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ٔرف ) ر ى۔ن ٢٠١٩ ء( لا ۔۔۔٦٧ ۔٨٠ 67 لا * نا ** زا ABSTRACT Istanbul historically known as Constantinople is the most populous city in Turkeyand the country's economic, cultural, and historical center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus Strait which separates Europe and Asia between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Istanbul for more than 2,500 years has stood between conflicting surges of religion, culture, and imperial power. A lot of nations tried to conquer the city but they failed. When the Ottomans crossed into Europe in the mid-14th century, the fate of Constantinople was sealed. The inevitable end was retarded by the defeat of the Turks at the hands of Timur in 1402; but in 1422 the Ottoman sultan of Turkey, Murad II, laid siege to Constantinople. This attempt failed, only to be repeated 30 years later. In 1453 another Ottoman sultan, Muhammad II, proceeded to blockade the Bosporus by the erection of a strong fortress at its narrowest point. The siege of the city began in April 6, 1453. The Golden Horn was protected by a chain, but the sultan succeeded in hauling his fleet by land from the Bosporus into the Golden Horn. The final assault was made on May 29, and, in spite of the desperate resistance of the inhabitants aided by the Genoese, the city fell. Keywords:Constantinople, Golden Horn, Bosporus, Ottomans, Eurasia, Marmara, Muhammad II . ل ا(Istanbul) دى وا اور ا ۔ اسمر وف ’’ ‘‘ (Constantinople) اسر۔ مرہ ا ، دت دار، دت آ، درلما ءرپاورا۔ ) ١ ( ۔ اسروظزر وواك ا وہ۔آ ںم آ دہءزرپ اورا ا ںدو ) ٢ ( ۔آرس (Bosporus) ) ٣ ( اوراس ہر خزر (Golden Horn) رےوا رپ ا رسر (Thrace) ا ) ٤ ( ۔۔ ر ںلد ا٣٣٠ ء٣٩٥ ء* را،چا ر، ا ** را،و ا، ا

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٨٠۔٦٧۔۔۔ � � ا�ل � )ء�٢٠١٩نى۔ ر�(�رف �ٔ � 

67

� � ا�ل �

�ن ا�*

�زا� �**

ABSTRACT Istanbul historically known as Constantinople is the most populous city in Turkeyand the country's economic, cultural, and historical center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus Strait which separates Europe and Asia between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Istanbul for more than 2,500 years has stood between conflicting surges of religion, culture, and imperial power. A lot of nations tried to conquer the city but they failed. When the Ottomans crossed into Europe in the mid-14th century, the fate of Constantinople was sealed. The inevitable end was retarded by the defeat of the Turks at the hands of Timur in 1402; but in 1422 the Ottoman sultan of Turkey, Murad II, laid siege to Constantinople. This attempt failed, only to be repeated 30 years later. In 1453 another Ottoman sultan, Muhammad II, proceeded to blockade the Bosporus by the erection of a strong fortress at its narrowest point. The siege of the city began in April 6, 1453. The Golden Horn was protected by a chain, but the sultan succeeded in hauling his fleet by land from the Bosporus into the Golden Horn. The final assault was made on May 29, and, in spite of the desperate resistance of the inhabitants aided by the Genoese, the city fell.

Keywords:Constantinople, Golden Horn, Bosporus, Ottomans, Eurasia, Marmara, Muhammad II.

 �(Istanbul)ا�ل ��   وا�دى ��   اور �   �ا �  �  �   �۔��  �م اس  �ر�  ��وف

’’�‘‘ (Constantinople)  �   اس �   ا�م’�۔�ر�  �دت’ ،‘دار�دت’ ،‘�رہ ،‘آ��

اس � � �� � � � � � � � ۔)١(� � �۔ � � �رپ اور ا�ء � �م ا�ل � ‘در��’

وہ ا� �� � �ك � وا� � � �و�ر ��ظ ز� � �رو �م � ں � آ� �� �� �۔� 

 اورا�ء ز�دہ �� آ� �  ۔ آ�)٢(�ں دو �ا� �رپ   )٣((Bosporus)� ��رس � �ر�ہ اور اس

   �� ��رے وا� �� (Golden Horn)�خ زر� �   �ا� �� �رپ � � �ر� � ��رس

 ��(Thrace)� ء � ٣٩٥ء � ٣٣٠ا�ل د� � � � �ں � �� ر��۔  ۔)٤(� � � ا

�� �ا�،ر�چ ا��،� ا�� �ر� *

�� �ا�،ا� �و�،� ا�� �ر� **

٨٠۔٦٧۔۔۔ � � ا�ل � )ء�٢٠١٩نى۔ ر�(�رف �ٔ � 

68

ء� � �� � ��ى١٩٢٣ء � ١٤٥٣۔ اور )٦(ء � �ز� �١٤٥٣ء � ٣٩٥،)٥(رو� �

۔�د��� ء � �� � �ر� � �م � � دارا�� ا�ل � ا�ہ ��١٩٢٣ � �� �۔

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Polis( ت � � ا�م � و�دت � � ا� �� � � � �وں � � ����۔ اوا�� ��

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   �ان �  �   �ز� �  �   � )ء٣٢٣ء۔٣٣٧( (Constantine)ء  �اس �

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اول جيش من ام�� �غز ون مدينت� ’’ا� � و� � ��� �� �  اس �ر�ل � د� ��آپ

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قسطنطنية فلنعم االم�� ام��ها ولنعم الجيش ذل� الجيش’’۔�� � �  ��:��۔‘‘لتفتحن ال

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 �۔  روا�  �ف �  � �  �  �  �  ��  �   ��ہ �   ��وں ��  �   �ا� �  �

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نوںدوران اس  ۔� دو�س � � � ��ہ � طی زن � �رون � �� دے � � (Irene)� � آ�� با

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� ���� رو� ��� � �ار د�ر �� د� �� � اور  � اور اس � ۔ � � � �س � �)١٩(��

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(Nikephoros))ء٨٠٢ء۔٨١١(   �دار  ا�  � �� ا� ��  �روم ��۔ اس � � � � �م �

 �ر�  �د�ہ �   �ا� ��(Charlemagne) )ا��  )ء٧٤٢ء۔٨١٤   اور�رون ��  �  �

� � � ’� � �� � ا�رے ا�ل �� �� ��  ۔� ا� � ���)٧٨٦ء۔٨٠٩(

   � �دہ  �� د� �رخ اورا� آپ ��� ا� و�ں � دو� ۔� آ�دہ �� �اور وہ �دل �رت

۔‘ؤ�اج � �� �۔� � � ا�� � � � و�ل �� وہ وا� �دو � �ار � � �� �ر ��

ا � �� اس � �اب � � � � � �،او �� �ں � �،�رون ا�� � اس � � �اب � ��

� �� ،� �اج د� � و�ہ �� نیقیفورس� � � � ر � ن ا�� ا� � �ارو �� ��، د��۔

� � �اب � �رون ا�� � � � دو�رہ � �۔اس � � ،�اج � ادا� روك دى �� � �

۔اس � � � � � �ں � �� ا�� � ا� ا�اف � د�۔)٢١(�� �ار �� �رے � 

۔ز�دہ �� � � �� � ���واؤں � � � ��ں � � � � � �� � �

۔� �اب ��د �)ء١٢٩٩ء۔١٣٢٤(� � ا� اور � �� � �� �ن �ن�� �� ��س ان 

۔� � � �� � � � )٢٢(� � �� �� � د�ں � � � � � �اب � ز�ہ ر�

� دور � ��� �رم � �۔ )ء١٣٨٩ء۔١٤٠٢( (Bayezid I)� �رم� �� ��ں � �� � ��

گھسرو� �ہ  لو یو �، ��ں � �� � � � �� �ر�اد(John Paleologus) جان پل

 � ��ن � � �   �� وہ ان ��ں اس   �روم �������رم � ۔� �������

 � ۔)٢٣(ارادے � �ز ر�  اس  اس � � ��  ا�ل ��اور  � �روم �ن � Manuel)�� د�ں

Paleologus) )ء١٣٩١ء۔١٤٢٥( �   ��ر�،� �   در�ر �   ����رم �   ��   � �ار �  �

� � ��ہ � ء �١٣٩٦  �� ��ں�� ،��ار�رى���� � �ت ،� � � �� �� �روم

ڈ�  �ر� � ��� دوران اس۔)٢٤(ر� �رى ��ہ � �ہ�ت � ��ہ ��، من (Sigismund)سجس

��� � � �  ��۔��ل ��� � � ا�ع  �ہ �ى اور د� �� ��ں)ء١٣٨٧ء۔١٤٣٧(

 ��� �ار�� � ر� � �اج ���،�� �� �ا� ��� �س اوردس�د� � ��ہ ،�ر

٨٠۔٦٧۔۔۔ � � ا�ل � )ء�٢٠١٩نى۔ ر�(�رف �ٔ � 

72

� � ��� � ا� �� �� �ر � اور � � ،��ں �� � � ا� �� �ا� �� � �

)٢٦(۔� �ا� �د� � �� � � � �ت � ��ت � ��ں۔)٢٥(�� �ا� �� �ن � � 

� ارادہ � ���ن � ��ت � �رغ �� � � �رم � ا� �ر �  �� � �  ۔� � 

 �� دو�ى �� د�دار ��� اور ا� ا� �ص ا� � ذر� �روم � �م �� و ہ ���� � 

اس ۔)٢٧(�روم � ا�ر �د� � � �اب � ����رم � � � ��ہ ��،�� � ��

در�� ��رس � �زوں � � و� رو� �� ��رس � �� �� �� � دوران ��� �

اس ۔� �م � ا� � ��(AnatoliHissar)ا��� �ر� � � � �� �� � �ل 

  �   �دارادا�۔ ء�١٤٥٣  ا� �  �  �  �  ���  �  �  ��  ��  �  Gulf of)اس

Nicomedia) او   ا� �  �  �  ��  �  �  �   (GuzelHissar)�ر ر �   �م  �ا� ۔)٢٨(�ر

ا� ��� � دے  � � روم ���ں � �ف �زش �� �� �� ��� �رم � ��ہ � 

 �س � د�)ء١٣٧٠ء۔١٤٠٥( (Timur)��ر�ں � �د�ہ �ر�   � ‘� � ��� ۔� �ى

� � � ا�ر�رى �� ��د � اوراس �را�م، �� را�� � ز�� � ۔� �ا� �

� �� ا� اور ��س � ز�� � � �ء � �رى �ر� � �� اور � � � � � � � � 

� �� � � �ر � ا�ل د�� �۔� اب �� � � �رے ز�دہ � ��ت � � ���

�ہ دى ��  ،��� �رم � �ن ا� �� اور اور �ا�� ��ن � �� آپ � �ور �� �‘‘���� 

۔اور � �ت آپ �� � � � �� � �ت � � آپ � �� �ن ��� � �س آرام � ر�۔�

�ر اس � � ا� ا�ن �� ۔’’ اس � � آپ � �س ر� ����� آپ ا�� �� � � �� 

اس � �ر � �� � � � �� �� ۔� �ح � � ��ں � �ہ � ذ� ����  �� � د�

����رم ۔ �ف �رچ �ا�� �� � �� � �� � � و��د �� ��ر�ر�د�۔

 ء١٤٠٢ � � ��۔�ر� �� ��اور � ��ہ � �د��� ا�ع � � �� �ر � آ� 

۔� � ��� � � �� )٢٩(� ��� �ان (Angora)� ��� �رم اور �ر � � ا�رہ 

�� ا�رہ � �رم � � � � � � �� � �ازہ ��� � � � ��� �رم � 

 � )ء١٤١٢ء۔١٤١٣( (Muhammad I)� � اول  � ا� �� اوردورا�� � � دا� اور �ر� ��

ء � و�ت � � اس � � �اد �١٤٢١ن � �  ۔� � ا�د� � � دو�رہ � �� � � �دوں

٨٠۔٦٧۔۔۔ � � ا�ل � )ء�٢٠١٩نى۔ ر�(�رف �ٔ � 

73

��(Murad II) )ا۔)ء١٤٢١ء۔١٤٥١�  ��  �  ��   �ا�ا�۔�  ا�ار  ا� �  ��   �س  �اد �

�  �  ��   �زع� �  �   د��ار  �د   م  �ارے� �  ��   ۔� �  �   � اس �روم

 � � � �م اور اس � � ��� ��� � )٣٠(�ار� �� �اد �� � �� ��ا ��د�

� � � � � � �ف �رروا� �اد� �� � �  �� �۔�د��روم � وا� ��ت 

۔� � �وت � � � � �اد �� � �روم )٣١(� �� اور � ادر� � �� � �د��

� ا� ۔ )٣٢( اس � ��ر �رى � �� � � ��ہ ��� � ��۔اس  ��اد � � �

دوران �روم � ا� � رو � � �م � اس ۔� ��ر �ا� �اد �� � ا�ل � �� � � ��

 ر��ں اور � �� ا� �ر � �زش � اور ا��� �� � ا�� �� � ��د� � ��د ����

 ر��ں � �د � �� �اد �� � �� �� � � �اد�� � �ف �وت � آ�دہ �، ����� � �

� � و� � �اد�� � � � ��ہ ا�� ا��� � �ف �� �� �ا۔ ۔)٣٣(� �د�� 

)ء١٤٥١ء۔١٤٨١( (Muhammad II)�� � �ادہ � � اس � � ا�ل � �� �ادء � �ن ١٤٥١

� �روم � �� � � �  ا�ار ���ن � �� �  � � ���وا� � �� �ا۔ ���

�� � � ��  �� ��� �   � �م �م  � �وہ �ز� �  اور �ا�ون  �� �پ

 � ۔ �� ��� �� ��دا�ہ ا�ار ��   اس  اور  � �رپ � �ف � �� ا�اف

ب � �ء � � �� � � � � �د و�ہ وا� ۔� �� � �� �� � رہ � �

�� ���    � �� � ا�� اور �� ��ت � ا� دو�ے � � ر� �� � او�َ�َ

�ظ ا�ار و ا�ام � �م � � �� � �ر� ��ت ��م ا�ار � � �را� � اور �� �

� � � � ،�ا�ار  � �� � ��را � دو�ں ��ں � � ��۔ )٣٤(� و �� �

ں ا�� اور �ر� ��ت � در�ن � �ظ  اس و� � � �� �� ز� ا�ار ر� بازنطینو

�    � �� �ء � � ز�دہ �� � ��ں � ��ں � ر� �د � ��  ��َ�َ۔��رہ

�  �  �  �   و� �   و�ع �   �ا��  �۔��  ك ���  �  �  �   �ف �  ��  �� 

ای� (Black Sea)�م �اور اس � �� �� اس � � ذر� � �ا�د  �ا�� Aegean) جیئنبحر

Sea) ا�� اور �ر� ��ت � را� ��� � �ر � �� �زوں � �� �ى� �� � 

 �۔ � ��  ا� � �ا �� ��ں �� و� ا�ء،ا�ان اور ا��� � ��ن � �رت � ��َ��َ

٨٠۔٦٧۔۔۔ � � ا�ل � )ء�٢٠١٩نى۔ ر�(�رف �ٔ � 

74

 اور�ں � ��ن �رت �رپ � �� �  � � ا��ى �ى ۔�رت � آ� �� �  اس

ل ا�ء � �� ر��ں �ا اور و� � �� �ادرى ر�� �� � �� ا�ء � �ل �رپ اور �رپ � �

 از� )٣٥(� �دار ادا �� �(Middlemen)� �ل �   �س � �� � �� ۔�وہ ��ں �

� وہ �اب � � � � � �ن  ا� �ت � � ا� ا� � ۔)٣٦(���ا� � � ��� �ن 

� و� �ن � �� � � � �  ۔)٣٧(��ں � � � � � �رت � � �� � ا� � و�

� اس ا�ا م � �� � � � �ر � �ى � ��روں � � �  � ��،�� � ارادہ �

۔� �د �د�� �ن � �� � ان �م ��ں ۔ا� �ر � � � �� �

 ر��ں ��ص ا�  ۔ ز�د� ا�ا�ت ��ن � �� � � � � � �ا��� � ����

 ر� ��  � �� ا����ہ �ن � ��ات �  � ا� وا�ن �� اڈےھجان ۔�رپ � John) ین

Hunyadi)�  �   ہ ��  �   �ى �   ۔�  � ان  وا� ��  ��  �   راہ �  �  �  �  �  ا�ا�ت

۔�ن � �� � �ر� � ��د � روم � دو �ان ��ں � � روم � ا�اد )٣٨(ر�و�ں � دور �� �

 ا�ا�ت � ��۔)٣٩(� رو� �� ا� �� د� �ر� � � ت � آ�� � �� ��ن  ان

 � �ر� �� �  رو� �ر��رس � �� �  � �� � �(RumliHissar) م � ا�� �

  �   �ز�د�  �رم ���  �   �ا� �  �  ��   �ا��  �دہ  �ر� � (AnatoliHissar)ا���

اول � � آ�� ��رس � �رى �ح �� �ى � ،ض �ں ���� �۔اس � � � � دو ا�ا

دو� � � �� ا�اج � ۔��اور د� � �� �ز � ا�د اور آ�� ��رس � �ر �� � � � �

�ے � �ر �� ا� � و�� � �� ر�وٹ � آ� اور وہ �آ�� آ�� ��رس � � � � 

�  �  �   �رے  دو�ے �   د� ۔�رے �  �  �  �  �  ��  �  �   �ظ �  ��  �

۔ �روم � )٤٠(� � ا�ج � �د � ۔�روم � اس � � � � ا�ج � �۔�و�ا� � � �

�� � �ر � ا� ��ر � �� � � � �� � �� � اور �  � � � رو� �� آ�ى

�روم � اس � � � � �ا� ۔)٤١(�ہ �ر�ں � �م � � ��۔� �� �ج � رو� �ج � � �د�

 � �ف ا�ن � ��� �������

۔ �د�� �� � اس � � �از �� �� 

�ر � �ں � ا� �ى � ہ  ا� � ا��ن � �� � � � � و�ع � �� ر� �� 

 � ذر�  � �م �� �� ۔)٤٢(��  �� �ى �دى�  � �ا �د ��  � �ں �

٨٠۔٦٧۔۔۔ � � ا�ل � )ء�٢٠١٩نى۔ ر�(�رف �ٔ � 

75

 ۔ت �� � �� ��(Urban) � ى � ا� ا� ار�ن اس � � � ۔�� ڈ�ا��� 

�  ��   �رت  �ل �  ��  ��   �۔)٤٣(� �  ��  �   �ر�ں �   �م ��  �  � �ن

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ت �ا� � � ا� � � �ا� � � � � �� �۔)٦٣(� � �ا� � � ���

۔ � � � � � �ن � �� � اس � � �م )٦٤(� �� �(Topkapi)� �� � اور �پ �� 

� � �� � � زا� �س � � �� � دارا�� ۔ا�م �ل ر� � �ت ا�ل � ا�ل ��

�۔�� � �� اور دارا�� ا�ہ � �د� � �� � �ر� � ���� اس � �ء ١٩٢٣ر�۔ 

�ا� و �ا� ٣ص۔س ن ۔د�،۔�ن ��‘‘�م ��’’�ا�در،�۔ )١(

��١١ر۔ ص ،،� �ؤس)�م ر�ل ،�� �(،‘‘�’’۔)ء١٩٩٩(۔�،�� )٢(

اس  ۔ا� آ�� � � �� � �ر� �رو� اور ا�� � ا��� � �ا �� �رپ اور ا�ء � در�ن �� �� �� � ��رس )٣(

۔آ�� � آ�� ا�ل � � �

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۔ء � ��ں � ��ں �ہ ���٤٧٦ � دارا�� روم �، �� رو� �  ،ز�� �� � ا� � )٥(

ء ٣٣٠ ،�� � ا� دار ا�� �ز� � �م � �ز� � �� ،�� �ى �ى � � روم دو �ں � � �� � )٦(

ن� �ز� �ہ  طنطی نطیم �  قس از ۔� �م � � �ر �� قسطنطین � �م �� �د� �� � �ب

٢س ن۔ص، ،�ر آ�د د�،، �� ��‘‘��� �’’۔�،�ا� )٧(

��٢٣ ��۔ص،�،��  )٩( �٢١رہ ���، �۔ ص،‘‘� �’’۔)ء ١٩١٤(۔��،�را�� )٨(

فلی�،‘‘ا�� ا�م’’۔)ء٢٠٠٢(۔�ر�رى،� ا�� )١٠( لس کتب� ا لم ٥٨٠،��ر۔صا

٢٧٩،ص٣ج،� دارا�م،ر�ض۔)��،ا�د،�ا�ر(،‘‘� �رى’’،)ھ١٤٣٣(�رى،�� ا�، )١١(

٣٠٥،ص٨ج��ر۔،،� ر��)��،ا�ل،� �(،‘‘� ا� � �’’ ،)ء٢٠٠٩(ا� � �، )١٢(

� � (Cyzicus)� �ا� ز�� � ز� )١٣(

٤٩۔ص٨،� ا��،�ا�،ج )��، �وى، �� � �ا��(،’’�ر� ا� �‘‘،)ء١٩٨٨(�� ا� ا�ا �د ا��۔ ،ا� � )١٤(

١٩٦ص۔��٩ ��،ج،ا� �  )١٦( ��١٣٤ ��۔ص۔�،��  )١٥(

١٩٤۔ص١ج،، � ا�� �ا�‘‘�ر� ا�م’’۔)ء١٩٩٨(� آ�دى،��� ا� �ہ۔  )١٧(

��١٣٨ ��۔ ص۔�،��  )١٩( ١٩٦ص۔٩ا� � �� ��،ج  )١٨(

١٤٠ص۔�،��۔ �� ��  )٢١( ٣٣٩، ص�٢ آ�دى،��� ا� �ہ،�� ��۔ ج  )٢٠(

)٢٢(  �� �  ��  �   ا، �   �دار  ا� ز�د� در� �  �   اس � ��   د�  �اب  ،�ن �ن �  �و� ��   اس � �   � �ں � �

 � ہ �ر اور �ہ ا�،� اور ڈ�ب � ر� � اور �ر�ے �ڑ�ہ �ف، �ہ �ن ،�ات ،در� � � � � � د� � �ر �ے در� د�،�

ا� � ا�ن ،�� � اور اس در� � �ں � رخ � � � �ار � اس � � ا� � �ا � �،�اس � ��ں � �� �� 

� وا� �،� ا� ا�� � د�� د� �،� � دو � اور دو ز�د �ے ۔� � �ف �� � � دو �روں اور دو �ا�ں � ا�ل 

۔�� �

)٢٣( Shaw, Stanford,(1997), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, New York Cambridge University Press,p31

٨٠۔٦٧۔۔۔ � � ا�ل � )ء�٢٠١٩نى۔ ر�(�رف �ٔ � 

80

)٢٤( Gibbons, Herbert Adams, (1916),The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire,The Century co, New York,p198

)٢٥( Fleet, Kate,(2009), The Cambridge History of Turkey, Cambridge University Press, New York, Vol 1,p130

)٢٦( Gibbons, Herbert Adams, op.cit,p199

)٢٧( Eversley, Lord,(1918), The Turkish Empire its Growth and Decay, London,T. Fisher Unwin ltd, Adelphi Terrace,p53،

)٢٨( Gibbons, Herbert Adams, op.cit,p23

٤٩٢۔٩٣ص� آ�دى،�� ��۔ )٢٩(

)٣٠( Creasy, Edward S, (1878), History of The Ottoman Turks, Henry Holt and Company, New York, p.95.

)٣١( Somel, SelcukAksin(2003), Historical Dictionary of The Ottoman Empire, TheScarecowPress,Inc,Lanham,U.S.A, pxxi

)٣٢( Creasy, Edward S, op.cit, p96 )٣٣( Eversley, Lord, op.cit, p.65.

)٣٤( McCarthy, Justin and McCarthy, Carolyn, (2010), Turkey and the Turks, Turkish Cultural Foundation,Istanbul, p20

)٣٥( Kia, Mehrdad, (2008), The Ottoman Empire, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, Connecticut, London,p39,

٢٤ص ۔١ا� �ھ،ج ،، دارا� � ا��‘‘دو� ��’’۔)ء٢٠٠٩ (،� ،�� )٣٦(

١٥٣ص۔�ا�ر،�� ��،�رق )٣٨( ��٥ ��۔ص۔�ا�در،� )٣٧(

٩١ص ۔�،،� �ر� �روم)�� �� �،� � ا�(،‘‘�ن ���’’۔)ء٢٠١٣(۔� �،�ت )٣٩(

)٤٠( Nciolle .D, Haldon .J, (2007), The Fall of Constantinople, Osprey Publishing, UK, p 182

٨٨ص۔�� ��،� �،�ت )٤١(

)٤٢( McCarthy, Justin, (1997), The ottoman Turks, Routledgetaylor& FrancisGroup, London and New York, p70

��١٧٤ ��۔ص ،�،�� )٤٣(

)٤٤( , Routledge Taylor & Francis group, London and New York, p 68The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare Bradbury, Jim, (2004),

١٥٦ص ۔ا� )٤٦( ١٦٠ص ۔�ا�ر،�� ��،�رق )٤٥(

١٥٤ص ۔�ا�ر،�� ��،�رق  )٤٨( ٩٨ص۔��١ ��،ج،� ،�� )٤٧(

ائیء، ١٨٩٧ ،�ازش � ،�ن  )٥٠( ١٧٨ص ۔�،�� �� ��  )٤٩( ف ٢٢ص ،��، ��ر مصط

��١٠٥ ��۔ص۔� �،�ت  )٥٢( ١٧٩ص ۔�ا�ر۔�� ��،�رق  )٥١(

٤١۔ص١روز�زار۔ج:،ا��‘‘�ر� ��ان ��’’۔)ء١٨٩٩(�۔،ا�ء ا� )٥٣(

�١٢٨ �،�� ��۔ص،�ت  )٥٥( �١٦٨ا�ر،�� ��۔ص �رق،  )٥٤(

٢٨ا�،ص۔  )٥٧( �٢٧ازش �،�� ��۔ص ،�ن  )٥٦(

٣٤ا�،ص )٥٩( ٢٩ا�،ص۔ )٥٨(

�١١٨ا�۔ص۔،ا�� ،ادارہ �رف)��،�ازى،��وف �ہ(،‘‘ا�� �� � � در�ں �’’،)ء١٩٦٩(��،ڈا� �، )٦٠(

Shaw, Stanford, op.cit,vol 1,p58-59 )٦٢( ��١٠٩ ��، ص ،� ،��  )٦١(

)٦٣( Nciolle .D, Haldon .J, (2007), The Fall of Constantinople, Osprey Publishing, UK, p 239

)٦٤( McCarthy, Justin, (1997), The Ottoman Turks, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York, p70.