrKh w;sl%uKh lrñka

tjlg mej;s wOHdmk l%uh iòyd lvodis Ndú;d lsÍug isÿ úh' ,xldfõ

wOHdmk l%uh wdrïNjQfha mD;=.S%is iufha jk w;r ,kafoais l%uh u`.ska

l%sia;shdks foajia:dkh uq,sl lr .ksñka wOHdmk l%uh ls%hd;aul jkakg

úh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka wd.ñl .%ka: uqøKhùu isÿúh' wdrïNl hq.fha

uqøKd,hka uÕska wd.ñl .%ka: uqøKh ùu isÿ úh' wdrïNl hq.fha

uqøKd,hka iòyd rdcH wkq.%yh ,efnkakg jQ w;r" fm!oa.,sl uqøKd,

fkdùh¡ fm!oa.,sl uqøKd,hka wdrïNjkqfha 1900 .Kkaj,§h'

uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska 1802 È m%ldYhg m;a l< .eiÜ m;%h mqj;am;a

udOHfha wdrïNl ikaaêia:dkh f,i m%ldYhg m;a úh' wdrïNl .eiÜ

m;%h ;=< .eiÜ m;%hl wruqKska bj;a j mqj;a m< lsÍu isÿúh¡ miqld,Skj

.eiÜ m;%h ;=< rdcH mKsjqv muKla b;sß lr fiiq úfYAIdx. bka bj;a

lrkq ,enQ w;r tys m%;sM,hjQfha 1832 § Colombo Journal mqj;am;

m%ldYhg m;aùuh' fuf,iska mqj;am;a udOH wdrïN jQ w;r fuu mqj;a

udOH j¾Okhg wd.ñl" wdOHdmksl" foaYmd,ksl ixia:djkaf.a n,mEu

iDcq f,i n,mdk ,§' úfYaIfhka u ñIkdß wd.ñl u;jdo yd ì%;dkH


9

rdcH n,h ,xldj ;=< jHdma; lsÍfï wáfhka mqj;am;a /ila ìys úh' 1864

wrefKdaoh" 1866 {dkd¾; m%§mh" 1867 i;H ud¾. wdÈ mqj;a m;a m%ldYhg

m;a úh' fïjk úg mqj;a udOH ck;djg mqj;a imhk m%n, udOHhla f,i

y`ÿkd.; yelsh'

mqj;am;a l,dfõ wOHh;khg idfmaCIj 1800-1900 hq.h jeo.;a hq.hls'

úfYAIfhka u fuu hq.fha § mqj;am;a m%ldYkh ;=< hï ;r`.ldÍ rgdjla

hgf;a mqj;a m%ldYkh isÿ jQ nj jgyd .; yelsh' fï nj 1880 foieïn¾ 03

jk Èk m< jq iriú iò/i mqj;am; m%ldYhg m;a jq wruqK my; iòyka

lú YS¾I mdGhkaf.ka wjfndaO lr.ekSug yelsh'

irfKg tlf<id fkdu yels, fkl foid

kr`.k jev ksid iqjm;k fkdj ,id

fmr m`äfig jid lr weiqre ;;= f,id

iriú iò/id m< lrkq uk f;did

flfia kuq;a 1900ka miqj ,xld mqj;am;a l,dfõ lemS fmfkk yd fõ.j;a

ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' fuhg fya;=j úúO NdIdjkaf.ka" úúO wruqKq" wjYH;d

fmr±ß fldg.;a úúO mqoa.,hka" wdh;k" ixúOdk úiska mqj;am;a ud,djla

wdrïN lrk ,§' úfYaIfhka u ,dNh mrud¾:h lr f.k o mqj;am;a ìys

ùu wdrïN úh' 77 újD; wd¾Ólh iu`.ska úúO úIhdkqnoaO mqj;am;a ìys

ùu wdrïN úh' 1980 jk úg mqj;am;a l,djg fm!oa.,sl wxYfha m%n,

odhl;ajhla ,efnkakg úh' úfYaIfhka u Wmd,s mqj;am;a iud.u" úch

mqj;am;a iud.u" fuys,d b;d jeo.;ah' 90 oYlfha mqj;am;a m%Odk jYfhka

rdcH wdh;ksl ixhq;sh hgf;a yd fm!oa.,sl wdh;k ixhq;sfha isg

mqj;am;a m%ldYhg m;a úh' rcfha mqj;am;a f,ala yjqia wdh;kfhka

m%ldYhg m;a fõ'


10

2¡2 <uhd ms<snò w¾:l;kh

1989 fkdjeïn¾ 20 jk Èk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha uy iuq¿j úiska

zz<uhskaf.a whs;Ska ms<sn| m%{dma;sfhaZZ ^Convention of the rights of the

child) ilia fldg t<s olajd we;' tys m<uqjk j.ka;sfha orejd hkak w¾:

olajd we;af;a fufia h' zz ta ta rfgys kS;sh úiska orejl= jfhdamQ¾KNdjhg

m;aùfï mQ¾j jhia iSudjla kshu lr we;af;a kï ñi" wjqreÿ oywglg ^18&

wvq iEu mqoa.,fhl= u orejl= f,i ie<flaZZ' Ys% ,xldfõ zzorejka yd

;reKhkaZZ ms<sn| wd{d mkf;a ±lafjk mßÈ" orefjl= ke;fyd;a <ufhl=

fia ms<s.efkkafka wjqreÿ 14g wvq whl= nj i|yka fõ' thg wkqj

;reKfhl= f,i ie,flkafka jhi wjqreÿ 14 g jeä yd 16 g wvq wfhls'

1956 wxl 48 orK <uhska iy ;reKhka ms<sn| wd{d mkf;ys o iudk

w¾: ±laùula ±lsh yel'

ta wkqj wm rfÜ kS;sh wkqj orejl= ke;fyd;a <ufhl= f,i

ms<s.efkkafka jhi wjqreÿ ody;rg ^14& wvq mqoa.,hka h' wfma kS;s moaO;sh

úiska orefjl= fjka lr .kq ,nk uQ,slu udkh jhia iSudjh' orejkaf.a

ukig ±ßh yels Yla;sh wkqj o" kS;sh úiska by; udkh kuHYS,sj i,ld

nef,kq we;' oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 75 jk j.ka;shg wkqj jhi wjqreÿ

wglg wvq mqoa.,fhl= ^<uhl=& úiska lrk lsisjla jrolafia fkdie,fla'

tu ix.%yfhau 76 jk j.ka;s m%ldrj wjqreÿ wgg jeä kuq;a wjqreÿ 12 g

wvq <uhl= o ;ud úiska lrkq ,nk ls%hdfõ iajNdjh fyda m%;sM,h wjfndaO

lr .ekSug ;rï jeã ke;s wjia:djl by; ;;a;ajfhys,d ie,flk nj

i|ykaj we; ^wfífialr iy ùrlafldä" 1993( 81&'

<uhd ms<snòj w¾: ksrEmKh iòyd Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIfha w¾:l;kh o

jeo.;a fõ' Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIhg wkqj Child hkak w¾: olajd we;af;a

Young human being below the age of puberty, unborn or newborn human

being, one's son or daughter” (Oxford dictionary, 1992, page 141 ) hkqfjks'

ta wkqj zz<uhd hkq orejd" kQmka fyda w¨; Wmka orejd" mq;d fyda ÿj" mej;

tkakd" <dul mqoa.,hdZZ fõ'


11

2¡3 <uhd yd <ud wmrdO ms<sn|j iudc úoHd;aul úYaf,aIKh

<ud wmrdO ms<sn| hï wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug m%:uj wmrdO hkq l=ula±hs

w¾:l;kh lr .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' thg fya;= jkqfha nd,dmrdO"

wmrdOj, tla fldgila jk fyhsks' wmrdO iïnkaOj iudc úoHd;aul

oDIaÀ fldaKhlska wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ th iudcuh yd kS;suh

ixisoaêhla f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' fuys§ iudc w¾:l;kh wd.ñl"

ixialD;sl me;slvlska w,sÅ;j fyda ,sÅ;j isÿ lrkq ,nhs' wmrdOhla

kS;sh ;=< w¾:l;kh lrkq ,nk wdldrh úuid ne,Su b;d jeo.;ah' thg

fya;=jkqfha wmrdO keue;s ixisoaêh kS;suh jYfhka o iïnkaO jk ksid

h' wmrdO kS;sfha yd kS;s Ydia;%fha ks¾jpkh ù ;sfnkafka" —kS;sfhka

iqúfYaISj ;ykug ,la fldg we;s hï ls%hdjla fyda meyer yeÍuls˜ ^tÈßùr

" 2011( msgq wxl 12&¡ fuu ks¾jpkh g wkqj Bg o`vqjula o wh;a jk nj

ks¾jpkh fõ' i¾ fÊïia iafgmka Tyqf.a wmrdO kS;sfha b;sydih ^1883&

lD;sfha i|yka lr we;af;a wmrdOhlg o`vqjï§fï § Tyqf.a jhi" udkisl

;;a;ajh wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;= njhs' ã'wd¾' gemaÜ ^D.R. Taft& fmkajd

fokafka iudc iïu; kS;s leãu fmr,d iudchgu wys;lr wdldrfhka

n,mdk neúka tu iudc úfrdaê p¾hdj wmrdO f,i kS;sh úiska i<lkq

,nhs'

wmrdO iudc ixúOdkhg jeo.;a jkakla f,i i,lkq ,nkafka thska

iudchg bgqjk ld¾hNdrhka flfrys m%uqL;ajh ,nd fokakka úisks'

wmrdO iudc ixúOdkhg tfrysj hkakla nj fndfyda iudc úoHd{hska yd

wmrdO úoHd{hskaf.a u;hhs' wmrdO iudc ixúOdkh ;=< ;sìh hq;= nj

tñ,a vq¾lhsï yd Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhka ms<s.kS' vq¾lhsï wmrdO ks¾jpkh

lrkq ,nkafka zzwmrdO hkq iudcuh ixisoaêhla yd udkj ls%hdjla f,ih'

wmrdO idudkH fukau lD;Hd;aulj o jeo.;a jkafkah' fuhska

iïmQ¾Kfhka u .e,ùug iu;a iudchla fkdue;' tfia u ksoyi

fjkqfjka wm úiska f.jkq ,nk ñ,la f,i wmrdO ye¢kaúh yelsh˜

^tÈßùr" 2011 ( msgq wxl 89&¡ vq¾lhsï wmrdO ú.%yhg wfkdaóh ;;a;ajh

keue;s ixl,amh bÈßm;a lrhs' iudcfha O¾u;d rys;ùu wfkdaóh


12

;;a;ajhhs' tjeks ;;a;ajhl § mqoa.,hd wmrdO yd tjeks iudc wmpdrhkag

iïnkaO fj;s' lD;Hjd§ka fmkajd § ;sfnkqfha wmrdO iudc fjkiaùug

fya;= ù ;sfnk njhs' j¾;udkfha wmrdOhla f,i i,lkq ,nk ls%hdjla

hï ld, mßÉfþohl § idudkH ls%hdjla njg m;aúh yelsh' tjeks wjia:d

´kEu iudchl ±l .; yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a 1969 j¾Ifha

ì%;dkHfha iu,sx.sl fiajkh idmrdê wmrdOhlajqj;aa j¾;udkfha idmrdê

;;a;ajhg m;a fkdfõ' th ,sys,a idudkH ls%hdjla njg m;aj ;sfí'

lD;Hjd§ka fmkajd fokafka iudch ;=< hï wdldrhlg wmrdO ;sìh hq;=

njhs' ta ;=<ska iudch ;=< iduqysl ú[a[dKhla f.dvkef.k nj

lD;Hjd§kaf.a woyihs' frdnÜ fla' u¾gka mjikqfha wmrdO hï iudchl

ixialD;sh yd iudc jHqyh ;=<ska f.dvkef.kakd jQ tysu m%;sM,hla f,i

isÿjk njh' th iudcfha iEu idudðlfhl= úiskau f.dvk.d .kq ,nk

iudc idrO¾u iy tu idrO¾u ;=<ska f.dvkefÕk idrO¾u iïuq;shkaf.a

m%;sM,hls' fndfydaúg fujeks wjia:djka ;=< iudc idrO¾u ì| jeáug

fya;= fõ' túg tys olskakg ,efnkafka wfkdaóh ;;a;ajhla nj u¾gkaf.a

woyihs' Ô' wfkfidõ kue;s kj udlaiajd§ wmrdO úoHd{hdf.a wmrdO

úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u lD;sfha wmrdOhla hkakg kj w¾:l;khla ,ndfohs'

wmrdOhla hkq zzñksid ls%hd lrk Ôj;ajk h:d¾:jd§ f,dalh ;=< ksoyfia

f.dvkefÕkakla fkdj" th iudcuh ;;a;ajhla nj;a ñksid wmrdO

isÿlrk nj;a wfkfidõ mjihs ^fyÜáf.a" 2011: 72&

udlaiajd§ wmrdO úoHd{hl= jk ú,shï peïí,aia wmrdOhla hkq l=ula±hs

w¾:l;kh lrkq ,nkafka by; w¾:l:khka ish,a,gu jvd fjkia

wdldrhlgh' Tyq mjikafka OfkaYajr iudc l%uh ;=< wmrdO nyq,j

isÿfjk njhs' thg fya;=jkafka OfkaIajr mx;sh ,dN Wmßu lrKhg

lghq;= lsÍu nj ú,shï m%ldY lr isà' OfkaIajr wêldÍ;ajh lïlrejkag

b;du;a wvq jegqma ,ndfok w;r thska OfkaIjrhkaf.a wNsm%dh ikd: fõ'

wvq jegqma f.ùu yryd ksIamdok msßjeh wju lr .ekSug Tjqkag yelshdj

,efí' OfkaIajr iudcfha /lshd úrys; úYd, msßila fuu ls%hdj,sfhka

mSvkhg m;afõ' tys wksjd¾h m%;sM,h f,i ;u wjYH;djhka imqrd

.ekSug lghq;= lsÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wmrdO isÿfjk nj ú,shï


13

peïn,aiaf.a woyihs ^r;akmd," 2003: 32& B' tÉ' io¾,kaâ m%ldY lrkq

,nkafka wmrdO yd nd,dmrdO wfkla mqoa.,hska iuÕ we;s lr .kq ,nk

wka;¾ ls%hdjka ;=<ska f.dvkÕd .kq ,nk bf.kqï ls%hdj,shla njhs' ta

i|yd m%Odk jYfhka jeo.;a ù we;af;a m%d:ñl iuQy jk mjq,a tall iy

iu jhia lKavdhïh ^r;akmd," 2003 ( 34&'

by; ks¾jpk iuQyh ;=<ska wmrdOhla hkq l=ula±hs w¾:l;kh jk w;r ta

i|yd úúO u;hka bÈßm;a ù ;sfí'

bx.S%is NdIdfõ Delinguency f,i y÷kajkqfha nd,dmrdOhhs' th ,;ska

jpkhla mdol fldg ieliqkls' thska w¾: folla .uH lrhs' tkï"

i. fkdi<ld yßk ,o

ii. iudch úiska wkqu; lrk ,o mqoa.,hdf.ka wfmaCIs;

p¾hdjka meyer yeÍu'

by; w¾: fol foi úpdr mQ¾jlj n,k l<" th iudc l;sldj;lg uÕ

újr lrkq we;' tkï" jerÈ ls%hdjla hkq l=ula±hs tys w¾:mQrKh fkdfõ'

wkqu; lrk ,o mqoa., p¾hdj l=ula±hs tu w¾:hka ;=< wka;¾.; fkdfõ'

fla' lreKd;s,l mjikqfha fndre lshk" fydrlï lrk" ñkS urK"

f.oßka m,d hk" mdi,a fkdhk <uhska w;S;fha isgu ;u foudmshkag

fukau iudchg o n,j;a lrorhla yd .eg¨jla jQ w;r wmrdOfha ;rd;sru

l=ula jqj;a wmrdOh lrkq ,nk nd,hdg jeäysá wmdrOlrejkag fuka

ie<lSug kqmq¿jkaùu fuu .eg¨j ;j ;j;a ÿIalr lrkaakla úh' nd,hd

fndfydaúg fkdfïrE wfhl= ksid wmrdO lrkq ,nk Tyq foi iudch

ne,Sug mqqreÿj we;af;a jeäysá wmrdOlrefjl= foi n,k wdldrfhka

fkdfõ' nd,hl= fkduÕg .uka lsÍu fyda Tyq úiska lrkq ,nk

wmrdOj,g fya;= fidhd n,d ms<shï fh§fuka Tyq jeäysá wmrdOlrefjl=

fyda iudc úfrdaë mqoa.,fhl=ùfuka j<lajd .; yelsh' ^lreKd;s,l" 1998"

msgq wxl 16&'


14

wmrdO úoHd{hka úúOdldrfhka nd, wmrdOhla hkq l=ula±hs w¾:l;kh

lrkq ,nhs' tu w¾:l;khkag úfYaIfhkau Tjqkf.a kHdhd;aul oDIaÀh

n,mdkq ,nhs' ys,S yd fn%dk¾ hk wmrdO úoHd{hka fom< úiska nd,

wmrdOhla hkak w¾:l;kh lrkq ,nkafka fufiah' zznd,dmrdOhla hkq

jerÈ ls%hdjla lsÍu fyda kmqrelïj, fh§ula fkdfõ' kuq;a nyq, jYfhka

mjq,a in|;d cd,h ;=< iqúfYaIS yeÕSï ì| jeàfï m%;sM,hla f,iska cks;

jkakdjq p¾hd rgdjhs' ^lreKd;s,l" msgq wxl 40& fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqj

meyeÈ,s jkafka mjq,a tallh ;=<ska bgqlr .; fkdyels tfy;a ta ;=<

j¾Okh jq hï udkisl yeÕSula lvùu fya;=fldg .ksñka we;sjQ

bÉPdNx.;ajh u; úúO jerÈ ls%hdjkays" kmqrelïys ksr; ùu nd,dmrdO

jYfhka ye¢kaúh yelsh' weußldkq nd,dmrdO ld¾hdxY md,k j¾;dfõ

nd,dmrdO hkakg ,ndfok w¾:l;kh jkqfha ;ukaf.a iqNidOkhg

;¾ckhla we;s lr .ekSug ke;akï wks;a whf.a jev lghq;=j,g n,mdk

mßÈ iudc úfrdaê f,i yeisÍu fyda k.r iNdj úiska fyda rch úiska

mkjk ,o kS;sfhka jhiska nd, wfhl= úiska W,a,x>kh lsÍu

nd,dmrdOhls' fuu w¾:l;kh ;=< iudcuh me;slvlg jvd" ffk;sluh

w¾:hla ,nd§ we;' iudc idrO¾u" we.hqï moaO;sh ;=< jerÈ hehs iïu;

ls%hdjla kS;sfhka jerÈ ls%hdjl f,i w¾:l;kh ù fkdue;s kï th

je/oaola fyda nd,dmrdOhla fkdfõ' weußldkq nd,dmrdO ld¾hdxYh úiska

nd,dmrdOhla hkakg mq¿,a ffk;sl wdjrKhla isÿlr ;sfí' weußldkq

úYajfldaIfhys nd,dmrdO hkak ks¾jpkh lr we;' f,dalfha fndfyda

rgj,a tlÕ jk mßÈ tu rgj,a i;= wmrdO kS;sh nd,hl= úiska lv

lsÍu;a" tfiau th iudc úfrdaê ls%hdjlaùu;a nd,dmrdOhls'

by; ks¾jpkhka foi wjOdkh fhduq lr n,kúg tajd tla wxYhla uq,sl

lrf.k w¾:l;kh lr ;sfí' tfy;a th hï fjkilg Ndckh lrñka

ßpâ ta laf,djd¾â iy f,dhsâ B Tys,ska hk wmrdO úoHd{hska fofokd

nd,dmrdO hkakg ks¾jpkhla tl;= lr ;sfí' nd,dmrdO ls%hdjla m%Odk

uQ,sldx. follg wkqj ks¾jpkh l< yelsh' tkï iudcfha uq,sl

O¾u;djhka lv lsÍfï p¾hdjkaùu iy ks, jYfhka idmrdê hqla;sh

ms<sn| wdh;k u`.ska úksYaph lr we;s kS;suh O¾u;djka lv lsÍuhs'


15

^tÈßùr " 2011: 49& by; ks¾jpkh ;=< iudc O¾u;d" we.hqï j,g wkql+,

p¾hd rgdj;a" ffk;sl rduqjg wkql+, p¾hd rgdj;a hk fowxYhu

ie<ls,a,g f.k nd,dmrdOhla w¾:l;kh lr we;'

by; i|yka w¾:l;khka ;=<ska wmrdOhla yd nd,dmrdOh hkq l=ula±hs

ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yelsh' nd,dmrdOh yd wmrdOh tlsfklg

fjkia jkakla nj by; ks¾jpkhkaf.ka y÷kd.; yelsh' tfy;a

nd,mrdOh yd wmrdOh tlsfklska fjkia lr y÷kd.ekSu i|yd fhdod .kq

,nk uQ,sl ñKqï oKav jkafka mqoa.,hdf.a jhia jHqyhhs' f,dalfha

fndfyda rgj, nd,dmrdO yd iïnkaO Wmßu jhia iSudj jYfhka i<lkq

,nkafka jhi wjqreÿ oy wgh ^18&' tfy;a hqfrdamSh rgj,aj," fn,aðhï

fuu jhia iSudj oyih fõ ^16&' iaùvkfha th úis tlla ^21& jk w;r"

weußldkq rdcH kS;s ix.%yfha tu jhia iSudj oyihg ^16& o" mska,ka;fha o

th wjqreÿ jhi wjqreÿ oyih ^16& f,i i|yka lr we;' nd,dmrdO y÷kd

.kakd wju jhia iSudj o ixlS¾K ;;a;ajhls'

nd, wmrdO isÿùu flfrys n,mdk iudc" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,k

yd mqoa., lreKq ljf¾ o hkak úúO wOHhkhka foia úfoia uÜgñka

isÿlr ;sfnk nj m¾fhaIK ksnkaOk" .%ka:" iÕrd yd ,sms wOHhkh

lsÍfï § y÷kd.; yelsh' nd,dmrdO ms<sn|j wdkqNdúl wOHhkhla l<

m<uq úoHd{hd f,i y÷kajkafka isß,a n¾ï kï úoHd{hdh' tu wOHhkh

1925 § The Young Delinguent kñka m%ldYhg m;aúh' Tyq úiska lrk ,o

tu wOHhkfh § nd,dmrdOhla isÿúug fyda isÿlsÍug n,mdk nyqúO idOl

rdYshla y÷kd f.k we;' Tyq úiskau tu nyqúO idOlhka w;ßka idOl

y;rla m%Odk jYfhka biau;= lr ;sfí' tkï wdfõKsl" mdßißl" ldhsl

yd ufkda úoHd;aul hk idOl y;rh ^tÈßùr" 2011 ( 112 - 115&¡ isß,a n¾ï

úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o wdfõKsl hk idOlh yd ldhsl hk idOlh

m%dfhda.sl;ajfhka neyerg hkakls' Tyq úiska f;dard .;a ksheÈhg wkql+,j

tu idOlhka ksjerÈùug bv we;' tfy;a th kej; kej; i;HCIKh

lsÍug wmyiqh' hï orejl=f.a ldhsl wx. ,CIK fyda mjqf,a wdfõKsl

,CIK u; isÿfkdfõ' ,xldfõ nd,dmrdO i|yd /|jqï l|jqre j,


16

fkajdisl orejkaf.a ldhsl ,CIK idudkH nd,dmrdO i|yd /|jqï l|jqre

j, fkajdisl orejkaf.a ldhsl ,CIK idudkH wmrdOhla fkdl<"

fkdlrk orejl=g iudkh' Tjqkaf.a mjq,a j, mrïmrdju wmrdO isÿl<

wh fkdfõ' .d,a, <ud mqkre;a:dmk wdh;kfha <uhskaf.a mjq,a úia;r

wka;¾.; f,aLK mßYs,kfha§ fuh ukdj m%;HCI fõ ^fyÜáf.a" 2011 (

msgq wxl 69 - 70&¡ mdßißl idOl nd, wmrdOhla isÿùu flfrys n,mdkakg

mq¿jk' úfYaIfhkau kQ;k ,xldfõ we;eï m%foaYj, kS;s úfrdaê u;a øjH

fj<|du i|yd l=vd orejka fhdod .kS' úfYaIfhkau fuu ;;a;ajh

wkqrdOmqrh" ;s%l=Kdu,h m%foaYj, isÿjk nj udOHh úiska wkdjrKh

lrk ,oS' l=vd orejka u;af,da,Ska njg m;aùu flfrys n,mdkakg jQfha

mdßißl idOlhls' tjeks wdldrhlg mdßißl idOl ksid iudch ;=< nd,

wmrdOlrejka ìysfõ' ;jÿrg;a ùÈ orejka úúO wmrdOj,g fhdod .kakd

jeäysáhka fõ' úfYaIfhkau l=vd orejka fhdod f.k zzmsla fmdlÜZZ .eiSu

isÿ lrk cdjdrïlrejka msgfldgqj m%foaYh jeks ckdlS¾K m%foaYj,§

w;awvx.=jg f.k ;sfnk nj fmd,sia jd¾;d wkdjrKh lrhs' ñßydk

fmd,sia jd¾;d wxYfha" Wm fmd,sia mßCIl ta' y¾I o is,ajd uy;df.a

m%ldYhla weiqfrks'&

isß,a n¾á mjik wdldrhg ufkda úoHd;aul idOl o wmrdOhla ùu

flfrys n,mEï lsÍug mq¿jk' fuys § is.aukaâ f*%dhsâf.a bâ" Bf.da" iqm¾

Bf.da úYaf,aIKh b;d jeo.;ah' f*%dhsâ fmkajd fok wdldrhg is; fldgia

;=klska hqla; fõ' bka m<uqjekak bâ ixialdrhhs' bâ ixialdrh ;=<

^isf;ys iajNdjh& È. yefrkqfha ñksidf.a m%d:ñl wjYH;d ms<sn|jh'

ukqIH j¾.hd wdrïN jQ wjÈfha § ñksid ;=< uq,sl wjYH;d jQ l=i.skak"

msmdih" pKavNdjh" ,sx.sl wjYH;djka iy ksÈu; hk tajd imqrd .kafka

flfia o hkak fuu ixialdrh ;=<ska isÿfõ' fuu ish¨ wjYH;d i;=ka

;=<o olakg ,efnkafkah' bâ ixialdrfha § isÿjkqfha ñksid fuu wisSñ;

wjYH;d i|ydu muKla fm<öuh' ufkda úoHd{ f*%dhsâ fmkajd fok

wdldrhg Bf.da moaO;sh ;=< we;af;a" ta ta iudc ixialD;sh ;=<ska ñksiqka

bf.k .kakd fohhs' yeisßh hq;af;a flfia o@ fkdyeisrsh hq;af;a flfiao@

hkak fuuÕska ye¢kafõ' p¾hd;aul ixialD;sfha wdrïNh iksgqyka jkafka


17

tf,ih' Tn fufia l< hq;=hs" fufia fkdl< hq;=hs hkakh' fyd| krl

y÷kd .kafka tf,ih' fndfyda ñksiaiq fuu ldrKdj fyd¢kau bf.k

.ks;s' tfia bf.k .;a ñksiqkag iudchg fmdÿ f,i Ôj;aùu wiSre jkafka

ke;' kuq;a we;eï msßilg fuu lreKq fuf,iu bf.kSfï yelshdjla

we;af;a ke;' tkï iudc .;ùfï yelshdjla we;ful=g fkdue;sùuh'

p¾hd;aul yeisÍu iudchg wkq.; fkdjQ úg wmrdO isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

is.auka f*%dhsâ isf;a iajNdjh ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsßfï § f;jeks is;

f,ig úia;r lrkqfha iqmyka is; ms<sn|jh' hï wdldrhlg bâ

ixialdrfha uQ,sl wjYH;d bgq lsÍfï fm<Uùula mrdchg m;alr .;

fkdyels jqjfyd;a myka is;la we;sfõ' ta fudfydf;a § yoj;g ±fkkqfha

miq;eú,a,ls ' wmrdfoa ug bjikak ;snqKd' ug ta foa fkdlr bkak ;snqKd

hehs hï isÿùulg miq;eú,s fj;s' th yDo idCIsh f,i ye¢kafõ' iudch

;=< jk we;eï wmrdO weiQ úg fyda ÿgqúg wmg tljr lshejkqfha ys;la

mmqjla ;sfhk mqoa.,fhl= tfia lrkafka fldfydu o lshd h' fndfyda

wmrdOj, iq,uq, jkafka thhs' iudch ;=< ñksid ixialD;sl.;

fkdjkafka kï ys;la mmqjla we;s ñksiqka iudch ;=< Ôj;aùug bvla

,efnkafka ke;' th fmdÿfõ iudchgu n,mdk nrm;, lreKls' fuu

;;a;ajh we;af;a iudch ;=< ðj;afjk iuia; ckldfhka oYu tllg fyda

oYu tllg jvd wvq m%udKhlska muKs'

isß,a n¾á iy is.aukaâ f*%dhsâ mjik wdldrhg wmrdOldó p¾hdjg ufkda

úoHd;aul idOl n,mEï lrhs' is.aukaâ f*%dhsâf.a o¾Ykhg wkqj mqoa.,

wxYhka bgqlr .ekSug fkdyels jQ úg mqoa.,hd ;=< pKav;djh yg .kS'

l=vd orefjl=g l=vd ld,fha isgu foudmsh WKqiqu" fifkyi wjYH fõ'

tu wjYH;djh fkdjk úg orejka ;=< pKav;djh yg.kS' fuu

pKav;djh we;sfjk úg orejka ;=< wmrdOldó p¾hdjka we;s fõ' fndfyda

orejka foudmshkag wlSlre f,i yeisÍu" mdi,a wOHdmkfhka wE;aùu jeks

foa isÿùug fuu l=vd ld,fha yg .kakd pKav;djh n,mEï lrhs'

úfoia.; jk foudmshkaf.a orejka wOHdmkfhka by<g hkjd fjkqjg

wOHdmkfhka wE;a jk iajNdjh by<h¡ u;aøjH Ndú;d lrk msßñ orejka


18

mqkre;a:dmkhg fhduq lrk ,o wjia:d fõ' tfiau úfoia.; foudmshkaf.a

.eyeKq orejka ish foudmsh WKqiqu fkd,eîfuka úreoaO ,sx.slhkaf.a

fifkyig /jà ÿIKhg ,laùu" wvq jhiska újdy ùu" wvq jhiska .eí

.ekSï isÿfjk nj ,xldfjka jd¾;d fõ' úfYaIfhkau fï i|yd n,mdkqfha

f*%dhsâf.a o¾Ykhg wkqj mqoa., wxYhka ika;¾mkh ksjerÈj isÿ

fkdùuh'

jHqyd;aul lD;Hjd§ woyia úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï § <ud wmrdO isÿùug

n,mdkqfha by; i|yka woyiaj,g jvd fjkia woyils' lD;Hjd§ka

mjikqfha iudch jQ l,S tlsfkld yd noaO jQ fldgiaj,ska ieÿï ,;a

tallhls' ta ta fldgia iudc meje;aug úúO jQ lD;Hhka bgq lrkq ,nhs' ta

iudc iunr;djh yd iyÔjkh Wfoidh' tjeks iudchl isák mqoa.,hd

tu iudÔh wdh;khkaf.ka iudcdkqfhdackh fõ' iudchla ;=< mjq,"

wOHdmkh" wd.u" foaYmd,kh" wd¾Ólh jeks iudc ixia:d mj;S' mqoa.,hd

ksrka;rj fuu ixia:d iuÕ wka;¾ iïnkaO;d mj;aj;s' mqoa., p¾hdfõ

meje;aug fuu ixia:d jeo.;a fõ' hï wdldrhlg fuu ixia:djka mqoa.,

iudcdkqfhdackhg odhl fkdjqKfyd;a mqoa.,hd ;=< yqol,dNdjhla yg.kS'

ixia:d w;r ksjerÈ wka;¾ iïnkaO;djhl isÿ fkdjk úg mqoa.,hd

idudcdkqfhdackhjkqfha iudchg wys;lr wdldrhgh' iEu ixia:djlau

lD;Hhla bgq lrk w;r tu bgq lrk lD;Hh mqoa.,hdg ÿIalD;Hhla fõ

kï mqoa.,hdf.a p¾hduh lD;Hh ÿIalD;Hhla úh yelsh'

2¡4 mßirh ms<sn`o w¾:l;kh

wdrïNfha § f,dalfha ck.ykh mßirhg jvd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq

lrkakg úh' thg fya;= jQfha ir, iudc mßirh uQ,sl lr.ksñka Ôj;a

ùuhs' ta wkqj ;yjqre lrkq ,nkqfha ir, iudchla mßir flakaøSh jQ

iudchla jQ njhs' tfår hq.h" f.dú hq.h wd§ hq.j, Ôj;a jQ ck;dj

mßirh uQ,sl lr.;a ir, Ôúldjla .; lrkakg úh' kuq;a ld¾ólrKh"

f.da,ShlrKh" kùlrKh jQ iudcj, mßirhg wvq wjOdkhla fhduq úh'


19

tu iudcj, jeä wjOdkhla fhduq jQfha wd¾Ólh" foaYmd,kh" wd.u" mjq,

wd§ ixia:d flfrysh' kQ;k udkjhdf.a m%d:ñl wjYH;d fukau oaú;shsl

wjYH;d mßirh ;=<ska bgq lr .;a; o" mßirh flfrys wjOdkh fhduqùu

iSud jkakg úh' ñksidf.a wjOdkh mßirh flfrys fhduq fkdjk úg

mßirh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùï" mßir úkdYhka yd udkjhd yd mßirh w;r

mj;sk iïnkaO;dj wjfndaO lr .ekSug fkdyels fõ' tu ;;a;ajh ;=<

udkj l%shdldrlï ;=<ska mßirh úkdYhg m;afõ' oekqj;aj isÿjk udkj

l%shdldrlïj,ska yd fkdoekqj;aj isÿjk udkj l%shdldrlïj,ska fndfyda

ÿrg mßirh úkdYhg m;afõ' mßir úkdYh u`.ska isÿjk wys;lr

m%;sM,hka kej;;a udkjhdg N=la;s ú£ug isÿfõ' iudch ;=< mj;sk iudc

l%uhka fjkia fjñka iudc l%uhka ks¾udKh fõ' tfy;a mßirh CIh

iïm;la jk fyhska mßirh kùlrKh fldg ks¾udKh lsÍug fkdyelsh'

udkj wjYH;d Wfoid mßirh ixrCIKh l< hq;=h' j¾;udk wjYH;d

Wfoid mßirh mßfNdackh lrñka wkd.; mrïmrdfõ mßfNdack wjYH;d

Wfoid mßirh ixrCIKh l< hq;= fõ'

w;S;hg idfmaCIj j¾;udkfha mßir úkdYhka nyq,h' mßir úkdYh;a

iuÕ úúO mdßißl .eg¿ ks¾udKh úh' fuu mdßißl .eg¿ foi úúO

kHdh" m¾hdf,dal Tiafia úu¾Ykh lsÍu isÿ úh' ld¾ñl úma,jfhka miqj

mßirhg isÿ jQ úkdYh" mßir ydksh w;s úYd,h' iudchSh úoHdjkaf.a o"

iajdNdúl úoHdjkaf.a o úúO l;sldj;a f.dvkÕk md¾Yjhka w;r l%ñlj

j¾Okh jk fuu mdßißl .eg¿ ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq úh' tjeks

miqìula ;=< mßirh uQ,sl lr.;a úúO úoHd;aul ±kqï flakaøhka

f.dvkefÕkakg úh' iudc úoHdj" udkj úoHdj hk úIhhka mßirh

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka mdßißl iudc úoHdj"

mdßißl udkj úoHdj wd§ úIh Odrdjka ks¾udKh úh' fuu úIhhka ;=<ska

udkjhd yd mßirh w;r;a" iudch yd mßirh w;r;a" mj;sk wka;¾

iïnkaO;djhka wOHhkh lrkakg úh' udkjhd mßirfhka jHqla; lsÍug

fkdyelsh' udkjhd mßirfha fldgila jYfhka ye¢kaúh yelsh'


20

mßirh ms<sn|j úYajfha úúOdldr f,i ú.%yhg ,lalr ;sfí' mßirh

úYajfha flakaøSh idOlhls' mßirh ñksidg n,mdhs' th úúOdldrfhka

n,mdhs' ñksid o mßirhg n,mdhs' tu n,mEï o úúOdldr fõ' br" y|"

wyi" jd;h" .yfld<" uy fmd<j iys; fï úYajfhys fN!;sl mßirh

ñksia Ôú;h yd iudch o flfrys n,mdkq ,nk jeo.;au idOlhla fõ' 19

jk Y;j¾Ifha isg iudch ;=< mßirh hk jpkh ksrka;rj wikakg

,efí' mßirh hkq l=ulao@ ñksiqka mßirh ms<sn|j l;sldj;la f.dvkÕd

;sfnkqfha ukao@ mßirh hkq w;HjYHu iudc idOlhla o@ fujeks

m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fiùu b;d jeo.;a fõ' mßirh iïnkaOj úúO jQ

fCIa;%hka ;=< úúO wdldrhg ks¾jpkhka bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' hï

mqoa.,fhl=f.ka mßirh hkq l=ula±hs úuik úg mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg

fjkia jQ w¾:l;khka ,nd foa' mßirh hkq l=ulao hkakg úúO

úIhd;aul ÈYdk;ska yryd ks¾jpkhka bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' tu bÈßm;a lrk

,o ks¾jpk wd¾Óluh" foaYmd,kuh" iudc úoHd;aul wd§ udkhka Tiafia

bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

mßirh hkq l=ula±hs y÷kd .ekSfï § meyeÈ,s w¾:l;khla ,nd .ekSu

i|yd mdßißl úoHd YíofldaIh WmldÍ fõ' mßirh uQ,sl lr.;a jd.a

ud,djla i|yd ks¾jpkhla fuu YíofldaIh ;=< wka;¾.; lr ;sfí' fuu

mdßißl úoHdj Yío fldaIfhys mßirh hkakg ,nd fok w¾:l;kh my;

wdldr fõ'

—mßirh hkq wm wjg we;s fN!;sl yd fN!;sl fkdjk

ish,a,kaf.ka iukaú; jk jg msgdjhs' Ôúfhl=f.a meje;au

w;HjYHfhkau ffcj úúO;ajfhka hq;= iajdNdúl mßirhla

;sìh hq;=uh' mßirh ndysr yd wNHka;r jYfhka fn§ hhs'

iEu Ôúfhl=f.au Ôú; flfrys ndysr mßirh n,mdkq ,nhs'

ndysr mßirh Ôj" wÔj ixrpl iuÕ wka;¾ l%shd lrhs'

wNHka;r ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ridhksl øjH m%Odk fõ' ndysr


21

mßirh Ôúhdf.a wNHka;r mßirh flfrys n,mdhs˜ ^mdßißl

úoHd YíofldaIh" 2008( msgq wxl 16&'

mßirh hkq iSud lr fmkaúh yels fohla fkdj" mßirhg iuia;hu wod<

fõ' fN!;sl yd fN!;sl fkdjk ish,a,u mßirhg wod< fõ' tkï wm yd

wm wjg we;s ish,a,u mßirhg wod< fõ' mßirh ;=< jk jia;+ka" ndysr

yd wNHka;r jYfhka LKavkh lsÍula lr ;sfnk w;r tu Lkavkh

lsÍug uQ,sl fya;=jjkqfha w¾:l;kSh myiqjh' ke;fyd;a th mßirh

ms<sn| fohdldr w¾:l;khla lsÍula i|yd fkdjk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

udkjhdf.a fukau iEu Ôúfhl=u flfrys ndysr mßirh n,mdkq ,nk

w;r th wNHka;r mßirh flfrys o n,mdkq ,nhs' ta wkqj fuu ndysr yd

wNHka;r mßirh tlsfklska fjka lsÍug yelshdjla fkdue;' by; i|yka

w¾:l;kh ;=< b;d mq¿,a ú.%yhla lr ;sfnk w;r" th idrdxY.; fldg

ir,j bÈßm;a l< fyd;a tys i|ykajkqfha mßirh hkq wm wjg we;s

mßirhhs'

mßirh ms<sn|j w¾:l;kh lsÍfï § udkjhd jeo.;a fõ' udkjhd yd

udkjhdf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh uQ,sl lr f.k mßirh w¾:l;kh lr ;sfí'

we;eï ks¾jpkhka ;=< udkjhd o we;=¿j Ôúhd hk w¾:l;khkaf.ka

mßirh ks¾jpkh lr ;sfí' we;eï ks¾jpkhka iDcqju udkjhd uQ,sl lr

.ksñka mßirh hkq l=ula±hs ks¾jpkh lr ;sfí'

—mßirh hkq" ñksid wjg mj;skakd jQ fN!;sl yd wfN!;sl

ish¨ jia;+kah' ñksid o mßirfha uQ,sl idOlhls' ñksidg

mßirfhkq;a" mßirhg ñksidf.kq;a jHqla; úh fkdyel˜

^fmf¾rd" 2013( msgq wxl 03&'

udkjhdf.a wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSfï § udkj mßirh yd noaO fõ' udkjhd

mßfNdackh lrkq ,nkafka mßirfha ;sfnk fN!;sl yd wfN!;sl

jia;+kah' by; i|yka ks¾jpkh ;=< o" mdßißl úoHd YíofldaIfhys


22

mßirh hkakg ,nd fok ks¾jpkhg iudk jQ woyila bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

tkï mßirh hkq fN!;sl yd wfN!;sl ish,a,u hk woyih' udkjhdf.a

mßfNdackhg mßirh w;HjYH idOlhla fõ' udkjhdf.a l%shdldrlï

ksidfjka mßirh úkdYhg m;a jk w;r" tys whym;a m%;sM,hka N=la;s

ú£ug o isÿ jkqfha udkjhdguh' udkj l%shdjka ksidfjka ydkshg m;ajk

mßirh mj;ajd f.k hdug udkjhdf.a odhl;ajh wjYH fõ' mßirh hkq

kej; f.dvkeÕsh fkdyels" h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a l< fkdyelalla fõ'

tneúka mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' fï i|yd udkjhdf.a

ueÈy;aùu wjYH fõ' fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkqfha udkjhdg mßirfhkq;a"

mßirhg udkjhdf.kq;a" jHqla;j Ôj;a úh fkdyels njh' udkjhd yd

mßirh w;r mj;skakd jQ wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh b;d lsÜgq iïnkaO;djhla

fõ' by; ks¾jpkhg wkqj udkjhd mßirfha uQ,sl idOlhla fõ'

mßirh hkq wm wjg mj;sk jgmsgdj hehs ks¾jpkh l< o" thg

úfõpkhka bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' uydpd¾h ir;a fldg.u by; i|yka wm

wjg mj;sk jgmsgdj mßirh hkak w¾:l;kh lsÍug úreoaOj woyia

bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' uydpd¾h ir;a fldg.u tu w¾:l:khg úreoaOj woyia

olajkqfha tu w¾:l;kh ;=< ñksid keue;s Ôúhd we;=<;a fkdlsÍu

ksidh' j¾;udkfha mßirh y÷kajkqfha —ñksid we;=¿ Tyq Ôj;a jk

jgmsgdjhs˜ ^fldg.u" 2001( 61&' isÿlrk iEu l%shdjlau udkjhd isÿ

lrkafka kï mßirh w¾:l;kh lrkq ,nk úg udkjhd bka jHqla;

fldg l;d lsÍug wmyiq nj uydpd¾h ir;a fldg.uf.a woyihs' wkdÈu;a

b;sydihl isg Tfrd;a;= fok iudchla ìys ùu olajd jQ ld, mßÉfþoh

;=< ñksia lghq;= yd mßirh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;djh m%Odk wxY ;=kla

^03& la yryd ±laúh yelsh' tkï"

01' hg;a ùu - iajNdj O¾ufha n,fõ. y÷kd fkd.;a ksid tu

n,fõ.j,g hg;a jQ hq.h' idïm%odhsl ck lKavdhï

fndfydauhla yd fCIa;% m%cdj fuys§ jeo.;ah'


23

02' wNsNjkh - úoHdj yd ;dCIKh Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka iajNdj

O¾ufha kshdu wNsnjd hdu fndfyda mßir idOlj,g

fya;=j fuh fõ'

03' iyfhda.S;dj - iajNdj O¾uh iuÕ iyfhda.fhka jev lsÍu' ;sridr

iudchla i|yd fuh jeo.;a fõ' ^fldg.u" 2001 ( 61

- 22&

uydpd¾h ir;a fldg.u u;= lsÍug W;aiy ord ;sfnkqfha udkjhd yd

mßirh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;djh mßir w¾:l;kh lsÍfï § jeo.;a jk

njh' úfYaIfhkau iudc úldYkh ms<sn|j o wjOdkh fhduq lrñka Tyq

tu udkjhd yd mßirh w;r" mj;sk oaú;aj iïnkaO;djh fmkajd fokq

,nhs'

mßirh hkq l=ula o hkakg w¾:l;khka úúOh' mßirh hkq l=ula o@

hkak f;areï .ekSug uydpd¾h ir;a fldg.u ks¾jpkhla bÈßm;a lr

;sfí' uydpd¾h fldg.u mßirh m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod olajhs' tkï"

1. iajdNdúl mßirh'

2. f.dvkÕk ,o mßirh'

3. u;jd§ mßirh ^fldg.u" 2001( msgqj 62&

iajdNdúl mßirh hkqfjka ye|skafjkqfha ñksidf.a ueÈy;aùulska f;drj

f.dvkeÕ=k jgmsgdjhs¡ ñksidf.a wju ueÈy;aùulska mj;sk N+ñ jqjo

we;eï wjia:dj, § iajNdúl mßirhg wh;a jkq we;' tkï WodyrK

jYfhka isxyrdc jkdka;rh" fyda¾gka ;ekak wdÈhhs' iajNdúlj mej;s

mßirh;a ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug WÑ; mß§ iïmQ¾Kfhka fyda wv

jYfhka fjkia lr ks¾udKh lrk ,o jgmsgdj f.dvkÕk ,o mßirh

fõ' u;jd§ mßirh hkq ñksidf.a ixialD;suh jgmsgdj fndfyda ÿrg

ks¾udKh jkqfha mßißl iïm;aj, ;;a;ajh yd wd¾Ól l%ufha ieleiau

u;h' fuu wxY ;=k ms<sn|j m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu yryd


24

mßirh ms<sn|j hï woyila f.dvkÕd .; yelsh' mßirhg úúO

ks¾jpkhka bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' mqoa., udkhka yd úoHd;aul idOlhka

mokï lr.ksñka Wla; ks¾jpkhka isÿ lr ;sfí' mßirh hkq wm wjg

;sfnk udkjhd yd ne÷Kq iudc wjYH;djhka bgqlrkq ,nkakla fõ'

mßirh hkq iEu i;ajfh;=gu wjYH lrkq ,nkakls' mßirhg

udkjhdf.ka úHqla; úh fkdyels w;r udkjhdg;a mßirfhka úHqla; úh

fkdyelsh' udkjhdf.a wh:d mßir mßfNdackh ksidfjka mßir .eg¨

ksßudKh ù ;sfí' mßirh yd udkjhd w;r mj;sk fuu oaùmd¾Yùh

iïnkaO;djh ì`§f.dia ;sfí'

2¡5 mßir .eg¨

miq.sh oYl fol ;=< idudÔh úoHd{hska mdßißl .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka

úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lr ;sfí' mdßißl .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu yd tajdg

iqÿiq úi÷ï fiùu iïnkaOfhka idudÔh úoHd{hkaf.a ld¾hNdrfha we;s

jeo.;alu mdßißl fCIa;%fha ms<s.ekSula ysñ úh' mdßißl .eg¨ ms<sn|

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § iy ta iïnkaOfhka l%shd;aulùu n,k úg tajd

iajNdjfhkau u;=jk tajd fkdfõ' tu .eg¨ fndfyda úg úsjsO mqoa.,hka

úiska fyda hï hï ixúOdk ;=<ska biau;= lr olajk tajd f,i ie,lsh

yelsh' tu ksidfjka mdßißl .eg¨ iudc m%Yak f,i i,lhs' úúO ld,

;=< úúO iudchkays we;s jQ mßir .eg¨ i,ld n,kafka kï tajd 19 jk

Y;j¾Ifha meje;s woyila jk jkÔù mßydksfha isg úisjk Y; j¾Ifha

´fidaka ia:rh msßySu (Ozone Depletion) olajd úúO;ajfhka hqla;h'

mdßißl .eg¨ y÷kd.ekSfï § úoHdj yd ;dCIKh fukau ck

ikaksfõokh o jeo.;a fõ' úoHdj yd ck ikaksfõokh mdßißl .eg¨

y÷kd.ekSfï § jeo.;a jkjd hkq mdßißl ydksh y÷kd.ekSu;a" ta ms<sn|j

±kqu j¾Okh lsÍu mßir ydksh w¾nqohla f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu;a" mßir

.eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùug;a fuh m%fhdackj;aùuh'


25

mdßißl .eg¨ jYfhka msßisÿ jd;h" c,h ¥IKh ùu" ´fidaka ia:rh

úkdY ùu" jk úkdYh" mi úkdY ùu wd§ úúOdldrfha mßir ydkshka ù

we;' ñksiqka frda.Sùu wdÈh yryd tajd udkjhdg o whym;a whqßka n,md

;sfí' ñksid yd mßirh fldgia folla jYfhka ie,lSug fhduq jQfha ljod

isgo" t;eka isg mßir úkdYfha wdrïNh isÿúh ^fldg.u" 2001( msgqj 61&'

mßirhg isÿjk úkdYhka yryd mßir .eg¨ ks¾udKh fõ' udkjhd mßir

.eg¨ ish,a,u ms<sn|j ±kqj;a ù fkdue;' mßir .eg¨ ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla

udkjhd ;=< we;s lsÍug ckikaksfõokh jeo.;a fõ' fndfyda mßir .eg¨

ck;dj w;rg m;ajkqfha ckudOH uÕska fyda fjk;a ud¾.hka yrydh'

WodyrKhla jYfhka 19 jk ishjfia wï, jeis ms<sn|j ±k isáh;a" 1960

.Kkaj,§ iaùvka cd;sl Ôj úoHd{fhla jk iajkaf;a ´fâka (Svante

Oden) ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, uiqka ñh hEug wï, jeis n,md we;s

wdldrh ckudOH ;=<ska fmkajd fok ;=re ta ms<sn|j ck;djg Wkkaÿjla

we;s fkdùh ^yefkks.a" 1995( msgqj 43&' 1970 § weußldfõ meje;ajQ ñys;,

Èkh kùk mdßißl jHdmdrfha wdrïNfha f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' mßirh

ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ck;dj ;=< we;s lsÍu i|yd th iq¿fjka wdrïN lrk

,oaols' tfy;a th ñ,shk .Kkska ck;djf.a iyNd.S;ajh ksid nyqúO

wruqKqj,ska hqla; úfYaI isoaêhla njg m;aúh' kj mßirjdofha wdrïNl

Èkh f,i th ie,lsh yels w;r" thg ckikaksfõokh uÕska wiSñ;

m%pdrhla o ,enqKs ^f.dÜg,Sí" 1993( msgqj 199&'

mßir ¥IKh o mdßißl .eg¨jla f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' mßir .eg¨

mßird;aul m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍfï § moku jkafkah' mdßißl m%;sm;a;ska

fuka u" mßir .eg¿ o mokï lrf.k f.dvkefÕk w;r tu mdßißl

m%;sm;a;skaf.a wruqK jkqfha tu mßir .eg¨j md,kh lsÍu;a" thska jk

ydksh je,elaùu;a h' ñ,agka olajk yeáhg ì%;dkHfha mdßißl m%;sm;a;s

n,kúg iuyrúg mßir m%;sm;a;s fya;=fjka mßir úfrdaë ;;a;aj we;s ù

;sfí ^isßfiak" 2013( msgqj 55&' mßir m%;sm;a;ska ks¾udKh lsÍfï § tu

m%;sm;a;s cd;sl uÜgñka yd cd;Hka;r uÜgñka ks¾udKh lr ;sfí' mßir


26

m%;sm;a;s foi n,k úg rg ;=< mßir ¥IK .eg¨ ms<sn| ±ä m%;sm;a;s

wkq.ukh lrk w;r" tajd fjkialï we;s lsÍug wmyiq jk w;r"

cd;Hka;r mdßißl .eg¨ iïnkaO m%;sm;a;s ,sys,a m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh

lrhs^isßfiak" 2013( msgqj 55&' mßir m%;sm;a;sj, hï hï fjkia iajrEmhka

olakg ,enqKo" tu mßir m%;sm;a;sj, wruqKq jkqfha mßir ixrCIKh fyda

mßir úkdYhka md,kh lsÍuh'

mdßißl .eg¨jla f,i ye¢kaùfï § mßir ¥IKh ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla

,nd .; hq;=h' mßir ¥IKhla hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka l=ula o@ ta

i|yd bÈßm;a lrk w¾:l;khka ljf¾o hkak ms<sn|j o wjfndaOhla ,nd

.; hq;=h' mßir ¥IKh hkq l=ula o hkakg bÈßm;a lr ;sfnk

ks¾jpkhla my;dldr fõ' tkï"

—uq¿ uy;a ffcj ixy;Skaf.a meje;au ;¾ckhg ,la lrñka"

mdßißl ;=,s;;dj ì£ hk mßoafoka wm wjg we;s mßirhg

wmú;% fyda wys;lr øjH tl;=ùu fyda tl;= lsÍu mßir

¥IKh kï fõ˜ ^fmf¾rd" 2010( msgqj 97&'

mßir ¥IKh hkq mj;sk mßir moaO;shg ydksùu;a" mßir iu;=,s;;djh

ì|jeàu;a fõ' fuu mßir ¥IKh foi n,k úg mßir ¥IKh fCIa;%

lsysmhla mqrdjg isÿj ;sfí' tkï c, ¥IKh" jdhq ¥IKh" fjr< ¥IKh"

Yío ¥IKh wd§ jYfhka mßir ¥IKh isÿj ;sfnk w;r fuu mßir

¥IKh j¾;udkfha o isÿfjñka mj;S'

2¡6 mßir ixrCIKh

úkdYhfjñka ;sfnk mßirh iq/lSu i|yd mßirh ixrCIKh l< hq;= fõ'

ixrCIKh hkq l=ulao@ ta i|yd mj;sk ks¾jpkhka ms<sn|j úuid ne,Su

jeo.;a fõ' ixrCIKh hkafkys w¾:h fiùfï § YíofldaIhl iydh ,nd


27

.ekSu jeo.;a fõ' ta wkqj Tlaia*¾â bx.%Sis YíofldaIfhys ixrCIKh

hkakg ,nd § ;sfnk w¾:fha isxy, w¾:h my; i|yka fõ'

—iq/lSfï l%shdj ^úkdYldÍ" n,mEï" iajNdúl CIh ùu fyda

wmf;a hEïj,ska wdrCId lsÍu& Ôjh" fi!LHh" mQ¾K;ajh wdÈfha

meje;au wdrCId lsÍu˜ ^fldg.u" 2001( msgqj 01&'

by; i|yka w¾:l;kh ;=<ska ixrCIKh fyda ixrCIK l%shdj,sh hkq

isÿúh yels fjkiaùula je,elaùu f,i ye¢kafõ' ixrCIKh lsÍfï §

isÿjkqfha isÿúh yels fjkiaùula je,elaùulah hk w¾:h mßir

ixrCIKh lsÍfï § Ndú;d l< yelso@ th hï wdldrhlg mßirhg .,md

.ekSu wmyiqh' mßirfha isÿjk ish,a, udkjhdg wjYH wdldrhg md,kh

lsÍug yelshdj mj;S o@ ixrCIKh lsÍfï § udkjhdf.a ueÈy;aùula

;sfnk w;r iajdNdúl mßirh ;=< isÿjk ish,a,g udkjhdg ueÈy;aùfï

yelshdjla mj;S o hkak .eg¨ldÍ fõ' iajNdjO¾ufha isÿjk fjkiaùï

wmg je,elaúh fkdyelsh' mßir moaO;sh .;sl jk w;r" th iEuúgu

fjkiafjñka mj;S' fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkqfha ixrCIKh hkakg Tlaia*¾â

bx.%Sis YíofldaIfhys ,nd fok woyi ksjerÈ jqj o th mßir ixrCIKfha

w¾:l;kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .ekSug fkdyels njh'

mßir ixrCIKh hkakg ta wkqj ,nd fok w¾:l;kh l=ulao@ ixrCIKh

yd ixrCIK l%shdj,sh i|yd úoHd;aul w¾:l;khla fï jk úg bÈßm;a ù

we;' iajdNdúl iïm;a ixrCIKh i|yd jk cd;Hka;r wdh;k (IUCN)"

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk (U.N.E.P) yd f,dal jHdma; fidndoyï

wruqo, (W.W.F.) hk wdh;k u`.ska f,dal ixrCIK Wmdh ud¾. 1980

,shú,af,ys ixrCIKh fufia w¾: .kajd we;'

—ixrCIKh hkq wkd.; mrïmrdj, wjYH;d yd wfmaCId bgq

lsÍfï yelshdj mj;ajd .kakd w;ru" j¾;udk mrïmrdjg

yels m%Yia: m%fhdack ,nd Èh yels whqßka ffcj f.da,fha


28

ñksia Ndú;h keKj;aj l<uKdlrKh lsÍuhs˜ ^fldg.u"

2001( msgq wxl 02&'

by; i|yka w¾:l;kh ;=< ixrCIKh lsÍu hkq l=ula o hkak ms<sn|j

fukau" ixrCIKh l< hq;af;a l=uk wruqKlska o" l=ula Wfoid o hkak

i|yka ù ;sfí' úfYaIfhkau j¾;udkfha wjYH;d imqrd .kakd we;eï

mqoa.,hka mßirhg jk úkdYh ms<sn|j fkdis;hs' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka

mßirhg ydkslr ;;a;ajhka we;s fjkjd fukau" wkd.; wjYH;d bgq lr

.ekSug ndOd we;sfõ' tu ;;a;ajh fjkia l< yels fohla jk w;r" ñksid

l< hq;af;a wjYH;d nqoaêu;aj l<uKdlrKh lr .ekSuh' tfia fkdjkúg

j¾;udkhg jvd wkd.;fha wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug hdfï § w¾nqoldÍ

;;a;ajhka ks¾udKh ùfï bvlv mj;S'

ixrCIKh hk jpkh úúO úIhhka iuÕ w¾: .ekaùfï § tlsfklg

fjkia w¾: bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i .;fyd;a mqrdúoHdj úIh

;=< ixrCIKfha wruqKqjkqfha fl!;=l jia;=jl fjkiaùu mud lsÍu fyda

keje;aùu úh yelsh' tfy;a mßir ixrCIKfha wruqK jkqfha mßir

iïm;a wkd.;h Wfoid o mj;ajdf.k hduhs' ixj¾Okh yd mßir

ixrCIKh w;r ì|<sh fkdyels in|;djhla f.dvkeÕS mj;S' ñksia

wjYH;d ix;¾mkh lsÍu i|yd iajNdúl iïm;a Ndú;d lsÍfï § tu

iïm;a È.ska È.gu mj;ajdf.k hd yels whqßka ksIamdok l%shdj,shg fhdod

.ekSu i|yd c.;a m%cdj fhduqjQfha ixrCIK wruqKq iuÕskah'

ixrCIKfha wNsu;d¾:hka y÷kd.ekSug yelshdj ;sfí' ixrCIKfha

wNsu:d¾:hka l%shd;aul ùfï § j¾;udk wjYH;d ix;¾mkh lsÍu fukau

wkd.; mrïmrdfõ wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd o w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhka

uÕyefrkq we;' mqoa., wjYH;d msßuik w;r;=ru iïm;ays wdrCIdj

ie,iSu i|yd mßfNdackfha iSudjka yd tys n,mEï y÷kd.ekSu i|yd

ixrCIK wNsu;d¾:hka mej;Su fhda.H fõ'


29

mßir iïm;a l<uKdlrKh lsÍfï §" mßfNdackhg fkd.;a mßir iïm;a

l<uKdlrKh lsÍfï§ mßirhg wju ydkshla ,nd foñka wod< iïm;a

udkj wjYH;d Wfoid Ndú;d lsÍu isÿfõ' Ndú;hg .ksñka mj;sk mßir

iïm;la l<uKdlrKh lsÍfï § Ndú; iïm;a Ñria:dhS ixj¾Okhg tkï

j¾;udkfha fukau wkd.; mrïmrdfõ o m%fhdackh Wfoid mßfNdackhg

bv ie,fik mß§ fhdod .ekSu l< hq;=fõ' wêmßfNdackh ksidfjka

;¾ckhg m;a jQ iïm;a l<uKdlrKh lsÍfï § È.= ld,Sk flá ld,Sk

jdrK mekùu" úl,am iïm;a .fõIKh lsÍu hkdÈh m%Odk fõ'

j¾;udkfha fjr<dY%s; fldr,amr úkdYh ueãug fujeks l%u fhdod f.k

we;'

mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍfuys,d úYd, fufyhla bgq lrkq ,nkqfha f,dal

ixrCIK ix.uhhs' (IUCN) " fojk f,dal hqoaOh ksud fj;au" mßirhg

úYd, úkdYhla isÿúh' mßirh wdrCId lr .ekSfï uQ,sl wruqKska fuu

f,dal ixrCIK ix.uh msysgqjd ;sfí' f,dal ixrCIK ix.uh 1948 §

hqfrdamd rgj, úoHd{hska /ilf.a iyNd.S;ajfhka wdrïN úh' f,dal

ixrCIK ix.uh msysgqùfï uQ,sl wruqK jkqfha mßir ixrCIKh f,dalfha

ffcj úúO;ajh iq/lSu;a" iajNdúl iïm;a Ndú;h idOdrK yd ;sridr

f,i isÿ lsÍug f,dal jdiSkag Wmfoia" Wmldr yd iyfhda.h ,nd §ug;a

h' fï i|yd Tjqka úoaj;=ka yd ;dCIK ±kSu yqjudre lr .ekSu" mßir

ixrCIK iïnkaO kS;s Í;s flgqïm;a ilia lsÍug iydh ùu" wjodkug

,la jQ j| jQ Ôù úfYaI yd mßir moaO;s iïnkaO f;dr;=re /ia lr r;=

o;a; fmd; ksl=;a lsÍu wdÈhhs' ffcj úúO;aj ixrCIKh ms<sn| úúO ,sms

iÕrd uqøKh lr r;= o;a; fmd; ksl=;a lsÍu wdÈhhs' ffcj úúO;aj

ixrCIKh ms<sn| úúO ,sms f.dkq iÕrd uqøKh lr fnod yeÍu wd§ úúO

ld¾hhNdrhka fuu ix.ufhka bgqfõ' f,dal ixrCIK ix.uhg wkqhqla;

Y%S ,dxlSh wdh;kh 1988 § wdrïN lrk ,§' rch iuÕ f,dal ixrCIK

ix.uh wjfndaO;d .súiqu 1993 § w;aika lrk ,§ ^l=f¾" 2006( msgqj 37&'


30

f;jk mßÉfÊoh

o;a; úYaf,aIKh

ye`Èkaùu

wOHhk jd¾;dfõ f;jk mßÉfÊoh u`.ska 2017 ud¾;= udih ;=< Èjhsk yd

,xld§m hk mqj;am;aj, <uhska yd mßirh iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a úúO

f;audjka hgf;a ufkda iudÔh mokulska hq;=j úYaf,aIKh lsÍu f;jk

mßÉfþoh u`.ska isÿ fõ'

fuu úYaf,aIKh i`oyd m%d:ñl o;a; jYfhka fhdod .kq ,nkafka ,sÅ;

uq,dY%hka h' m%d:ñl o;a;jk <uhska yd mßirh iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a

.eUqßka úYaf,aIKh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþoh u`.ska isÿ fõ' úYaf,aIKfha

myiqj i`oyd Wm YS¾Ihka lsysmhla hgf;a úYaf,aIKh isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r

th .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul hk fohdldrfhka isÿ fõ'

wOHhk o;a; úYaf,aIKfha § <ud wmrdO" wkdrCIs;nj fya;=fjka <uqkag

isÿjk mSvdjka" <uhskaf.a oCI;d yd jerÈ iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a .=Kd;aul

yd m%udKd;aul jYfhka f;jk mßÉfþoh ;=< úYaf,aIKhg ,la lr we;'

tfiau mßir .eg¨" mßir úkdY lsÍï" mßir iqkaor;ajh wd§ f;audjka

hgf;a m< jQ mqj;a iïnkaOj o úYAf,aIKh f;jk mßÉfþoh ;=<

wka;¾.; lr we;'

m%d:ñl o;a;hka úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï § Bg oaú;shsl o;a;hka o fhdod .ksñka

jvd;a .eUQßka úYaf,AIK ld¾hfha fh§ we;'


31

3¡1 úYAf,aIKhg mdol jq mqj;a ys iajNdjh

Y%s ,xldfõ cd;sl mqj;am;a jk Èjhsk yd ,xldÈm hk mqj;am;a oaú;ajh

uq,sl lr .ksñka 2017 ud¾;= udih ;=< m%ldYhg m;ajQ mqj;am;a wOHhkh

iòyd fhdod .kq ,eîh'

j.= wxl 3'1¡1 úYAf,aIKhg mdol jq mqj;am;a

mqj;am;a kduh mqj;am;a ixLHdj

Èjhsk 25

,xldÈm 25

uq¿ mqj;am;a tl;=j 50

by; iòyka mqj;am;a oaú;ajh mdol lr .kañka o;a; úYaf,aIKfha § m%Odk

jYfhka f;audjka oaú;ajhla f;dard .kakg úh' tys§ 2017 ud¾;= udifha

Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;am;aj, m< jQ <uhska iïnkaO mqj;a yd mßirh

iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a o;a; úYAf,aIKh iòyd Wmhqla; lr .kq ,eîh' tys§

úYAf,aIKhg fhdod .;a mqj;a ixLHdj mqj;am;a wkqj my; mßÈ fõ'

j.= wxl 3'1¡2 úYAf,aIKhg mdol jq mqj;ays iajNdjh

mqj;a f;audj Èjhsk ,xld§m uq¿ mqj;a

ixLHdj

<uhska iïnkaOj m< jq mqj;a ixLHdj 34 33 67

mßirh iïnkaOj m< jq mqj;a ixLHdj 20 05 25

uq¿ mqj;a tl;=j 54 38 92

uq,dY%h ( mqj;a úYaf,aIK jd¾;dj 2017

fuu wOHhk jd¾;dfõ mqj;a úYaf,aIKh iòyd mqj;a 92la Wmhqla; lr

.kakd ,§' bka <uhska iïnkaOj jd¾;d jQ mqj;a 67la fõ¡ bka mqj;a 34la

Èjhsk mqj;amf;ys jd¾;dù ;snqK w;r ,xld§m mqj;amf;ys <uhska

iïnkaOj jd¾;dù ;snQ mqj;a ixLHdj 33la fõ' Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk

mqj;am;a oaú;ajfhys mßirh iïnkaOj mqj;a 25la jd¾;d ù ;snqK w;r bka


32

mqj;a 20la Èjhsk mqj;amf;ys jd¾;d ù ;sfnk w;r mqj;a 05la ;rï iq¿

m%udKhla ,xld§m mqj;amf;ys jd¾;d lr we;'

3¡2 <uhska iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a ys iajNdjh

<uqka ms<snòj iudch ;=< jeä wjOdkhla mj;sk fyhska <uhska iïnkaOj

úúO wdldrfha mqj;a jd¾;d fõ' fuu úYaf,aIK jd¾;dj ;=< <uhska

iïnkaOj m< jQ úúOdldrfha mqj;a úYAf,aIKh iòyd fhdod .kakd ,§'

wOHhkh iòyd fhdod .;a uq¿ mqj;a ixLHdfjka <uhska iïnkaO mqj;a 67la

jk w;r wOHhkh iòyd fhdod .;a 2017 ud¾;= udifha mqj;am;ays <uqka

iïnkaOj ffokslj mqj;a jd¾;d ù ;snqKs' tu mqj;a úúO f;audjka hgf;a

jd¾;d ù ;sfnkakg úh'

2017 ud¾;= udifha ,xld§m yd Èjhsk hk mqj;a m;a ys <uhska iïnkaOj

m< jQ mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § YS¾Ihka lsysmhla hgf;a ú.%yhg

,la lsÍug yelsh' tys§ <uhska iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a my; YS¾Ihka hgf;a

ú.%yhg ,la l< yelsh'

j.= wxl 3'2¡1 <uhska iïnkaOj m< jq mqj;aj, f;audjka

mqj;a f;audj Èjhsk ,xld§m uq¿ mqj;a ixLHdj

<ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaO mqj;a 08 06 14

<ud >d;khka iïnkaO mqj;a 02 03 05

wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka

uqyqKmdk .eg¨

07 04 11

wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿjk ydks 04 12 16

<uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¨ 04 01 05

<uqkaf.a oCI;d yd we.hqï 0 01 01

<ud ysñlï lvlsÍï 03 02 05

fjk;a 07 02 09

uq¿ mqj;a tl;=j 35 32 67



33

wOHhkh iòyd mdol lr .;a;djq mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï È <uqka

iïnkaOj m< jq mqj;a 67la jq w;r bka mqj;a 35la jd¾;d jkqfha Èjhsk

mqj;amf;ys jk w;r mqj;a 32la ,xld§m mqj;am;a ;=< jd¾;d ù ;snqKs' 2017

ud¾;= udifha m< jQ Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;am;a oaú;ajfha <uhska

iïnkaOj jd¾;d jk mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § jeä jYfhka

jd¾;d jkqfha wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿjk ydks iïnkaO mqj;a h'

wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿjk ydks iïnkaOj jd¾;djk uq¿ mqj;a

ixLHdj 16la jk w;r bka mqj;a 04la Èjhsk mqj;am;a ys m< jkakg jQ w;r

mqj;a 12la ,xld§m mqj;am;a ys m< ù we;' <ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaOj

o jeä jYfhka mqj;a jd¾;d ù ;sfnk w;r ta iïnkaOj jd¾;d jk uq¿

mqj;a ixLHdj 14la jk w;r bka mqj;a 08la Èjhsk mqj;am;a ys m< jkakg jq

w;r mqj;a 06la ,xld§m mqj;am;ays m< ù we;' iudch ;=< <uqka flfrys

úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq úh hq;= w;r <uqka flfrys /ljrK ie,eiaula

;sìh hq;=h' wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka uqyqKmdk .eg¨ ms<snòj

mqj;am;a ys mqj;a jd¾;d ù we;s mqj;a ixLHdj 11la jk w;r bka mqj;a 07la

Èjhsk mqj;amf; ys o mqj;a 04la ,xld§m mqj;a mf;ys o m< ù we;' <ud

>d;khka iïnkaO mqj;a" <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¨" <uqkaf.a oCI;d yd

we.hqï" <ud ysñlï lvlsÍï ms<snòj o mqj;a jd¾;d ù we;s w;r tu mqj;a

ixLHdj 10g wvq ixLHdjla úh'

3¡3 <ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaO mqj;a

<ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka ms<snòj úúO mqj;a jd¾;d jk w;r ckudOH ;=<ska ta

iòyd mq¿,a m%pdrhla ,nd fok nj j¾;udkfha ckudOH flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍfï § wjfndaO fõ' ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaOj ,xldfõ yd

cd;Hka;rfha úêu;a kS;s ud,djka ia:dms; lr ;snqK o <ud ,sx.sl

ysxikhka ms<snòj jd¾;dùïys wvqjla olakg fkdue;' <ud ,sx.sl

ysxikhka iïnkaOj wêlrK moaO;sh ;=< l%shd;aul jk kvq ixLHdj o

by< m%;sY;hla ùfuka wkdjrKhjkqfha <ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka isÿùfï

iudc wjldYhla mj;sk njh' mqj;a úYaf,aIK jd¾;dj ;=< <uqka

iïnkaOj jd¾;d ù ;sfnk mqj;a ixLHdj 67la jk w;r bka <ud ,sx.sl


34

ysxikhka iïnkaOj m< jq mqj;a 14la úh' tu ,sx.sl ysxikhka isÿ jQ

wdldrh wkqj úYaf,aIKh isÿ l< yelsh' th my; my; mßÈ fõ'

j.= wxl 3'3¡1 <ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaO mqj;a

<ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka mqj;am;aj, oela jQ whqre

Èjhsk ,xld§m uq¿ mqj;a ixLHdj

fm%auh ksidfjka isÿ jQ ,sx.sl ysxikhka 01 0 01

{d;skaf.ka <uqkag jk ,sx.sl ysxikhka 02 1 03

iudc jD;a;slhkaf.ka <uqkag jk

,sx.sl ysxikhka

05 02 07

fjk;a 0 03 03


mjq,la ;=<ska ksjerÈj" mq¿,aj wdrCIdjla fkd,efnkúg <uqka iudch ;=<

wkdrCIs; fõ' foudmsh fifkyi o wysñ orejd iudcfha ;udg ys;j;a

md¾Yjhkag iómùug W;aidy or;s' tjeks wjia:dj, § fndfyda orejka

¥Ilhkaf.a .%yKhg ,lafõ' <uhd hkq iajdëkj ish wdrCIdj imhd

.ekSug wmyiq wfhla jk fyhska Ndrlrejka úiska <uqkaf.a wdrCIdj

iemhsh hq;=h' <uhskag ksis wdrCIdjla fkdjk fyhska <uqka fm%au

iïnkaO;d wdrïN lrkq ,nk w;r bka wkjfndaOh ksidfjka <uqka

úúOdldrfha ydkslr ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK fo;s' fm%au iïnkaO;djhka

fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿ jk ,sx.sl ysxikhka jd¾;d fõ' orejka flfrys

foudmshka yd Ndrlrejka úiska ksis /ljrKhla ,nd fkd§u fya;=fjka

fujeks ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK fo;s' <uqka ,sx.slj ysxikhg md;%jk ;j;a

wdldrhlajkqfha mjqf,a {d;Skaf.kah' foudmshka orejd flfrys olajk wvq

wjOdkh yd orejka fjk;a Ndrlrefjl=g fhduq lsÍu yryd orejka

úúOdldrfha ysxikhkag md;% fõ' mjqf,a úYajdijka;hska yd {d;Ska yryd

jk ,sx.sl ysxikhka j¾;udkfha ckudOH u`.ska jd¾;d fõ'

fm%aujka;hskaf.ka yd {d;Skaf.ka jk ,sx.sl ysxikhka ms<sn`o mqj;a


35

lsysmhla Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;am;a ys jd¾;d ù we;' úúO jD;a;slhska

yryd <uqkag jk ,sx.sl ysxikhka ms<snò mqj;a o jd¾;d ù we;' tys§ <uqka

fjkqfjka fiajh lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka" rdcH wdrCIdj Wfoid fiajfha

kshq;= ks,Odßka jeks iudch ;=< hï jeo.;a fiajhla bgq lrkq ,nk

ks,Odßka úiska <uqkag isÿ lrkq ,enq ,sx.sl ysxikhka ms<snòj mqj;a m;a

jd¾;d lr we;' <ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a foi wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍfï § úúO jD;a;slhska úiska isÿ lrkq ,enQ ,sx.sl ysxikhka

iïnkaO mqj;a jeä jYfhka jd¾;d fõ' tla udihla ;=< fu;rï <ud ,sx.sl

ysxikhka iïnkaO mqj;a jd¾;d ùu ;=<ska wkdjrKh jkqfha <ud ,sx.sl

ysxikhka isÿùfï hï by< m%jK;djhla mj;sk njhs'

3¡4 <ud >d;khka iïnkaO mqj;a

<uqkag ,sx.slj ysxikhka isÿ lsÍï iïnkaO mqj;a úoHq;a yd uqøK udOH

u`.ska jd¾;d lrkq ,nhs' ,sx.sl ysxikhka muKla fkdj <uqka >d;kh

lsÍï ms<nòj o mqj;a jd¾;d fõ' úfYAIfhkau ,sx.sl ysxikhka isÿ lr

>d;kh lsÍï yd foumshkaf.a wkdrCIs; nj" foudmshkaf.a fkdie,ls,a,

ksidfjka <uqka >d;khg ,la fõ' ðj;aùu udkj whs;sjdislula jYfhka

ms<s .;a; o <uqkaf.a ðj;aùu hï hï wjia:dj, § újO md¾Yjhkaf.a

;SrKhka u; ròd mj;S' wOHhkh ;=< wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,enQ ud¾;=

udifha Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;am;a ys <ud >d;khka iïnkaOj mqj;a

06la jd¾;d lr we;' th my; mßÈ j.=.; lsÍug yelsh'

j.= wxl 3'4¡1 <ud >d;khka iïnkaO jQ fya;+ka

<ud >d;khka i|yd uq,a jQ fya;+ka Èjhsk ,xld§m uq¿ mqj;a

ixLHdj

<ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka isÿ lr >d;kh lsÍu 0 01 01

foudmshka úiska isÿ lr >d;khka 01 02 03

fjk;a 01 01 02



36

,sx.sl ysxikhka isÿ lr >d;kh lsÍï ms<sn`oj tla mqj;la muKla jd¾;d

fõ' tfiau foudmshka úiska myr§ >d;kh lsÍï yd foudmshkaf.a wkshï

iïnkaO;djhkaf.a m%;sM,h fya;=fjka >d;kh lsÍï ms<sn`o mqj;a ;=kla

jd¾;d lr we;' <uqkaf.a wdrCIdj iemhsh hq;= md¾Yjhka úiskau <uqkaf.a

ðj;aùfï whs;sh wysñ lr we;'

3¡5 wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka uqyqKmdk .eg¿

mqoa.,hdg ksoyia yd iajdëk ðúldj Wfoid wdrCIs; mßirhl Ôj;aùu

jeo.;a fõ' <ud fm!reI ixj¾Okh Wfoid iudc mßirh jeo.;a fõ' <ud

fm!reI ixj¾Okh Wfoid Ôj;ajk mjq,a mßirh fukau Tyq Ôj;ajk

iudc mßirh o jeo.;a fõ' <uhd Ôj;ajk mßirfha yd Ôj;ajk iudc

mßirfha mj;sk .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka fya;=fjka th fm!reI ixj¾Okhg

wys;lr whqßka n,mdkq ,nhs' wOHhkfha § Ôj;ajk mßirh fya;=fjka

<uqka uqyqK fok .eg¿ lsysmhla wkdjrKh úh' th my; mßÈ fõ'

j.= wxl 3'5¡1 wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka uqyqKmdk .eg¿

wkdrlaIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka g isÿ jQ ydks

Èjhsk ,xld§m uq¿ mqj;a ixLHdj

mshdf.a îu;alu fya;=fjka <uqka

uqyqKmdk .eg¿

0 01 01

foudmshkaf.a fkdie,ls,a, fya;=fjka

orejkagjk ydks

04 04 08

iudcfha yd ksjfia há;,

myqilïj, wvqmdvq ksidfjka <uqkag

isÿjk ydks

02 04 06


<uhd uq,sl iudcdkqfhdackh ,nkqfha mjqf,a idudðlhskaf.a wdNdifhka

jk fyhska mjqf,a idudðlhskaf.a N+ñldj wdo¾Yu;a úh hq;=h' mjqf,a

idudðlhskaf.a wúêu;a p¾hdjka fya;=fjka <uqkaf.a ðú;j,g ydks isÿjQ


37

mqj;a 09la jd¾;d jk w;r bka tla mqj;la mshdf.a îu;alu fya;=fjka isÿ

jQjla jk w;r fiiq mqj;a 08 jd¾;d jkqfha foudmshkaf.a fkdie,ls,a,

fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿ jq ydks ms<snòjh' mshdf.a îu;alu <uqkaf.a ldhsl yd

udkisl ixj¾Okh hk fowxYhgu ydks we;s lrkq ,nhs' úfYaIfhkau

<uhd mshdf.a îu;alu fya;=fjka wd;;shg m;a jk w;r bka <uhdf.a

udkisl ixj¾Okhg ndOd we;s fõ' úfYaIfhkau îu;alu fya;=fjka

fukau úúO fya;= mdol lr .ksñka we;eï mqoa.,hka úiska orejkag úúO

ldhsl yd udkisl mSvdjka isÿ lrkq ,nhs' <uhd hkq ksrka;rju

kjH;djhlska hq;a foa .fõIKh lrñka w;a±lSï ,nk lKavdhula jk

fyhska foudmshka úiska orejka flfrys úfYAI wjOdkhlska miqúh hq;=h'

tfia fkdjk úg orejka úúOdldrfha wk;=rej,g m;a fõ' foudmshkaf.a

wkjOdkh yd fkdie,ls,a, fya;=fjka orejkag úúO ydks isÿ úh yels

w;r tajd wju lr .ekSug foudmshka úiska j.n,d .; hq;=h' úfYaIfhkau

<uqka .efjik ;ekaj, há;, myiqlï yd wjg mßirh <uhl=g ðj;aùug

iqÿiq mßirhla úh hq;=h' iudcfha yd ksjfia há;, myqilïj, wvqmdvq

ksidfjka <uqkag isÿ jk ydks ms<snòj mqj;am;a jd¾;d lrkq ,nk w;r

tjeks mqj;a 06la ,xld§m yd Èjhsk mqj;am;a jd¾;d lr we;' fuu

wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqkag ldhsl ydks fukau ðú; ydks o isÿ ù

we;' úYaf,aIKhg mdol lr .;a mqj;a w;ßka wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka

<uqkag isÿ jq ydks ms<snò mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § bka <uqkag

isÿ jQ ldhsl ydks yd ðú; ydks ms<snòj my;ldrhg ±laúh yelsh'

j.= wxl 3'5¡2 wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka isÿ jQ ldhsl ydks yd ðú; ydks

wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka

<uqkag isÿ jq ydks

Èjhsk ,xld§m uq¿ mqj;a

ixLHdj

ldhsl ydks 01 02 03

ðú; ydks 03 07 10



38

wkdrdCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿ jQ ydks ms<snòj wjOdkh fhduq

lsÍfï § ldhsl ydks isÿ jQ mqj;a 03la jd¾;d jk w;r ðú; ydksùï ms<snò

mqj;a 07 la jd¾;d fõ' fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkqfha <uqkaf.a ðú; flfrys jeä

wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlsÍu ;=< <uqkag úúO wdldrfha ydks isÿ úh yels

njh'

3¡6 wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿjk ydks

iudch ;=< wk;=re úúO wdldrhg isÿ úh yelsh' tys§ m%Odk jYfhka

y`ÿkd.; yels wk;=re jkqfha ud¾. wk;=re yd iajNdúl wk;=reh' 2017

ud¾;= udifha Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;am;a foj¾.h ;=< <uqkag isÿ jQ

wk;=re ms<snò mqj;a 16la jd¾;d lr we;' tu mqj;ays iajNdjh my;dldrhg

±laúh yelsh'

j.= wxl 3'6¡1 <uqkag isÿ jQ wk;=rej, iajNdjh

<uqka g isÿ jQ wk;=rej,

iajNdjh


ixLHdj

ud¾. wk;=re 02 04 06

iajNdúl wk;=re 02 04 06

fjk;a 0 04 04


ßhmeoùfï § ßhÿrdf.a jrÈka yd mÈlhkaf.a jrÈka isÿ jk úúOdldrfha

wk;=re udOH ;=< jd¾;d fõ' ud¾.h ;=< § <uqka uqyqK ÿka wk;=re ms<snò

mqj;a 06la jd¾;d fõ' j¾;udk iudcfha ud¾. wk;=re isÿùfï jeä

m%jK;djhla olakg we;' Y%s ,xld iudcfha ud¾. kS;s moaO;sh úêu;a

;;a;ajhg f.dvk`.ñka ud¾. kS;s W,a,x>Kh lrkq ,nk mqoa.,hka iòyd

wjYH kS;suh l%shdud¾. f.k we;' iajNdúl wk;=re isÿùï ksidfjka

<uqkag isÿ jQ wk;=re 06la jd¾;d fõ' iajNdúl wk;=re jYfhka y`ÿkd.;

yels jQfha mia l`ÿj,g hgùu" ;dmamh lvd jeàfuka Bg hg ùu" wkdrCIs;


39

<sxj,g jeàï wd§ mqj;a jd¾;d ù we;' fuu wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag

ldhslj ydks isÿ jQ m%udKh yd ðú; ydks isÿ jQ m%udKh my; wdldrhg

±laúh yelsh'

j.= wxl 3'6¡2 wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿ jQ ldhsl ydks yd ðú; ydks

wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqka g jk

ydks


ixLHdj

ldhsl ydks 1 4 05

ðú; ydks 4 7 11


iajNdúl wk;=rej,g yd ud¾. wk;=rej,g m;aùu fya;=fjka <uqka

uqyqKmdk ,o wk;=rej,ska ldhsl yd ðú; ydks isÿùï ms<snòj j.= wxl

3¡6¡2 ys iòyka lr we;' tys§ wk;=rej,g uqyqK ÿka <uqkaf.ka ldhsl ydks

isÿùï iïnkaO mqj;a 05la jd¾;d ù ;sfnk w;r jeä jYfhka jd¾;d jkqfha

wk;=rej,g uqyqK §u fya;=fjka ðú; ydksùï iïnkaO mqj;a h' ud¾.

wk;=reùï iïnkaO mqj;a 06la jd¾;d jk w;r tu wk;=rej,g uqyqK ÿka

ishü <uqka ñhf.dia we;s nj jd¾;d fõ' ðú; ydks isÿùï iïnkaO fiiq

mqj;a jkqfha wkdrCIs; <sxj,g jeàu" ksjfia ì;a;shla lvd jeàu" há;,

myiqlï wkdrCIs;j bÈ lr ;eîï ksidfjka isÿ jQ wk;=reh'

iuia;hla jYfhka n,k l< fuu wk;=re isÿ j we;af;a mjq, yd iudch

;=< mj;sk j.lSï iys;j lghq;= fkdlsÍu" wkjOdkh" wkdrCIs;nj wd§

fya;= ksidfjkah' fuu wk;=re j<lajd .; yels uÜgfï wk;=re nj mqj;a

wka;¾.;h ;=<ska biau;= fõ'

3¡7 <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¿

<ud p¾hdj Okd;aul yd ksfYaOd;aul úh yelsh' ,xld§m yd Èjhsk

mqj;am;a oaú;ajfhys <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¿ ms<snòj jd¾;d lr we;' tys§


40

2017 ud¾;= udifha Èjhsk yd ,xld§m mqj;am;a oaú;ajfhys p¾hduh .eg¿

jYfhka m%Odk ldKAvhka oaú;ajhla y`ÿkd.; yelsh' tys§ mdi, ;=< § isÿ

lrkq ,nk wm.dñ p¾hdjka yd fidrlï lsÍï iïnkaOfhka jd¾;d lr

we;' <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¿ m%udKd;aulj my;ska olajd we;'

j.= wxl 3'7¡1 <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¿

<uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¿ mqj;am;a

ys jd¾;d jQ whqre


ixLHdj

mdi, ;=< § isÿ lrkq ,nk

wm.dó p¾hdjka

03 0 03

fidrlï lsÍï 0 01 01

fjk;a 01 0 01


mdi, ;=< § isÿ lrkq ,enQ wm.dñ p¾hdjka jYfhka jd¾;d lr we;af;a

mdi,a úkh moaO;sh blaujd hñka yeiqreKq mdi,a isiqka iïnkaOjh' tys§

wúksS; p¾hdjka fya;=fjka mdi,a <uqkag ysxid lsÍï yd mdi,a mßmd,khg

ndOdjla fjñka yeiSÍï mss<sn`oj jd¾;d lr we;' <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¿

jYfhka jd¾;d ù ;snQ fiiq mqj;a jkqfha fidrlï lsÍula iïnkaOjh'

orejl= ;=< p¾hduh .eg¿ we;sùu flfrys újO fya;= n,mdkq ,nhs'

p¾hduh .eg¿ we;sùu flfrys idudcdkqfhdackh n,mdkq ,nhs' orejl=

uq,slj u iudcdkqfhdack mshjr wdrïN lrkq ,nkafka mjq, ;=<ska h' mjq,

;=<ska foudmsh wdNdifhka orejl= iudcfha Ôj;a úh hq;= wdldrh bf.k

.kS' tfy;a th ksjerÈj bgq fkdjk úg orejka ;=< wm.dó p¾hdjka

f.dvke.Sug bv ;sfí' wm.dó p¾hdj j¾Okh ù wmrdO isÿlrk

;;a;ajhg m;afõ' mjq,a ixia:dj ;=< iudcdkqfhdackh jk orejd

jeäysáhka" .=rejre" fouõmshka hkq ljqreka o ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nk

w;r Tjqkag f.!rj lsÍug" lSlreùug mjq,a ;=<ska u mqyqKqjla ,ndÈh hq;=

h' tu mqyqKqj wd.ñl ixia:dj ;=<skq ;a" wOHdmksl ixia:dj ;=<skq ;a ;j


41

;j;a jeä ÈhqKq lrjkq ,nhs' l=vd ld,fha isg u jeäysáhkaf.a wjjdo"

wdo¾Y ,nk orejd iudch ;=< mrudo¾YSj Ôj;aùug wjYH yqrej" wNdih

,nhs' tfy;a kQ;k YS% ,dxlsl iudch ;=< foudmshkag" jeäysáhkag"

.=rejrekag wjk; fkdjk orefjda Ôj;a fj;s' fndfydaúg iudc .=KO¾u

bf.kSug by; m%cdj b;d jeo.;ah' tfy;a .=KO¾u fkdwiñka iudc

úfrdaë ls%hd isÿ lrk orefjda isá;s' ÿïmdkh" fidrlu" mdi,a fkdhEu"

rKavq lr .ekSu jerÈ ls%hd nj f;areï .kqfha iudcfha Ôj;a ùfuks' kQ;k

YS% ,xldfõ wvq wdodhï,dNS m%cdj Ôj;ajk m%foaYj, Ôj;a jk wvq jhia

orejka ÿïmdkh lsÍu" fidrlu" rxpq .eiSu" rKavq lsÍu" mdi,a w;yer hEu

isÿfõ' iudc mßirhg wkq.;ùu ksid fuu ;;a;ajh we;sfõ' l=vd ld,fha

isg orejka iudc.; lsÍfï § b;d m%fõiï úh hq;=h' úfYaIfhkau fï

ms<sn|j ie<ls,su;a úh hq;= md¾Yjh jkafka foudmshkah' mjq, ;=<ska

orejdg .=KO¾u lshd § wfkl=;a iudcj,ska o wdo¾Y ,nd fyd|

yeÈhdjlska hq;a orejl= ìysùug wjYH ud¾f.damfoaYh ,nd Èh hq;=h' tf,i

isÿfkdjk úg orejd fyd| krl y÷kd fkdf.k ls%hd lrkq ,efí'

orejl=g È.ska È.gu weiqrg ,efnkafka iudc úfrdaê ls%hd isÿlrk msßia

fõo" tu orejd o tu ls%hdj,g wkq.;j wmrdOldó ls%hd isÿlrkq ,nhs' ta

wkqj orejd wmrdOlrefjl=ùu flfrys iDcqj fyda jl%j n,mEï lrkq

,enqfõ iudchhs' orejl= Wm;ska orejl= ñi wmrdOldrfhl= f,i ye¢kaúh

fkdyelsh'

mdi,a orejd iudc.;ùfï § ksjerÈ ud¾f.damfoaYkh ,ndfok jeo.;a

wdh;khla fõ' mdi, ;=<ska o orejkag fyd| krl lshd foñka Ydia;%

{dkh ,ndfohs' úfYaIfhkau fyd| foa w.h lrñka th È.ska È.gu th

isÿlsÍug lreKq myod fokjd fiau" hï whym;a jerÈ ls%hdj, § iudch

,ndfok o`vqju" Tjqka iudch úiska w.h fkdlrk nj lshd foñka orejka

whymf;ka wE;a lsÍug lghq;= lrhs' mdi,a ixia:dj ;=< iu jhia

lKavhdula iuÕ lghq;= lrkq ,nk wdldrh mdi, ;=<ska orejkag myod

fohs' iu.sj woyia yqjudrej" lKavdhula iuÕ tlg jev lsÍu wd§ f,i

iudch ;=< wka;¾ iïnkaO;d meje;aùfï § b;d jeo.;a idrO¾u" hym;a

p¾hd;aul we.hqï mdi, ;=<ska ,nd fohs' mdi, ;=< § ksjerÈ j


42

iudcdkqfhdackh fkdjk orejd" mjq, ;=<ska o ksjerÈj wkQkhkh fkdjk

úg wmrdO lsÍug bv we;'

3¡8 <ud ysñlï lvlsÍï

iudc i;a;ajfhl= jYfhka Wm; ,nk iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu ñksil= jYfhka

ðj;aùug wjYH ysñlï iudch úiska ks¾Kh lr we;' tfy;a iudc

l%shdldß;ajh ;=< mqoa.,hkaf.a ysñlï lvlsÍï iïnkaOj jd¾;d fõ' 2017

ud¾;= udih ;=< § m< jQ Èjhsk yd ,xld§m mqj;a m;a oaú;ajfhys <ud

ysñlï lvlsÍï iïnkaO mqj;a jd¾;dù ;snqK w;r th ixLHd;aulj my;

mßÈ ±laúh yelsh'

j.= wxl 3'8¡1 <ud ysñlï lvlsÍï

<ud ysñlï lvùï mqj;am;aj,

jd¾;d jQ whqre


ixLHdj

,sx.sl ysxid lsÍï 08 04 12

>d;kh lsßï 02 03 05

myr §ï 0 01 01

n,mEï lsÍï ^újdyhka$ie;alï

lsÍï&

04 03 07

fjk;a 10 06 16


<ud ysñlï lvùï iïnkaO mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § jeä

jYfhka jd¾;d jkqfha ,sx.sl ysxid lsÍï iïnkaOjh' <uqka wkdrCIs;ùu

fuhg m%Odku idOlhla jYfhka y`ÿkd.; yelsh' ,sx.sl ysxid lsÍï

iïnkaOj jd¾;djk mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § wkdjrKh jkqfha

orejka úúO foa mjiñka /jàu;a" n,y;aldr whqßka ,sx.sl ysxidjka isÿ

lsÍu;a isÿ lr we;s njhs' <uqka >d;kh lsÍï iïnkaOj mqj;a 05la jd¾;d


43

jk w;r tys§ wkshï iïnkaO;djhkaf.a m%;sM,hla fya;=fjka <uqka

>d;kh lsÍï yd mjq,a wdrjq,a fya;=fjka we;s jQ .egqï fya;=fjka isÿ jQ

>d;khka jd¾;d lr we;' <uqkag isÿ jQ n,mEï lsÍï iïnkaO mqj;a 07la

jd¾;d jk w;r tys§ n,mEï iy.;j újdyhka lrùï iïnkaO mqj;a yd

leue;a; fkdúuid ie;alï lsÍï iïnkaO mqj;a jd¾;d fõ'

iEu ukqIHhl=u újO wjYH;djhka iys;j Wm; ,nhs' iudchl ;ksj

jdih l< fkdyel' mqoa.,hl= ;ksj iudcfha Ôj;ajkjd hehs mjikafka

kï th meyeÈ,s wi;Hhls' iudch ixúOdkhùfï § cd,.;

iïnkaO;djhkaf.ka iqixúê;j f.dvke.S we;' Wmf;a isg ñh hk f;la

mqoa.,hd úúO wjYH;d m%y¾IKh lr .ks' wdorh" wdrCIdj" wdydr"

wOHdmkh wd§ m%uqL wjYH;d jk w;r tu wjYH;d l=vd ld,fha isg

fkd,efnk úg l=vd ld,fha isg is; ;=< flaka;sh" ffjrh" B¾IHdj jeks

mqoa., w.;s.dñ foa we;sfõ' fuu ;;a;ajhka ;=< l=vd orejka wmrdO lsÍug

yqrefõ' ,dxlSh iudcfha uõjreka úfoaY.;ùu ksid fuu ;;a;ajh we;s jk

wdldrh y÷kd.; yelsh' l=vd ld,fha orejka foudmshka iuÕ b;d

lsÜgqfjka weiqrg m;a fõ' fuh hï wdldrhlg ÿria jkqfha orejd iudc

.;ùfï § úúO iudc lKavdhï y÷kd .eksfuks' tfy;a th mq¿,a

uÜgulska isÿ fkdfõ' foudmshka úfoaY.;ùfï § orejdg wdorh" wdrCIdj"

wdydr" wOHdmkh wd§ wjYH;d bgq fjkqfha fjk;a wfhl= w;skah' tjeks

wjia:dj,§ we;eï úg orejkaf.a wjYH;d bgq fkdjk úg orejka wmrdO

ls%hd isÿlsÍug fm<fò'

foudmshka úfoaY.; jkúg Tjqkaf.a orejka wd;a;ïudg" iShdg Ndr§u fyda

{d;sfhl=g Ndr § h;s' tfy;a Tjqka th Ndr §u isÿ lrkqfha wjfndaOhlska

f;drj úh yelsh' flfia fyda orejka ys;j;=kag Ndr § úfoaY.; jk

fouõmshka orejkag wysñ jk foa .ek fkdis;hs' fndfydaúg foudmsh

fifkyi ,nd§ug tu orejka Ndr.;a md¾Yjh wfmdfydi;a fõ' ál

ld,hla .;jk úg tu orejka Tjqkaf.a ksji ;=< jdih lsÍu Tjqkg

lrorhla f,i i<lh¡s bkamiq tu orejkag kshñ; f,i wdydr fkd§ isàu"

/ljrKh ,nd fkd§u isÿ lrhs' tu orejkaf.a wOHdmkh .ek fidhd


44

fkdn,hs' fujeks foa È.ska È.gu orejkag isÿ lsÍu ksid orejkaf.a

wjYHfhkau ,eìh hq;= wjYH;d uÕ yeÍ hhs' tjeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< orejka

wlSlre foa isÿlrhs' l=i.skak ±fkk úg f.oßka uqo,a fidrlï lr fyda

lvhlska l=vd foaj,a fidrlï lrf.k wdydr wjYH;d bgqlr .kshs' fmdä

fmdä foa fidrlï lr mqreÿ jQ úg f.or §" lvhl §" mdif,a § fidrlï

lsÍug fm<fò' tjeks wjia:dj, § tu orejka ñ;=rkaf.ka" mdif,a

.=rejrekaf.a wm%idohg o" fldka lsÍug o ,lajqjfyd;a tu orejka

mdif,ka" wOHdmkfhka wE;a ùug W;aidy orhs' fujeks foa isÿfjk úg

orejka wmrdOlrejka f,i iudch w¾: ksrEmKh lrhs' tf,i iudch

úiska orejka wmrdOlrejka hehs y÷kajkqfha orejka lrk ,o jrog nj

i;Hhls' tfy;a tu jerÈ ls%hd isÿlsÍug wjYH miqìu ilia lrkq ,enqfõ

mjq, ;=<ska" mdi, ;=<ska orejkaf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d bgq fkdùu ksidh'

,dxlSh iudch ;=< orejkaf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d bgq fkdùug n,mdk ;j;a

tla lreKla jkqfha ì÷Kq mjq,a ìysùuh' úfYaIfhkau uj mshdf.ka

Èlalido ùu" uj fyda mshd hk fofokdf.ka flfkl= ñh hEu wd§

;;a;ajhka ,§ ÿmam;a mjq,aj, orejkaf.a wjYH;d bgq lr§ug wfmdfydi;a

jkúg orejka ;=< wdl%uKldÍ iajNdjhka ks¾udKh fõ' ;jo uj fyda mshd

Èlalidofhka miqj fyda uj fyda mshdf.ka flfkl= ñh .sh úg tu wvqj

msrùug kej; újdyhla lr .ekSu yryd uq,a újdyfha orejkag

widOdrKlï jk wjia:d fndfydah' ;u ìß| ñh.sh úg orejkaf.a wjYH;d

bgqlr§ug ;j;a újdyhla lr .kakd mshd" ish m<uq újdyfha orejka ;u

w¨; újdyfha ìß|g Ndr lr;s' tfy;a l,ah;au fujeks újdyh isÿ jk

mjq,aj, m<uq újdyfha orejkag úYd, widOdrKlï isÿùug bv m%ia:djka

iq,Nh¡ fojk újdyl ldka;djg orejka isák úg fuu ;;a;ajh ;j;a W.%

;;ajhg m;aùug yel' fndfyda úg tn`ÿ wjia:dj,§ m<uq újdyfha l=vd

orejka l=vïudf.a jo ysxidj,g f.dÿrefõ' tu orejka ,jd f.a fodr jev

lrjd .ekSug W;aidy ±Íu" mdi,a fkdhjd f.or jev lrjd .ekSu wd§

l=vd orejkaf.a jhig ukig fkdiß,k foa isÿjqjfyd;a tA yryd orejka

;=< ffjrS is;=ú,s ygf.k wmrdO ls%hd lsÍug fm<fò' fuhg fya;= jkqfha

orejkaf.a wjYH;d bgq fkdúuh' foudmsh wdorh fifkyi ;sfnk úg


45

orejka foudmshkag iómj wdorh ,nñka fyd| krl y÷kd .kS' th

isÿfkdjk úg orefjda wmrdO ls%hd isÿ lsÍug bv ;sfí'

by;dldrfha ;;a;ajhka ;=< orejka wmrdOlrejka njg m;ajkqfha

orejkaf.au jerÈ ksid fkdj" udiaf,da wjYH;d Oqrdj,shla yryd bÈßm;a

lrk ,o mqoa.,hl=g wjYH wjYH;d wysñ ùu ksid nj jgyd .; yel¡

udiaf,da úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o tu wjYH;d Oqrdj,sh ÿmam;a" fmdfydi;a

ish¨ orejkag wjYH jkafkah' tu wjYH;d mjq, ;=<ska bgqúh hq;= tajdh'

tfyhska nd, wmrdOj,g tla fya;=jla jk wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug

fkdyelsùu ksid nd, wmrdOlrejka ìysjk nj udiaf,daf.a wjYH;d

OQrdj,sh ;=<ska wjfndaO lr .; yelsh' udiaf,daf.a wjYH;d OQrdj,sh

my;dldr fõ'

rEm igyk 01 udiaf,daf.a wjYH;d OQrdj,sh

by; udiaf,daf.a wjYH;d OQrdj,sh ;=<ska mqoa.,fhl=f.a m%d:ñl

wjYH;djfha isg Ôú;h id¾:l;ajhg m;ajk wdldrh m%;HCI lr .;

yel' tlS wjYH;d bgq fkdjk úg orejka ;=< wdl%uKldÍ ;;a;ajhka we;s

úh yelsh' fuhska ;yjqre jkafka <ud wjYH;d bgq fkdjk úg nd,dmrdO

isÿfjk njh' iuld,Sk YS% ,xldfõ fï ;;a;ajh j¾Okh jk wdldrhla

mj;S'


46

3¡9 mßirh iïnkaOj m< jq mqj;a ixLHdj

udkjhd mßfNdackh lrkq ,nkafka mßirfha ;sfnk fN!;sl yd wfN!;sl

jia;+kah' mßirh hkq wm wjg we;s fN!;sl yd fN!;sl fkdjk

ish,a,kaf.ka iukaú; jk jg msgdjhs' Ôúfhl=f.a meje;au i|yd

w;HdjYHfhkau ffcj úúO;ajfhka hq;= iajdNdúl mßirhla ;sìh hq;=uh'

udkjhd yd mßirh wh:dldrfhka N+la;sú`§u fya;=fjka mdrißl .eg¿

/ila ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' mdßißl .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu yd tajdg iqÿiq úi÷ï

fiùu iïnkaOfhka idudchSh úoHd{hkaf.a ld¾hNdrfha we;s jeo.;alu

i|yd mdßißl fCIa;%fha ms<s.ekSula ysñ úh' mdßißl .eg¿ ms<sn|

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § iy ta iïnkaOfhka l%shd;aulùu ms<sn| i,ld

n,kúg tajd iajNdjfhkau we;s jQ tajd fkdjk nj fmkS hhs¡ tu .eg¿

fndfydaúg úúO mqoa.,hka úiska fyda hï hï ixúOdk ;=<ska biau;= lr

olajk tajd f,i ie,lsh yelsh' mßirh iïnkaOfhka 2017 ud¾;= udifha

Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;a m;a oaú;ajfhys jd¾;d jQ mqj;a my; 3¡9¡1 j.=j

;=< olajd we;'

j.= wxl 3'9¡1 mßirh iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a

mqj;a f;audj Èjhsk ,xld§m uq¿ mqj;a

ixLHdj

w,s ñksia .egqï 04 0 04

id.r iïm;a úkdYhka yd wh:d

Ndú;hka

02 0 02

iajNdúl iïm;a úkdY lsÍï 09 04 13

mßir ixrCIKh wdY%s; mqj;a 05 0 05

fjk;a 02 01 03



47

mßirh iïnkaOj jd¾;d ù we;s mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § jeä

jYfhka jd¾;d jkqfha iajNdúl iïm;a úkdYh lsÍï iïnkaO mqj;a h'

mßirh CIh iïm;la jYfhka wjfndaO lr fkd.ekSu fya;=fjka mßirh

È.ska È.gu úkdYhg m;a fõ'

3¡10 w,s ñksia .egqu

j¾;udk ck iudcfha ñksid uqyqK fok m%Odku mdrißl .eg¨jla njg

w,s ñksia .egqu m;a ù we;' w,s ñksia .egqu flfrys n,mdkq ,nkqfha

ck.ykh wêl ùu" mdßfNdack wjYH;d ixlS¾K ùu" m%Odk Ôjfkdamdh

f,i lDIs l¾udka;h m;a ùu ksidfjka úYd, jYfhka jkdka;r t<s

fmfy<s lsÍu h' mßirh CIh iïm;la jk fyhska m%cdjf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d

bgqlr .ekSfï § mßirhg lsishï n,mEula lsÍug isÿ fõ' m%cd wjYH;d

ixlS¾K ùu;a" wjYH;d mQrKh i`oyd mßißl iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdùu

ksidfjka .eg¨ /ilg uqyqK§ug isÿj we;' m%cdjf.a wjYH;djhkag

idfmaCIj mdßißl iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdjk fyhska jkdka;rfha i;a;aj

fldÜGdij, jdiia:dk iSudùu mokï fldg f.k .egqï ks¾udKh ù we;'

ñksid ;u wjYH;d iajdNdúl mßirh ;=<ska bgq lr .ekSfï § thg hï

n,mEula isÿ lrñka ish wjYH;d bgq lr .kakd ,§' fuys m%;sM,hjQfha

iajdNdúl mßirh yd udkjhd w;r;a udkjhd yd i;a;aj m%cdj w;r;a

.egqï ks¾udKhùuhs' mßirh yd udkjhd w;r we;s jk .egqï w;r m%Odk

.egqula jkqfha w,s ñksia .egquh' w,s ñksia .egqug m%Odk fya;=jjkqfha

udkjhd úiska ish uQ,sl wjYH;djhka Wfoid jkdka;r m%cdjg Wreu N+ñh

Wmfhdackhg .ekSuh' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha ;u jdiia:dk w;am;a lr .ekSu

i|yd udkjhd iuÕ jk w,skag .egqulg uqyqK §ug isÿ ùuh' fï

ksidfjka jk m%cdjf.a N+ñfha ksjdi bÈlr f.k isák ñksiqkaf.a

jdiia:dk úkdY lsÍu" foafmd, úkdY lsÍu" f.dú;eka úkdY lsÍu wd§

fkdfhla ydkslr ;;a;ajhka jk w,ska úiska isÿ lrkq ,nhs'


48

3¡11 iajNdúl iïm;a úkdY lsÍu

w;S;fha isg j¾;udkh olajd iudc m%Njh i,ld ne,Sfï § iudch

ixlS¾K;ajhg m;aj ;sfí' w;S;fha ir, iudc l%uhla mej;sh;a

j¾;udkfha mj;skqfha b;d ixlS¾K iudc l%uhla fõ' ir, iudcfhka

ixlS¾K iudchla olajd iudc l%uh fjkia jkqfha ngysr hqfrdamd iudc

;=< isÿ jq wd.ñl mqkreoh" ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ 1879 we;s jq m%xY

úma,jh;a fya;=fjka hqfrdamd iudch ;=< fmr fkdjQ wdldrfha fjkialï

/ila isÿùu;a iuÕh' fuys m%;sM,hla fya;=fjka iudchg kj ksIamdokhka

ìysúh' kj ksIAmdokhka iu`. ñksidf.a wjYH;d ixlS¾K;ajhg m;a

jkakg úh' udkj wjYH;d wiSudka;sl jqj;a tajd ;Dma; lr .ekSug jQ

iïm;a CIh jkakg úh' CIh iïm;a u`.ska wjYH;d mQrKh lr.ekSug

ñksid ;r`. jÈkakg úh' fuf,i ñksid fjkilg Ndckhùu;a iuÕu

udkjhd ;=< iduQysl;ajh fjkqjg wd;aud¾:ldó;ajh biau;= jkakg úh'

tys§ iajdNdúl mßirh ms<sn|j ñksid ;=< ;snQ Okd;aul wdl,amh o

l%ufhka fjkiaùug Ndckh úh' mßirh flfrys ;snQ ysff;IsNdjh

mqoa.,hskaf.ka bj;aùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka iajdNdúl mßirhg o ydks

lrñka ñksid mßirh N=la;sú`Èkakg úh'

mdßißl ixrCIKh ñksidf.ka .s,sySu fya;=fjka mßir úkdYhka iS>%fhka

by< hkakg úh' úfYaIfhka u iajdNdúl jkdka;r úkdYùu" c, W,am;a

is£ hdu" kdh hEï yd N+ñ ydhkh we;=¿ .eg¿ rdYshla Woa.; úh' fï ksid

udkjhd mj;sk mßirh ;=< iïm;a w;am;a lr .ekSug ;rÕldÍ

wr.,hlg uqyqK fok ,§' iajdNdúl mßirh ;=< mj;sk iïm;a udkjhdg

fukau i;a;aj fldÜGdihkag o N=la;sù§fï whs;shla mj;S' kuq;a kQ;k

ixj¾Ok ld¾hhkays m%;sM,hla jYfhka mdßißl iïm;a N=la;sú`§ug

yelshdj ,eî we;af;a udkjhdg muKs' w;S;fha udkj iudch iajdNdúl

mßirh iuÕ noaO ù ;snqKs' ish ffoksl wjYH;d ;ud wjg mßirh ;=<ska

fidhd.;aa w;r mßirh iuÕ b;d ióm iïnkaO;djhla mj;ajd .kakg

úh' mqoa.,hdf.a Ôú;h mj;ajd f.k hdug iajdNdúl iïm;a bjy,a lr

.;a w;r tu iajdNdúl iïm;a w;a lr .ekSfï § mßirhg ydksodhl


49

fkdjk wdldrfhka th isÿ lrk ,§' j¾;udkfha udkjhdf.a mdßißl

wdl,amhka mßirhg WÑ; fkdùu fya;=fjka mßirhg úúO wdldrfha ydks

isÿ fõ' ld¾ólrKh;a kj ixj¾Ok ixl,am biau;=ùu;a u; ixj¾Ok

b,lal bgqlr .ekSug udkjhd fm<öula jQjd ñi mßirh yd tys isák

i;a;aj fldÜGdi wdrCId lsÍug Wkkaÿjla fkd±laùu isÿ úh'

3¡12 mßir ixrCIKh wdY%s; mqj;a

mßirh úkdYhg m;afjñka mj;sk nj cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka

ms<s.ekSug ,la ù ;sfí' tfyhska mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍug wjYH mshjr

.; hq;=h' mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍfuys,d úYd, fufyhla bgq lrkq ,nkqfha

wka;¾cd;sl f,dal ixrCIK ix.uhhs (IUCN). mßirhg úYd, jYfhka

ydks isÿ jkakgjQfha ld¾ñlrKh yd kd.ÍlrKh fya;=fjkah' tfiau

fojk f,dal hqoaOh ksud fj;au" mßirhg úYd, úkdYhla isÿúh' mßirhg

úYd, jYfhka ydks isÿ jk úg mßirh ixrCIKh lr .ekSfï l;sldj;a

wdrïN jkakg úh' mßirh ixrCIKh lr .ekSfï wruqKska cd;Hka;r

jYfhka lghq;= lrkq ,nk m%Odk;u ixúOdkh jkqfha wka;¾cd;sl f,dal

ixrCIK ix.uhhs' mßirh wdrCId lr .ekSfï uQ,sl wruqKska fuu f,dal

ixrCIK ix.uh msysgqjd ;sfí' f,dal ixrCIK ix.uh 1948 § hqfrdamd

rgj, mdßißl úoHd{hska /ilf.a iyNd.S;ajfhka wdrïN úh' f,dal

ixrCIK ix.uh msysgqùfï uQ,sl wruqK jkqfha mßir ixrCIKh f,dalfha

ffcj úúO;ajh iq/lSu;a" iajNdúl iïm;a Ndú;h idOdrK yd ;sridr

f,i isÿ lsÍug f,dal jdiSkag Wmfoia" Wmldr yd iyfhda.h ,nd §ug;a

h' tfiau Tjqka úoaj;=ka yd ;dCIK ±kSu yqjudre lr .ekSu" mßir

ixrCIK iïnkaO kS;s Í;s flgqïm;a ilia lsÍug iydh ùu" wjodkug

,la jQ j| jQ Ôù úfYaI yd mßir moaO;s iïnkaO f;dr;=re /ia lr r;=

o;a; fmd; ksl=;a lsÍu wdÈh isÿ lrkq ,nhs' ;jo ffcj úúO;aj

ixrCIKh ms<sn| úúO ,sms f.dkq iÕrd uqøKh lr fnod yeÍu wd§ úúO

ld¾hhNdrhka fuu ix.ufhka bgqfõ' f,dal ixrCIK ix.uhg wkqhqla;


50

Y%S ,dxlSh wdh;kh 1988 § wdrïN lrk ,§' rch iuÕ f,dal ixrCIK

ix.uh wjfndaO;d .súiqu 1993 § w;aika lrk ,§ ^l=f¾" 2006( msgqj 37&'


51

y;rjk mßÉfþoh

iudf,dapkh" ks.uk yd fhdackd

mßÉfþoh ms<snòj ye`Èkaùu

úYAf,aIK jd¾;dfõ iuia; w¾:h fuu mßÉfþaoh u`.ska wkdjrKh fõ'

wOHhk jd¾;dfõ f;jk mßÉfþoh u`.ska o;a; úYaf,aIKh lr we;s w;r

tys§ 2017 ud¾;= udifha osjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;am;a oaú;ajfha <uhska

yd mßirh iïnkaOfhka m< jQ mqj;a úúO f;audjka hgf;a úYaf,aIKhg

,la lr we;'

f;jk mßÉfþoh u`.ska <uhska iïnkaOj yd mßirh iïnkaOfhka m< ù

;snq .eg¨ldß iajNdjhka" wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= fCIA;%hka ms<snòj"

±kqj;a lsÍï iïnkaO mqj;a ms<snòj .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul

úYAf,aIKhla isÿ lr we;'

wOHhk ksnkaOfha Wla; f;jk mßÉfþohka u`.ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq

wkqj wjidk jYfhka t<ôh yels ks.ukhka ms<snòj isõjk mßÉfþoh

u`.ska bÈßm;a lr we;' ;jÿrg;a mqj;a jd¾;d lsÍfï § bÈßm;a lsÍfï §

wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fCIa;% yd lreKq fhdackd jYfhka olajd we;'

ta wkqj wOHhkfha iuia;h ie,ls,a,g .ksñka y;rjk mßÉfþoh ;=<

wOHhkh u`.ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq yd ks.ukhka o" bÈß ie,iqï yd

jHdmD;Ska iòyd fhda.Hjk fhdackdjka o bÈßm;a lr we;'


52

4'1 iudf,dapkh

rfÜ hï ia:dkhl isÿjk isÿùula tieKska jd¾;d lsÍug j¾;udkfha

;dCIKh ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl mj;S' j¾;udk iudcfha mqj;a jd¾;dlrKh

wdldr lsysmhlg wkqj isÿfõ' th úoHq;a yd uqøs; fõ' úoHq;a udOH u`.ska

tieKska mqj;a jd¾;d lsÍfï yelshdj mj;sk w;r uqøs; udOHhg tfia

yelshdjla fkdue;' tfiau uqøs; udOH u`.ska jd¾;d lrkq ,nk mqj;a yd

f;dr;=re m<ùug hï ld,hla .; jk fyhska úYAjdijka;j yd

úia;rd;aulj mqj;a bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj ysñ fõ' úYajdijka;j yd

úia;rd;aulj mqj;a bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk uqøs; udOH u`.ska 2017 ud¾;=

udifha m< jq Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hk mqj;a m;ays <uhska yd mßirh

iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a weiqfrka fuu úYaf,IK jd¾;dj ilia lr we;'

mqj;a úYAf,aIK jd¾;dj i`oyd m%Odk jYfhka <uhska iïnkaO mqj;a yd

mßirh iïnkaO mqj;a úYaf,aIKhg ,la lrk ,§' iudcfha jeä

wjOdkhla fhduqj we;s m%cd lKavdhula jYfhka <uhska y`ÿkd .; yelsh'

j¾;udk iudcfha jeä jYfhka ysxikhkag f.dÿrejk udkj lKavdhula

jYfhka o <ud lKAvdhu y`ÿkd.; yelsh' úfYaIfhka u ldhslj yd

udkislj <uqkaj úúO ysxikhkag f.dÿreùu kQ;kfha m%n, iudc

.eg¿jla fõ' <uhska iïnkaO .eg¿ fuka u mßirh o j¾;udkfha

wNsfhda.hg ,laj we;' kQ;k udkjhdf.a m%d:ñl wjYH;d fukau oaú;shsl

wjYH;d mßirh ;=<ska bgq lr .;a; o" mßirh flfrys wjOdkh fhduqùu

iSud jkakg úh' ñksidf.a wjOdkh mßirh flfrys fhduq fkdjk úg

mßirh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùï" mßir úkdYhka yd udkjhd yd mßirh w;r

mj;sk iïnkaO;dj wjfndaO lr .ekSug fkdyels fõ' tu ;;a;ajh ;=<

udkj l%shdldrlï ;=<ska mßirh úkdYhg m;afõ'

2017 ud¾;= udifha m< jQ Èjhsk yd ,xld§m hka mqj;am;a oaú;ajfhys

<uhska iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a w;r <ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaOj" <ud

>d;khka iïnkaOj" wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka uqyqKmdk .eg¨"

wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿjk ydks" <uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¨" <uqkaf.a


53

oCI;d yd we.hqï iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a úYAf,aIKhg ,la lr we;' mßirh

iïnkaOfhka m< jQ mqj;a w;r w,s ñksia .egqï" id.r iïm;a úkdYhka yd

wh:d Ndú;hka" iajNdúl iïm;a úkdY lsÍï" mßir ixrCIKh wdY%s; mqj;a

mdol lr .ksñka úYaf,aIKhg ,la lr we;'

mqj;a úYaf,aIK jd¾;djg mdol jQ mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsßfï § <uqka

iñnkaO mqj;a jd¾;dùfï jeä mqjK;djhla olakg ,efí¡ úfYaIfhka u

<uhska iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a w;r <ud ysñlï lvlsÍï iïnkaO mqj;a

jeäjYfhka jd¾;d ù ;sfí¡ iudch ;=< <uqka wkdrlaIs;ùfï iajNdjhla

fuu mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ wkdjrKh fõ¡

4'2 ks.ukh

úYAf,aIKhg ,la lrk ,o uq¿ mqj;a ixLHdfjka jeä jYfhka jd¾;d

jkqfha <uqka iïnkaO mqj;a jk w;r" mßirh iïnkaOfhka jd¾;djk mqj;a

ixLHdj b;d iSñ;h' úYAf,aIKh i`oyd mqj;a 92 la mdol lr .;a w;r bka

<uhska iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a ixLHdj 67 la jk w;r" mßirh

iïnkaOfhka m< jQ mqj;a ixLHdj 25 la fõ' ud¾;= udifha m< jQ Èjhsk

mqj;a mf;a <uhska iïnkaOj m< jQ mqj;a ixLHdj 34 la jk w;r"

,xld§m mqj;a mf;a m< jQ mqj;a ixLHdj 33 la fõ' ta wkqj ks.ukh l<

yels jkafka mqj;a m;a oaú;ajfhys u iudk whqßka <uhska iïnkaO mqj;a

jd¾;d fõ' mßirh iïnkaOfhka m< jQ mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï §

Èjhsk mqj;a mf;a mßirh iïnkaOj mqj;a 20 la jd¾;d jk w;r ,xld§m

mqj;a mf;a mßirh iïnkaOj mqj;a 05 la muKla jd¾;d fõ' ta wkqj

,xld§m mqj;a mf;a mßirh iïnkaOfhka mqj;a jd¾;d jkqfha iSñ;

jYfhks' mqj;a m;a oaú;ajfhysu <uqka iïnkaO mqj;a jd¾;d lsÍug jeä

m%uqL;djhla § ;sfí'

wOHhkhg ,la lrk ,o 2017 ud¾;= udifha <uhska yd mßirh iïnkaOj

mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ wkdjrKh jkqfha jeä jYfhka mqj;a

jd¾;d jkqfha hï ksfYaaOd;aul fyda fÄokSh .eg¨jla b,lal lr .;a mqj;a

jk njh' <uhska iïnkaO mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï È"


54

<ud ,sx.sl ysxikhka iïnkaOj

<ud >d;khka iïnkaOj

wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uqka uqyqKmdk .eg¨

wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag isÿjk ydks

<uqkaf.a p¾hduh .eg¨

hk f;audjkaf.ka mqj;a jeä jYfhka jd¾;d ù we;' mßirh iïnkaO mqj;a

foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § o mqj;a jd¾;d jkqfha hï ksfYaaOd;aul fyda

fÄokSh .eg¿jla b,lal lr .;a mqj;a jk njh' tkï"

w,s ñksia .egqï

id.r iïm;a úkdYhka yd wh:d Ndú;hka

iajNdúl iïm;a úkdY lsÍï

hk f;audjka mdol lr .ksñka mqj;a jd¾;d lr we;'

<uhska iïnkaOj mqj;a bÈßm;a lsÍfï § wk;=re fya;=fjka <uqkag jk

ydks iïnkaOj yd ,sx.sl ysxikhka ksidfjka <uqkag isÿ jk ydks

iïnkaOj jeä jYfhka mqj;a jd¾;d lr we;' <uhska iïnkaOj jd¾;d lr

we;s mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § wkdjrKh jkqfha <uhskag jeä

jYfhka ðj; ydks ù we;s njh' ldhslj ydks ù we;s <uqka ixLHdj o jeä

jYfhka jd¾;d fõ'

mßirh iïnkaOj jd¾;d ù we;s mqj;a foi wjOdrKh fhduq lsÍfï §

mßir úkdYhka iïnkaO mqj;a nyq;rhla jd¾;d jk w;r mßir úkdYhka

wju lr .ekSug jeä jYfhka mshjr .; hq;=j we;'

iudch ;=< mj;sk wkdrCIs;Ndjh fya;=fjka <uhskag ldhsl yd ðú; ydks

isÿù we;s mqj;a 11 la jd¾;d jk w;r tu wk;=re j<lajd .; yels mqj;a

fõ' úfYaIfhkau tu wk;=re m%cdjf.a fkdie,ls,a, ksidfjka isÿ jQ tajd

fõ'


55

mßir úkdYhka iïnkaO m< jQ mqj;a foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï §

wkdjrKh jqfha n,OdÍkaf.a ksis wjOdkh fhduq fkdùu fya;=fjka tu

mßir úkdYhka isÿ j we;s njhs' mßir úkdYhka iïnkaOj wod< n,Odßka

±kqqj;a lsÍfï mqj;a jd¾;djk w;r tjeks mqj;a jeä jYfhka jd¾;d ùu

iudc wjYH;djhla fõ'

4'3 fhdackd

fuu úYAf,aIK jd¾;djg wkqj bÈßm;a l< yels fhdackdjka lsysmhla fõ'

<ud rCIKh iïnkaOfhka .; yels l%shdud¾.hka we;=<;a mqj;a

jd¾;d lsÍu

isÿùug iïnkaO <uqka iïnkaO kS;sh iòyka lsÍu

kS;sh l%shd;aul jk wdh;khka ms<snòj yd tu wdh;khka

yd iïnkaO jk wdldrh mqj;a wka;¾.;hg we;=<;a lsÍu

<uqka wkdrCIs;jk wdldrh yd bka ñ§ug wjYH ±kqj;a

lsÍu mqj;a wka;¾.;h ;=< we;=<;a lsÍu

<ud rCIKh iòyd m%cdj ±kqj;a lsÍfï mqj;a" ,sms bÈßm;a lsÍu

<uqka iïnkaO mqj;a w;rg úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqjk mßÈ

<uqkaf.a wdrCIdj iòyd l%shd;aul úh hq;= wdlrh ms<snò

±kqj;a lsÍfï ,sms we;=<;a lsÍu

<ud wdrCIKh iïnkaOfhka m%cdjf.a .eg¿ újD;j y`ÿkd

.ekSug úêu;a l%shdud¾.hka y`ÿkajd §u

<ud ysxikhka iïnkaOj .; yels kS;suh ls%hdud¾.hka o mqj;a ;=<

wka;¾.; lsÍu

oKav kS;s ix.%yh ;=< <uqkaf.a .eg¨j,g wod< kS;s

ud,djka mqj;a ;=< wka;¾.; lsÍu


56

mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍu iòyd m%cdj ±kqj;a lsÍfï mqj;a m;a ,sms

l,d;aulj bÈßm;a lsÍu

mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍug m%cdj Wkkaÿ lrùu iòyd ,sms m<

lsÍu

mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍug wjYH ±kj;a lsÍï isÿ lsÍu

mßirh iïnkaOj mqj;a bÈßm;a lsÍfï § mßir úkdYh ck;djg

ydksodhl jk wdldrh ms<snòj o mqj;a jd¾;dj ;=< wka;¾.; lsÍu

mßirh úkdY lsÍu ;=<ska ck;djg ydks isÿ jk wdldrh

,sms wka;¾.;h ;=< iòyka lsÍu

mßir úkdYhka isÿùu Tiafia m%cdjg isÿ jq úkdYhka

ms<snòj mq¾j w;a±lSï ,sms ;=< wka;¾.; lsÍu

mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍfï § m%cd odhl;ajh flfia úh hq;= o

hkak;a mqj;a ;=< wk;¾.; l< hq;=h

mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍfï È m%cdjf.a il%sh odhl;ajh ,nd

.ekSug wjYH ueÈy;aùfï ie,eiaula ,sms wk;a¾.;hg

we;=<;a lsÍu

mßirh ixrCIKh lsÍu iòyd m%cdjf.a ±kqj;aùu iòyd

j.lsjhq;= md¾Yjhka ms<snòj wkdjrKh lsÍu

mßirh úkdY lrkakkag kS;suh l%shd;aul ùu yd Bg ysñ jk

oKAvkhka iïnkaOj o mqj;a ;=< wka;¾.; lsÍu


57

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

wfífialr" fukaol iy ùrlafldä ã'tia' " 1993

wfma orejkag isÿ jkafka l=ulao@ foysj, irK uqøKd, m%ldYlfhda

tÈßùr" wdßhfiak' 2011' Y%s ,xldfõ iy wmrdO úoHdj' fld<U 10

ohdjxY chfldä iy iud.u

lreKd;s,l" fla' 1998' wmrdO" nd, wmrdO yd mqkre;a:dmkh'

fld<U( ud,sx. m%ldYlfhda

.=Kfialr" iurisxy - 2004- rg riaidj,g .sh wïu,df.a fyg oji

wysñ jq orefjda' kqf.af.dv ( iqfkr m%ldYlfhda

r;akmd," kkaofiak- 2003- wmrdO úoHdfõ uq,Ou_ I' jrldfmd< (

wdßhfmd< m%ldYlfhda

fyÜáf.a" ks,ka;" 2011 " wmrdO iy ovqjï' fld<U (

iudê m%ldYlfhda'

www.answers.com/child

Oxford Advanced Learners's Dictionary 7th

edition Oxford university

press, 2005

http://www.answers.com/child


58

weuqKQï 01

úYaf,aIKhg mdol lr .;a mqj;a f;audjka

kdu,a Whk 26 jirhs¦ mßirh jkik whg fidndoyfuka o`vqjï

,efnkjd - osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 21 w.yrejdod

lKqjl isás b;a;Efjda 5la Wvj,jg uqodyefr;s - ,xldoSm 2017

ud¾;= 25 fikiqrdod

j.d <`sog jeà fldkao levqKq ioaOka;hd wjika .uka hhs - osjhsk

2017 ud¾;= 21 w`.yrejdod

lsls<shdudk rlaIs;fha oej l|ka 400la lemq msh mq;= foam<

rlaIs;hg - osjhsk - 2017 ud¾;= 04 fikiqrdod

isxyrdcfha ójk me< weoao l=,S ßh rdcika;lhs ¦ Ydl fidrlï

l< c¾uka uydpd¾hjrhdg- ìßhg ,laI 18 ov - ,xldoSm - 2017

ud¾;= 27 i÷od

wkï ukx fkdfõ fnd,af.dv .fÕa fï uekqï fnd,a jevu fõ -

osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 26 bßod

wfma ukakdrï fndlal uqyqÿ W!rkaf.a mdrdoSihla¦ .sh jif¾

,xldfõ 13la urd ou,d - osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 26 bßod

wNh N+ñhla f,i kï lr udi lSmhhs¦ jefõ c,h is|Shdfuka

fldgqw;a;dj, wNh N+ñfha i;=ka msmdifhka - ,xldoSm - 2017 ud¾;=

30 i÷|d

lelsrdj - ñ,a,d.," uyshx.Kh- fõr.kaf;dg je,s uerfhda hld

kg;s¡ .ïjeishkag udOHfõoshdg m%ydr - osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 12 bßod

je,s ud*shdj oUq Thg;a neye,d - osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 12 bßod

Widúfhka wefyk l=re¨ wjkvqj - osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 12 bßod

fvd,a*ska uiqka 12 urd ;s%l=Kdu, uqyqfoa iÕj,d¦ udoe,a ysñlre

we;=¨ kjfofkla - w;awvx.=jg - osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 10 isl=rdod

T;alef,a l=Kq keje;a;=jdg fldgqf.dv kdysñf.ka yd

ldosk,a;=udf.ka ckm;sg meiiqï - osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 10 isl=rdod


59

lkaoleáh W,am; .ïudkhg jk w,skaf.ka w,s ysßyer - osjhsk -


;ífndaj wNh N+ñfha oej cdjdru chgu ks<Odßka 5lf.a jev

;ykï - osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 13 i÷od

ud., l=vd c,úÿ,s n,d.drhla mßirhg úkláhs - osjhsk - 2017

ud¾;= 14 w`.yrejdod

ynrK ldYHm .u <s|la .s,d neye,d - j;=r fndr ù fmk ths -

osjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 09 n%yiam;skaod

;,afok yqKqlegmsáfha ksjila u;g mia lkaola lvd jefÜ - osjhsk

2017 ud¾;= 09 n%yiam;skaod

fn,a,kaú, jej wk;=f¾ - ,xldoSm - 2017 ud¾;= 10 isl=rdod

iQßh jej .ï/ilg jk w,s ;¾ck - osjhsk - 2017 ud¾;= 14

w`.yrejdod

jkcSù ixrlaIKh i|yd úYsIag mQ¾K fiajd iïudk ,n;s - osjhsk -


uOHu mßir wêldßh —ckdêm;s yß; mrsir iïudk -

2017˜whÿïm;a le|jhs - osjhsk - 2017 ud¾;= 07 w`.yrejdod

ßj¾iagka n,kak tk wh f;,a.uq Th jki;s¦ fmd,s;Ska" ma,diaála"

ms¿Kq lEu bnd.df;a' u;aøjH Ndú;h ksid m%foaYjdiSkag;a lror -

osjhsk - 2017 ud¾;= 07 w`.yrejdod

wjqreÿ 2200la bmerKs y|., mqrd úoqìu ldndiskshd lr,d - ,xldoSm

- 2017 ud¾;= 02 n%yiam;skaod

bßÕ= fyafka oS ylal mgia lE jk w,shdf.a osj leä,d - osjhsk -

2017 ud¾;= 04 fikiqrdod

<udrlaIl ks<Odßhdf.ka isiqjl==g wuq;= werhqula ^iellref.a

cx.u ÿrl:k jd¾;djla le|jhs& - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= wÕyrejdod

oy;=ka yeúßÈ ±ßh ¥IKh l< —pQkamdka fjf<kaod w;awvx.=jg -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 29 nodod


60

w¨;a.u mdi,a isiqka fofofkl=g MÉ whs ù - weiqre l< rEm,djkH

Ys,amshd yd fn%dal¾ w;awvx.=jg - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 13 i`ÿod

nd,jhia ±ßh wmyrKh l< ÖjrOdßhdg YÍr wem folla - Èjhsk

2017 ud¾;= 14 wÕyrejdod

fmïj;d cfka,h .,jdf.k weú;a 14 yeúßÈ ±ßhg yÈ lr,d -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 13 i|qod

fmïj;dg myr § fmïj;sh ¥IKh l<dg fofofkla jir 1 ne.ska

ysf¾ - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 09 n%yiam;skaod

isiqka fofofkl=g w;jr l< rEm,djkH Ys,amsfhla ßudkaâ -

,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 13 i`ÿod

myf<dia yeúßÈ isiqúhg w;jr l<ehs 61 úhe;s újdylhd ßudkaâ -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 06 i|qod

±rKsh., .ul i;a yeúßÈ ±ßh lmd fldgd urd ou,d ×;sfhl=;a

ureg wjqreÿ 19l ;reKhl= w,a,kak fydhhs - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;=

08 nodod

ÿrl:kfhka fm%au lr nd,jhia ±ßh meyerf.k .syska fmñj;d;a

Woõ l< ;reKhd;a fldgq - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 15 nodod

hqo fin<df.ka my jif¾ ±ßhg w;jr - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 02

n%yiam;skaod

rkagefUs YsIH Ng l|jqf¾ § isiqka 6 fofkl= ksrej;a lr ùäfhda

lr,d - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 02 n%yiam;skaod

wgyeúßÈ ±ßh meyerf.k f.dia ¥IKh lr urd ±óu ( uu fï

jefâg neiafia fyd|gu î,d <uhd f.ksÉfÉ urK fÉ;kdfjka

fkdfjhs' ú;a;slre wêlrKfha§ mdfmdÉpdrKh lrhs ,xld§m 2017

ud¾;= 02 n%yiam;skaod

lfÜ lsß iqj| hkakg fmr lsß §fï fÄojdplh - Èjhsk 2017

ud¾;= 12 bßod

wïu,df.a lg ksid nnd,d f,v fj;s - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 28

wÕyrejdod


61

h;=remeÈh nihl .eà wïuhs mq;hs ureg - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 25

fikiqrdod

uydkdufha isiqyq hfYdaOrdjg mek hld kg;s - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;=

22 nodod

;e,iSñhdj iEÿKq whshdf.;a kx.sf.;a l`ÿ¿ l;dj - Èjhsk 2017

ud¾;= 22 nodod

nd,jhialdßh rjgd fidfydhqrdg újdy lr fokak f.or Mlal

.syska - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 18 fikiqrdod

n,af,la ymd lE wjq( 3 1/2 ±ßhg tkak;a .kak ls ó 70la ÿr .syska -

,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 18 fikiqrdod

nd,jhia ÈhKsh iy mq;d iuÕ mshd fydrlfï .syska - Èjhsk 2017

ud¾;= 17 isl=rdod

mshd uOqidofha isáh § orejd whdf,a .syska - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 23

n%yiam;skaod

wïn,kaf.dv O¾udfYdalfha 2 jeks mka;sfha isiqjd wyq,d.;a ud,h

whs;sldßhg - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 23 n%yiam;skaod

hdmkh l;r.u niaßh ñoafoKsfha ksjilg lvd joS - ore

fofokd;a uj;a mshd;a frdayf,a - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 27 i÷od

ì.aueÉ wiafia wuq;= ueps tlla .ymq uodúfhda - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;=

26 bßod

mõ..... wfma ore megõ - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 20 i÷od

mdi,a iqmßlaIK wjYH wehs - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 20 i÷od

kx.sg hkag l;d l< wfímsáfha iellre ßudkaâ - Èjhsk 2017

ud¾;= 20 i÷od

ujf.a odkhg nvq f.akak niaßhla tk;=re b|,d tf.dvWhk

niakej;=ug f,dßhla lvdje§ uj-ÈhKsh yd ;j;a wfhla ñhh;s -

,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 20 i÷od

;s%frdao ßh ,hsÜ lKqjl yemS mshdg ÿjg nrm;,hs - ,xld§m 2017

ud¾;= 20 i÷od


62

yeÿ uj fmd,a,lska .id isõ yeúßos mq;= urd ou,d - Èjhsk 2017

ud¾;= 16 n%yiam;skaod

orejkaf.a /ljrKh yd wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍug fjí wvúhla -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 16 n%yiam;skaod

oerKsh., oS l=vd oeßhl yd {d;shd lmd fldgd >d;kh lr,d -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 08 nodod

fïl wmdhla'''''' fï wd;aufhka hkjd'''''''' uu hkafka osjH f,dafla

- Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 08 nodod

r;akmqr mkai,l áhqIka mka;shl ±ßhla jeisls<s ì;a;shlg hg ù

ureg - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 14 wÕyrejdod

<ud is;a flf<ik ujqmsfhda - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 09 n%yiam;skaod

mdi,a isiqúhka 32 .sh f,dßfha ;Ügqj lvd jefÜ

17la frdayf,a f,dßh mojd we;af;a tu mdif,a u .=rejrfhla -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 10 isl=rdod

;=kaudfia lsß orejdf.a urKhg wïud w;awvx.=jg - ,xld§m 2017

ud¾;= 07 wÕyrejdod

w¨; Wmka nnd nE.a tll oud f.hla <Õ ;sh,d - Èjhsk 2017

ud¾;= 13 i÷od

hld, .,aj<l Èh kE mdi,a isiqfjla Èfha .s,S ureg - Èjhsk 2017

ud¾;= 14 wÕyrejdod

±ßhg mdi,a wysñ l< tAâia yxjvqfõ fYdaldka;h - ,xld§m 2017

ud¾;= 31 isl=rdod

fmd,a W,lska wek ìßh uerE ieñhd th ÿgq wjq 06 l ÿj;a ur,d

uydêlrKfhka urK o`vqju - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 31 isl=rdod

úÿyf,a jy<h lvd jeà isiqyq 21 frdayf,a - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 31

isl=rdod

fldgfj, wkdrlAIs; <s|l jeà foyeúßÈ orejd ñh hhs - ,xld§m

2017 ud¾;= 31 isl=rdod


63

Èk ;=kla jhie;s ì<s|d W.=f¾ lsß ysr ù ureg - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;=

09 n%yiam;skaod

fï orejd .ek f;dr;=rla fjf;d;a <Õu fmd,sishg lshkak -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 09 n%yiam;skaod

±ßhlg yïnkaf;dg frdayf,a § Wm;a md,k ie;alula lr,d -

,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 10 isl=rdod

ore fofokd wl=Kq ier je§ frdayf,a - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 09

n%yiam;skaod

wjqreÿ tlyudrl orejd j;=r j<lg ì,s - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 09

n%yiam;skaod

fouy,a f.dvke.s,a,lska jeà Wiia fm< isiqjd ñhhhs - ,xld§m

2017 ud¾;= 13 i÷od

mdf¾ oudf.dia isá w¨; Wmka orejd frdayf,a § iqjfhka - ,xld§m

2017 ud¾;= 13 i÷od

W,af,hs l=,ï jefõ kdoa§ lsUqf,l= weof.k .sh isiq ±ßh ñhhhs -

,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 13 i÷od

mdkÿr mgq mdrl § fidhd .;a ì<s|d frday,a .; flf¾ - Èjhsk

2017 ud¾;= 11 fikiqrdod

isjq yeúßÈ orejdg máhlska myr § w; levQ mshd w;awvx.=jg -

,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 13 i÷od

orejdf.a fldkaog úk lák mdi,a nE.a - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 13

i÷od

ueKsla jHdmdßl ksjilska uqo,a fidrd .ekSu ( ks, iqkL bfjka 17

yeúßÈ isiqfjla w;awvx.=jg - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 06 i÷od

mdif,a § frda.d;=rj ñh.sh 12 yeúrsos isiqjdf.a urKh .ek újD;

;Skaÿjla - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 06 i÷od

isiqka fofofkl=f.ka re 2500 la nf,ka wrka¦ uykqjr mdi,a isiqyq

3la ßudkaâ - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 06 i÷od


64

wïn,kaf.dv nia kej;=ul oudf.dia isá orejd fmd,sisfhka

frday,g - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 06 i÷od

;S%frdaoh fmr<Sfuka mdi,a YsIHhd ureg - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 04

fikiqrdod

óhd t<jkak .sh mdi,a isiqjd wekagkd nghla u;g jeà ureg -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 03 isl=rdod

fnkaf;dg uqyqfoa kdkak .sh isiqfjla ureg¦ fírd.;a wks;a isiqyq

fofokd frdayf,a - ,xld§m 2017 ud¾;= 02 n%yiam;skaod

idudkH ;=jd,hlgjf.a fnfy;a oud álÜ lemqjd¦ uf.a mq;d ñh

.sfha f.dl/,a, frdayf,a ffjoHjrekaf.a fkdie,ls,af,ka -

Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 06 i÷od

fkdorejdg wrlal= fmjQ kreu fínoafola - Èjhsk 2017 ud¾;= 07

wÕyrejdod

mqj;a úyaf,aik jd¾;dj - nisd.ac.lk · wmfoayl;ajh wdpd¾h ßâ,s chisxy wohci ckrd,a cd;sl iudc...

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