=

NSUO=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

MriqfJofph AppbppMbkq lc A CriqroAi ebofqAdb MAplkov Brfiafkd prBgbCqba ql Blqe bAoqenrAhb Aka sliCAkfC qeobAqp culvio marisiNI kicola AugentiO ABpqoACq barthquake=érçtectiçn=çf=cultural=heritage=buildings= is= a= érimary= task= in=ftaly.=keverthelessI= a= large=éart= çf= the= ftalian= territçry= is= alsç= affected= by= çther= kinds= çf= natural= hazards= which= shçuld= be=cçnsidered= in=risk=assessment= érçcedures.=qhe=area= surrçunding=jt.=sesuvius=Epçuthern=ftalyF= is= an=emblematic=case=study=fçr=the=high=risk=level=related=tç=bçth=vçlcanic=and=tectçnic=earthquake=hazards.=qhis=multiJrisk=envirçnment=makes=that=area=çne=çf=the=mçst=mçnitçred=regiçns=all=çver=the=wçrld.=fn=this =éaéer =the=multiJrisk=assessment =çf =a =NTth=Century=mçnumental=masçnry=building=subjected=tç=bçth=earthquake=and=vçlcanic=threats=is=éresented.=qhe=building=is=lçcated=in=qçrre=del=drecçI=a=tçwn=clçse= tç= jt.= sesuvius= with= the= highest= exéçsure= level= in= terms= çf= inhabitants.= Accçrding= tç= the=emergency= management= élan= develçéed= by= the= ftalian= aeéartment= çf= Civil= mrçtectiçnI= a= scenariçJbased=risk=assessment=was=carried=çut=fçr=the=cultural=heritage=building.=qhe=fçllçwing=scenariçs=were=cçnsideredW=ENF=a=subJmlinian=eruétiçn=like=that=çf=NSPNX=and=EOF=a=tectçnic=earthquake=accçrding=tç=the=ftalian= seismic= hazard= maé.= fn= the= first= scenariçI= the= building= structural= éerfçrmance= was= assessed=underW= highJintensity= vertical= rççf= lçads= accçrding= tç= an= ash= fall= hazard= mçdelX= and= hçrizçntal=éressures= and= highJteméerature= material= degradatiçnI= caused= by= éyrçclastic= and= lava= flçws= çn=éeriéheral=masçnry=walls.=fn=the=secçnd=scenariçI=static=éushçver=analysis=was=éerfçrmed=under=cçdeJbased= gravity= lçads.= Analysis= results= led= tç= identify= hazard= sçurces= inducing= lack= çf= safety= and=strengthening=methçds=fçr=multiJrisk=éreservatiçn=çf=the=building.= heywordsW Built Cultural eeritageI MultiJoisk AssessmentI peismic eazardI solcanic eazard NK fkqolarCqflk =Cultural=heritage=buildings=lçcated=in=ftaly=are=subjected=tç=several=tyées=çf=natural=hazards=which=call=fçr= multiJrisk= assessment= EjoAF= érçcedures.= dçvernment= and= lçcal= authçrities= ask= fçr= such=érçcedures=in=çrder=tç=rank=risks=and=tç=define=effective=lçss=éreventiçn=strategies=by=investing=mçney=where=séecific=risk=threshçlds=are=exceeded.=qhis=is=alsç=relevant=fçr=çther=regiçns=çf=the=wçrld=where=aéérçximately=half=billiçn=éeçéle=is=subjected=tç=several=hazard=sçurces=and=live=in=denselyJéçéulated=tçwns=Ee.g.I=qçkyçI=jexicç=CityI=peattleI=vçkçhamaI=kaélesF.=fn=the=field=çf=earthquake=engineeringI=a=significant=knçwledge=advance=has=been=reached=çn=nçnlinear=seismic= reséçnse= éredictiçn= and= strengthening= çf= existing= cçnstructiçns= thrçugh= natiçnal= and=internatiçnal= research= érçjects.= A=great= cçdificatiçn= effçrt= has= been=éaid= in= ftaly= tç=érçvide= the= new=ftalian= building= cçde= Ef_CF= xNz= and= its= Cçmmentary= xOzI= which= include= nçt= çnly= a= refined= seismic=hazard= assessmentI= but= alsç= séecific= criteria= fçr= éerfçrmanceJbased= assessment= Em_AF= çf= existing=cçnstructiçns= accçrding= tç= burçcçde= U= EbCUF= xPz.= oecentlyI= ftalian= guidelines= çn= seismic= risk=assessment= and= reductiçn= çf= cultural= heritage= EfdCeF= have= been= éassed= by= the= ftalian= Cçuncil= çf=jinisters= x4z.= puch= guidelines= érçvide= criteria= fçr= knçwledge= acquisitiçnI= analysisI= safety=verificatiçnsI=and=alsç=strengthening=çf=histçrical=cçnstructiçns.=A=large=number=çf=these=cçnstructiçns=

================================================N=mçstJaçc=cellçwI=rniversity=çf=kaéles=cedericç=ffI=aeét.=çf=ptructural=bngineeringI=fulviç.éarisi]unina.it=O=Assçciate=mrçfessçrI=rniversity=çf=kaéles=cedericç=ffI=aeét.=çf=ptructural=bngineeringI=augenti]unina.it=

=

NSUP=

are= lçcated= in= the= area= surrçunding= jçunt= sesuvius= Epçuthern= ftalyFI= which= is= çne= çf= the= mçst=mçnitçred=regiçns=all=çver=the=wçrld=because=çf=high=exéçsure.=pince=several=hazards=threaten=the=built=envirçnment=in=that=areaI=éçliticians=and=decisiçn=makers=have=stimulated=scientists=tç=éerfçrm=joA.=qhis =éaéer =éresents =joA =çf =a =NTth= Century= mçnumental= masçnry= building= subjected= tç= bçth=earthquake=and=vçlcanic=threats.=joA=was=carried=çut= in=the=fçrm=çf=scenariçJbased=risk=assessmentI=cçnsidering=twç=scenariçs=fçr= the=limit=state=çf=cçllaése.=Analysis=results=are=discussed=tç=identify=the=wçrst=hazard=sçurces=and=strengthening=strategies=fçr=multiJrisk=éreservatiçn=çf=the=building.=

=OK sbprsfrp AobAW A MriqfJofph bksfolkMbkq =jt.=sesuvius=is=a=NOUN=m=high=vçlcanç=lçcated=in=the=dulf=çf=kaélesI=ftalyI=abçut=V=km=east=çf=kaéles=and=at=shçrt=distance=frçm=the=cçast=Ecigs.=NaI=NbF.=ft=belçngs=tç=the=Caméanian=vçlcanic=archI=which=includes= mhlegraean= cields= tç= the= nçrthwestI= jt.= béçmeç= tç= the= west= çf= fschia= islandI= and= several=submarine=vçlcançes=tç=the=sçuth.=jt.=sesuvius=is=the=çnly=vçlcanç=çn=the=burçéean=mainland=which=eruéted =in =the =last =hundred =yearsX =it =fçrmed =as =a =result =çf =the =cçllisiçn =çf =twç =tectçnic =élatesI =the =African=and=the=burasian.=qhe=fçrmer=was=éushed=beneath=the=latter=Esubductiçn=érçcessFI=deeéer=intç=the=earth.=iayers=çf=lavaI=scçriaI=vçlcanic=ashI=and=éumice=make=ué=the=mçuntain.=qhe=active=cçne=çf=jt.=sesuvius=fçrmed=within=the=çriginal=caldera=çf=jt.=pçmma=vçlcanç=abçut=NTMMM=years=agç.==

== == EaF= EbF=

cigK N=EaF=içcatiçn=çf=jt.=sesuvius=and=EbF=satellite=view=çf=the=surrçunding=area==pince=NVVR=jt.=sesuvius= is=a= natiçnal=éark.= ft= is=çne=çf= the=mçst= dangerçus=vçlcançes= in=the=wçrld=because=çf=the=aéérçximately=P=milliçn=éeçéle=living=nearby=Ei.e.I=the=mçst=densely=éçéulated=vçlcanic=regiçn= in=the=wçrldF=and= its= tendency= tçwards=exélçsive=EmlinianF=eruétiçns.=oeal= time=mçnitçring=is=éerfçrmed= by= lsservatçriç= sesuviançI= a= sectiçn= çf= the= ftalian= fnstitute= çf= deçéhysics= and=sçlcançlçgy= EfkdsF.= A= large= netwçrk= çf= seismic= and= gravimetric= statiçns= is= used= tç= this= end.=A=cçmbinatiçn=çf=dmpJbased=geçdetic=array=and=satelliteJbased=synthetic=aéerture=radar=are=emélçyed=tç=measure=grçund=mçvements.=fn=additiçnI=lçcal=surveys=cçuéled=with=chemical=analyses=çf=gases=are=carried= çut.= puch= measurements= are= érçcessed= tç= identify= magma= mçvements= within= the= vçlcanç.=sçlcanicI= tectçnic= earthquake= and= hydrçgeçlçgical= hazards= are= the= majçr= natural= threats= fçr= jt.=sesuvius=area.=qhis=éaéer=fçcuses=çn=bçth=tectçnic=earthquake=and=vçlcanic=risks.=peismic= hazard= assçciated= with= tectçnic= setting= at= jt.= sesuvius= can= be= estimated= via= érçbabilistic=seismic=hazard=analysis.=fn=current=éracticeI=éeak=hçrizçntal=acceleratiçn=çn=tyée=A=grçund=EagF=can=be=evaluated= accçrding= tç= f_C= xNz= alçng= with= the= fçllçwing= séectral= shaée= éarametersW= maximum=amélificatiçn=factçr=çf=the=hçrizçntal=acceleratiçn=reséçnse=séectrum=EcçFX=and=uééer=bçund=éeriçd=çf=the= cçnstant= séectral= acceleratiçn=branch= çn= tyée=A=grçund= EqC

GF.= fkds=estimated=hazard=curves= in=terms=çf=ag=and=firstJmçde=séectral=acceleratiçn=paEqNF=fçr=NM=éeriçds=çf=vibratiçn=qN=ranging=frçm=M.N=tç=O=s.=puch=hazard=curves=were=luméed=in=V=exceeding=érçbabilities=EmsoF=in=RM=years=frçm=O=tç=UNBI=which=are= assçciated=with= the= return=éeriçd= çf= the= design= earthquake= qo= and=a= EteméçralF= reference=éeriçd=so=thrçugh=a=mçissçn=érçcess=mçdel.=aata=sets=were=érçvided=fçr=NMTRN=nçdes=çf=a=regular=grid=çverlaééed=tç=the=ftalian=territçry=with=aéérçximately=R=km=séacing.=so=is=assumed=tç=be=the=nçminal=

=

NSU4=

life =EskF= times= the= iméçrtance= cçefficient= ECrF= çf= the= structure.= fn= line= with= éerfçrmanceJbased=earthquake= engineering= cçnceétsI= mso= changes= with= the= limit= state= çf= interest.= içcal= amélificatiçn=effects= can= be= cçnsidered= by= assuming= mdA= Z= pag= and= p= Z= pp pq= I =whereW =p= Z =sçil =factçrX =pp= Z=stratigraéhic=amélificatiçn=factçrX==pq=Z=tçéçgraéhic=amélificatiçn=factçr.=sçlcanic= hazard= at= jt.= sesuvius= is= very= high= because= exélçsive= eruétiçns= are= exéected= as= sudden=events=after=lçng=rest=éeriçds.=bight=majçr=exélçsive=eruétiçns=have=çccurred=since=its=fçrmatiçn.=qhe=TVAa=eruétiçn=tçtally=destrçyed=mçméeii=and=eerculaneum=causing=abçut=OMMM=casualties.=pince=thenI=intermittent= eruétiçns= have=been= fçllçwed=by=a=éeriçd=çf= frequent= lçngJterm=exélçsive= and=effusive=eruétiçns=beginning=in=NSPN=and=lasting= in=NV44.=qhe=NSPN=eruétiçn=has=been=the=largest=subJmlinian=eruétiçn=with=devastating=éyrçclastic=flçws=çver=a=RMM=kmO=area=and=abçut=4MMM=casualties.=myroclastics=Eçr=tephraF=are=érimary=exélçsive=vçlcanic=hazard=sçurces=classified=accçrding=tç=their=sizeX=they=cçnsist=çf=air fall deposits Eash fallsFI=pyroclastic flowsI=surgesI=and=flying fragments=xRz.=Air=fall=deéçsits=are=generated=by=the=accretiçn=çf=clasts=falling=by=gravity=frçm=the=eruétive=cçlumn=çr= ejected= frçm=the=crater= with=a= given=ballistic= trajectçryI= deéending=çn= initial= séeed=and=ejectiçn=angle.= oçlandi= xSz= estimated= the= séatial= distributiçn= çf= vertical= lçads= çn=building= rççfs= çriginated=frçm= a= subJmlinian= eruétiçn= at= jt.= sesuvius= similar= tç= that= çf= NSPN.= qhe= fall= hazard= mçdel= is=cçnsistent= with= the= emergency= management= élan= EbjmF= develçéed= in= NVVR= by= the= ftalian=aeéartment= çf= Civil= mrçtectiçn= and= uédated= in= OMNM.= sçlcanic= scenariçs= at= jt.= sesuvius= and=mhlegraean=cields=shçw=rççf=lçads=çf=NMJPM=kkLmO=in=the=red=zçne=and=PJ4=kkLmO=at=distances=larger=than=PM=km=frçm=the=vent.=Ash=fall=actiçns=çn=structures= include=stresses=and=material=degradatiçn=due=tç=high=teméeratures=EOMMJ4MM°CF.=myrçclastic= flçws= induce= lateral= lçads= çn= éerimeter= structural= cçméçnents.= oegardless= çf= sudden=damage= tç= dççrs= and= windçwsI= damage= tç= structural= cçméçnents= strçngly= deéends= çn= whether= the=structure=has= been=designed=fçr= earthquake= resistance=çr=nçt.= myrçclastic= flçws=at=jt.=sesuvius=and=mhlegraean=cields=cçuld=érçduce=lateral=éressures=çf=M.RJNM=kma.=fn=the=case=çf=subJmlinian=eruétiçnI=if=a=VM°=flçw=érçéagatiçn=angle=is=assumedI=lateral=éressures=çn=buildings=can=reach=NN=kma=at=O=km=frçm=the=vent=and=N=kma=at=4JS=km=frçm=the=vent=Ecase=çf=qçrre=del=drecçF=xTz.=puch=éressures=can=increase=ué=tç=PJR=kma=in=urban=centres=as=a=result=çf=interactiçn=between=éyrçclastic=flçws=and=cçnstructiçns.=sçlcanic= earthquakesI= laharsI= and= tsunamis= are= secçndary= vçlcanic= hazard= sçurces.= sçlcanic=earthquakes=can=çccur=frçm=the=quiescent= tç=eruétive=éhase=and=are=tyéically=classified=as= fçllçwsW=vçlcançJtectçnic=EsqF=earthquakesI=lçngJéeriçd=EimF=earthquakesI=harmçnic=tremçr=EqFI=and=surface=events=EpbsF.=thile=çnly=sq=earthquakes=can=çccur=during=a=éreJeruétive=éhaseI=bçth=pbs=and=q=can=be= identified= during= an= eruétiçn= and= are= characterised= by= lçw= amélitudes= befçrehand.= im=earthquakes=can=alsç=take=élace=in=a=éreJeruétive=éhaseI=but=tyéically=with=lçw=magnitudes=and=lçwJfrequency= signals.= eundreds= çf= lçwJintensity= earthquakes= are= detected= every= year= in= the= crater= çf=jt.= sesuvius= at= deéths= lçwer= than= S= km.= qheir= lçcal= magnitude= Mi= dçes =nçt =tyéically =exceed =P. =cesta=et=al.=xUz=fçund=that=high=cumulative=energy=demands=cçuld=érçduce=heavy=damage=eséecially=tç= lçwJéeriçd= structures= such= as= unreinfçrced= masçnry= ErojF= buildings= and= lçwJrise= reinfçrced=cçncrete=EoCF=buildings.=iahars= are= mud= flçws= including= vçlcanic= material= and= their= destructive=éçtential= is= caused=by= high=kinetic=energy.=iahars=effects=çn=cçnstructiçns=are=similar=tç=thçse=érçduced=by=debris=flçws=Elateral=éressures= çf= PT.RI= TP.R= and= NRM= kma= fçr= flçw= séeed= çf= RI= T= and= NM= mLsI= reséectivelyF= xVz.= cinallyI=tsunami=hazard=assçciated=with=jt.=sesuvius=vçlcanic=activity=is=rather=lçwI=even=thçugh=nçt=zerç.==PK abpCofmqflk lc CApbJpqrav Brfiafkd =Amçng=several=histçrical=buildings=lçcated=clçse=tç=jt.=sesuviusI=silla=delle=dinestre=was=cçnsidered=as =a =case =study =due =tç =its =high =cultural =value =and =current =use =as =museum=Ecigs. =Oa. =ObF. =silla =delle =dinestre=is=a=twçJstçrey=roj=building=which=was=built=in=the=late=NTth=Century=at=the=fççts=çf=jt.=sesuvius= and= was= enlarged= in= the=NUth= Century.= fn=NUMS= a= destructive= vçlcanic= eruétiçn= fçrced= the=çwners= tç= leave=their= residence=fleeing=tç=kaélesI=but=éyrçclastic= flçws=did=nçt=caused=any=damage.=Cçnsçlidated=lava=érçduced=many=brççms=E‘ginestre’=in=ftalianF=which=cçvered=the=whçle=area=arçund=the=villa.= fn=NVMT= silla= delle=dinestre=was= enlarged= in=élan= by= realising= an= external= éçrticç= with= a=terrace=at=the=uééer=flççr.=fn=NVPT=the=building=was=declared=natiçnal=mçnument=and=called=silla=delle=dinestre.=rniversity=çf=kaéles=cedericç=ff=was=cçmmitted=by=the=ftalian=jinistry=çf=mublic=bducatiçn=tç=gain=the=building= and= became= its= çwner= çn= ganuary= RI= NVSO.= A= significant= degradatiçn= was= çbserved= çn=

=

NSUR=

cçlumnsI= wallsI= vaultsI= and=fçundatiçn=cçméçnentsI= sç=strengthening=and=waterérççfing=wçrks= were=carried=çut= in=NVTM.=qhe=fçundatiçn=system=was=enlarged=tç= increase=resistance=against=gravity= lçads.=merimeter= cçlumns= were= bçnded= by= oC= ring= beams.= fn= NVVU= the= building= was= restçred= again= and=assigned= tç= bnte= sille= sesuvianeI= a= éublic= çrganizatiçn= which= currently= manages= the= villa= as= =diacçmç= ieçéardi= museum.= qhe= restçratiçn=érçject= included= structural= retrçfittingI= élant= uégrading=interventiçnsI=and=a=change=çf=use.=qhe=éçrticç=tç=the=back=EnçrthF=side=çf=the=building=was=clçsed=with=tuff=masçnry=walls=withçut=effective=cçnnectiçn=tç=çther=walls.==

=== == EaF= EbF=

cigK O=EaF=bxternal=view=çf=silla=delle=dinestre=and=EbF=jt.=sesuvius=çbserved=frçm=the=building=rççf==qhe=building=élan=is=rather=squared=and=lçadJbearing=walls=are=almçst=aligned=with=twç=façades=çf=the=building= Ecigs.= PaI= PbF.=qhe=éçrticç= cçnsists= çf= circular= cçlumns= suééçrting=a= mixed=steelJtile= rççf.=peveral=vault=tyées=cçver=the=rççms=çf=the=building.=içadJbearing=walls=have=thickness=çf=SMJNOM=cm=at=the=grçund=flççr=and=ROJNNM=cm=at= the=first=flççr.=qwç=walls=with=thickness=çf=NTOJNUM=cm=and=an=inner=hçle=are=élaced=at=the=grçund=flççr.=

2P.T0

25.T8

24.T6

2T.18

Portico

B

A

B

A

=

Terrace

2P.T0

25.T8

24.T6

2T.18

B

A

B

A

== EaF= EbF=

cigK P=EaF=drçund=flççr=élan=and=EbF=first=flççr=élan=çf=silla=delle=dinestre=Edimensiçns=in=metresF=

=QK CAmACfqv Mlabi lc CApbJpqrav Brfiafkd

QKNK aefinition of knowledge level Accçrding=tç=fdCe=x4zI=all=infçrmatiçn=gathered=by=the=authçrs=was=aimed=at=identifyingW=the=structural=system= and= its= çverall= dimensiçnsX= size= çf= structural= cçméçnents= and= mechanical= érçéerties= çf=cçnstituent=materialsX= tyée=and=extent=çf=éreviçus=structural=damageI= including=earlier= reéair=measuresX=

=

NSUS=

material=defects=and=inadequate=detailingX= tyée=and=characteristics=çf=the=building=fçundatiçnX=and=lçcal=sçil= cçnditiçns.= fdCe= allçw= tç= investigate= cçnstructiçn= detailing= and= material= érçéerties= at= different=knçwledge=levels.= A=detailed=survey=is= needed= tç= identify= the=structure’s= geçmetry=sç=extensive=visual=inséectiçns= were= carried= çut= and= design= drawings= and= séecificatiçns= were= gathered.= qhis= allçwed= tç=identifyW=tyée=çf=flççr=and=rççf=cçméçnentsX=quality=çf=cçnnectiçns=amçng=flççrs=and=wallsX=éresence=çf=ring=beams=çr=tieJelementsX=quality=çf=cçnnectiçns=amçng=çrthçgçnal=wallsX=and=masçnry=tyées.=jaterial=érçéerties= were= defined= çn= the= basis= çf= design= séecificatiçns= and= exéerimental= data= selected= frçm=jAaAI= an= çnline= database= available= in= the= fnternet= and= develçéed= by= the= authçrs= EroiW=httéWLLwww.reluis.itLindex.éhé?çétiçnZcçm_madaCftemidZNRSF.=Accçrding=tç=f_C=xNzI=its=Cçmmentary=xOz= and= fdCeI= a= knçwledge= level= was= defined= thrçugh= a= cçnfidence= factçr= Cc= falling= in= the= interval=xNI=N.PRz.=qhis=factçr=allçws=tç=include=effects=çf=structural=mçdel=uncertainties=çn=seismic=assessment.=fn=çrder= tç= éreserve= the= building= identity= and= tç= reach= a= sufficient= safety= level= in= accçrdance= tç= the=‘minimum=interventiçn=érinciéle’I=Cc=was=cçméuted=çn=the=basis=çf=fçur=éartial=cçnfidence=factçrs=CckI=as= fçllçwsW= Cc= Z= N= H=SCck= Ek= Z= N...4F.= bach= Cck= was= assçciated= with= the= materialLelement= mçstly=affecting=the=failureLcçllaése=mechanism=being=cçnsidered.=qhe=tçtal=cçnfidence=factçr=was=aéélied=tç=all=material=érçéerties=reducing=bçth=elastic=mçduli=and=strengths.=Accçrding=tç=x4zI=the=authçrs=assigned=the=fçllçwing= éartial= cçnfidence= factçrsW= CcN= Z= M= fçr= knçwledge= çf= structure’s= geçmetry= Ecçmélete=geçmetrical=surveyFX=CcO=Z=M.NO=fçr=identificatiçn=çf=materials=and=cçnstructiçn=detailing=Elimited=survey=çf=materials=and=detailsFX=CcP=Z=M.NO=fçr=material=characterizatiçn=Emechanical=érçéerties=derived=frçm=existing=exéerimental=dataFX=and=Cc4=Z=M.MS=fçr= identificatiçn=çf=sçil=cçnditiçns=and=fçundatiçn=system=Elimited=investigatiçns=çn=sçil=and=fçundatiçns=in=the=absence=çf=geçtechnical=data=and=infçrmatiçnF.=qhe=factçr= CcP= was= assçciated= with= the= mçst= relevant= masçnry= tyée= fçr= structural= analysis.= qhe= tçtal=cçnfidence=factçr=was=then=set=tç=N.P.==QKOK MacroJelement modelling qhe= masçnry= building= was= mçdelled= thrçugh= oAk= CçdeI= a= cçméuter= érçgram= which= éerfçrms=nçnlinear=macrçJelement=analysis=çf=masçnry=buildings=xNMz.=qhe=external=cçlçnnade=was=nçt=included=in=the=Pa=macrçJelement=mçdel=çf=the=building=Ecigs.=4aI=4bFI=because=it=was=seéarately=assessed=under=gravity=and=lateral=lçads.=pimilarlyI= the=éart=çf=éçrticç=which=was=clçsed=withçut=effective=cçnnectiçn=tç=the=rest=çf=the=building=was=nçt=cçnsidered=in=the=Pa=macrçJelement=mçdel=in=view=çf=a=structural=seéaratiçn=between=themI=aimed=at=eliminating=irregularity=in=elevatiçn.=qhe=main=arches=çf=masçnry=vaults=were=mçdelled=tç=be=assessed=thrçugh=the=static=theçrem=çf=limit=analysis.=oC=ring=beams=were=detected= at= each= flççr= level= and= diaéhragms= were= assumed= tç= be= rigid= in= their= çwn= élane.= qhe=fçllçwing= mean= érçéerties= were= adçéted= fçr= tuff= masçnry= wallsW= unit= weight= çf= NT= kkLmPX= mean=cçméressiçn= strength= çf= O.PU= jmaX= shear= strength= at= zerç= cçnfining= stress= çf= M.N= jmaX= vçung’s=mçdulus=çf=NRPM=jmaX=and=shear=mçdulus=çf=RNM=jma.=Available=shear=ductility=was=set=tç=P=tç=define=mechanicsJbased= fçrceJdisélacement= diagrams= çf= macrçJelements.= aisélacement= caéacity=çf= macrçJelements=was=defined=as=the=minimum=between=that=analytically=cçméuted=thrçugh=direct=integratiçn=çf= bending= and= shear= curvaturesI= and= éhençmençlçgical= drift= values= érçvided= by= f_C= xNzI= that= isI=qf=Z=M.MMS=and=qs=Z=M.MM4=fçr=macrçJelements=failing=in=flexure=and=shearI=reséectively.=içadJbearing=walls=with=irregular=layçut=çf=çéenings=were=mçdelled=accçrding=tç=xNNz.==

==== == EaF= EbF=

cigK Q=EaF=fsçmetric=view=and=EbF=macrçJelement=caéacity=mçdel=çf=silla=delle=dinestre=

=

NSUT=

RK pCbkAoflJBApba ofph AppbppMbkq

RKNK pcenario #NW pubJmlinian eruption RKNKNK solcanic hazard assessment A= subJmlinian= vçlcanic= eruétiçn= similar= tç= that= çf= NSPN= was= cçnsidered= as= wçrstJcase= vçlcanic=scenariçI=accçrding=tç=the=ash=fall=hazard=mçdel=by=oçlandi=xSz.= fn=the=case=çf=qçrre=del=drecçI=ftalyI=which=falls=in=the=bjm=red=zçne=and=alsç=in=the=greatest=hazard=area=EU=km=in=diameterF=fçr=éyrçclastic=flçws= and= surgesI= a= unifçrm= vertical= lçad= qo= Z =NP =kkLmO= and= teméeratures= çf= OMMJPRM°C= were=cçnsidered=tç=be=aéélied=çn=the=building=rççf.=qhe=iméact=çf=éyrçclastic=flçws=was=take=intç=accçunt=by= means= çf= lateral= éressures= and= teméeratures= equal= tç= thçse= çf= ash= falls.= fn= éarticularI= lateral=éressures=were=set=tç=R=and=P=kkLmO=at=the=grçund=and=first=flççrsI=reséectivelyI=çf=éerimeter=walls=çf=the=nçrth=building=façade=Ei.e.I= thçse=directly= exéçsed= tç=flçwsF.=CçnverselyI= lateral=deéressiçn=with=magnitude=equal=tç=çneJthird=çf=the=afçrementiçned=values=was=aéélied=çn=çééçsite=éerimeter=walls=tç=the=sçuth.=Althçugh=lahars=cçuld=be=generated=after=jt.=sesuvius=eruétiçnI=they=are=exéected=tç=mainly=affect=an=area=çut=çf=qçrre=del=drecç=sç=their=effects=were=nçt=cçnsidered.==RKNKOK ptructural assessment qhe=building=was=analysed=under=an=exceétiçnal=cçmbinatiçn=çf=lçads=Ad=H=dN=H=dO=H=SyOi nki=whereW=Ad=Z= exceétiçnal= lçadsX= dN=Z=structural=dead=lçadsX=dO=Z=nçnJstructural=dead= lçadsX=nki=Z= live= lçadsX=yOi=Z=cçmbinatiçn=factçr=assumed=tç=be=M.S=fçr=high=çccuéancy.=bxceétiçnal=lçads=areW=sq=earthquakes=in= the= éreJeruétive= éhaseX= ash= falls= and= missiles= during= eruétiçnI= cçuéled= with= lçwJintensity=earthquakes=çr=even=a=highJintensity=earthquake=due=tç=the=caldera=cçllaéseX=éyrçclastic=flçwsI= lahars=and= lçwJintensity= earthquakes= in= the= éçstJeruétive= éhase.= fn= éarticularI= the= structure= was= assessed=under=ash=falls=related=tç=the=eruétive=éhase=and=éyrçclastic=flçws=related=tç=the=éçstJeruétive=éhase.=ptructural= analysis= in= the= eruétive=éhase=shçwed= that= the=building= is=unsafe=against= ash= falls= due= tç=exceedance= çf= mean= cçllaése= lçad= çf= rççfing= masçnry= vaults= and= their= suééçrting= walls.= iimit=equilibrium= analysis= çf= vaults= was= éerfçrmed= by= using= static= theçrem= and= simélified= arch= mçdels=including= resistance= cçntributiçn= çf= lateral= arch= infill= in= éassive= thrust= cçnditiçns.= A= reséçnseJcçntrçlled=static=éushçver=EpmlF=analysis=was=éerfçrmed=tç=assess=structural=safety=under=éyrçclastic=flçws.= qhe= equivalent= demand= éressure= çn= the= building= was= estimated= in= R= kma.= pml= analysis= was=carried= çut= in= the= directiçn= çf= éyrçclastic= flçwsI= namelyI= in= the= nçrthJsçuth= EvF= directiçn= çf= the=building=élan.=cigure=R=shçws=gççd=resistance=against=éyrçclastic=flçws.=_ased=çn=analysis=resultsI=the=fçllçwing=mitigatiçn=strategies=cçuld=be=adçéted.=Ash=fall=vulnerability=cçuld=be=reduced=thrçugh=çne=çf=the=fçllçwing=strategiesW=rççf=strengthening=based=çn=fibreJreinfçrced=cementitiçus=matrix=EcoCjF=systemsX= realizatiçn= çf= trussLlattice= éitched= rççf= in= cçldJfçrmed= steel= çver= the= existing= çne.= _çth=interventiçns=dç=nçt=significantly=increase=mass.=AlternativelyI=ultraJhigh=éerfçrmance=cçncrete=shells=with= very= high= mechanical= érçéertiesI= durabilityI= resistance= tç= high= teméeratures= and= fireI= cçuld= be=emélçyed= because= they= need= lçw= thickness= Ee.g.I= ué= tç= O= cm= fçr= R= m= séansF.= qhe= use= çf= fibreJreinfçrced=éçlymers=EcomsF=shçuld=be=avçided=because=çf=their=lçw=resistance=under=high=teméeratures=and=fire.=myrçclastic=flçw=vulnerability=cçuld=be=reduced=by=érçtecting=çéenings=in=a=way=tç=avçid=flçw=éenetratiçn=within=the=buildingI=and=hence=the=risk=çf=fire=and=exélçsiçns.=lverlay=steel=sheet=anchçred=çn=éerimeter=walls=cçuld=be=used=tç=that=end.=keverthelessI=éassive=érçtectiçn=systems=Ee.g.I=retentiçn=basinsI=artificial=canalsI=highJstrength=oC=retaining=wallsF=shçuld=be=emélçyed=against=éçtential=lahars.==

0

10

20

P0

40

50

0 1 2 P 4

q i[k

ma]

dc [mm]

myroclastic flow capacitymyroclastic flow demand

=

cigK R=Cçméarisçn=between=lateral=éressureJdisélacement=caéacity=curves=and=demand=lateral=éressure=

=

NSUU=

RKOK pcenario #OW qectonic earthquake RKOKNK qectonic seismic hazard assessment peismic=hazard=at=the=site=çf=silla=delle=dinestre=was=estimated=at=the=immediate=çccuéancy=EflF=and=life=safety=EipF=limit=states.=fdCe=x4z=allçw=tç=estimate=seismic=actiçns=in=a=way=tç=éreserve=histçrical=cçnstructiçns= fçr= future=uégrading= interventiçns.= qç= this= endI= mso= was =assigned =fçr =bçth =fl =and =ip =limit=states=by=assuming=a=‘frequent=useLmedium=iméçrtance’=classI=whereas sk=was=assumed=tç=be=RM=years=and=Cr=was=set=tç=unityI=resulting=in=so=Z=RM=years.=AccçrdinglyI=return=éeriçds=lçwer=than=thçse=defined=fçr=çrdinary=structures=Ei.e.I=RM=and=4TR=years=fçr=fl=and=ipI=reséectivelyF=were=defined.=bach=hazard=éarameter=p=assçciated=with=a=given=qo=was=cçméuted=based=çn=its=clçsest=estimates=fçr=which=pN=and=pO=values=are=érçvided=by=Annex=_=tç=f_C=xNz.=pince=the=site=was=nçt=lçcated=at=a=nçde=çf=the=reference=hazard=gridI= the=nçdes= çf= the= elementary= mesh=cçntaining= the= site=were= identified.= eazard=éarameters= were= then= cçméuted= as= weighted= average= çf= the= çnes= at= the= reference= nçdes= by= the=distances=çf=the=nçdes=frçm=the=siteI=in=accçrdance=with=Annex=A=tç=f_C=Eqable=NF.=qç=accçunt=fçr=site=amélificatiçn =effectsI =a =tyée =_ =grçund =and =qN =tçéçgraéhic =class =were =assumedI =resulting =in =a =sçil =factçr=p=Z=N.OM=andI=finallyI=mdA=Z=M.MSTg=and=M.NROg=fçr=fl=and=ip=limit=states.==

qable N=qectçnic=seismic=hazard=éarameters==

iimit state PVR TR [years] ag [g] Fo TCG [s]

fl= SRB= 4U= M.MRS= O.P44= M.PNO=

ip= NTB= OSV= M.NOT= O.PRV= M.P4P=

=RKOKOK peismic performance assessment A=reséçnseJcçntrçlled=pml=analysis=was=éerfçrmed=tç=assess=seismic=caéacity=çf=silla=delle=dinestre.=qhe=bilinear= idealizatiçn= çf= base=shear= EsbF= versus= tçé= disélacement= EdcF= curves= was= carried=çut= by=defining=the=ultimate=disélacement=du=at=OMB=base=shear=drçé=Eip=limit=stateF=and=the=elastic=stiffness=as =the=ratiç=between=M.TsbImax=and=the=cçrreséçnding=tçé=disélacementI=where=sbImax= is= the=maximum=resisting=base=shear=xNz.=qhe=limit=elastic=disélacement= de=was=derived=by=assuming=equal=areas=belçw=the= actual= and= idealized= fçrce–disélacement= diagramsI= which= were= reduced= by= the= firstJmçde=éarticiéatiçn=factçr=GN= tç=çbtain=thçse=related=tç=the=equivalent=elasticJéerfectly=élastic=singleJdegreeJçfJfreedçm=EpalcF=system.=_ased=çn=elastic=éeriçd=estimates=qG=fçr=the=palc=systemI=the=kO=methçd=xNOz=was= emélçyed=tç=estimate=seismic=demand=at=ip.=pml=analysis=was=carried=çut=alçng=the=main=directiçns= çf= the= building= élan= fçr= each= lateral= lçad= éattern= Ee.g.I= érçéçrtiçnal= tç= inertia= masses= çr=fundamental= mçde= shaée= multiélied= by= inertia= massesF= and=çrientatiçn= seéaratelyI= accçrding= tç=bCU=xPz.=ptçrey=fçrces=were=aéélied=at=the=lçcatiçn=çf=the=centre=çf=mass=and=accidental=eccentricities=were=included=in=the=mçdel= tç=accçunt= fçr=uncertainties= in=the=mass=distributiçn=and=grçundJmçtiçn=séatial=variatiçn.=qhe=centre=çf=mass=at=the=uééer=flççr=level=was=cçnsidered=as=cçntrçl=éçint=where=the=lateral=disélacement= was= mçnçtçnically= increased.= cigures= Sa= and= Sb= shçw= pml= curves= cçrreséçnding= tç=seismic= actiçns= acting= in= the= éçsitive= and= negative= çrientatiçns= çf= the= glçbal= cççrdinate= system=assigned=tç=the=Pa=macrçJelement=mçdel=çf=the=masçnry=structure.=qhe=building=was=fçund=tç=be=mçre=vulnerable=in=the=uJdirectiçn=çf=building=élan.=qhe=çverstrength=ratiç=çf=the=building=was=cçméuted=fçr=each= pml= analysis= as= lpo= Z= auLaN= whereW= au= Z =M.Vamax= Ei.e.I= M.V= times= the= lçad= multiélier=cçrreséçnding=tç=sbImaxF=and=aN=Z=lçad=multiélier=cçrreséçnding=tç=the=attainment=çf=the=nçminal=lateral=strength=in=a=éier=regardless=çf=its=failure=mçde=Ecig.=TaF.=qhe=mean=lpo=was=fçund=tç=be=P.NPI=but=the=cçefficient= çf= variatiçn= revealed= a= significant= scatter= in= such= a= caéacity= éarameter= ECos= Z= SSBF.=CçnverselyI= the= estimatiçn= çf= the= disélacement= demandJtçJcaéacity= ratiç= aCod= was= rather= stable=shçwing=mean=and=Cos=equal=tç=M.UP=and=ORBI=reséectivelyI=at=ip=limit=state=Ecig.TbF.=aCod=exceeded=unity=in=fçur=analysis=cases=related=tç=mçdal=lçad=éattern=and=vJdirectiçn=çf=seismic=actiçns.=jean=and=Cos=çf=aCod=reduced=tç=M.PT=and=OOB=at=fl=limit=state.=aisélacementJbased=safety=verificatiçns=at=fl=were=éerfçrmed=by=defining=du= as= the= minimum=between= disélacements=cçrreséçnding= tç= sbImax= and=M.PB=interstçrey=drift=xNzI=and=were=fully=met.=peismic=safety=against=çutJçfJélane=failure=mçdes=was=seéarately=assessed=under=seismic=acceleratiçn=demand=accçrding=tç=f_C=by=simélified=mçdels.=_ased= çn= analysis= resultsI= the= fçllçwing= strengthening= measures= were= identified= tç= reduce= seismic=vulnerabilityW=reductiçn=çf=cçncentrated=large=massesX=resizing=çf=sçme=structural=cçméçnents=aimed=at=stiffness=redistributiçnX=structural=seéaratiçn=between=the=élan=enlargement=at=the=grçund=flççr=and=the=rest=çf=the=buildingI=tç=reduce=irregularity=in=elevatiçnX=uégrading=çf=materialsX=and=seismic=uégrading=

=

NSUV=

çf=lçadJbearing=walls.=qhe=last=çbjective=cçuld=be=reached=by=éçstJtensiçning=çf=éiers=thrçugh=glassJcom= barsI= çr= alternatively= coCj= layers= çn= bçth= sides= çf= éiers= which= are= exéected= tç= fail.= mçstJtensiçning= bars= cçuld= avçid= tensile= failure= çf= éiers= caused= by= çverturning= mçments= under= seismic=actiçns.= ptandard= interventiçns= cçnsisting= in= the= realizatiçn= çf= wççden= lintels= abçve=çéenings= cçuld=alsç= increase=flexural=strength=çf= séandrels= against= bçth=gravity=and=earthquake= lçads.= qhis= is= a= very=iméçrtant= task= because= sçme= séandrels= cçuld= fail= in= bending.= puch= interventiçns= ensure= full=reversibility=and=éreservatiçn=which=are=mandatçry=fçr=cultural=heritage=cçnstructiçns.==

0

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P000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 1 2 P 4 5

s b[k

k]

dc [mm]

u-dir. - modal patternu-dir. - uniform patternY-dir. - modal patternY-dir. - uniform pattern

=

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4000

5000

6000

0 1 2 P 4 5

s b[k

k]

dc [mm]

u-dir. - modal patternu-dir. - uniform patternY-dir. - modal patternY-dir. - uniform pattern

== EaF= EbF=

cigK S=pml=curves=cçrreséçnding=tç=EaF=éçsitive=and=EbF=negative=çrientatiçns=çf=seismic=actiçns===

0

1

2

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4

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7

8

1mu

1uu

2mu

2uu

Pmu

Puu

4mu

4uu

5mu

5uu

6mu

6uu

7mu

7uu

8mu

8uu

9mY

9uY

10m

Y10

uY11

mY

11uY

12m

Y12

uY1P

mY

1PuY

14m

Y14

uY15

mY

15uY

16m

Y16

uY

lSR

Analysis Case =

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1mu

1uu

2mu

2uu

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Puu

4mu

4uu

5mu

5uu

6mu

6uu

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9mY

9uY

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Y10

uY11

mY

11uY

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Y12

uY1P

mY

1PuY

14m

Y14

uY15

mY

15uY

16m

Y16

uY

aC

Rd

Analysis Case == EaF= EbF=

cigK T=EaF=lverstrength=ratiçs=and=EbF=disélacement=demandJtçJcaéacity=ratiçs=

=SK ClkCirpflkp =A=multiJrisk=assessment= çf=a= NTth=Century=masçnry=building= lçcated= clçse= tç=jt.= sesuvius= has=been=éresented.= qwç= different= scenariçs= were= cçnsideredW= subJmlinian= eruétiçn= and= tectçnic= earthquake.=_çth= scenariçs= were= defined= accçrding= tç= current= hazard= mçdels.= ptructural= assessment= under= subJmlinian=eruétiçn=scenariç=have=shçwn=that= the=caseJstudy=building= is=vulnerable=tç=ash=falls=whereas=a=satisfactçry= resistance=against= éyrçclastic= flçws= that= can=çccur= after= eruétiçn= has= been= fçund.= qhis=indicates=that=an=effective=érçtectiçn=çf=the=building=rççf=is=needed=and=different=sçlutiçns=have=been=érçéçsed= and= discussed= tç= this= aim.= peismic= éerfçrmance=assessment= has= shçwn= that= the=caseJstudy=building= shçuld= alsç= be= strengthened= tç= ensure= life= safety= under= design= tectçnic= earthquakes.=ptrengthening=strategies=based=çn=cçméçsite=materials=have=been=érçéçsed=tç= increase=bçth=strength=and=ductility=çf=éiersI=while=the=realizatiçn=çf=traditiçnal=wellJanchçred=wççden=lintels=abçve=çéenings=cçuld=increase=bending=caéacity=çf=séandrels=tç=resist=bçth=gravity=lçads=and=earthquake=actiçns.==AChkltibadbMbkqp =qhis=research=was=carried=çut=in=the=framewçrk=çf=the=oeirfpJamC=OMNM–OMNP=érçject=Eiine=AqNJN.N=–=‘bvaluatiçn= çf= the= sulnerability= çf= jasçnry= _uildingsI= eistçrical= Centres= and= Cultural= eeritage’F=funded=by=the=ftalian=aeéartment=çf=Civil=mrçtectiçn.=

=

NSVM=

obcbobkCbp xNz a.j.= N4.MN.OMMU= EOMMUF korme qecniche per le Costruzioni.= ftalian=jinistry=çf= fnfrastructures=

and=qranséçrtatiçnI=oçme=Ein=ftalianF.=xOz Circ.=MO.MO.OMMVI=n.=SNT=EOMMVF fstruzioni per l’applicazione delle «kuove korme qecniche per le

Costruzioni» di cui al decreto ministeriale NQ gennaio OMMU.= ftalian=jinistry=çf= fnfrastructures=and=qranséçrtatiçnI=oçme=Ein=ftalianF.=

xPz burçcçde= U= EOMM4F aesign of structures for earthquake resistance.= Cçmité= burçééen= de=kçrmalisatiçnI=_russels.=

x4z a.m.C.j.=MV.MO.OMNN=EOMNNF salutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle korme tecniche per le costruzioni di cui al decreto del Ministero delle infrastrutture e dei trasporti del NQ gennaio OMMU.=ftalian=Cçuncil=çf=jinistersI=oçme=Ein=ftalianF.=

xRz juzeau= g.Jm.I=qalçn=A.I=qhçuret= g.JC.I=oçssettç=q.I=caggianç=_.I=ae=dregçriç=a.I=wuccarç=d.I=fndirli= j.= EOMNMF= Actiçns= due= tç= vçlcanic= eruétiçns.= fnW= jazzçlani= c.j.= EedF= rrban eabitat Constructions under Catastrophic bvents Ecinal oeportF.=qaylçr=C=crancis=drçuéI=içndçn.=

xSz oçlandi= d.= EOMNMF= sçlcanic= hazard= at= sesuviusW= An= analysis= fçr= the= revisiçn= çf= the= current=emergency=élan.=gournal of solcanology and deothermal oesearch=NUVW=P4TJPSO.=

xTz bséçsti= lngarç= q.I= keri= A.I= qçdescç= j.I= jacedçniç= d.= EOMMOF= myrçclastic= flçw= hazard=assessment= at= sesuvius= EftalyF= by= using= numerical= mçdelling.= ff.= Analysis= çf= flçw= variables.=Bulletin of solcanology S4W=NTUJNVN.=

xUz cesta=d.I=wçllç=A.I=janfredi=d.I=mçlese=j.I=Cçsenza=b.=EOMM4F=pimulatiçn=çf=earthquake=grçund=mçtiçn=and=effects=çn=engineering=structures=during=the=éreeruétive=éhase=çf=an=active=vçlcanç.=Bulletin of the peismological pociety of America=V4ESFW=OONPJOOON.=

xVz caella= C.I= kigrç= b.= EOMMOF= aebris= flçw= effects= çn= cçnstructiçns.= aamage= analysisI= cçllaése=mechanismsI=iméact=velçcitiesI=cçde=érçvisiçns.=fnternal report ClpqJCNOLtdOI=sçlçsI=dreece.=

xNMz Augenti= k.I= marisi= c.I= Accçncia= b.= EOMNNF= fl= Cçdice= oAk= éer= l’analisi= sismica= nçn= lineare= di=edifici=in=muratura.=mrogettazione pismica=NW=NPVJNRT=Ein=ftalianF.=

xNNz marisi= c.I= Augenti= k.= EOMNOF= peismic= caéacity= çf= irregular= unreinfçrced= masçnry= walls= with=çéenings.=barthquake bngineering and ptructural aynamicsI=alfW=NM.NMMOLeqe.=ONVR.=

xNOz cajfar= m.= ENVVVF= Caéacity= séectrum= methçd= based= çn= inelastic= demand= séectra.= barthquake bngineering and ptructural aynamics=OUW=VTVJVVP.=