mtsmsn hmmva-b-§-fnepw - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27103/7/07_chapter...

$: mtSmSn hmMva-b-§-fnepw - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27103/7/07_chapter 1.pdf · “Nn§-¯nse A¯w \mfnÂ, hmg-bn-e-bnÂ a®p-sIm--pÅ Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-·msc$
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A²ym-bwþ1

HmWw BNm-c-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnepw \mtSmSn hmMva-b-§-fnepw

tIc-fobPohnX]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ HmWw _lp-X -e -kv]Àin -bmb Hcp

bmYmÀ°yamWv. FÃm Pohn-X-hym-]m-c-§-fnepw CSw ]nSn-bv¡p-Ibpw FÃm P\-hn-

`m-K-§-tfbpw (Hcp ]t£, Nne BZn-hm-kn- p-cp- p-IÄ HgnsI) DÄs¡mÅpIbpw,

FÃm C{µn-b-§-tfbpw Xr]vXn-s -Sp- p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶Xv HmW- n\p am{Xw

Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-hp¶ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

HmW- nsâ kzm[o-\-h-e-bs¯ {][m-\-ambpw \mep hn`m-K-§-fm-¡mw. Ah,

1. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä

2. hnt\m-Z-§Ä

3. `mjm-hym-]m-c-§Ä, ]m«v, ]g-s©mÃv, ssien

4. Øe-\m-a-§Ä

Ch-bpsS kzm[o\w Gdntbm Ipdtªm ]e- hn-[-¯nÂ \½psS Ihn-I-fnÂ

(]-T-\- n\p sXc-sª-Sp¯ Ihn-I-fnÂ {]tXy-In- pw) {]I-S-am-Wv. AXn-\mÂ Ch-

bn-tem-tcm-¶n-t\bpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s -Sp- m\pw eLp-hmbn hni-I-e\w sN¿m-

\p-amWv Cu A²ym-b- nÂ Dt±-in-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

1.1 BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä

NS-§p-I-fpsS _mlpeyw sIm-v {it²-b-amb BtLm-j-amWv HmWw. HmW-hp-

ambn _Ô-s¸-«p-h-cp¶ NS-§p-Isf A\p-jvTm-\w, BNmcw F¶n-§s\ thÀXn-cn-

bv¡m-sa-¦nepw ]e-t¸mgpw Ch X½n-epÅ AXnÀ¯n hfsc t\À¯-Xm-sW¶p

ImWmw. Xs¶-bp-a-Ã, Ah-bnÂ ]eXpw C¶v {]Nm-c-ep-]vX-am-Ip-I-tbm, Imem-\p-kr-

X-amb amä-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-Ip-Itbm sNbvXp. \ne-hn-ep-Å-h-bv¡p-Xs¶ {]mtZ-in-I-

t`-Z-§fpw kmap-Zm-bnI t`Z-§fpw H«-\-h-[n-bp-v F¶Xpw {]iv\-am-Wv. F¶mepw

e`y-amb hnh-c-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Ahsb t{ImUo-I-cn-bv¡m³ {ian-bv¡p-I-

bmWv C\n sN¿p-¶-Xv.

GXp kaq-l- n-sâbpw \m«p-h-g-¡-§Ä Ah-cpsS kwkv¡m-c-ambn ]cn-W-an-bv¡p-

¶p. Ch-X-s¶-bmWv Hcp kap-Zm-b- nsâ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fmbn hyh-Ø-s -Sp-

¶-Xv1. hnizm-k- n-tâtbm ]mc-¼cy¯nsâtbm ]pcm-hr- - n-sâtbm ]n³_-e-apÅ

{Inbmw-i-§-fmWv s]mXpth BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä. Chbv¡v LS-\m-]-c-ambn Nne

kam-\-X-IÄ Ds--¦nepw [À½-§Ä¡p X½nÂ A´-c-ap- - v. Aeu-In-I-tam, tZh-Xm-

]-ctam Bb {]Xo-Im-ßI{]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-bmWv A\p-jvTm\w F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

bpI-vXy-XoXw Xs¶-bm-sW-¦nepw Aeu-In-I-amb sI«p-]m-Sp-IÄ H¶p-an-Ãm- -Xpw, {]Xo-

Im-ß-I-hp-amb {Inbmw-i-§sf BNm-c-sa¶p hnfn-bv¡mw2. asämcpX-c- nÂ ]d-ªmÂ

A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä hyànsb ]c-tem-I-hp-am-bn-«pw, BNm-c--§Ä kaq-l-hp-am-bn«pw _Ôn-

16

¸n-bv¡p-¶p. A\p-jvTm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hn«p-\n-ev¡p-¶-h-À¡pÅ in£ `uXn-tI-

Xciàn-IÄ hn[n-bv¡p-sa¶p hniz-kn-bv¡p-t¼mÄ, BNm-c-§-fnÂ \n¶p hn«p \nev¡p-

¶-hsc imkn-bv¡p-¶Xpw in£n-bv¡p-¶Xpw kaqlw Xs¶-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnILS-\-

bn-ep--m-Ip¶ amä-§Ä BNm-c-§sf Ffp-¸-¯nÂ kzm[o-\n-bv¡pw. F¶mÂ A\p-

jvTm-\-§Ä A{X-s]-s«¶v amä-s¸-Sp-I-bn-Ã. Ah-bpsS ASn-Øm\w hnizm-k-am-Wv.

hnizm-k-an-Ãm¯ Ah-Ø-bnÂ A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä¡v \ne-\n-ev]n-Ãm-sX-bm-bn-t¸m-Ip-¶Xv

AXp-sIm--mWv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, Xncp-thm-W-¯n\v ]qP-I-tf-äp-hm-§p¶ {XntIm-W-

kvXq]w ""Xr¡m-¡-c-b- ''\pw ]q¡faÕ-c-th-Zn-bnÂ shbv¡p-¶Xv AXnsâ tIhe

{]Xn-cq-]hpw (Bcm-[-\mÀl-a-Ãm- ) Bbn amdp-¶Xv hnizm-k- nsâ Xe- n-epÅ

hyXymkw sIm-mWv.

1.2 A\p-jvTm-\w

]¦m-fn-I-fpsS e£y- n\pw Xmev]-cy- n\pw A\p-kr-X-ambn {]Ir-Xy-XoXiàn-

Isf kzm[o-\n-bv¡m-\mbn kwhn-[m\w sN¿-s -«Xpw hyXn-cn-à-amb Øe¯v Ah-

X-cn-¸nbv¡p¶Xp-amb BwKn-I-N-e-\-§fpw hm¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-¡fpw AS-§p¶

{]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS X\n-bm-hÀ¯\irwJ-e-bmWv A\p-jvTm-\w3. A\p-jvTm-\-§sf

kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw Ah-bnse {]Xo-I-§Ä, ]pcm-hr¯w/an¯v XpS-§n-b-h-bp-ambn

_Ô-s¸« hnizm-kw, Ah-X-cWkµÀ`w F¶n-h-sbms¡ {][m\-amWv. A\p-jvTm-\-

¯nÂ \mep LS-I-§Ä DÄt -cp-¶-Xmbn jqÄkpw emsh-sâbpw \nco-£n-bv¡p-¶p-

- v .

BZy-am-bn, \r¯w, Km\w, `mj-Ww, BwKnINe-\-§Ä, {]tXyI hkvXp-¡-fpsS

D]-tbmKw XpS-§nb {]Xo-I-§-fpsS irwJ-e-sIm-v cq]o-I-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶, X\n-bm-

hÀ¯-\-kz-`m-h-apÅ kmaq-lnINS-§mWv A\p-jvTm-\w. c-m-a-Xm-bn, ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-

X- nsâ `mK-amb kmaq-lnIImcy-§-fnÂ \n¶v amdn \nev¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. aq¶m-a-Xm-bn,

GsXmcp kwkv¡m-c-¯nse A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw khn-ti-j-amb, kmwkv¡m-cn-I-ambn

\nÀÆ-Nn-bv¡-s¸« Hcp A\p-jvTm\ ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. Hcp {]tXyI kwkv¡m-c-

¯nsâ `mK-am-b-hÀ¡v, {]hr-¯n-I-fpsS Hcp khn-tijirwJe I-v, X§Ä AXn-\p-

ap³]v I-n-«n-sÃ-¦nÂt¸mepw, AXv A\p-jvTm-\-amtWm F¶p ]d-bm³ Ign-bp-sa-¶m-

Wn-Xnsâ AÀ°w. Ah-km-\-am-bn, ]e-t¸mgpw an¯p-I-fnÂ {]Xn-cq-]m-ß-I-ambn Bhn-

jv¡-cn- n-«pÅ khn-ti-jm-i-b-§-tfmSv A\p-jvTm-\-{]-hÀ -\§Ä¡v ZrV-amb _Ô-

ap - -m -bn -cn -b v¡pw4.

C -c-samcp \ne-]m-SnÂ \n¶p ]cn-tim-[n-bv¡p-t¼mÄ HmW-hpambn _Ô-s¸«v

A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä Ipd-hmWv F¶pw BNm-c-§-fmWv IqSp-X-ep-ÅXv F¶pw hyà-am-

Ipw. Xr¡m-¡-c-b- ³, A - -a-bw, HmW- mÀ, HmW-s¸m-«³, HmW- p-ÅÂ, Xpbn-

ep-WÀ¯p-]m-«v, hnÃp ]qP, Imc-W-h-·mÀ¡v sh¨p-sIm-Sp-¡Â, HmW-hn-f¡v XpS§n

Nne {]Xo-I-§Ä / {Inbmw-i-§Ä am{X-amWv HmW-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v A\p-jvTm-\m-

ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn- n¨p t]mcp-¶-Xv.

17

1.2.1 Xr¡m-¡c-b-¸³

a®p-sImt-m acw-sImt-m, {XntIm-W-kvXq-]m-Ir-Xn-bnÂ, D-m-¡p¶ cq]-amWv

Xr¡m-¡-c-b- ³. CXv, Imhn ap¡n, Acn-am-h-Wnªv Ae-¦-cn-bv¡pw. Nne-bn-S¯v

Xpf-I-fn-«v, AXnÂ ]qs¡m¼pIÄ Ip¯n-\nÀ¯p¶ ]Xn-hp-ap--v. (CXv ]nev¡m-e-¯p-

-m-b-Xm-hmw.) \m¡n-e-bn-tem, Bh-Wn-¸-e-I-bntem BWv Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸s\ shbv¡p-

I. Xr¡m-¡-c-b- s\ shbv¡p¶ coXn, F®w, ]qPm-hn[n F¶n-h-bnÂ kmapZm-bn-

Ihpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb \nc-h[n t`Z-§-fp- - v . {]I-S-amb Nne hyXym-k-§Ä

Xmsgs¡m-Sp-¡p¶p:

1.2.1.1 \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ

“Nn§-¯nse A¯w \mfnÂ, hmg-bn-e-bnÂ a®p-sIm--pÅ Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-·msc

ho«nse Krl-\m-Y-bmWv shbv¡p-I. hS-¡p-h-i¯p aq¶pw, sX¡v c-pw, Xr¡m-¡-

c-b-¸-·m-cm-Wp--m-Ip-I. ]n¶oSv Nn{X, tNmXn, hnim-Jw, A\ngw hsc hS¡pw aq¶pw

sX¡p aq¶pw F®w hoXw CXv hÀ²n-bv¡pw. ‘aqe- n\v aqSpw X«n ap«n-bnÂ Ib-dp-

¶Xv’ {][m\NS-§m-Wv. Ce-bn-en-cp¶ Xr¡m-¡-c-b- ³ A¶mWv ac- nsâ ]oT-

¯nÂ Ib-dp-I. ]qcm-S-¯n\v hS¡v Ggv, sX¡v A©v F¶n-§s\ CXv ho-pw

hÀ²n-bv¡pw. D{XmS\mfnÂ cmhnse Cu hÀ²\ H¼-Xv, Ggv F¶n-§-s\-bm-hpw.

kÔy-tbmsS CsXÃmw FSp-¯p-am-äpw. ho«n-se-Ãm-hcpw IqSn BtLm-j-ambn

hS¡v ]Xn-s\m¶v, \Sp-hnÂ H¼-Xv, sX¡v c-v F¶n-§s\ Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-·msc

sh¨v ]qPn-bv¡pw. sX¡pÅ c-nÂ hep-XmWv alm-_-en. IqsS ImhÂ¡m-c-\pw.

a²y- nÂ hnjvWp, e£van, Ggv hnjvWp ]mÀj-Z-·mÀ, hS¡v inh³, {io]mÀh-

Xn, kp{_-Ò-Wy³, KW-]-Xn, inh- q-X-§Ä, F¶n-§-s\-bmWv IW-¡v.

Ae-¦m-c-ambn Hme-¡p-S, hnÃv, A¼v, ]qWqev F¶nh AWn-bn-bv¡pw. alm-hn-

jvWp-hnsâ ssI¿nÂ Na-X-t¡mepw D-m-Ipw. ]n¶oSv HmWw Ign-bp-¶-Xp-hsc ChÀ¡v

cmhn-sebpw sshIo«pw t\-{´-¸-gw, ]gw-sIm--pÅ AS F¶n-h-sIm-v ho«½ ]qP

sN¿pw''5. A¼-e-hm-kn-I-fpsS NS-§p-Ifpw kam-\-am-Wv6.

1.2.1.2 \mb-·mÀ

]qcmSw apXÂ¡mWv Xr¡m-¡-c-b- s\ hbv¡p-I. ]qcm-S- n³ \mÄ, ]q¡-f-an«

Øew sagp-In, \m¡n-e-bnÂ Acn-am-hp-sIm- - -Wnª c-p Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-·msc

shbv¡pw. D{Xm-S-¯n³ \mÄ cmhnse AtX Øe¯v c-p Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-·msc

IqSn shbv¡pw. A¶p sshIp-t¶-cw, \Spapä- v amtX-h-tc-bpw Ggv, H¼-Xv, ]Xn-

s\m¶v F¶n-§s\ sNdnb Xr¡m-¡-c-¸-·m-tcbpw hbv¡pw. amtX-h-sc a®p-sIm--p-

-m-¡nb ]oT-¯n-emWp hbv¡p-I. amtX-hÀ hma-\-\m-sW-¶mWv k¦-ev]w. At±-l-

¯n\v IrjvW-Io-coSw sImt-m I®m-´fn (k-aqew)sImt-m sN¼-c¯n sImt-m

IncoSw shbv¡pw. Xncp-thm-W-¯n³ \mÄ ]peÀs¨ ( aq¶p aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ) ho-pw

amtX-hÀ¡pw aäp-Å-hÀ¡pw ]qP-bp--v. tImSn-bp-Sp-¸n-bv¡pI F¶ k¦-ev]-¯nÂ,

18

tImSnap-nÂ \n¶v \qen-g-I-sf-Sp¯v amtX-h-tcbpw Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-·mscbpw DSp-

¸nbv¡pw (Nne-bn-S- v, a®p-cp-f-IÄ, ap¯n, A½n, Nnch XpS-§nb cq]-§fpw ]Xn-hp-

- v .) Xp¼-¸q-sIm-p ]qP-bpw, Xp¼-¸q-hn« AS, ]gw, ]gw- sIm- -pÅ AS F¶n-h-

bpsS t\Zyhpw D-m-Ipw. ho«nse Hcm¬Ip-«n-bmWv CsXms¡ sN¿p-I. ‘HmWw

sIm-ÅpI’ F¶mWv Cu NS§v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. aäp-Ip-«n-IÄ, HmW-hnÃp sIm-«p-

Ibpw ]qhn-fn-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. HmWw Ign-bp-¶-tXmsS am{Xta Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-

·msc amäq. (D-{X-«m-Xn-tbm, tch-Xntbm. CXv ]Wn-¡À Ipdn- p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-X-\p-k-cn-

¨m-Wv). Xr¡m-¡-I-c-b- s\ sh¨mÂ ]ns¶ ho«nÂ tNmtd sh-bv¡mdpffq; Iªn-

sh-bv¡p¶ ]Xn-hn-Ã. ]q¡-fhpw CSm-dn-Ã. I¶n-bnse aI- n\v (]-Xn-\mdmw aIw)

ho-pw amtX-h-sc-h-bv¡pw, AXn\v aI-¯-Sn-bs\-¶mWv ]d-bp-I. CXn\v ssihk¦-

ev]-am-Wp-Å-Xv. Ac-a-Wnbpw kÀ¸-hp-ap--m-Ipw. HmW-¯n\p sh¨ Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-

·msc IpXnÀ¯v Iq«n Ipg- mWv aI- -Sn-bs\ hbv¡p-I. ]qP Xr¡m-¡-c-b- -tâ-Xp-

t]m-se-¯-s¶-bm-Wv7.

1.2.1.3. Cug-hÀ, aäp-Å-hÀ

Cug-hÀ, sF¦p-Sn-¡-½m-fÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ D{Xm-S- p-¶mÄ apX-ev¡mWv Xr¡m-¡-

c-b-¸s\ shbv¡p-I. D{XmSw sshIo-«v, AkvX-a-b-t¯m-sS, a®p-sIm--p- -m-¡nb A©p

Xr¡m-¡-c-b- -·m-sc, \m¡n-e-bnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-bv¡p-¶p. apä- mWv Xr¡m-¡-c-b- -·msc

shbv¡p-I. Hcp henb cq]w \Sp-hnepw \mep `mK-§-fn-embn sNdnb \mep cq]-§-fp-

amWp shbv¡p-I ]Xn-hv. Acn-amhp sIm-v AWn-bpw. Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-s\-sh-¨mÂ,

]q¡-f-an-Sp-I-bn-Ã. aÕy-amw-km-Zn-Ifpw ho«nÂ shbv¡p-I-bn-Ã. amtX-h-sc¶ k¦-ev]-

¯n-emWv Xr¡m-¡-c-b- s\ shbv¡p-I. Xncp-thm-W- n-³ \mÄ a[pcw tNÀ¡m¯

]qh-S-bpw, ]ghpw t\Zn-bv¡pw. sN¼-c- n, tImfm¼n XpS-§nb ]q¡Ä NqSn-bv¡pw.

ho«nse apXnÀ¶ ]pcp-j-\mWv ]qPbv¡v t\XrXzw \evIp-I8. XrÈqÀ `mK-t -bv¡v,

Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸s\ Acn-am-hp-sIm-v AWn-bp-¶-Xn\p ]Icw s]m«psXmSphn-bv¡p-I-

bmWv sN¿p-I9.

Xr¡m-¡-c-bv¡-Sp- pÅ `mK-§-fnÂ ]Sn¡p ]pd¯v Hcp Ce-bnÂ Hcp HmW- -

¸s\ hbv¡pw. Acn-am-h-Wn-bpw. ho«p-ap-äs¯ ]oT- nÂ \n¶pw ]Sn-hsc Xp¼-¡p

Sw, sN¯n- q, Ipcp-t¯me Acn-ªXv Ch Hcp hcn-bmbn hnX-dpw. HmW- - s\

]qhn-cn- m-X-bn-eqsS bm{X-bm-¡p¶p F¶mWv k¦-ev]w.

XncphnXmw-IqÀ apXÂ tImgn-t¡m-Sp-h-sc-bpÅ `mK-§-fnÂ Gä-¡p-dn-¨n-ep-I-tfm-

sSbpw {]mtZ-in-I-þ-km-ap-Zm-bnI t`Z-§-tfm-sSbpw Xr¡m-¡-c-b- s\ {]Xn-jvTn-bv¡m-dp-

-v. F¶mÂ, lcn-P-\-§Ä¡v Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸s\ shbv¡p¶ ]Xnhv Fhn-sS-bpanÃ.

AXp-t]mse D¯cae-_m-dnepw Xr¡m-¡-c-b- s\ shbv¡m-dn-Ã. AhÀ HmWs¯

alm-_-en-bp-am-bn«pw _Ôn-¸n-bv¡p-¶n-Ã10. AXp-t]mse Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸³ Bsc¶

Imcy-¯nepw hym]-I-amb A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-§-fp-- v. Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸-t\m-sSm¸w

19

shbv¡p¶ amtX-hÀ¡v, sX¡p Zn¡nÂ ssih k¦-ev]hpw, hS-t¡m«v sshjvWhk¦-

ev]-hp-am-sW¶pw \nco-£n-bv¡-s¸-«n-«p- - v11.

C§-s\-sbm-s¡-bm-sW-¦n-epw, HmW-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v A\p-jvTm\kz`m-h-ap-Å-

Xpw, Gähpw hym]-I-ambn {]N-cn- n-«p-Å-Xp-amb {]XoIw Xr¡m-¡-c-b- -\-t{X. \¼q-

Xn-cn-amÀ apXÂ Xmtgm«p hcp-t´mdpw Xr¡m-¡-c-b- sâ F®hpw ]qPm Znh-k-§fpw

Ipd-bp¶p F¶-Xpw, ]qPn-bv¡p-¶Xv A´ÀÖ-\w, B¬Ip-«n-IÄ, apXnÀ¶ ]pcp-j³

F¶n-§s\ hyXym-k-s¸-Sp¶psh¶Xpw {i²n-bvt¡-- -Xp- - v .

1.2.2. A¯-¨-abw

Hcp Ime¯v A\p-jvTm-\-kz-`m-h-ap--m-bn-cp-¶Xpw ]n¶oSv tIhew BtLmjw

am{X-ambn amdn-t¸m-b-Xp-amb Hcp NS-§mWv A - -a-bw. sIm¨ncm-Pmhpw kmaq-Xn-cn-

bp-amWv A - -abw \S- n-bn-cp-¶-sX-¦nepw kmaq-Xncn AXv hfsc ap¼p-Xs¶ \nÀ¯n-

sh-¨n-cp-¶p. sIm¨nbnse A¯-¨-a-bw, Xncp-thm-W-¯nsâ XpS¡w Ipdn-bv¡p¶

HutZym-KnINS-s§¶ \ne-bnÂ ]ns¶bpw Iptd-¡mew IqSn \ne-\n-¶p. sIm¨ncmPm-

hnsâ A - -a-b- -S-§p-IÄ Xmsg hnh-cn-bv¡p¶p:

sIm¨n alm-cm-Pmhv FÃm cmP-Iob{]uVn-tbmSpw IqSn Xr¡m-¡-cbv¡p bm{X

]pd-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv NS-§v. Cu bm{X-sb-¸än ]e A`n-{]m-b-§Ä D-v. tNcN{I-

hÀ¯n-bpsS BØm-\-t¯bv¡v kma- -c-cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ \S- n-bn-cp¶ bm{X-bmWv F¶v

Hc- n-{]m-bw, alm-_-ensb tIc-fo-bÀ hc-th-ev¡p-¶-XmWv F¶p aq¶m-a-sXmc`n-{]m-

bw, GtXm bp²-bm-{X-bpsS kvac-W-bmWv, amam-¦- n\p kam-\-ambn sIm¨n-cm-Pmhv

\S- p¶ NS-§m-Wv, sIm¨ncmPm-hnsâ {]Pm kµÀi-\-am-Wv, HmW- n\p ap¼v kmaq-

Xn-cn-bp-am-bpÅ bp²w Xmev¡m-en-I-ambn \nÀ¯p-¶-Xnsâ {]Xo-I-am-Wv, Ipe-ti-J-c³

N{I-hÀ¯n ]Zw XyPn¨v ]n·p-d-¡m-c-\mbn cmP-ti-J-cs\ hmgn-bv¡m³ {ioaq-e-hmkw

t£{X-¯n-tebv¡p \S-¯p¶ bm{X-bm-Wv, F¶n-§s\ ]ns¶-bp-ap-v `n¶-hym-Jym-

\-§Ä.

sIm¨ncmPmhv B Zn-hkw Fhn-sS-bmtWm Ahn-sS-bmWv A - -abw Ac-t§-dp-

IþAXm-bXv, Xr¸q-Wn- pd F¶ cmP-[m-\n-bnÂ¯s¶ thWw F¶p \nÀ_-Ô-an-

Ã. alm-cm-Pmhv Xr¡m-¡-cbv¡p bm{X ]pd-s -Sp-¶Xpw sXÃp Zqcw k©-cn¨p aS-§n-

h-cp-¶Xpw BWv NS-§v.

A - -a-bm-tLmjw XpS-§p-¶Xv ‘tZiw Adn-bn-bv¡’tem-sS-bm-Wv. aIw, ]qcw,

D{Xw \mfp-I-fnÂ A - -abw hnfw-_-c-s -Sp- p¶ tZiw Adn-bn-bv¡Â NS§v \S-

¡pw. B\- p-d- n-cp-¶mWv tZiw Adn-bn-bv¡Â. aq¶p tIm«hmXn-ev¡epw Adn-bn-

¸p--m-hpw. \memw Znh-k-amb A¯-¯n³ \mÄ \memw tIm«hmXn-en-eq-sS-bmWv

bm{X.

A - nsâ Xte-¶mÄ cmPmhv ]qÀ®-{X-bo-is\ hµn- v, sshIp-t¶cw D]-h-

kn-¨v, {_Ò-Ncyw ]men-bv¡pw. Xr¸q-Wn-¯p-d-bn-emWv F¦nÂ A¶p Ifn-t¡m«

20

sIm«mc¯nÂ F -Ww. At¸mÄ {_mÒ-Wcpw Xncp-apÂ¸m-Sp-amcpw tNÀ¶v cmPm-

hns\ B -c-W-§Ä AWn-bn-bv¡pw. CXmWv ‘N´wNmÀ¯Â’. tZh-{_m-ÒW]qP-

bv¡p-ti-j-amWv N´w NmÀ¯Â XpS-§p-I. A¶v ]qÀ®-{X-bo-i\pw ]g-b-¶qÀ `K-

h-Xnbv¡pw {]tXy-I-h-gn-]m-Sp-IÄ \S- pw. B -c-W-§Ä AWnª alm-cm-Pm-hns\

I¡mSp Imc-W-h- mSv (Xe- nÅn kzcq-]- nse Imc-W-h-cmb Abn-\n-¡qdp \¼n-Sn-

bmWp I¡mSp Imc-W-h- m-Sv) BZyw apJw ImWn-bv¡pw. XpSÀ¶v Øm\n-IÄ, ]uc-

ap-Jy-·mÀ DtZym-KØ{]ap-JÀ F¶n-hÀ cmPm-hns\ I-p hW-§pw.

N¡wIpf-§c t£{X]cn-k-c¯v ]oc¦n apg-§p-¶Xv A¯w tLmj-bm{X XpS-

§p-¶-Xn-sâ kqN-\-bm-Wv. sIm«mc¯nsâ ]qap-J¯v shÅn-hn-f-¡pw, \nd-]-d-bpw,

]Ån-Èw-Jpw, ]g-¡p-e-bpw, hoc-a-±-fhpw sh -Xn\p ]n¶nÂ shÅn knwlm-k-\- nÂ

alm-cm-Pmhv Ccn-bv¡pw. IncoSw aSn-bnÂ shbv¡pw. AXnsâ Imfm©n Ducn Xe- m-

hnÂ [cn- n-cn-bv¡pw. (h-t¶-cn-bnÂ sh¨p ]«m- n-tjIw \S-¶mte IncoSw Xe-bnÂ

shbv¡q F¶mWv sIm¨n cmP-Ip-Spw-_- nse {]Xn-Ú.)

XpSÀ¶v Fgp-s¶-Å-¯m-bn, cmPmhp Ib-dnb ]Ã¡v F«p t]m--·m-cmWv Npa-

¡p-I. A¯-¨-abbm{Xbv¡p am{X-amWv shÅn-sIm-pw kzÀ®w sIm-pw Ae-¦-

cn¨ Cu ]Ã¡v D]-tbm-Kn-bv¡p-I. ]Ã-¡nsâ heXp `mK¯v hmÄ G´nb Znhm³Pn

\S-¡pw. CSXp `mK¯v ]-v Cfapd-¯-¼p-cm\mWv \S-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. ]n¶oSv Ft¸mtgm

AXv \oXn-\nÀÆ-l-Wm-[n-Im-c-apÅ DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn. cmP-Ip-Spw-_-¯nse ]pcp-j-

·mÀ ]Ã-¡n\p ]n¶nÂ \S-¡pw. ]Ã-¡n\p ap¶nÂ s\än- «w sI«nb aq¶v B\-IÄ.

Hcm-\-¸p-d¯v A¼m-cnbpw IqSm-c-hpw, asäm¶n\p apI-fnÂ \Im-cw, aq¶mw B\-¸p-

d¯v Iml-fhpw tN§-e-bpw. B\-IÄ¡v ]n¶nÂ _mâ v hmZyhpw IpXn-c- -«m-fhpw

\mbÀtk\bpw AWn-\n-c-¡pw. Cu \mbÀtk\bv¡v ame-t§m-«p-ImÀ F¶p ]d-bpw.

Ah-cpsS HutZym-KnI thjw \oe-m¡m-ep-dbpw Nph¶ Imep-d-bp-am-Wv. sN«n-hmZyw

AXn-\p-]n-¶nÂ. ]nev¡m-e¯v kvIu«pw CXnÂt¨À¶p. ]Ã-¡n\p ap¶nÂ Xosh«n

]nSn -¨n -«p - - m -Ipw. Zmkn -bm -«hpw D -m -hm -dp - - v .

tIm«-hm-XnÂ¡Â cmPm-hns\ kzoI-cn-bv¡m³ s\«qÀ¯-§fpw Icn-§m-¨n-d-¡-

-\mcpw F¯n-bn-cn-bv¡pw. tLmj-bm{X Ingt¡ tIm«-hm-XnÂ hgn IS¶v ]qÀ®-

{X-boit£{X- n\p ap¶n-se- p-t¼mÄ cmPmhv ]Ã-¡nÂ Ccp¶v ]qÀ®-{X-bo-is\

hµn-bv¡pw.

At¸mÄ Hcp {_mÒ-W³ h¶v, B hÀjw Xr¡m-¡-c-t£-{X- nÂ DXvk-h-anÃ

F¶-dnbnbv¡pw. AtXmsS bm{X Dt]-£n¨v alm-cm-Pmhv aS-§pw. ho-pw Ingt¡

tIm«-bnÂ F¯n-bmÂ ]t«me tat\m³ (]Æ- nÂ Xd-hm«nse AwK-amhpw ]t«me

tat\m³ þ cmP-I-ev]-\-IÄ Hme-bnÂ Ipdn-bv¡p¶ \mbÀ Øm\n.) cmP-k-¶n-[n-bn-

se¯n k½m\w hm§m-\p-Å-h-cpsS t]cp hnh-c-§Ä Hme-t\m¡n hmbn-bv¡m³ XpS-

§pw.

21

Hmtcm-cp- -cmbn cmP-k-¶n-[n-bn-se¯n k½m\w kzoI-cn-bv¡pw. Cu k½m\w

]p¯³ s]mXn F¶-dn-bp-¶p... cm-Pm-hnsâ Aar-tX- mWp XpSÀ¶p \S-¡p-I. H¶n-

s\m¶p sXm-Sp-hn¨v aq¶p Xqi-\n-e-IÄ sh¨v Adp-]- n-\mep Iq«w Idn-Ifpw ]Xn-

\mdp Iq«w {]Y-a\pw F«p Iq«w D¸n-en-«-Xpw, B\- p-h-S³ ] -Shpw tNÀ¶ kZy hnf-

¼pw. hnf-¼p¶ BÄ Xäp-Sp¯v D -cobw C«n-cn-bv¡pw. alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ `£-W-

tijw FÃm hn -h-§fpw kar-²-ambn hnf-¼n, Hcp ]d Acn-bpsS tNmdpw Ce-bnÂ

hnf¼n hnf-¼p-Im-c³ Dds¡ aq¶p-h«w ‘NncptX’F¶p hnfn-bv¡pw. NncpX B Ce-

bpsS Ah-Im-in-bm-Wv. Cu NS-§mWv ‘Nncp-X-hn-fn’. ]n¶o-SmWv k¶n-ln-X-cmb

FÃm-hÀ¡p-apÅ kÀÆm-Wn-k-Zy. kÀÆmWnkZy-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀs¡Ãmw

kZybv¡p ]pdsa Hmtcm ]p¯\pw \evIpw12.

Xr¡m-¡-c-bnÂ \n¶v, alm-_-ensb (A-¶s¯ N{I-hÀ¯n-sb) Øm\-{ -jS-\m-

¡n-b-Xnsâ kvac-W-bmhmw HmWw F¶ hmZ-¯nsâ shfn-¨-¯nÂ Xr¸q-Wn-¯p-d-

bnÂ AXn-\p-th-n \S¶ Hcp KqUm-tem-N-\-bp-ambn aocm-¡p«n ]n. A¯-¨-a-bs¯

_Ôn-¸n -bv¡p-¶p- - v . ‘]qWn-bv¡pI' F¶mÂ i]Yw sN¿p-I-sb-¶m-WtÃm AÀ°w.

A¶v X{ -]qÀÆw FÃm PmXn-a-X-¡m-tcbpw (Cu KqVm-tem-N-\-bnÂ) ]s¦-Sp- n- n-cp-

¶n-cn-bv¡-Ww. AXnsâ kvac-W-bv¡m-hWw A - -abtLmj-bm-{X-bpsS ap¶nÂ

sN¼n-e-c-b³, InS-§nÂ ]pe-b³, Icn-§m-¨nd I¯-\mÀ, s\«qÀ X§Ä F¶n-hÀ

AWn-\n-c-¶-Xv.”13

A¯-¨-a-b-¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ k¦-ev]-t`-Z-§Ä XpS-¡-¯nÂ kqNn-¸n-¨p-h-tÃm.

F¶mÂ AXv F´m-bn-cnbv¡mw F¶v Cu NS-§p-IÄ Xs¶ kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p-- v.

BtLm-j-t¯m-Sp-IqSn bm{X ]pd-s -Sp¶ alm-cm-Pm-hns\ {_mÒWZqX³ h¶v apS-

¡p-¶-Xv, ‘Xr¡m-¡-c-bnÂ C -hW DÕ-h-anÃ' F¶m-W-tÃm. AXp-{]-Imcw alm-cm-

Pm-hnsâ bm{X Xr¡m-¡c DÕ-h- n-\p-Xs¶bmI-Ww. Xr¡m-¡-c-bnse {]kn-²-am-

b, Ccp-]-¯n-sb«p Znhkw \o-p \nev¡p¶ DÕ-h-¯nsâ kp{]-[m-\-amb Ah-km-

\s¯ ]¯p Znh-k-§-fpsS Bcw- -am-WtÃm A¯w. ""Xr¡m-¡-c-bn-te-bv¡pÅ bm{X''

F¶ an¯nsâ ]n³_-e- n-emWv Hcm-Nm-ctam BtLm-jtam Bbn am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-

bvt¡- A¯-¨-a-b-¯n\v A\p-jvTm\Xew ssIh-cp-¶-Xv. B k¦-ev]-\-t¯msS

sIm¨n alm-cm-Pmhv F¶ Hcp hyàn \nÀÆ-ln-bv¡p¶ NS-§p-IÄ F¶-XnÂ \n¶v

AXnÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fm-Ip-¶-hÀ apgp-h³--- þ tIhew ImgvN-¡mÀ IqSnbpw þ B -cn-I-ambn

Hc-\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ `mK-`m-¡p-I-fm-Ip¶ AhØ kwPm-X-am-Ip-¶p.

1949þ se Xncp-sIm¨n kwtbm-P-\-t¯msS A - -a-b- nsâ cmP-Iobkz`m-hhpw

A\p-jvTm-\-X-ehpw CÃm-Xm-bn. ]n¶oSv 1961-þÂ HmWw tZio-tbm-Õ-h-ambn sIm--m-

Sm³ tIcf kÀ¡mÀ Xocp-am-\n- -Xn-s\- p-SÀ¶v A - -a-bs¯ ‘A¯m-tLmj’am¡n kÀ¡mÀ Xe- nÂ BtLm-jn¨p XpS-§n.

1.2.3. HmWhnf¡v

HmWt¯mS-\p-_-Ôn¨v A\p-jvTm-\m-ß-I-ambn sXfn-bn-bv¡p¶ hnf-¡v. CXn\pw

22

{]I-S-amb {]mtZ-inI t`Z-§-fp--v. D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯nÂ, Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸sâ {]Xn-jvTbv¡p

]Icw ]q¯n-®-bnÂ sImfp¯n shbv¡p-¶Xv HmW-hn-f-¡mWv F¶p kqNn- n- p-h-

tÃm. Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸s\ ]qPn-bv¡p-t¼mgpw hnf¡p sIm-fp-¯p¶ ]Xn-hp--v. ]m¡-

\mÀ ]m«nÂ,

“Im¡-h¶w IXnÀhn-f¡v

ASp-¡-f-bv¡I-s¯-cnI

Xq¡p-a¶w XpSÀhn-f¡v

ASp-¡-fbv¡p ]pd-s¯-cnI

HmW-a©pw Ign-thmfw

\ne-hn-f¡v \ns¶-cnI

HmW-a©pw Ign-thmfw

IXnÀ hnf¡v \ns¶-cn-I...” 14

F¶v HmW-¡m-e v I¯n¨p shbv¡p¶ sISm-hn-f-¡nsâ Nn{Xw ImWmw. asämcp

Xcw HmW-hn-f-¡n-s\-¸än efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p--v. D{Xm-S-

¯n³ \mÄ cmhnse ‘HmWw hcp- pI’ F¶ NS-§n-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v (CXn-s\- än

asäm-cn-S¯v kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p--v). I¯n¨p shbv¡p¶ sISm-hn-f-¡mWv HmW-hn-f-

¡v. “AXn-cm-hnse Ipfn¨v tXhm-c- nÂ {]tXyI ]qP Ign¨v HmW-hn-f¡p sIm-fp-

¯p-¶p. c-Sn s]m-¡hpw hÀ¯p-fm-Im-c-hp-apÅ Hm«p-hn-f-¡n-\I¯v \Sp-hnÂ AXn-

a-t\m-l-c-amb e£vaohn{K-l-hpw, Ccp-h-i¯pw Xp¼n-¡cw s]m¡n Aar-Xm- n-tjIw

sN¿p¶ c-m-\-Ifpw hnNn-{X-amb {]`m-a-WvU-ehpw IqSmsX KW-]-Xn, Kcp-U³,

kp{_-Ò-Wy³ apX-emb D]-tZhhn{K-l-§Ä sXmSp¯n-t¨À¯ Xq¡p N§-ebpw

DÅ ]hn-{X-amb hnf-¡mWv AXv. ]qP Ignªv Bhm-ln-s¨-Sp¯ Xncn-sIm-v Xd-

hm-«nÂ Imc-W-hÀ¡p am{Xta B Zo]w Pzen- n-bv¡m-\-h-Im-i-ap-Åq. \mep Znh-ks¯

sISm-hn-f-¡v, AYhm sISp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ, BsImÃw IpSpw-_- nÂ BÀs¡-¦nepw

{Kl-¸n-g-bp--m-Ip-sa-¶Xv A\p-`-h-kn-²-a-t{X.”15 C -c-samcp hnf¡v Xsâ Xd-hm-

«nÂ am{Xta I-n-«p-Åq-sh¶pw AhÀ kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p-- v. {]mtZ-in-Itam kmap-Zm-

bn-Itam Bbn am{Xw {]Nm-c-¯n-epÅ aäp HmW-hn-f-¡p-Ifpw D-m-Imw.

F¶mÂ, HmW-hn-f-¡nsâ asämcp cq]w, HmW-Ê-Zy-tbm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v sXfn-bn¨p

t]mcm-dp- - v. (CXv ]nd-¶m-fp-I-fp-IÄ¡pw aäv B--dp-Xn-IÄ¡pw ]Xn-hp-Å-Xm-Wv.)

1.2.4. hnf-¡¯p hnf-¼Â

sIm-fp¯nsh¨ hnf-¡n\p ap¶nÂ, X¿m-dm-¡nb FÃm hn`-h-§fpw A\p-jvTm-

\m-ß-I-ambn hnf-¼p¶ Hcp ]Xn-hp-- v. khÀ®À, Cuiz-c-k-¦-ev]- n-epw, AhÀ®À

Imc-Whk¦-ev]-¯n-ep-amWv C§s\ sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ing-t¡m«v Xncn-¨mWv hnf¡p

sImfp¯nsh-bv¡p-I. ""Imc-W-h-·mÀ¡v sh¨p-sIm-Sp¡p'' ¶XnÂ aZyhpw aÕy-amw-

23

km-Zn-Ifpw BIm-sa-¦n-epw, aäp-Å-hÀ Ah hnf-¡¯v hnf-¼m-dn-Ã. \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS

hnf-¡- n-e-bv¡v, £pc-I\pw (hn-f-¡- ne \mbÀ) \mbÀ apX-e-mb-h-cp-tS-Xn\v a®m-

¯nbpw BWv Ah-Im-in. aäp-Å-hÀ, Cu Ce ]ntä¶v tImgn-bvt¡m, Im¡bvt¡m

sIm-Sp-¡pw.

Cu kml-N-cy- nÂ “tIc-f- nÂ anbv¡-hmdpw FÃm- -c- n-epÅ A\p-jvTm-

\-§-fnepw Nne BZn-hmkn A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä HgnsI þ \ne-hn-f¡v Hcp {][m\ LS-

I-am-b-Xp-sIm-v, HmWhn-f-¡ns\ Hcp knti-j-amb A\p-jvTm-\-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ ]cn-

K-Wn-bv¡-W-sa-¦nÂ kµÀ`m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw kqjva-hp-amb Hcp A]-{K-Y\w Bh-iy-

amWv” F¶ ]n.-c-¬Pn-XvIp-am-dnsâ \nco-£Ww16 ]cn-K-W-\mÀl-am-Wv. F¶mÂ, HmW-

hn-f-¡ns\ kzbw Hc-\p-jvTm-\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-bv¡p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ HmW-sa¶ kmaq-

lnINS-§n-s\, A\p-jvTm-\m-ß-I-am-¡p¶ A]qÀÆw km¶n-²y-§-fnÂ {][m-\-s¸-

«Xv F¶ \ne-bnÂ IW-¡m-¡p-I-bmhpw DNnXw.

1.3 A\p-jvTm-\-IeIÄ

Nne Awi-§-fnÂ A\p-jvTm\ kz`mhw {]I-Sn- n-bv¡p-¶-h-bpw, F¶mÂ ImWn-

I-fnÂ Bcm-[-\-tb-¡m-f-[nIw BkzmZ\w (hn-t\m-Zw) krjvSn-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶

Nne NS-§p-IÄ HmW-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. HmW- mÀ, HmtW-iz-c³

(Hm-W-s¸m«³) HmW- p-ÅÂ, Xpbn-ep-WÀ¯p-]m«v XpS-§n-bh C¡q-«- nÂs¸Sp-¶p.

Cu AÀ°-¯nÂ Ahsb A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-IÄ F¶p hyh-l-cn-bv¡mw. F¶mÂ,

apSn-tb-äv, sX¿w t]mse-bpÅ ]qÀ® A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-I-fnÂ \n¶v Ch hyXy-kvX-hp-

am-Wv. khn-ti-j-amb A´-co£krjvSn-sIm-v, A\p-jvTm-\-amWv F¶v kqNn-¸n-

bv¡p-I-bpw, AtX-k-abw {]I-S-amb AXo-{µnbkm¶n-²y-§Ä CÃm-Xn-cn-bv¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶p F¶-XmWv Ch-X-½n-epÅ hyXym-kw. {it²-b-amb asämcp hkvXpX

hyXykvXtZi-§-fnÂ, hyXykvXkap-Zm-b-¡mÀ Ah-X-cn- n-bv¡p¶ Cu Ie-I-sfÃmw

khÀ®À¡p th-n Ah-cnÂ \n¶v \nÝnX Ah-Im-i-§Ä kzoI-cn-¨v hoSp-IÄ

Ibdnbnd§n \S-¯-s¸-Sp¶p F¶XmWv. ImgvN-¡mÀ¡v CXn-\p-th-n {]tXyI

X¿m-sd-Sp- p-IÄ Bh-iy-an-sÃ-¦n-epw, ]¦m-fn-IÄ AXnsâ A\p-jvTm\kz`mhw Im¯p-

t]m-cm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-Wv. (A-\p-jvTm\Ie-bnÂ Ahiyw kw -hn-bv¡p-¶, Ah-Xm-

c-Icpw ImWn-Ifpw X½nÂ \S-¡p¶ GIo-I-cWw Ch-bnÂ Ipd-hmWv; tN¼n-e-bnÂ

hoW shÅw-t]m-se-þ.)

1.3.1 HmW- mÀ

D -c-tI-c-f- nÂ (I-®qÀ, ImkÀtKmUv PnÃ-IÄ) h®m-·mÀ, Nn§- nse D{XmSw

Xncp-thmWw \mfp-I-fnÂ sI«n-h-cp¶ Hcp sX¿-amWv HmW- mÀ. “sNdn-sbmcp B¬Ip-

«n-bmWv HmW-¯msd sI«p-I. aäp- h-®m-·mÀ sN--sIm-«p-Ibpw ]m«p-]m-Sp-Ibpw sN¿pw.

Cu sX¿-¯n\v apJ¯p tX¸pw sNdnb apSnbpw aäp Na-b-§fpw D-m-bn-cn-bv¡pw.

heXp ssI¿nÂ aWnbpw CS-Xp-ssI-¿nÂ HmW-hnÃpw ]nSn-¨n-cn-bv¡pw. aWn-ap-«n-

s¡m--mWv HmW-¯mdv BSp-¶-Xv.”17

24

HmW- mÀ ]mSp¶ Nne ]m«p-I-fnse GXm\pw `mKw NphsSt¨À¡p-¶p.

1. “...-Hm-W- p-S-h-I-sf-Sp- p-S³ Naªp \¶mbv

s]m³hf-Ifpw ISIw ssIhn-cÂ tamXncw

s]m¶n³ IpcÄ Imc Igp- nÂ \Âh-\-am-ebpw

KWvU-Ø-e-§-fnÂ hnf-§p¶ IpWvUew ImXnÂ

]mWn-Ø-e-§-fn-tem-W-hnÃpw IW-bp-ambn

ImWn I-p Icw Iq¸pw apJ-tim-`bpw

H -b-Xp-sImÅpw aWn sIm«n \S-¶n-t«mtcm þ

Zn¡n-epÅ hntijw ]eXpw I-p

Zm\w ]e-Xcw AhÀ \evIp-¶Xpw hm§n

Zm\-h-c\pw t]mbn At[m-temIw kpJn¨p hmWp þ” 18

2. “Hma-\-ss¸X-em-ap®n¡rjvW³

Ima-]m-em-{K-P³ Xm³ XpWbv¡

HmW-am-Ip-¶tXm \mcm-b-W³

\msf-¶-dn-bpI th-p sNm-¶mÂ

HmWw PK- n-¦Â Nn§-amkw

thW-a-e-¦mcw am\p-jÀ¡v

H -sImÅpw aWn sIm«n\¶mbv

tNÀ -tbm-S§p he- p-ssI-¿nÂ

Hme-¡-Wbpw ]nSn-¨p-\-¶mbv

Hm¦m-c-amb apSn Xe-bnÂ

Hma-\-s\-änbv¡p s]m³Ipdnbpw

apäpÅ sN¡n-¸q-am-e-NmÀ¯n

I¯p¶ cXv\w hnf-§pw-t]mse

H¯p-sIm- -m -SpI Nn¯-tam-ZmÂ

thtcmsS t]m¡pI h³]nWnbw

BS-¸p-en-t¯m-e-c-bnÂ NmÀ¯n

BSp¶ ]m¼p-IÄ Xm\-Wnªv

Hs¡-¸p-d-s¸Spw \m«pssZth

t]ÀsNmÃn \ns¶-kvXp-Xn-bv¡p¶p Rm³” 19

25

Ah-km\w ImWp¶ ssih-kq-N-\-IÄ, BZyw ]d-bp¶ IrjvWk¦-ev]-hp-ambn

s]m-cp- -s -Sp-¶n-Ã. Xs¶-bp-a-Ã, thj-hn-[m\w (]p-en-t¯mepw ]m¼pw) HmW- m-

dn\v tNcp-¶p-an-Ã. ]m«nÂ ]nev¡m-e¯p \S¶ GtXm Iq«n-t¨À¡-ep-I-fmImw Cu

sshcp-²y-¯n\p Imc-Ww.

1.3.2 HmW-s¸m-«³ (HmtW-iz-c³)

sXt¡-a-e-_m-dnse Nne `mK-§-fnÂ (Ipdp-¼-\m«p Xmeq-¡nepw aäpw) D{XmSw

Xncp-thmWw Znh-k-§-fnÂ h¶p t]mIp¶ Hcp thj-amWv HmW-s¸m-«³. ae-bcb-

cmWv CXp sI«p-I.

“HmtW-iz-csâ thjw `wKn-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. apJw an\p¡n I®pw ]pcn-Ihpw FgpXn

tKm]n-¡p-dn-tbmSpw sI«n- n-Sn¨ XmSn aoi-I-tfmSpw sNhn- q-thmSpw IqSn-b-XmWv apJw.

apSn-bpsS BIrXn IY-I-fn-bnse IrjvW-tâXp Xs¶. Igp- nÂ ame-IÄ, amd¯pw

ssII-fnepw Ipdn-IÄ, tXmÄ hf, IS-Iw, Xe-ap-Sn, IY-I-fn-bn-se-t¸mse hmen-«p-Sp- p-

sI-«v, \m¡v, he¯p I¿nÂ Ipcp-t¯me Xq¡nb s\Snb IpS, CS-t -XnÂ aWn,

CSt¯ tXmfnÂ s]m-¡Ww, DSp¸pw Ipdnbpw Xe-ap-Snbpw FÃmw aª \ndw. C§-

s\-bmWv thjw... -Hm-tW-iz-c³ ho«nÂ hcp-t¼mÄ `{ZZo]hpw \nd-\m-gnbpw sh¨p

kzoI-cn-bv¡-Ww. HmtW-iz-c³ aWn Inep-¡n-sIm--mWv ho«n-tebv¡p hcn-I. HmtW-

iz-c¶p apSn Xe-bn-ep-Å-t¸mÄ kwkm-cn-bv¡p-hm\pw, Ddp¼p ImenÂ Ib-dp¶ am{X-

t]mepw Hcn-S¯v \nev¡m\pw Ccn-bv¡m\pw ]mSn-Ã. AXn\mÂ L-m-\mZw tI«mÂ

ho«p-ImÀ Hcp§n \nev¡-Ww. h¶ DSs\ aq¶p XhW h«-¯nÂ Xncnªp s]m-

¡Ww ImWn-bv¡pw. At¸mÄ \nd¨p sh¨ Acn aq¶p {]mh-iy-ambn s]m-¡-W- n-

en«p sIm-Sp-¡Ww. AXnÂ \n¶v Aev]w Acn-hmcn HmtW-iz-c³ ho«n-te-bvs¡-dn-bpw.

HmtW-iz-c¶p ]mt«m, sImt«m, B«tam, \r¯tam CÃ.” 20

tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃ-bnepw ae-bÀ HmW-s¸m-«³ sI«p-¶-Xmbn ]n.-c-RvPnXv IpamÀ

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p- - v. ]¯p Znh-ks¯ {hX-sa-Sp¯p sIm--mWv AhÀ Cu thjw

sI«p-¶-Xv.21 - tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃ-bnÂ ]mWÀ HmW-s¸m«³ sI«p-¶-Xmbn Fw.-hn.-hnjvWp

\¼q-Xn -cnbpw Nq - n -¡m-Wn -¨n -«p - - v .22

1.3.3 Xpbn-ep-WÀ¯p-]m«v

hÅp-h-\m-«n-epw, XrÈqÀ PnÃ-bnepw ]mWÀ \S- n-bn-cp¶ Hc-\p-jvTm-\-I-e. D{XmSw

\mfnÂ Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸s\ shbv¡p-t¼mÄ, ChÀ ]m«p ]mSn Nph-Sp-IÄ shbv¡pw.

A¯w apXÂ, NXbw hsc, In®hpw ISp- p-Sn-bpambn hoSp-IÄ Ib-dn-bn-d§n ]m«p-

]m-Sp-sa-¦n-epw, Xr¡m-¡-c-b- s\ shbv¡p-¶-Xn-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn- m-Wv, (D-{Xm-S- p-¶mÄ

sshIp-t¶-cw) Nph-Sp-hbv]pw Ifnbpw D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. (IÀ¡-S-I-¯nÂ iothmXn¸m«p

]mSnbpw ChÀ hoSp-I-fn-se-¯m-dp--v.). \ne-hn-f¡p I¯n-¨p-sh¨v AXn\p ap¶n-emWv

Xpbn-ep-WÀ¯Â ]m«v Ah-X-cn- n-bv¡p-I.

26

“Xr¡m-¡c sXt¡-¡c

I®- fn al-tZ-h³...”

F¶m-cw- n-bv¡p¶ HmW-¡m-es¯ Xpbn-ep-WÀ¯p ]m«n-s\- än asämcnS¯v hni-

I-e\w sNbvXn-«p--v. (2þmw A²ym-bw). s\Ãv, Acn, ]gw F¶n-h-bmWv ]mW-\pÅ

Ah-Im-i-§Ä.23

1.3.4 HmW- p-ÅÂ

a[yXncp-hnXmwIqdnÂ, HmW-¡m-e¯v the-·mÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p t]mcp¶ Hc-\p-

jvTm\\r -amWv HmW- p-ÅÂ AYhm the³ XpÅÂ. “D{XmSZn\w apXÂ \mep-

t]-c-S-§p¶ Hcp kwLw þ the³, the- n, Hcp s]¬Ip-«n, Hcp ]pcp-j³ þ hoSp-

tXmdpw Ib-dn-bn-d-§pw. the³ DSp-¡p-sIm«pw the¯n ssI¯mfw ]nSn-bv¡pw. ]pcp-

j³ Hm«pIn®-¯nÂ sIm«n i_vZ-ap--m-¡pw. s]¬Ip«n Ipcp-t¯m-e-¨m-acw hoin

Nph-Sp-sh-bv¡pw. A§s\ XpÅÂ Bcw-`n-bv¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w ]m«p-ap--v.

“AcpÄ XcnI KW-]-Xn-bn¶v

Xncp-]mZw sXmgp s]t®”

F¶v KW-]-Xnbpw ]n¶oSv kc-kz-Xnbpw ]mSn-¡-gn-ªmÂ,

“D{Xm-S-a-kvX-an¨p

Xncp-thmWw shfp-¸n\v

alm-_-enbpw hnjvWp-hp-ambv

\mSp-Im-Wm-s\-gp-s¶Åpw”

F¶ ]mt«msS amth-en-]p-cmWw Bcw- n-bv¡p-¶p...-]m«p Ignªv ""A½m-\m«w''

""aqt¡Â hnZy'' XpS-§nb A`ymk{]I-S-\-§fpw \S-¡pw. FÃmw IqSn aq¶p aWn-¡q-

tdmfw \o-p \nev¡pw. AXn-\p-tijw Acnbpw tIm¸pw HmW-t¡m-Snbpw hm§n-

s¡m-v kwLw asämcp ho«n-te¡p Ib-dpw.”24

Cu A\p-jvTm\Ie-Isf ]pcm-hr¯þ ----A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-ambn hni-I-e\w sNbvX

cRvPnXv IpamÀ Ah-bnÂ DÀÆ-c-Xm-\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ km²y-X-IÄ Is--Sp-¡p-I-bpw,

{]I-S-amb amthen k¦ev]w ]nev¡m-e v Iq«n-t¨À -Xm-hm-sa¶v \nco-£n-bv¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p-- v. Xs¶-bp-a-Ã, Ch-bnÂ H¶n-e-[nIw k¦-ev]-§Ä IeÀ¶n-cn-bv¡mw

(hnjvWp, inh³, kqcy³, alm-_en F¶n-§-s\) F¶pw At±lw kqNn- n-bv¡p-¶p-

- v .25

F¶mÂ CXn-s\m-¸tam, CXn-e-[n-Itam {]m[m-\y-apÅ Hcp hkvXp-X, C¯cw

A\p-jvTm-\- I-e-I-fpsS hnX-c-W-am-Wv. AXyp-¯ctIcfw apXÂ, Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ

hsc, tIc-f- n-epsS \ofw ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-bv¡-s -«-h-tbm, tcJ-s -Sp- m³ Ign-bm-

¯-htbm Bb hyXykvX A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-IÄ \ne-\n-¶n-cn-bv¡m³ km²y-X-bp--v.

27

DÀÆ-c-Xm-k-¦-ev]-s -tbm, atä-sX-¦nepw k¦-ev]-§-sftbm ap³\nÀ¯n HmW-¡m-e v

Ah tIc-fobKrl-§-fnÂ Ah-X-cn- n-bv¡-s¸«p t]m¶n-cn-bv¡-Ww. t\cs¯ kqNn-

¸n-¨-Xp-t]m-se, Ah-Xm-c-IÀ, apJy-[m-cbv¡p ]pd-¯pÅ AhÀ®-cpw, ImgvN-¡mÀ,

Irjn-¡mtcm P·n-amtcm Bb khÀ®cpw Bbn-cp-¶p. s\Ãv, Acn, ]gw, Nne-t¸mÄ

HmW-t¡mSn F¶n-§-s\-bm-bn-cp¶p ChÀ¡pÅ Ah-Imi§Ä F¶Xp IqSn ]cn-K-

Wn-bvt¡-- -Xp- - v. C§s\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ HmW-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨p \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶

asäÃm LS-I-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXn-cn-à-amb Hcp kam-´-c-t{i-Wn, C¯cw A\p-

jvTm-\-I-e-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶p F¶p ]d-tb-n hcpw. tIc-f-¯nse

BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä, ImÀjn-I-_-Ô-§Ä, XpS-§n-b-h-bpambn¡qSn _Ôn- n¨p hni-

I-e\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ am{Xta CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-XÂ hnh-c-§Ä Adn-bm³ km[n-

bv¡p-I-bp-Åq.

1.4 BNmcw

]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb aqey-t_m-[- n-sâbpw hnizm-k- n-sâbpw ASn-Øm-\- nÂ Hcp

P\-k-aqlw ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p-t]m-cp¶ {Inbmw-i-§-fmWv BNm-c-§Ä. hyàn-bpsS kmaq-

lnIPohn-Xs¯ \nÀ®-bn-bv¡p-¶-XnÂ BNm-c-§Ä¡v henb ]¦p--v. ]e-t¸mgpw

“BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä” F¶v H¶n- mWv hy]tZ-in¨p t]mcm-dp-Å-sX-¦n-epw, A\p-

jvTm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v `n¶-ambn, BNm-c-§-fnÂ, Aeu-InILS-I-§Ä {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-

¶n-Ã. BNm-c-§Ä kmap-Zm-bnI LS-\-bn-emWv thcp-d-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXv F¶-Xp-

sIm - pXs¶, Cu LS-\-bn-ep--m-Ip¶ GXp amähpw BNm-c-§sf _m[n-bv¡pw.

C¶s¯ BNmcw \msf A\m-Nm-chpw ]n¶oSv A_-²-hp-am-Ip-¶Xv AXp-sIm-mWv.

HmWs¯ kw_-Ôn¨pw C¯-c-¯nÂ \nc-h[n BNm-c-§-fp--m-bn-cp-¶p. Nne-sXÃmw

{]Nm-c-ep-]vX-am-bn-t¸m-sb-¦nepw Iptd-tbsd NS-§p-IÄ, Imen-I-amb ]cn-Wm-a-t¯msS

C¶pw \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶p.

HmW-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn- pÅ BNm-c-§sf Xmsg ]dbpw t]mse hÀ¤o-I-cn-bv¡mw.

1. Ct¸mgpw kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ NS-§p-IÄ

2. ^yqsUÂ/ImÀjnI hyh-Ø-bnÂ cq]-s¸-«Xpw AXnsâ XIÀ¨-tbmsS

£tbm-·p-J-am-bXp-amb NS-§p-IÄ.

3. t£{X-§-fnse khn-tijNS-§p-IÄ.

1.4.1 Ct¸mgpw \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ BNm-c-§Ä

ka-Im-enIkaq-l- nepw \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶Xpw hym]-I-amb AwKo-Imcw e`n- -

h-bp-amb NS-§p-Isf C¡q-«- nÂ DÄs -Sp- mw. ]q¡-fw, HmW-Ê-Zy, HmW-t¡mSn

XpS-§n-b-h-bm-W-h. Ch Xmc-X-tay\ tIcfw apgp-h³ henb hyXym-k-§-fn-ÃmsX

BN-cn¨p t]mcp-¶p-v. kqIvjva-X-e-¯nÂ ]e-am-ä-§fpw Chbv¡pw h¶p-tNÀ¶n-«p-

s- -¦n-epw, amdp-¶-Im-e-¯n-s\m¸w amä-§-tfm-sS-bm-sW-¦nepw AXn-Po-hn-bv¡m³

Ignªp F¶-XmWv Ch-bpsS {]tXy-I-X.

28

1.4.1.1 ]q¡fw

tIc-fo-bÀ ]q¡-f-an-Sp-¶Xv {][m-\-ambpw A©p kml-N-cy-§-fn-em-Wv. HmWw,

]qcw, Bbneyw, aIw, AjvS-an-tcm-ln-Wn, Xr¡mÀ¯nI F¶n-h-bm-W-h.26 F¶mÂ

HmW- q-¡-f- n-\mWv hym]-I-amb {]Nm-chpw ]¦m-fn- -hpw. kv{XoI-fpw, Ip«n-I-fp-

amWv s]m-Xpsh HmW-¸q-¡-f-sam-cp-¡p-¶-XnÂ ap³]-´n-bnÂ. hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bn-tem,

AÀ²hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bntem sagp-Inb If-§-fnÂ, hr¯w, NXp-cw, {XntImWw XpS-§nb

Pyman-Xob cq]-§-fn-emWv ]q¡-f-sam-cp-¡p-I. CXn\v, H«-\-h[n {]mtZ-inI t`Z-§fpw

k¦ev]t`Z-§-fp-ap-- v. {][m-\-s¸-«h NphsS tNÀ¡p-¶p.

* H¶mw \ne-bnÂ KW-]-Xn, inh\pw iàn-bpw, aq¶nÂ inh³, \menÂ {_Òm-

hv, A©nÂ ]©-{]m-W-§Ä, BdnÂ j¬ap-J³, GgnÂ Kpcp-\m-Y³, F«nÂ AjvS-

ZnIv ]me-IÀ, H¼-XnÂ C{µ³, ]¯nÂ hnjvWp, C§s\ k¦-ev]n¨v ]¯p X«nÂ

]q¡-f-samcp¡-W-sa¶v {hX-Nq-Um-a-Wn-bnÂ ]d-ªn-cn-bv¡p-¶p.27

* sX¡³ tIc-f-¯nÂ, H¶mw \mÄ Hcp Ifw, c-mw \mÄ c-p Ifw F¶n-

§s\ Xncp-thm-W-am-Ip-t¼m-tgbv¡p ]¯p Ifw F¯n-bv¡p¶ ]Xn-hp--v.28

* a²y tIc-f- nÂ aqe- n\v aq¶p Zn¡n-epw, ]qcm-S- n\p ]qc- -d-¼p-hsc (kz´w

]d-¼nsâ AXnÀ¯n-h-sc) D{Xm-S- p-\mÄ D{X-¡q-Sp-hsc ( AXm-bXv If- nÂ \n¶v

AI-t¯m«v hoSp-h-sc) A§-s\-bmWv If-an-«n-cp-¶-Xv.29

* aäp Nne-bn-S-§-fnÂ, A - n\v hf-h-«- nÂ XpS-§p¶ ]q¡fw Xncp-thm-W-

¯n\p IpS-h-«- n-em-I-Ww. CXns\ kqNn- n-bv¡m³ A¯w \mÄ hf-h-«w, ]¯mw-

\mÄ IpS-h«w Fs¶mcp sNm-Ãp-X-s¶-bp-- v.30

* Xrt¡« Xrss¡ \o«pw þ AXm-bXv Hcp Ifw IpSp-XÂ hc-bv¡pw.31 F¶Hcp

k¦-ev] -hp -ap - - v .

* hÅp-h-\m-«nÂ, Xr¡m-¡-c-b- s\ shbv¡p-¶-Xp- hsc am{Xsa ]q¡-f-an-Sq. aqe-

¯n-\v, aqe-aqSn ]qhn-SpI, F¶pw aqe-¡fw hc-bv¡pI F¶pw ]d-bpw. \mep aqe-

bpÅ NXp-c-¡-f-amWv A¶v hc-bv¡p-I. Xrt¡-«-\mÄ I¶p\nÀ¯p-¶-Xp-h-sc, Xp¼bpw

ap¡p-änbpw am{Xta ]q¡-f- n-enSq F¶ ]Xnhv hÅp-h-\m-«nse \mb-·mÀ¡n-S-bnÂ

D - m -bp -c p -¶p .32

* A¯w hcp-¶Xv GXm-gvN-bmtWm AXn-\-\p-k-cn¨v ]q¡Ä sXc-sª-Sp-¡p¶

coXn-bp-v Nne-bn-S-§-fnÂ. CXv kqNn-¸n-bv¡p¶ Hcp ]m«v.

“A³s]gpw Xp¼¸q Xn¦-fmgvN

sIm-¼\mw sN{¼¯n sNm-Æm-\m-fnÂ

Iq¼ntew ]qhpw _p[-s\m-cp-¡m³

h¼-\-tim-I¸q hymg-\mImw

29

X¦¸q shÅnbv¡p tNcp-atÃm

C{µ\oe¸q i\n-bv¡p-Xs¶

sN¼-\-c-fn¸q Rmb-dmgvN

a¦-am-sc-Ãm-a-dnªp sImÅqþ”33

* A - q-hmbn sX¨n-tb-bpw, Nn¯nc¸qhmbn Acn- q-hn-t\bpw tNmXn¸qhmbn

sN¼-c- n-tbbpw ]qcm-S- n\v Im¡- q-hn-t\bpw (Im-¡- q-cm-Sw) {][m-\-ambn ]cn-K-

Wn-¨n-cp-¶p.34 (h-Åp-h-\m-«nÂ Acn¸q (tX-h-Sn-¨n-¸q) ]q¡-f-¯nsâ {io sISp¯pw

F¶mWv hnizm-kw).

* ]q¡-fn-dp-¡m³ t]mIp-t¼mÄ Ip«n-IÄ “]qth s]men ]qth” F¶pw, “Bd- q-

th..........” F¶pw s]menhn-fn-bv¡pw. Cu s]m-en-tbm-sSm¸w Nne ]m«p-Ifpw ]mSpw.

]q¡fw AXn-Po-hn- -Xp-t]m-se, ]qs¸m-enbvt¡m, s]men¸m«p-IÄt¡m AXn-Po-hn-bv¡m-

\m-bn-Ã.

* ]q¡-f-an-Sm³ sXc-ª-Sp-¡p¶ ]q¡Ä s]m-Xpsh, Xp¼, ap¡p-än, sN¯n, XpS-

§nb sNdnb ]q¡-fm-Wv. HmW-¯n\v sshjvWhk¦-ev]-am-sW-¦n-epw, hnjvWp-

hn\p {][m-\-amb Xpfkn ]q¡-f-¯nÂ ]Xn-hn-Ã. ]q¡-f-an-Sm³ \pÅn-sb-Sp-¡p¶

]q¡Ä, ho«n-\-I¯v Ib-äm-dn-Ã. Xte¶v sshIo«p ]dn-bv¡p¶ ]q¡Ä t]mepw GsX-

¦nepw ac- p-h-«n-tem, hmg-bn-e-IÄ¡n-S-bntem shbv¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-I. hÅp-h-\m-

«nÂ, Ip«n-IÄ¡v ]qhn-dp-¡m³ Bim-cn-tbm, ]d-bt\m ]qh-«n-bp--m-¡n-s¡m-Sp¡pw.

Cu h«n \ndsb s\Ãv AhÀ¡v Ah-Imiw sIm-Sp- n-cp-¶p. kpK-Ô-apÅ ssIX,

apÃ XpS-§nb ]q¡fpw ]-v ]q¡-f-¯n-en-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ¡pw aäpw ]q¡-f-

§Ä¡v henb {]m[m-\y-an-Ã. Xp¼-¸q-sIm-v Xr¡m-¡-c-b-¸s\ aqSp-I-bmWv {][m-

\w. tZh-·mcpw Akp-c-·mcpw X½n-tem, Bcy-·mcpw {Zm-hn-Ucpw X½ntem \S- n-bn-

cp¶ Hcp bp²- nsâ A\p-kva-cWamhmw ]q¡fw F¶v tNe-§m«v tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³

A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp -¶p- - v .35

]q¡-f-¯n\v HmW-¯nÂ am{X-aÃ \½psS kmaq-lnIPohn-X-¯nepw Øm\-ap-

s-¶p ImWmw. ]q¡-f-dn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw, ]q¡-f-an-Sp-¶-Xn-epw, henb tXmXn-epÅ sIm-

Sp-¡Â hm§-ep-I-fpw, {]Ir-Xn-t_m-[hpw {]I-S-am-Wv. \½psS Ifsa-gp¯p ]mc-¼-cy-

¯n-tâbpw hÀ®-t_m-[-¯n-tâbpw DZm-¯-am-Xr-I-Ifpw ]q¡-f-¯nÂ Is--¯m³

km[n-bv¡pw. F¶mÂ, AXn-¶p-a- p-d- v, ]q¡-f-§sf tIc-fo-b-cpsS \nXy-Xm-t_m-

[-hp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-bv¡m-\pÅ {ia-§-fp-ap- -m -bn-«p- - v . “]q¡fw `qan-tim` hcp- p¶

Nn{X-I-e-bm-Wv. Imhym-ß-I-tim-`-bpÅ ]q¡ÄsIm-v `qansb Ae-¦-cn-bv¡p¶ Cu

NS§v alm-_-en-bpsS hmÀjnIkµÀi-\-sa¶ Nm{InI kz`m-h-apÅ an¯nsâ Zriy-

`m-K-am-Wv. `qan-bnÂ \n¶p alm-_en t]mb Øe¯p thcpIfpÅ kky-¯nsâ

tcmam-©-amb ]q¡Ä ss\an-jn-Im-\µw Xcp-¶-Xm-Wv. hÀj- n-sem-cn-bv¡Â F¶

]Xnhp Nm{In-Xsb (Ime-s¯) ho-pw hn`-Pn¨v Hmtcm Znh-k-am¡n F®p-t¼mÄ

30

Hcp Znhkw am{Xw Bbp-ÊpÅ ]pjv]-§-fmWv Cu Nn{X- nsâ am²y-aw. Hcp sNdnb

Imtäm agtbm h¶mÂ, ]qhnsâ Bbp-Êv, Hcp Znh-k-sa-¶Xv Hcp \nan-j-am-bn- oÀt¶-

bv¡m-hp¶ km²yX IqSn IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn- u-XnIXe- nÂ \ne-s¡m-

Åp¶ Imew F¶ LS-Is¯ `mh\m]c-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-bv¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS F¶p

ImWmw.”36

F¶mÂ, CsXm-s¡-bm-sW-¦nepw ]q¡fw A\p-jvTm-\m-ß-I-amb Hcp NS-§Ã

F¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv. aÕ-c-th-ZnI-fn-te-bv¡pw, HmWm-tLm-j-th-Zn-I-fn-te-bv¡pw,

tdmU-cn-Ip-I-fn-tebv¡pw hsc ]q¡-f-§Ä F¯n-t¨-cp¶p F¶-Xp-Xs¶ CXn-\pÅ

sXfn-hm-Wv. ]mc-¼cy ]q¡-f-§-fnÂ, ]q¡Ä¡v \evIn-bn-cp¶ {]tXyI Øm\-hpw,

]q¡-f-§-sf-¡p-dn- pÅ k¦-ev]-§fpw Hcm-Nm-c-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ AXns\ \ne-\nÀ¯n.

F¶mÂ, HmWw, Hcm-tLm-j-am-Ip-I-bpw, Krlm- -co-£- nÂ \n¶v s]mXpCS-§-fn-

tebv¡p IqSn hym]n-¸n¡pIbpw sNbvX-tXm-sS, ]q¡-f-§Ä¡pw amä-ap--m-bn. Ah-

bnse BNm-c- ntâbpw hnizm-k- n-tâbpw Awi-§Ä \jvS-am-Ip-Ibpw ]I-cw, hÀ®-

s¸m-enabptSbpw Ie-bp-tSbpw km²y-X-IÄ hÀ²n-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hä- Xp-¼- q-

t]m-ep-an-ÃmsX ]q¡-f-sam-cp-¡mw F¶ AhØ h¶p tNcp-¶Xv A§-s\-bm-Wv. (]-

e-t¸mgpw D¸v \ndw IeÀ¯nbpw AÃm-tXbpw D]-tbm-Kn-bv¡p-¶p-v Ct¸mÄ.)

1.4.1.2 HmW-ÊZy

HmW- nsâ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« NS-§p-I-fn-sem-¶mWv kZy. henb P·n Krl-

§-fnÂ CXv hn -h-k-ar-²-am-Ip-sa-¦n-epw, CS- cw IpSpw-_-§-fn-epw, A[x-Øn-XÀ¡n-

S-bnepw kZyh«-§Ä A{X-b-[n-I-ap- -m-Im-dn-Ã. ]t£, HmW-¡m-e¯v c-p t\c-sa-

¦nepw ho«nÂ tNmdp-sh-bv¡pw. H¶n-e-[nIw Idn-I-fp-ap--m-Ipw. HmW-Ê-Zy, ho«p-Im-

sc-Ãm-hcpw H¶n- v, kz´w ho«nÂ \n¶p Xs¶ Ign-bv¡pI F¶-Xv, s]m-Xpth FÃm

hn`m-K-¡mcpw A\p-hÀ¯n¨p t]m¶n-cp-¶p.

tN\ hdp-¯Xv,iÀ¡-c-h-c-«n, Imb \membn Iodn-h-dp-¯-Xv, A¨n-§-h-dp-¯-Xv, (c-p

Ij-Ww) F¶n-hbpw D-m -Ipw kmam\yw t`Z-s¸« Htcm-W-k-Zy-bpsS ""h«w''

NphsSt¨À¡p-¶p. (C-Xnepw {]mtZ-inIt`Z-§Ä D-m-Imw).

Bfn-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xnsâ he¯p\n¶v CS-t¯m-«v, In -Sn, ] -Sn, Iq«p-I-dn, Fcn-tÈ-cn,

Imf³, Hme³ Ahn-bÂ, tXmc³ (sa-gp¡p ]pc-«n), D¸n-en-«-Xv, Dt -cn, ] -Sw, ]gw

\pdp¡v F¶n-§s\ hnf-¼pw. BZyw km¼mÀ, (CXv Xmc-X-tay\ ]pXn-b-Xm-Wv. ]-v

]pfn-tÈ-cntbm tamcp-I-dntbm) ]ns¶ ckw, ]mbkw Ign¨p Ignªv c-m-as¯

tNmdn\v tamcv.37 Fcn-hv, ]pfn- v, D¸v, a[p-cw, Ibv]v, NhÀ¸v F¶o Bdp ck-§fpw

tNÀ¶ kZy BbpÀtÆ-Z- nse cpNn-imkv{X{]Im-c-ap-Å-Xm-W-t{X.38

HmW-k-Zybv¡pw A\p-jvTm-\-kz- m-h-an-Ã. A\p-jvTm-\m-ß-I-am-bp-Å-Xv, ""hnf-¡ v

hnf-¼em''Wv. AXn-s\s¸än ap³]v kqNn-¸n-¨n-«p- - v.

31

D{XmSw apXÂ, NXbw hsc-tbm, tchXn htctbm HmW-Ê-Zy-bp--m-Ipw. ""NXbw

NXn¨p t]mbn'' F¶p ]dªv NneÀ NX-b-t¯msS HmWm-tLm-j-§Ä Ah-km-\n- n-

bv¡p-sa-¦n-epw, ""Fc-hXn(tc-h-Xn)-tbmWw Fc-¶n-«p-ap-®Ww'' F¶ {]am-W-a-\p-k-

cn¨v aäp NneÀ tch-Xn-tbmsS am{Xsa HmW-ÊZy Ah-km-\n- n-¡m-dp-Åq. sX¡³

tIc-f- nÂ, Ahn-«- n-\v, HmW-\m-fnse an¨ km[-\-§-sfÃmw tNÀ¯v ""Ahn-«-¡«''

Fs¶mcp hn`-h-ap- -m -¡pw. ""Ahn-«-¡« Nhn-«n-s¸m-«n-¡Ww'' Fs¶mcp sNmÃpw CXn-

t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v cq]-s¸-«n-«p- - v .

HmWs¯ kar-²n-bpsS {]Xo-I-am¡n \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-XnÂ {][m\ ]¦v kZy-bv¡m-

Wv. ae-bm-fn-bpsS ]g-b-Im-e-§-fnÂ, tNmdv Hcp hninjvS hn`hw Xs¶-bm-Wv. IÀ¡-

S-I-¯nÂ am{X-a-Ã, an¡-hm-dp-sa-Ãm-bn-t¸mgpw km[m-cW hoSp-I-fnÂ, Hcp t\c-tam,

H¶n-e-[nIw t\ctam Iªn-bmWv ]Xn-hv. AwK-§-fpsS B[n-Iyw, hn`hZmcn{Zyw

F¶n-h-tbm-sSms¡ Ffp¸w s]m-cp-¯-s¸-Sp¶XpsIm--mhmw C§-s\. hnf-sh-Sp-¸n-

\p-tijw hcp¶p F¶-Xp-am-{X-a-Ã, ImbvIdnIfpw Ing-§p-Ifpw FÃmw kar-²-ambn

D-m-Ip¶ Imew IqSn-bmWv HmW-¡m-ew. Chsb {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp¯pI F¶ e£yw

IqSn HmW-Ê-Zy-bn-ep--v. \nc-´-c-ambn `£y-ZuÀ_-ey-¯n-eqsS IS¶p t]mb Hcp

P\-Xsb kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw, AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶, HmW-ÊZy kp`n-£-X-bpsS Ime-

am-Wv. amth-en-bpsS \Ã Ime-¯nÂ (AXv D-m-bn-cp-¶mepw CsÃ-¦n-epw) X§Ä

A\p- -hn- n-cp-¶-Xv. ""D®m\pw DSp-¡m\p''apÅ hkvXp-¡-fpsS kpe- y-X-bmWv F¶v

AhÀ Nn´n-bv¡p-¶p. HmW- n-\v, ""tImSn'' {][m-\-am-b-Xnsâ At\z-j-Whpw CtX

kmwkv¡m-cnI]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ¯-s¶-bmWv \S-t¯---Xv.

1.4.1.3 HmW-t¡mSn

HmW- n\v ]pXn-b-Xmbn hm§p¶ hkv{X-§-fmWv C¶v ‘HmW-t¡mSn’F¦n-epw,

ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ, AXn\v BNm-c-]-c-amb kz`m-h-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p. Xd-hm-«nse Imc-W-

h-cm-Wv, AwK-§Ä¡v HmW-t¡mSn sIm-Sp-¡pI. anbv¡-hmdpw AXv ]pS-h (ap-v)

Bbn-cn-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. \mb-·mÀ¡n-S-bnÂ, HmW-k-½m-\-ambn sIm-Sp-¡p¶ hkv{X-

¯n\v aª-¡-c-tbm, aª-¨p-«ntbm thW-sa¶v t^mkäv \nco-£n-¨n-«p-- v.39 F¶mÂ

C§-s\-bpÅ kqN\ aän-S-§-fnÂ ImWm³ km[n-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. HmW-t¡m-Sn-bnse

IkhpIscsbbmImw Hcp ]t£, t^mkäv kqNn- n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS AwKo-

Ir-X-hkv{Xw hf-sc-¡mew ap-p-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶-tÃm. ]q¡-f-¯n\pw kZybv¡pw kw`-

hn-¨-Xp-t]m-se-bpÅ hyXn-bm\w HmW-t¡m-Snbv¡pw kw`-hn-¨n-cn-bv¡p-¶p. hn]-Wn-

bv¡v, hyàn-Isf NqjWw sN¿m-\pÅ Gähpw \Ã D]m-[n-bmWv Ct¸mÄ ‘HmW-

t¡mSn.’ hÀj-¯nÂ, Hcn-bv¡tem c-p-X-h-Wtbm am{Xw hkv{Xw e`n-¨n-cp¶ Ime¯v

HmW-t¡m-Sn, Hc-\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp¶p; Xd-hm-«nÂ Imc-W-h-cpsS A[n-Imcw Dd- n-bv¡m-

\pÅ D]m-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. (k-am-\-ambn \ne-\n¶ hnjp-ss¡-\o-«-t¯bpw ]cn-K-Wn-

bv¡mw.) ]pXnb Ime¯v AXn-\v, AXnsâ [À½w \jvS-s -Sp-I-bpw, ]I-cw, BtLm-

j- n-sâbpw hÀ®-s¸menabp-tSbpw {]Xo-I-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

32

1.4.2 ^yqUÂ Ime-L-«- nsâ `mK-amb BNm-c-§Ä

P·n k{¼-Zm-b- nÂ ASn-bp-d¨ Hcp ImÀjnIhyh-Ø-bmWv tIc-f- nÂ \ne-

\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. Nn§-amkw tIc-f-¯nse hnf-sh-Sp-¸p-Im-e-am-b-Xp-sIm-pw, Cu hn -h-

§-fpsS hnX-c-Whpw kw`-c-Whpw kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-¯s¶ kw`-hn-¨p. asämcp Xc-

¯nÂ ]d-ªmÂ, Dev]-¶-§-fp-tS-bpw, hn -h-§-fp-tSbpw ssIam-ä- n\v HmWw krjvSn-

bv¡p¶ BtLmj]Ým- ew klm-b-I-c-am-bn. AtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶, kaq-l- nse

FÃm hn`m-K-¡mcpw X§-fpsS `uXn-I-tam, Bi-b-]-ctam Bb Dev]-¶-§Ä, hn -h-

§Ä ImgvN-sh¨v P·n-bpsS A[o-iXzw AwKo-I-cnbv¡pw AXn-\pÅ {]Xn- -e-ambn

Nne ""Ah-Im-i-§Ä'' kzoI-cn-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv apJy-ambpw CXv

km[n- -Xv. A§-s\, HmWw, ^yqsUÂ aqey-t_m-[-t¯bpw hyh-Ø-I-tfbpw Imem-

Im-e-§-fnÂ Du«nbp-d- n-bv¡p¶ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-ambn¡qSn {]hÀ¯n- p. CXp km[y-

am-bXv Nne BNm-c-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ch-bnÂ {]ap-J-am-bh NphsSt¨À¡p-¶p:-

1.4.2.1 HmW-¡mgvN

D{XmS¯p\mÄ, ]m«-¡mcpw IqSn-bm-·mcpw P·nbv¡v ImgvN-h-bv¡p¶ hkvXp-¡-

fmWv s]m-Xpsh HmW-¡mgvN F¶-dn-b-s -Sp-¶-Xv. t\{ -¡m-b-¡p-e, tN\, tN¼v,

]bÀ, a¯§ XpS-§nb ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ, ]¸Sw XpS-§n-b-h-sbms¡ C§s\ ImgvN

shbv¡pw. Ipe-s¯mgnep-ImÀ, X§-fpsS sXm-gn-e-\p-k-cn- pÅ hkvXp-¡fpw P·nbv¡v

kaÀ¸n-bv¡pw. “tZis¯ Bim-cn, Icp-hm³, aqimcn apXÂ Hmtcm PmXn-¡mÀ Ah-

cpsS PmXn-s¯m-gn-e-\p-k-cn¨v Hmtcm km[-\-ap- -m¡n CÃ¯p sIm--ph¶p ImgvN

shbv¡pw. ""HmWw shbv¡pI'' F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv Cu \S-]-Sn-sb-bm-Ip-¶p. Bim-cn-

bm-sW-¦nÂ HmW-hn-Ãv, Ah-W- -e-I, sNdn-b-a-cn-I, ac-¡-bnÂ C§s\ Fs -¦nepw

]Wn-sNbvXp ImgvN-sh-bv¡pw. aqimcn sNdnb AS- ³þ \qdm-¡p¶ ]m{Xw-þ, AXnÂ

\qsd-Sp-¡m-\pÅ N«p-Iw þ \qäpN«p-Iw F¶p `mj-þ, sNdnb HmSw, sNhn-t¯m-n

F¶n-§s\ NneXpw, X«m³ sN¼p-tam-Xn-cw, sNdnb sN¼p-In®w F¶n-§s\

NneXp-m¡n shÅn-]q-inbpw, Icp-hm³ Idn-¡-¯n-bpw þ Idnbv¡p \qdp-¡p-hm-\pÅ

I¯n F¶À°w þ aäp-amWv ImgvN-sh-bv¡p-I. IWn-bm³ (]Wn-¡À) kwh-Õ-c-

^ew Fgp-Xnb Hmebpw ]pe-b³ sIm« apX-em-b-hbpw ImgvN-sh-bv¡-Ww. Cu GÀ¸m-

Sn\v ‘HmW-¡mgvN’ F¶pw ]d-bm-dp- - v . HmW-¯n\v Xr¡m-¡-c-¸s\ D-m-¡m-\pÅ

a®v ]pe-b³ sIm--p -h-cpw. Nmen-b³ sNdnb ap- v, N¡m³ F®, tXmÂs¡m-Ã³

sNdnb sNcp¸v F¶n-§s\ tZi- pÅ FÃm PmXn-¡mcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS sXm-gn-en-\-

\p-k-cn-¨p- -m-¡p¶ km[-\-§Ä ImgvN sh¨n-cp-¶p.”40s\Ãpw aäpw D-m -¡p-¶-hÀ

]m«-_m¡n Af-t¡- Imew IqSn-bm-Wv, HmWw.

C§s\ HmW-¡mgvN sIm-Sp-¡m³ th-n Iq«-¯nÂ Gähpw \Ã t\{´-¡p-e-

bmWv sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-I. AXmWv ImgvN-¡p-e. (D{XmSZnhkw Kpcp-hm-bq-c-¼-e- nÂ

tZh\p kaÀ¸n-bv¡p¶ Ipebpw ‘ImgvN-¡pe’ F¶p Xs¶-bmWv Adn-b-s -Sp-¶-Xv.)

Ip¶w-Ipfw A§m-Sn-bnse Gähpw anI¨ Ipe ]p¶- qÀ cmPm-hn\v ImgvN-sh-bv¡p¶

33

Hcp NS-§p- -m -bn-cp-¶p. Cu ImgvN¡pe ‘]qcm-S-¡p«n’ F¶mWv Adn-b-s -«n-cp-¶-Xv.

C§s\ HmW-¡mgvN shbv¡p-¶-hÀ¡v, P·n Krl- nÂ \n¶v Nne ‘Ah-Im-

i-§Ä’ \evIpw. CXns\ ‘HmW-fhv’ F¶m-Wp-]-d-bp-I. Cu Af-hn-\pÅ km[-\-

§Ä Acn, ] -Sw, t\{ - -gw, D¸v, shfn-s¨® F¶n-h-bm-Ip-¶p. Chbv¡p ]pd-ta,

\mfn-tI-cw, tN\ apX-emb km[-\-§fpw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw sIm-Sp-¡m-dp-v. ASn-

bm-cmb iq{Z³ apXÂ ]pe-b³ hsc-bpÅ FÃm-hÀ¡pw ‘Afhp’ sIm -Sp -¡m -dp - v .

Af-hnsâ XpIbpw ap-nsâ Xchpw FÃm-hÀ¡pw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-In-Ã.41

1.4.2.2 ImgvN-kZy

HmW- n-\v, tZi-¡mÀ¡pw ASn-bm-·mÀ¡pw P·n Krl-§-fnÂ \n¶p sIm-Sp-¡p¶

kZy. ‘HmW-aq«v'F¶pwt]cp--v. Ahn-«-¯n-t\m,NX-b-¯nt\m Bhpw km[m-cWKXn-

bnÂ HmW-aq-«v. HmW-¡mgvN sIm-phcp-¶-hÀ¡p am{X-a-Ã, tZi-s¯-Ãm-hÀ¡pw, aäp-

th---s¸-«-hÀ¡pw (Im-cy-Ø-·m-cmb am¸n-f-amcpw C¡q-«-¯nÂ s]Spw.) kZy \evIp¶

]Xn-hm-Wn-Xv. ]e D¶XIpSpw-_-§-fnepw kZy-bp--m-Ip-¶-Xp-sIm-v, ASn-bm-·m-scm-

gn¨v, aäp-Å-hÀ, Hcp ho«nÂ \n¶v HcmÄ F¶ \ne-bnÂ HmW-aq-«nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡pw. CXv

{]uVn-bpsS IqSn NnÓ-ambn KWn-bv¡p-¶p.

1.4.2.3 HmWw]d-bpI

HmW-¯n\p apt¼ hoSp-I-fnÂ IWn-bm³ kwh-Õ-c-^-e-sa-gp -Xnb Hme

sIm-pt]mbn sIm-Sp-¡p¶ NS-§p-s-¶p kqNn-¸n-¨p-h-tÃm. CXn-s\-bmWv ""HmWw

]d-bpI'' F¶p hnfn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Cu Hme-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn- m-Wv, \Ã t\cw

t\m¡n, Xr¡m-¡-c-b- s\ amäp-¶-Xpw, Irjn- Wn ]p\-cm-cw- n-bv¡p-¶-Xpw. Xrt¡-«-

\mÄ, Irjn- -Wnbpw ]d-¼nse ¸Wnbpw Hs¡ Xmev¡m-en-I-ambn \nÀ¯n-sh-bv¡p¶

NS -§p - - v . ‘I¶p \nÀ¯Â’ F¶mWv CXv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. BtLm-j-¯n-\pÅ

aps¶mcp¡w F¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ hyh-Ø-tbm-SpÅ _Ô-s¯-bmWv C¯cw NS-§p-

IÄ shfn-s -Sp- p-¶-Xv.

1.4.2.4 Xncp-thmWwsXm-gÂ

hS-¡³ ]m«p-I-Y-I-fnÂ ]cm-aÀi-apÅ Hcm-Nm-c-amWv, ‘Xncp-thmWw sXm-gÂ’. \qäm-

- p -IÄ¡p ap¼p-Xs¶ Cu BNmcw \mam-h-ti-j-am-bn-cn-bv¡-Ww. ]m«p-I-fnÂ am{Xta

CXnsâ kqN-\-bp-Åq. cmPm-¡-·m-cp-tSbpw CS-{]-`p-¡³am-cp-tSbpw ap¶nÂ X§-

fpsS hnt[-bXzw {]I-Sn- n-bv¡m³ hoc-·mÀ¡p hn[n¨ Znhkw Nn§-am-k- nse Xncp-

thm-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. CXmWv ‘Xncp-thmWw sXm-gÂ’. ""Fd-¼me IpªmXn'' bpsS

]m«p-I-Y-bnÂ, Ieym«v N´p, C§s\ Nnd-¡Â X¼p-cms\ ‘Xncp-thmWw sXm-gm³’.t]mbXv hÀ®n-bv¡p-¶p- - v .42

{]mtZ-in-Ihpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb aäv BNm-c-§Ä tcJ-s -Sp- msX t]mbn-«p-

-m-hmw. ]t£, tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb BNm-c-§Ä FÃmw Xs¶, ImÀjn-I-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ

ASn-bp-d¨ Hcp ^yqsUÂ LS-\-bpsS N«-¡q-«n-emWv HmWw \ne-\n-¶Xv F¶p kqNn-

34

¸n-bv¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. ]q¡fw apXÂ Xncp-thmWw sXm-gÂ hsc Hcp Xc- n-e-sÃ-¦nÂ

asämcp Xc- nÂ Cu \nK-a-\s¯ km[q-I-cn-bv¡p-¶p-- v

1.4.3 t£{Xm-Nm-c-§Ä

HmW-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v Nne t£{X-§-fnÂ khn-ti-j-amb Nne NS-§p-IÄ

\S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.

1.4.3.1 HmW-Èo-then

HmW-¯n\v t£{X-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶ {]tXyI iothen ({io`qX_en)

‘HmW-Èo-then’ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.43

1.4.3.2 HmW- p-Sh

t£{X-§-fnÂ tZh-·mÀ¡v, Xncp-thmW Znhkw atªmW¸pSh NmÀ¯-Ww.

tZhkzw IpSn-bm\mb s\bv¯p-Im-c-\p-s--¦nÂ HmW-¸p-Sh AbmÄ hgn-]mSp sN¿m³

NmÀ¯m-[m-c-¯nÂ \nÝ-bn-bv¡pI IqSn ]Xn-hp-- v.44

1.4.3.3 HmW-\n-th-Zy-§Ä

HmW-¡m-e¯v Nne t£{X-§-fnÂ, {]tXy-In¨v hnjvWp {]Xn-jvT-bpÅ t£{X-

§-fnÂ, Nne khn-tij\nth-Zy -§Ä ]Xn-hp - - v . Ah-bn -sem-¶mWv, ImfmSv

hma\aqÀ¯n-bv¡pÅ Bbncw ]gw \nth-Zyw. Nn§-¯nse Xncp-thm-W-\mÄ apdn-

bv¡msX ]pgp-§nb Bbncw t\{´-¸gw \nth-Zn-bv¡m-dp--v. ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnÂ Xncq-

cn-\-Sp¯v \nd-a-cq-Xn-cn-emWv Cu t£{Xw.45

1.4.3.4 HmW-hnÃv

HmW-¯n\v Nne hnjvWp t£{X-§-fnÂ hnÃp-h-bv¡pI F¶ Hcm-Nm-c-ap--v. Xncp-

h\-´-]p-cs¯ {io]ß-\m-`-kzmant£{X-¯nÂ ]Xn-\memw \qäm-p apXÂ HmW-

hnÃp NmÀ¯p¶ k{¼-Zmbw D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn tcJ-IÄ km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. C¶pw

AXv A`w-Kpcw XpS-cp-¶p. Ahn-Sps¯ {]Xn-jvT-I-fnÂ F«p-hn-Ãp-I-fmWv NmÀ¯p-¶-

Xv. c-p hnÃv hn{K-l-¯nsâ Ccp-h-i-§-fn-ep-ambn ]ß-\m`kzman-bpsS DZ-c-`m-K¯v

NmÀ¯nb tijw \c-knw-l-kzm-an, {ioIr-jvW³ F¶n-h-cpsS hn{K-l-§-fnepw

Cucs-®w NmÀ¯pw. A§-s\, BsI F«p hnÃp-IÄ.46 “aª-¡-S¼p hr£- nsâ

XSn-bnÂ \nÀ½n-bv¡p¶ HmW-hn-Ãv, inev]hpw Nn{Xhpw kwtbm-Pn-bv¡p¶ Iem-{]-I-

S-\-am-Wv. Ac-bn©p I\- n-epÅ ]e-I-bnÂ \me-c, \mev, aq¶c ASn hoXw \of-

¯nÂ, c-p hihpw IqÀ¯p hcp¶ hn[-¯nÂ {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-ti-jw, AXnÂ

aªbpw sNa¸pw hÀ®-§Ä tX¨p ]nSn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p. DW-§n-b-tijw A\-´-i-

b\w {iocm-a-þ-{io-IrjvW eoe-IÄ F¶nh {][m-\-ambpw hc¨p tNÀ¡pw. D]-tZ-h-

X-IÄ, Bbp-[-§Ä, kqcy-N-{µ-·mÀ F¶n-hbpw hc¨p tNÀ¡m-dp--v. \nd-¡q-«n-\mbn

{]IrXnP\y-h-kvXp-¡Ä Xs¶ D]-tbm-Kn-bv¡p-¶p. ]mXm-f- n-se- nb alm-_-enbv¡v

hnjvWp-hnsâ Ah-Xm-c-eo-e-IÄ ImW-W-sa¶ A`yÀ°-\-sb- p-SÀ¶v hniz-IÀ½m-

35

hnsâ A\p-bm-bn-IÄ hc-bv¡p¶ Nn{X-§-fn-eqsS `K-hm³ AXp km[n¨p sIm-Sp- -

XmWv HmW-hn-sÃ¶pw sFXn-ly-ap- - v”.47

1.5 Ifn-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-§fpw

HmW-¡mew Ifn-I-fp-tSbpw hnt\m-Z-§-fp-tSbpw IqSn ka-b-am-Wv. HmWs¯ kPo-

hhpw {Inbm-ß-I-hp-am-¡p-¶-XnÂ Chbv¡v henb ]¦p--v. tIh-ew, DÃm-k-I-c-amb

ka-b-Zm\w (Timepass) F¶-Xn-\-¸pd¯v am\-kn-Ihpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb Dt·-j-ap--m-

¡p-I-bpw, kmaq-ln-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ ià-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶-Xp-sIm--mWv,

Ifn-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-§fpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X- nsâ `mK-ambn XpS-cp-¶-Xv. Cu ]Ým- -

e- nÂ HmW-¡mehnt\m-Z-§sf eLp-hmbn kv]Àin¨p t]mIm³ am{X-amWv ChnsS

Dt±-in-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

Hcm-tLm-j- nsâ \nd-s¸m-ena HmW- n\p \evIp-¶-XnÂ hnt\m-Z-§Ä¡v henb

]¦p-s-¶p kqNn-¸n-¨p-h-tÃm. kaq-l-¯nse FÃm hn`m-K-¯n-tebpw Bfp-I-fpsS

]¦mfn¯w CXn-ep- -m -bn-cp-¶p.

“HmWw h¶mtem \¼q-cmÀs¡Ãmw

thWw \sÃmcp I¼n- mbw

HmWw h¶mtem \mb-·mÀs¡Ãmw

thWw \sÃmcp I¿m-¦fn

HmWw h¶mtem s]®p-§Äs¡Ãmw

thWw \sÃmcp ]m«pw Ifow

HmWw h¶mtem Ip«n-IÄs¡-ÃmÀ¡pw

thWw \sÃmcp ]qhpw ]m«pw”48

F¶ HmW- m-«p-X-s¶, Cu hnt\m-Z-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-h-cpsS ]cn-tÑZw hn]p-

e-am-sW¶p kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ, CXnÂ ]d-bm-¯-h-cpw, þ A[:ØnX-cpw,

apÉo-§fpapÄs¸sSþ X§-fp-tS-Xmb coXn-bnÂ hnt\m-Z-§-tfmSv I®n-tNÀ¡-s -«n-cp-

¶p. ASª KmÀlnI]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ \n¶v ]pd-t¯bv¡v Xpd-s¶m-gp-Im-\pÅ

km²y-X-IÄ krjvSn-bv¡p-t¼mÄ -s¶, kaq-l- nsâ N«-¡q-Sp-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ IrXy-

ambn \ne-\n-ev¡m\pw Ch {ian-¨n-cp-¶p. HmW-¯-Ãp-t]m-epÅ ImbnIhnt\m-Z-§-

fnÂ PmXn-bpsS AXnÀ¯n-IÄ DÃw-Jn-¡p-¶Xv ImWm-sa-¦nepw s]m-Xpsh, PmXn-hy-

h-Ø-bp-tS-bpw, enwK-hy-h-Ø-bp-tSbpw AXn-cp-IÄ t`Zn-bv¡m³ Ch {ian-bv¡p-¶n-Ã.

]t£, H¶p--v, ImWn-I-fpsS Iq«-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw `n¶-kz-`mhw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p.

C´y-bnse aäp {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ ImWp-¶-Xp-t]m-se, ]¦m-fn- - nÂ IqSn AXv hym]n-

¸n-bv¡m³ ]gb Ime¯v km[n- n-cp-¶n-Ã. ]pXnb Ime¯v Hcp {]iv\ta BIm¯

hn[- nÂ, Cu IqSn-t¨-cÂ kw`-hn-bv¡p-¶p- - v.

36

kuI-cy-¯n\p th-n, HmW-¡mehnt\m-Z-§-sf, kv{Xo-I-fp-tS-Xv, Ip«n-I-fp-tS-Xv,

apXnÀ¶-h-cp-tSXv F¶n-§-s\-bmWv ChnsS hÀ¤o-Icnbv¡p¶-Xv.

1.5.1 kv{XoI-fpsS hnt\m-Z-§Ä

]pcp-j-·m-cp-tS-XnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-am-bn, aÕ-cm-[n-jvTn-X-a-Ãm- -Xpw, kwKo-X-

¯n\v {]m[m-\y-ap-Å-h-bpw, emkykz`m-h-ap-Å-h-bp-am-Wv, kv{XoI-fpsS hnt\m-Z-§Ä.

Duªmem-«w, Xp¼n-Xp-ÅÂ, ssIsIm«n¡fn F¶n-hbpw Ah-bpsS cq]-t -Z-§-fp-amWv

C¡q-«-¯nÂ {][m-\w.

1.5.1.1 Duªmem«w

Hä-bm-bpw, Cc-«-bmbpw k{Xo-IÄ Duªmen-en-cn-bv¡p-Ibpw aäp kv{XoIÄ Bªp-

X-Åp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ hnt\m-Zw. D´n-s¡mSp¡p-¶-h-cpw, Duªmem-Sp-¶-hcpw

]m«-p]m-Spw. Ch-bmWv DuªmÂ¸m-«p-IÄ. Bthiw IqSp-t¼mÄ, BSn- -d-¶p-t]m-

bn, ac- n-Ã-I-sfm-Sn-bv¡m\pw XpS-§pw. ‘B«w ]d-¡pI’ F¶mWv CXn-s\- -d-bp-I.

FXnÀZn-i-bn-tebv¡v Xncn-ªn-cp¶v BSpI F¶-XmWv asämcp ]cn-]m-Sn.50 (b{´

Duªmep-IÄ \evIp¶ `oI-c-amb Db-c-§Ä¡pw, Zqc-§Ä¡p-an-S-bnÂ, c-p Ib-dn-

sâbpw am©n-Ã-I-fp-tSbpw C¯ncn Zqcw Xosc Ipd-hm-Ip-¶Xp sIm-mImw, Duªmep

sI«m³ ac-§-fn-Ãm-ªn-«m-hmw, Cu hnt\mZw {ItaW Ipdªp hcp-¶p.)

1.5.1.2 ssIs¡m«n¡fn

h«-¯nÂ \n¶v, Nph-Sp-sh¨p ]m«p ]mSn ssIsIm«ns¡m-p \S-¯p¶ Ifn.

HcmÄ ]mSpw, aäp-Å-hÀ Gäp-]mSpw; ]mSn-s¡m-pXs¶-bmWv Nph-Sp-sh-bv]pw, ssI

sIm-«epw. DuªmÂ ¸m«p-I-sf-t¸mse ssIs¡m«n¡fn- m-«p-Ifpw k¼-¶-amb Hcp

Km\-im-J-bm-Wv. (CtX Ifn-X-s¶, ]m«nÂ hcp-¯p¶ hyXym-k-§-tfmsS þ HmW-

¯n\v sshjvW-h-am-b --]m«pIÄ XncphmXn-cbv¡v ssih-amb ]m«pIÄ þ Xncp-hm-Xn-

cbv¡v Ifn-bv¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv Xncp-hm-Xn-c-¡fn F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv.) \mepsI«p-I-

fnepw tImhn-e-I-§-fnepw a\-I-fne-p -sam-s¡-bmWv km[m-cW HmW-¡m-e¯v

ssIs¡m«n¡fn \S-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. Ifn-¡m-cpsS kt´m-js¯ am{Xw Dt±-in¨v \S- p-

¶-Xm-sW-¦n-epw, (ImcWw AhÀ t{]£-IÀ¡v ]pdw Xncn-ªmWv \nev¡p-¶-Xv.) henb

Hcp t{]£Ikaqlw ssIs¡m«n¡-fn-bv¡p- -m -Im-dp - - v .50

ASn-Øm\]c-ambn ssIs¡m«n¡fn-bpsS kz`mhw Xs¶ {]ZÀin- n-bv¡p-t¼mgpw

{]I-S-amb Nne amä-§Ä, DÄs¡m-Åp¶ h«-¡-fn-tbbpw (Hm-W-¡-fn) ChnsS ]cn-K-

Wn-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

1.5.1.3 h«-¡fn

khÀt®-Xckaq -l-¯nse kv{XoI-fmWv h«-¡-fn -bnÂ GÀs¸-Sp -¶-Xv.

ssIsIm«n¡fn-bn-se-t¸m-se- -s¶, h«- nÂ, ]c-kv]cw A`n-ap-J-ambn \n¶v, Nph-

Sp-sh¨v ]mSn-¡-fn-bv¡p-¶p. ap{Z-Ifpw Ne-\-§fpw aäpw, ssIs¡m-«n-¡-fn-bn-te-b{X

\mSy[À½n-bÃ. {]mNo\ tKm{X kaq-l-§-fnÂ cq]-s -«-Xpw, ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hnI-kn- v,

37

ssIsIm-«n-¡-fn-bn-se-¯nbXpam-Imw, Cu khn-tijkwL-\r-¯-sa-¶v, BZna\nhm-

kn-I-fpsS \r -cq-]-§-fp-ambn CXn-\pÅ _Ôs¯ ap³ \nÀ¯n ]d-bmw.51

1.5.1.4 Xp¼n-Xp-ÅÂ

Ihp-§n³]q¡pe (Nn-e-bn-S-§-fnÂ ‘s\m-§Ww Xp¼- n-Sn’-bm-Wv) ssI¿nÂ ]nSn v

I®-S¨v Ccn-bv¡p¶ Hcp bph-Xn-bpsS Npäpw aäpw k{Xo-IÄ Ccp-¶v, “F´m Xp¼o

XpÅm-t¯, In®- n- -µ\w t]mcmtªm ...” F¶p XpS-§p¶ ]m«p-IÄ ]mSpw. ]m«p

apdp-Ip-¶-tXmsS Xp¼n-bmbn k¦-ev]n- n-cn-bv¡p¶ s]¬Ip«n Dd-bp-Ibpw apSn-bpe¨v

BSp-I-bpw, ]q¡pe XÃp-Ibpw sN¿pw. C§s\ Dd-bn-bv¡m\pw Dd-bÂ \nÀ¯m\pw

]mSp¶ ]m«p-IfmWv Xp¼n-XpÅÂ¸m«p-IÄ.52

Xp¼n-Xp-Å-en-se, {][m\ `mK-amb apSn-bm-«w, (X-e-bm-«w) AtX-t]-cnepw \ne-\n-

ev¡p-¶p- - v . ssIs¡m«n¡fn-bnÂ I--Xp-t]m-se, Hcp kam-´ccq]-ambn \ne-\n-

ev¡p¶ CXn-\pw, khÀt®-X-cÀ¡n-S-bn-emWv {]Nm-cw.

apSn De-¨v, BSp-t¼mÄ, Xe-bv¡p--m-Ip¶ Id¡w hgn GXm-v HcÀ²-t_m-[m-

h-Ø-bn-tebv¡v ]¦mfnIsf F¯n-bv¡p-I-bmWv Cu hnt\mZw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

1.5.1.5 amWnIys¨¼-gp¡

kv{XoIfpw apXnÀ¶ s]¬Ip-«n-Ifpw GÀs -Sp¶ asämcp HmW-¡mehnt\m-Z-

am-Wn-Xv. HcmÄ \Sp-hnepw aäp-Å-hÀ Npän-ep-ambn kv{XoIÄ h«- nÂ Ccn-bv¡p-¶p.

h«- n-en-cn-bv¡p-¶-hÀ, ssIIÄ ]nd-InÂ sh¨v, Hcp ]gp-¡-S-bv¡, Hcm-fpsS ssI¿nÂ

\n¶v asä-bmÄ F¶ a«nÂ {ZpX-K-Xn-bnÂ ssIam-dp-¶p. “HmS p -¶p - t - m - S p -¶p - t - ,

amWnIysN¼-gp¡” F¶pw “Bss¡¿n-eo-ss¡-¿ntem amWnIysN¼-gp¡” F¶pw

]mSn-s¡m-mWv ]gp¡m ssIam-äw. CXn-¶n-S-bnÂ, BcpsS ssI¿n-emWv AS-bv¡-

sb¶v IrXy-ambn ]d-ªmÂ, \Sp-hnse BÄ¡p ]I-cw, At¸mÄ ASbv¡ ssI¿n-ep-

-m-bn-cp-¶-bmÄ Ccn-bv¡-Ww. Cu Ifn C§s\ F{X t\cw thW-sa-¦nepw \o-p-

t]m-Imw.53

1.5.2 ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS hnt\m-Z-§Ä

BNm-c-_-²-amb NS-§p-IÄ¡- pdw Pohn-X-N-cy-bpsS `mKambn hnt\m-Zs¯ amän-

b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶nÃ ae-bm-fn-IÄ. Btbm-[\Ie-I-fnepw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-sams¡

Cu hnShv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc \nI- n-t¸m-cn-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶p ImWmw . ]t£, HmW-

¡mew A§-s\-b-Ã. Hmtcm-cp- -cp-tSbpw A`n-cp-Nn-bv¡-\p-k-cn v Ae-ktam DuÀÖkz-

etam Bb hnt\m-Z-§-fnÂ GÀs -Sm³ HmW-¡mew Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶p. As¼-

bv¯v, hÅw-I-fn, I¼n- mbw (]-In-S) HmW- -Ãv, ]pen-I-fn, Ip½m-«n, ]´p-I-fn, XpS-

§n-bh Ah-bnÂ Nne-Xm-Wv.

38

1.5.2.1 As¼bv¯v

Ipdp-{¼-\m«p Xmeq-¡nÂ HmW-¡m-e-¯p--m-Im-dpÅ hnt\m-Z-§-fnÂ {][m-\-amWv

As¼-bv¯v. “Hmtcm tZi-¡mÀ¡p-apÅ {]tXyI If-§-fnÂ sh¨v A¯w apXÂ Xncp-

thmWw hsc km[m-cW sshIp-t¶c§fn-emWv Fbv¯p \S- p-I. Hcp Xpd¶

Øe-amWv If- n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ \Sp-hnÂ {XntIm-Wm-Ir-Xn-bn-

epÅ Npa-cnsâ a²y-¯nÂ hmg-¸n-n sImt-m atäm D-m-¡n-bn-«pÅ Hcp sN¸mWv

Fbv¯nsâ e£yw. Fbv¯-p-ImÀ c-p I£n-bmbn \n¶v e£ys¯ em¡m¡n

F¿p-¶p. e£yw ]ng-bv¡p¶ A¼p-IÄ adp`mK-¡mÀ¡v Ah-Im-i-s¸-«-Xm-I-bmÂ

adp-`m-K-¡m-sc-s¡m-v A[nIw A¼v F¿n-¡m-\m-bn-cnbv¡pw Hmtcm `mK-¡m-cp-tSbpw

DÕm-lw. Ah-km\w In«p¶ A¼n³sI-«nsâ hep¸w A\p-k-cn¨v I£n-I-fpsS

Pb-]-cm-P-b-§Ä \nÝ-bn-bv¡p-¶p.”54 \ne-¼qÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnepw As¼bv¯v \ne-\n-

¶n-cp-¶-Xmbn ]n.kn. IÀ¯m tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-- v.55

1.5.2.2 hÅwIfn

IÀ¡-S- nse s]cp-a-g-bv¡p-tijw tIcfw Pe-k-ar-²-am-Ip¶ ka-b-amWv HmW-

¡m-ew. shÅw sI«n-¡n-S-¡p-Ibpw ho«nÂ \n¶v ]pd- n-d-§m³ Xs¶ hÅw thW-

sa¶ Ah-Ø-bp--m-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Be-¸p-g-þ-Ip-«-\m-S³ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ AXp-sIm-

-p-Xs¶ HmW-¡me hnt\m-Z-§-fnÂ hÅwIfn {][m-\-am-Wv. Bd-·pf hÅwIfn

(D-{X-«mXn hÅw-I-fn), N¼-¡pfw hÅwIfn, ]mbn- m«p hÅwIfn F¶n-h-bmWv HmW-

t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨p \S-¯p¶ {]apJ hÅwIfn-IÄ.

1.5.2.2.1 Bd-·pf hÅwIfn

Nn§-am-k- nse D{X-«mXn \mfnÂ Bd-·pf ]¼m-Xo-c¯p sh¨p \S- p¶ Cu

Ptem-Õhw kp{]-kn-²-am-Wv. Bd-·pf t£{X- nse {]XnjvTmZn\-amb D{X-«mXn

Znhkw \S- p¶ Bd-·pf hÅw-Ifn Bcw- n- Xv Hc-\p-jvTm-\-sa¶ \ne-bn-em-sW-

¦n-epw, Ct¸mÄ (1972 apXÂ) kÀ¡m-dnsâ hnt\mZhmcm-tLm-j-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn,

aÕ-c-am-bn-«mWv \S-¯n-t¸m-cp-¶-Xv.56

1.5.2.2.2 ]mbn- m«p hÅwIfn

Nn§-am-k- nÂ, Xncp-thm-Ww, Ahn-«w, NXbw F¶o Znh-k-§-fnÂ ]mbn¸m«v

Bä-nÂsh¨v HmWm-tLm-j-ambn \S- m-dpÅ hÅwIfn aÕ-cw.57 lcn- m«v kp{_-Ò-

Wy-t£-{X- nse hn{K-l{-]Xn-jvTbpsS kvac-W-bv¡m-bn-«mWv CXv \S- p-¶-Xv.

1.5.2.3 I¼n-¯mbw

NqXp-I-fn-bpsS hIp- nÂs¸« Hcp HmW-¡mehnt\m-Zw. “HmSp-s¡m-p NXp-cm-Ir-

Xn-bn-ep- -m-¡nb c-p Icp-¡Ä þ Np¡nWn F¶m-W-h-bv¡p-t]À þ Dcp-«n-¡fnbv¡pI-

bmWv NS-§v. Icp-hnsâ Bdp hi-§-fnepw Zzmc-§-fp--m-bn-cn-bv¡pw. cs--XnÀh-i-

§-fnse Zzmc-§-fpsS F®-§-fpsS XpI Ggv hcp¶ hn[- n-emWv Zzmc-§Ä \nÀ½n-

bv¡p-¶-Xv. AXm-b-Xv, Hcp hi¯v Bdp Zzmc-ap-s--¦nÂ FXnÀh-i¯v Hsc-®-ap-

39

-mIpw; A©m-sW-¦nÂ adp-h-i¯v c-v; \mem-sW-¦nÂ aq¶v þ F¶n-§s\ Icp-

¡Ä Dcp-«n-¡-gnªp \nÝ-e-am-Ip-t¼mÄ apI-fnÂ ImWp¶ F®-amWv IW-¡m-¡p-

¶-Xv. HcmÄ cs--®-ap-cp-«-Ww. c-nepw Htc F®w h¶mÂ AXn\p ‘s]cn¸w’F¶p]d-bpw. A§s\h¶mÂ H¶pIqSn Ifn-bv¡mw. AsÃ-¦nÂ FXnÀI£nbv¡p

sIm-Sp-¡Ww. Ifwhc-¨mWp Ifn.58 CtX Ifn Xs¶ CujZvt`Z-§-tfmsS ]InS

F¶v hÅp-h-\m-«nÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

1.5.2.4 HmW- Ãv (I¿m-¦-fn)

ae- p-dw, XrÈqÀ, ]me-¡mSv PnÃ-I-fnse Nne {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Btbm-

[\ kz`m-h-apÅ hnt\m-Zw. tZi-¡mÀ X½n-emWv CXv \S- p-I. HmW- -Ãnsâ coXn-

I-fnÂ {]mtZ-in-I-ambn Nne hyXym-k-§Ä D-m-Im-dp-s- -¦nepw, km[m-cW KXn-

bnÂ, sXt¡-t¨cn, hS-t¡-t¨cn F¶n-§s\ c-p kwL-am-bn-«mWv XÃp \S-¡p-I.

ImWn-IÄ Ing¡pw ]Sn-ªmdpw \nev¡pw. tZim-[n-]-Xn-bn-cn-bv¡m³ Db-c- n-sem-cn-

-¸n-S-ap- -mIpw. aÕcw \nb-{´n-bv¡m³ ""tNX·mÀ'' AsÃ-¦nÂ ""NmXn-¡m-c-·mÀ''

F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ d^-dn-IÄ D-m-Ipw. ssI ]-c-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨mWv XtÃ---Xv. ASn-bv¡mt\m

Ip¯mt\m ]mSn-Ã. “IcWw adn- nÂ”, s]m-§n- -d-¡Â XpS-§nb AS-hp-IÄ Ifn-

¡mÀ {]tbm-Kn-bv¡pw. km[m-cWcoXn-bnÂ kÔy-bm-bmÂ aÕcw XoÀ¶-Xmbn {Kmam-

[n-]³ {]Jym-]nbv¡pw þ Nne-t¸mÄ Hcp kwLw tXmev¡p-¶-Xp-h-scbpw XÃv XpS-cm-

dp--v. HmW-¯-ÃnÂ apÉo-§fpw {In-kvXym-\n-Ifpw XÃp-Im-cmbn ]s¦-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p.

ssaXm-\-¯nsâ a[y-¯nÂ hc¨ h«-¡-f-¯n-\-¸p-dhpw C¸p-d-hp-amWv c-p tNcn-

¡mÀ AWn-\n-c-¡p-I. XÃv XpS§pw ap¼pÅ Ifn- n-d-¡-amWv HmW- -Ãnse Ae-¦m-

c-¡m-gvN. Ccp `mK-t¯bpw 50-þ60 Imbn-Im-`ym-kn-IÄ I¨-sI«n sRmdnªpSp¯v

DbÀ¶p s]m§n Xncnªp adn-ªp-sIm-v Im«p¶ A`ym-k-{]-I-S-\-am-Wn-Xv.

A¯w apXÂ Bcw-`n-bv¡p¶ HmW-¯-ÃnÂ, ]e L«-§-fn-embn hnP-bn-¨-hÀ

X½nÂ Ahn-«- n³ \mÄ Gäpap«p¶-Xv, “Ahn-«- Ãv” F¶ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s -«n-

cp-¶-Xv. CXv tZi-§Ä X½n-epÅ XÃm-bn-cn-bv¡pw. CXnÂ tXmä tZi-¡m-sc, Hcp

hÀjw apgp-h³ Pbn- -hÀ ImWp-t¶-S-s¯Ãmw sh¨v Ifn-bm-¡pw.59

1.5.2.5 Ip½m«n

XrÈqÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ HmW-¡m-e¯v hym]-I-ambn BtLm-jn¨p t]mcp¶ hnt\m-

Zw. amth-enbv¡v AI-¼-Sn-bmbn hcp¶ inh- q-X-K-W-§-fmWv Ip½m-«n-sb-¶mWv k¦-

ev]w. taemsI Ip½m-«n- pÃv sh¨p sI«n, apJw aqSnbpw [cn- v, ]m«p-IÄ ]mSn-bmWv

Ip½m«n kwL-§Ä hoSp hoSm- cw Ib-dn-bn-d-§p-I. Ip½m«n hchv Ct¸mÄ tZi-§-

fpsS t]cn-emWv \S- p-¶-Xv.60

1.5.2.6 ]pen-Ifn

XrÈqÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ -s¶-bmWv ]pen-I-fnbv¡pw {]Nm-c-ap-Å-Xv. ]pen-th-jhpw

apJw-aq-Sn-bp-ambn ]pen-IÄ \K-c-{]-Z-£nWw sN¿p-¶p. h¼n¨ tLmj-bm-{X-bp-

40

ap- -m -Ipw. Ct¸mÄ Kh¬saâ vXe- nÂ hnt\m-Z-hm-cm-tLm-j- nsâ `mK-ambn \S-

-s -Sp-¶p. ISp-hm, Ic-Sn, XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS thjw [cn¨ Nne kwL-§Ä aäp ]e

Øe-§-fn-epw, {]mtZ-in-I-ambn HmW-¡m-e¯v Krl-k-µÀi\w \S- p-¶-Xmbn ]n.kn.

IÀ¯m tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p- - v .61

1.5.2.7 ]´p-Ifn (X-e- - v)

HmW-¡m-es¯ {][m\hnt\m-Z-§-fnÂ H¶v. ho«p-apät¯m, ssaXm-\-t¯m, A¼-

e-ap-ät¯m A§s\ ka-Xe {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ Fhn-sSbpw \S- p-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. tXmep-

sImt-m hmg-t¸m-f-sImt-m sI«n-bp- -m -¡nb ]´p-I-fmWv Ifn-bv¡p-]-tbm-Kn-bv¡p-

I. k¦oÀ®-amb \nb-am-h-en-I-tfmsS ‘Xe- -s´¶’ Hcp Ifn Nne-bn-S-§-fnÂ {]Nm-

c-¯n-ep- - v. CXnÂ Ifn-¡mÀ BZyw c-p kwL-§-fmbn ]ncn-bpw. Hcp Iq«À Ifn-

bv¡pw, atä Iq«À Ifn-Ø-e- nsâ Hc-ä¯v Hcp I¼p-\m«n ]e-bn-S- mbn \ne-bp-d- n-

bv¡pw. Chsc ‘]´p-Im-¡p-¶-hÀ’ F¶mWv hnfn-bv¡p-I. Xe- - v, Hä, s]«, ]nSn-

¨m³, Xmfw, Imen³Iogv, C-³, N¡-css¡ F¶n-§s\ F«p-L-«-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv

Hcp h«w Ifn ]qÀ¯n -bm -Ip -I. CXn\v {]mtZ -in -I -- t ` - Z - § Ä D - v .

Nne Øe-§-fnÂ, Xe-a, Hä, Cc-«, sXmtS-½- -Ãn, ImÂ¡o-gv, Ct«mSn F¶n-§-s\-

bm-Wv. “Ifn XpS-§p-¶-bmÄ Im¡-p-¶-hÀ¡v ]pdw Xncnªp tImen\v A`n-ap-J-ambn

tImenÂ \n¶v 100-þ200 sk.-an.-A-I-e-¯nÂ \ne-bp-d-¸n¨v Hcp ssIsIm-v ]´v tatem-

s«-dnªv atä-ssI-sIm-v ]pd-tIm-«p-X-«n-s¯-dn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p. Cu C\-¯n\p "Xe-

¸s´’¶pw ‘Xe-s¸m§n’ F¶pw ]d-bpw. s]m-§n-h-cp¶ ]´v \new sXm-Sp¶Xn\p

ap¼v Im¡p-¶-hÀ Bsc-¦nepw ]nSn- mÂ Ifn-bv¡p-¶-hsâ ‘Ifn-t]m-bn’. ]nSn-¡m³

]ämsX \ne¯p hoW ]´v Dcp-p \o§p-t¼mÄ Fhn-sS-sh¨p XSp¯p \nÀ¯ntbm

AhnsS \n¶p-sIm-v Fdnªv tImenÂ sIm-Ån-¨nepw Ifn-¡m-csâ Ifn t]mIpw.

C§s\ ]nSn-sIm-Sp-¡m-sXbpw I¼nÂ sIm-Åm-\n-S-bm-Im-sXbpw Xe-s¸m§nÂ aq¶p

XhW Ifn- mÂ ]ns¶ ASp¯ C\-amb ‘Hä’Ifn-bv¡mw-...- C-§s\ F«n-\hpw Cu

kwLw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-bmte Pb-am-Iq.”62 {In¡-än-sâbpw ^pSvt_m-fn-tâbpw kmZriyw

Cu Ifn-bnÂ {]I-S-am-Wv.

{]mtZ-in-I-t -Z-§-tfmsS apXnÀ¶-hÀ¡n-S-bnÂ {]Nm-c- n-epÅ HmW-¡mehnt\m-

Z-§Ä thsd-bp-ap--m-Imw. hni-Z-amb Hc-t\z-jWw Cu ]T-\- nsâ `mK-a-Ãm- -Xn-

\mÂ ChnsS \nÀÆ-ln-bv¡p-¶n-Ã.

1.5.3 Ip«n-I-fpsS hnt\m-Z-§Ä

HmW-¡m-e¯v Ip«n-I-fpsS {][m\hnt\mZw ]q¡-f-ap--m-¡epw A\p-_Ô]cn-

]m-Sn-Ifpw Xs¶. IqSmsX apXnÀ¶-h-cpsS Nne Ifn-I-fpsS sNdp-]-Xn- p-Ifpw AhÀ

kz´-am-¡m-dp- - v . DZm: -- --Xe- - p-I-fn-bnÂ A¬Ip-«n-I-fpw, Duªm-em-«- nepw Xp¼n-

Xp-Å-enepw s]¬Ip-«n-Ifpw GÀs -Sm-dp-Å-Xv. s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ kv{XoI-fp-tS-bpw, B¬Ip-

«n-IÄ ]pcp-j-·m-cp-tSbpw kwL-§-fn-tebv¡v {]th-in-bv¡p-¶Xv C¯cw Ifn-I-fn-eq-

sS-bm-Wv. CXnÂ \n¶p hyXy-kvX-ambn apXnÀ¶ B¬Ip-«n-IÄ Ifn-bv¡p¶

41

‘B«-¡fw Ip¯Â’t]mepÅ Ifn-Ifpw HmW-¡m-e¯v \S-¯m-dp- - v.

1.5.3.1 B«-¡fw Ip¯Â (Gdmen ]nSn-bv¡Â)

“As©-«Sn hymk- nÂ apä-s¯mcp Ifw hc-bv¡pw. HcmÄ If- n\p ]pd¯pw

aäp-Å-hÀ AI¯pw \nev¡pw. ]pd¯p \nev¡p-¶-h\v hc-bv¡p-ÅnÂ IS-¡m³ h¿m.

Ah³ AI-¯p-Å-hsc Hmtcm-cp-¯-sc-bmbn ]nSn¨p hen¨p ]pd¯p NmSn-bv¡p-I-

bmWv Ifn-bpsS NS-§v. AI¯p \nev¡p-¶-h\v ]pd- p-Å-hs\ ASn-bv¡mw. F¶mÂ

adn-¨p-]m-SnÃm Xm\pw. AI-¯p-Å-hÀ¡v Hcp t\Xm-hp--m-Ipw. AbmÄ ‘aq¯p’F¶p ]d-ªmte Ifn XpS-§m-hq. AI- p-Å-hÀ X¿m-dmbn F¶mWv AXnsâ s]m-

cpÄ. ImbnI{]I-S\w aq¯p imco-cnI]oU-\-am-bmÂ t\Xmhv ‘Noªp’ F¶p ]d-

bpw. AXp-tI-«mÂ c-m-fp-Ifpw ]n³am-d-Ww. Hcmsf ]pd¯p NmSn-¨mÂ aäp-Å-hsc

]pd-¯m-¡m³ Abmfpw klm-bn-bv¡pw. C§s\ FÃm-h-tcbpw ]pd-¯m-¡n-bmÂ

Hcp Ifn Ign-ªp. AXp Ign-ªmÂ BZyw AI¯p \n¶n-cp-¶-h-cpsS t\Xmhp

]pd- pw, ]pd¯p \n¶-h³ t\Xm-hmbn AI¯pw \n¶v Ifn XpS-cp-¶p.”64 CXmWv

B«-¡fw Ip¯Â.

Ch IqSm-sX, sXm-«p-I-fnbpw, Hfn- p-I-fnbpw t]mepÅ aäp hnt\m-Z-§-fnepw Ip«n-

IÄ GÀs¸-Sm -dp - - v .

tIc-fs¯ sam¯ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¨mÂ HmW-¡mehnt\m-Z-§Ä [mcm-f-ap-s-¶p

ImWmw. hfsc hn]p-ehpw hym]-I-hp-amb Hcp aWvU-e-hr¯n (Field work) bneqsS

am{Xta Ah tiJ-cn-bv¡m-\m-hq. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fpsS Imcy-¯nÂ I--Xp-t]m-

se, {]mtZ-inI/PmXob t`Z-§fpw Ch-bv¡p--v. F¶mÂ, ImgvN-¡mÀ ImgvN-¡m-

cmbpw ]¦m-fn-IÄ ]¦m-fn-I-I-fmbpw \ne-\n-ev¡p¶p F¶Xv Nn«-s -Sp- nb hnt\m-Z-

§-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnepw\m-tSmSn hnt\m-Z-§-fnepw ImgvN-

¡mÀ/]¦m-fn-IÄ F¶ Zzµw {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶n-Ã.

{it²-b-amb asämcp hkvXp-X, Imem-h-Ø, `q{]-IrXn XpS-§n-bh HmW-¡me

hnt\m-Z-§sf Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-bv¡p-¶p-v F¶-Xm-Wv. Ip¶pw ImSp-apÅ {]tZ-

i-§-fnÂ As¼-bv¯pw, {][m\ hnt\m-Zam-Ip-t¼mÄ ka-X-e-§-fnÂ Imev]-´p-I-fn-

bpw, Pem-ib§fpÅ Øe-§-fnÂ hÅwIfnbpw {][m-\-am-Ip-¶Xv CXp-sIm--m-Wv.

1.6 `mjm-hym-]m-c-§Ä

HmWw tIc-fobPohn-X-¯nsâ kakvXtaJ-e-I-tfbpw kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p--v. AXn-

\mÂ¯s¶ HmW-t¯mSp _Ô-s¸«v \nc-h[n `mjm-hym-]m-c-§fpw (]-g-s©mÃpIÄ,

ssien-IÄ, \mS³]m-«p-IÄ XpS§n-b-h) \ne-hn-ep-- v.

1.6.1 ]g-s©m-Ãp-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw

]g-s©m-Ãp-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw X½nÂ sNdnb hyXym-k-ap-s--¦nepw (]-g-s©mÃv

kzbw Hcp hmN-I-ambn \nev¡p¶p; ssien-bm-I-s«, hmN-I- nÂ Fhn-sS-sb-¦nepw

FSp¯p]tbm-Kn-bv¡m-hp¶ Hcp ]Z-kw-lnX am{X-am-Wv.) AXv ]cn-K-Wn-bv¡msX

42

Ahsb H¶n- mWv ChnsS hni-I-e\ hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv. ‘HmWw’ {]Xn- -en-bv¡p-¶-

Xnsâ coXn-b-\p-k-cn- v, Ahsb {][m-\-ambpw aq¶m-bn- n-cn-bv¡mw.

1. HmW-¯nsâ BtLm-j-s¸menabpw Nn«-h-«-§fpw ]cm-aÀin-bv¡p-¶-h.

2. ImÀjnI\nÀt±-i-§fpw Imem-hØmkqN-\-I-fpw.

3. HmW- nsâ adp-hiw ImWp-¶-h.

Chn-tSbpw hfsc hni-Z-amb Hcp ]T\w km²y-a-Ãm- -Xn-\mÂ AXym-h-iy-a-Ãm¯

hni-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡p-¶p.64

1.6.1.1. HmW-s¸m-ena/BtLm-j- nsâ Nn«-h-«-§Ä kqNn- n-bv¡p¶ sNm-Ãp-IÄ.

HmWm-tLm-j-¯nsâ ssh]p-ey-¯n-tebv¡v ]e-hn-[-¯nÂ hncÂ Nq-p¶ Hcp

Iq«w sNm-Ãp-I-sf-bmWv ChnsS kmam-l-cn- n-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

1. A¯w ]t¯m-Ww.

2. D{XmSw D -bm-Ip-t¼mÄ A¨n-amÀs¡ms¡ sh{]m-fw.

3. D{Xm-S-¯n\v Ddn-bnÂs¸m¶v.

4. HmW-t¯-¡mÄ henb aI-apt-m?

]mTm- -cw: HmW- n-\n-Ãm- Xv Xo¡-«-bvs¡- n\v?

Chn-sS, aIw, ]Xn-\mdmw aI-hpw, Xo¡-«, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-bp-am-Wv. c-pw aäp c-v

BtLmj kµÀ -§Ä. Ah-sb-¡mÄ aosX HmWs¯ {]Xn-jvTn-bv¡p-I-bmWv Cu

sNmÃpIÄ. “a¡sf hnäpw aIw D®Ww” F¶v aIs¯ DbÀ¯p¶ sNmÃp-I-fpap- v.

5. HmWw hcm-s\mcp aqew thWw.

6. hmhp h¶p hmXnep Xpd-¶p, \nd h¶p Xndw IqSn.

]p¯cn h¶p ] -cn-sh¨p HmWw h¶p £oWw IqSn.

(IÀ¡-SIamk-¯n-em-cw-`n-¨v, ImÀjn-Im-Nm-c-§-fn-eqsS HmW-¯n-se¯n

\nev¡p¶ kmaq-lnIm-tLmjirwJe F¶v Cu sNm-Ãns\ hni-Zo-I-cn-bv¡mw).

7. Ht¶mWw s]mt¶mWw, ct -mWw It-m -Ww, aqt¶mWw ap¡n aqfn ,

\mtemWw \¡n- p-S¨v, At©mWw ]nt©m-Ww. (HmWw BtLm-jn-bv¡p-¶-Xnse

Xc-t`-Z-§Ä kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p).

HmWm-tLmjw Nne-bn-S-§-fnÂ NX-b-t¯msS Ah-km-\n-bv¡p-sa-¦n-epw, aäp Nnte-

S¯v (h-Åp-h-\m-«nÂ) tchXn hsc-bp--v. CXp kqNn-¸n-bv¡p¶ sNm-Ãp-IÄ:

8. NXbw NXn- p-t]m-bn.

9. Fc-h-Xn-tbmWw Fc-¶n-«p-ap-®-Ww.

10. ImWw hnäpw HmW-ap-®-Ww.

43

11. Xncp-thmWw Xncp-X-Ir-Xn.

12. HmW-¯n-\n-Sbvt¡m ]p«p-I-¨-h-Sw.

13.A¯-¯n\p hf-h-«w, Xncp-thm-W-¯n\p IpS-h-«w. (]q-¡-f-¯nsâ hen-¸-

s¯-¸-än.)

14.Ahn-«-¡« Nhn-«n-s¸m-«n-bv¡-Ww.

ssien-IÄ

1. HmW-a-Sp¯ Nmen-b-s\-t¸m-se.

2. HmWw tIdm-aqe þ (HmWw tIdm-aqe \nµy-am-Ip-¶-Xv, HmWw A{X {]k-à-am-

b -Xp -sIm - -m -Wv).

1.6.1.2 ImÀjnI\nÀt±-È-§Ä/Imem-h-Ø kqNn- n-¡p¶ sNmÃp-IÄ

1. Xncp-hm-Xn-c-bnÂ ag h¶mÂ

Xncp-thmWw It- t]mIq

2. Xncp-thmWw apg-t¡m-ep-t]mse (HmWw \£-{X-¯nsâ BIr-Xn, tPymXn-

Èm-kv{X-kw-_-Ônbmb Hcp \m«-dn-hm-Wn-Xv.)

3. A¯w Idp-¯mÂ HmWw shfp-¡pw. (Hcp Imem-hØm kqN\ F¶-Xn-e

-¸p-dw, Zp:J¯nÂ Bcw-`n¨v kpJ-¯nÂ Ah-km-\n-bv¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ

{]Xo£ IqSn Cu sNm-Ãn -ep - v ) .

4. a¯ ]q¯mÂ HmWw h¶p. (a¯ ]q¡p-¶Xv IÀ¡-S-I- n-em-Wv. t\cs¯

kqNn-¸n-¨-Xp-t]mse HmWw IÀ¡-S-I-¯nÂ Bcw-`n-bv¡p¶p F¶-Xn\p

sXfn-hv).

5. FÅv Nn§- n-temWw ImW-Ww.

6. HmWm-«³ hnX-¨mÂ HmW-¯n\p ]p¯cn. (IÀ¡-S-I-¯nsâ CÃm-bvabv¡p

]pd¯p IS-¶v, HmW- n\p sIm¿mdm-IpI F¶-XmWv HmWm-«³ F¶ hn¯nsâ

[À½w).

1.6.1.3 HmW- nsâ adp-hiw ImWp¶ sNmÃp-IÄ

kmam-\y-P-\-§-fpsS Pohn-X- nÂ HmWw A{X henb \nd- mÀ¯p-I-fp-am-bn-«Ã

{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ AhÀ¡v Hgn-ªp-am-dm³ ]äm-¯-hn[w hyh-Ø-bpsS

`mK-ambn AXv \ne-\n-ev¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Cu sshcp-²y- nsâ km£y-]-{X-amb

Nne sNm-Ãp-IÄ NphsS t¨À¡p¶p:

1. HmWw h¶m-ep-ap®n ]nd-¶mepw tImc\p Ip¼n-fnÂ¯s¶ Iªn.

2. A - -t¯m-W-a-Sp-s¯tSm \mbtc

tNmXn-]p-gp-§p-hm³ s\Ãn-Ã-dn-ªm-epw.

44

(“tNmXn ]pgp-§p-hm³ s\Ãp-Xmtbm” Fs¶mcp ]mT-t -Zhpw CusNm-Ãn -\p - - v ) .

3. A¯w Nn¯nc tNmXn, A´n-bv¡n- -d-häv

AXo-¡q-«m³ Xmfv, A½sS sam-I-s¯mcp Ip¯v.

4. HmWw Ign-ªmÂ Hme- pc Hm«- p-c.

5. HmWhpw hnjphpw hcmsX t]ms«.

6. HmW-ap- hbtd Nqfw ]mSn-¡nS

7. Bimcn HmWw Ign- -t]m-se. (Nn-§-am-k- nse HmW- n\v Bim-cnbv¡v FÃm

Hcp-¡-§fpw \S-¯m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. AXn-\mÂ, At±-lw, Xsâ HmWs¯

{]Xn-tj[ kqN-I-ambn I¶n-am-k-¯n-tebv¡v \o«n-sh¨p Fs¶mcp IYsb

Bkv]-Z-am¡n cq]w sIm- sNmÃv. Nne-bn-S-§-fnÂ, I¶n-am-k-¯n-embn-cp¶p

ASp- -Imew hsc Bim-cn-amÀ HmW-am-tLm-jn- n-cp-¶Xv F¶Xpw CXp-ambn

tNÀ¯p hmbn-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv)

1.6.2 HmW- m-«p-IÄ

HmW-¸m-«p-Isf {][m-\-ambpw c-p hn`m-K-§-fm-¡mw.

1. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-sSbpw ]pcm-hr-¯-§-fp-sSbpw `mK-ambn hcp-¶-h.

2. hnt\m-Z-§-tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨p hcp-¶-h.

Ch-bnÂ {][m-\-s -«-hsb AXXp hnj-b-§-sf ]cm-aÀin-bv¡p-t¼mÄ ]d-ªp-

t]m -bn -« p - - v .

BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶p sXfn-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse ]g-s©mÃpIfpw Hcp

^yqsUÂ ImÀjnIhyh-Ø-bpsS `mK-ambn hcp¶ BtLm-j-amWv HmWw F¶p

kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p. P·n-bpsS HmWhpw IpSn-bmsâ HmWhpw c-p X«n-emWv \nev¡p-

¶-sX¶pw AtX kabw c-p Iq«À¡pw HmWw {][m-\-am-bn-cp¶p F¶pw Cu sNm-

Ãp-IÄ ImWn¨p Xcp-¶p--v. {it²-b-amb asämcp hkvXpX HmW-¸p-cm-hr-¯-§-sf-

¡p-dn- pÅ {]Xy-£tam ]tcm-£tam Bb kqN-\I-sfm¶pw Cu sNm-Ãp-IÄ \evIp-

¶nÃ F¶-Xm-Wv. ChnsS \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Hcm-tLmjhyh-Ø-bn-tebv¡v HmW- nsâ

an¯p-IÄ IS¶p hcn-I-bm-Wp--m-bXv F¶ hmZs¯ CXv ho-pw Dd-¸n-bv¡p-¶p.

AtX kabw HmW- m-«p-I-fnÂ Cu ]pcm-hr-¯-§Ä ]e-]mSv IS¶p hcp-¶p-ap-- v.

]m«p-IÄ t]mse Hä-sbmä hyàn-IÄ¡p--m-¡m-hp-¶-h-bpw, Ir{Xn-a-ambn kaqla\-

ÊnÂ Øm\w ]nSn-bv¡m-hp-¶-h-bp-aÃ ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ F¶-Xp-sIm-p IqSn-bmImw

CXp kw -hn- -Xv.

1.6.3 Øe-\m-a-§Ä

Øe-\m-a-]-T\w (täm-t¸m-W-an) P\kwkv¡m-cs¯ hne-bn-cp-¯m-\pÅ ià-

amsbm-cp-]m-[n-bm-Wv. Hcp Xe-¯nÂ, Hcp tZi-¯nsâ kmwkv¡m-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-

45

Ihpw `mjm-]-c-hpamb- hfÀ¨-bp-tSbpw ]cnWm-a-§-fp-tSbpw hnhn[L«-§-sf-¡p-dn-

¨pÅ amÀ¤tcJ-I-sf¶ \ne-bnÂ \mS³ Øe-t -cp-IÄ Nn´m-hn-j-b-am-Wv.-65 F¶mÂ

asämcp Xe- nÂ, Hc[o-i-kw-kv¡mcw IS-¶p-h-cp-t¼mÄ {]tbm-Kn-bv¡p¶ kaÀ°-

amb Hcp CS-s]-SÂX{´-sa¶ \ne-bv¡mWv Ahsb ]cn-tim-[n-bvt¡---Xv. DZm-l-c-

W-ambn tIc-f-¯nse ]e Øe-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw ]pcmWIYm-]m-{X-§-fp-ambn _Ô-

s¸« sFXn-ly-§Ä \ne-hn-ep-- v. F¶mÂ Chbv¡v Ncn-{X-]-camb sXfn-hp-IÄ

Is--¯m-\m-I-W-sa-¶n-Ã. kq£va-hn-i-I-e-\-¯nÂ, t£{X-§-fpsS Øm]-\-t¯m-S-

\p-_-Ôn-¨mWv C¯cw IY-IÄ cq]-s¸-«-sX¶p ImWm³ km[n-bv¡pw. AXnsâ

hni-Zmw-i-§-fn-tebv¡v IS-¡p-¶n-Ã. HmW-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« tIc-fobØe-\m-a-§Ä

Cu c - p hn`m -K -¯nepw DÄs¸ -S p -¶p - - v . Ch -bnÂ hfsc {]kn -² -am -bh

NphsSt¨À¡p¶p:

1. Xr¡m-¡-c: ImÂ¡ssc-\mSv F¶ {Kmaw t£{X-Øm-]-\-t¯msS Xr¡m-¡-c-

bm-bn. ""ImÂ'' F¶mÂ sNdnb \Zn F¶m-WÀ°w. ]t£, ]nÂ¡m-e- v,

CXv hma-\m-h-Xm-c- nse alm-hn-jvWp-hnsâ Imep-ambn _Ô-s -Sp¯n {Xnhn-

{I-a-IY {]N-cn- p.

2. ]mXmfw: Xr¡m-¡c \n¶p c-p-In-tem-ao-äÀ am{Xw Zqsc-bpÅ {]tZ-iw. Xmgv¶

Øew F¶ AÀ°- nÂ {]N-cn¨p h¶ ]Zw (h-b-\m-«nse ‘]£n]mXmfw’HmÀ½n-bv¡mw). CXn-s\bpw ap³\nÀ¯n, alm-_-ensb Nhn-«n-¯m-gv¯nb

]mXmfw (kp-X-e-sa-¶mWv sFXn-ly- nÂ) tIc-f-am-sW¶v NneÀ hmZn- p.

3. HmWm-«p -Ic: ]-s¯ ImbwIpfw cmPyw. ChnsS HmW-¸-Sbpw Xncp -

thmWatlm-Õ-hhpw \S- n-bn-cp-¶p. HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse {][m\ Øe-§-fn-

sem -¶mWv amth-en -¡-c. c - n\pw alm -_-en -bp -ambn _Ô-ap -s -¶p

Icp-Xp-¶p.

4. HmW- pS {Kmaw: HmW- -Ãn\p {]kn-²-amb s]cn- Âa® ( s]cpw XÃv \S¶

a®v)-bv¡-Sp-¯pÅ {]tZ-iw. {]i-kvX-amb \nc-h[n Ifcn IpSpw-_-§-fp--m-bn-

cp¶ Cu {Kma- nse tXmt«m- -Ån-bnÂ F¶ Ifcn IpSpw-_-¡mÀ HmW-¡m-

e¯v ChnsS Ifcn aÕcw kwL-Sn- n- n-cp-¶p. ]S-I-fn- Ãv F¶ t]cnÂ

Adn-b-s¸« Cu aÕcw ImWm³ {Kmao-WÀ apgp-h³ F¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p. aÕ-c-

¯nÂ Pbn-bv¡p-¶-hÀ¡pÅ k½m\w HmW-¸p-S-h-bm-bn-cp-¶-t{X. A§s\

HmW-¸p-Sh k½m\w \evIp¶ k{¼-Zmbw sIm-v, B \mSn\v HmW-¸p-Sh

F¶p t]cp hcn-Ibpw ]n¶oSv AXv Npcp§n HmW-¸p-S-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp

F¶mWv IY.66

{]kn-²hpw A{]-kn-²-hp-amb aäp Øe-t¸-cp-Ifpw HmW-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v

{]Nm-c-¯n-ep--m-Imw. hni-Z-amb aWvU-e-hr-¯n-bn-eqsS am{Xta Ah tiJ-cn-bv¡m\pw

]cn-tim-[n-bv¡m\pw km[n-bv¡q. HmW- nsâ kÀÆ-tXm-ap-J-amb kzm[o\w sXfn-

bv¡m³ ChnsS Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä kqNn- n-bv¡pI am{X-amWv sNbvXXv .

46

Ip-dn¸pIÄ

1. hnj- vWp\¼qXncn . Fw.hn, ‘t^mI v te m À\ nL - - p’ , tIc -f -`mjm C³Ìn -Syq -« v ,

Xncph-\-´-]p-cw, 2000, ]p.89

2. cmL-h³]¿-\mSv , ‘tIc-f -t^m-IvtemÀ’ , t^mIvtemÀ s^-tÃmkv Hm^v ae-_mÀ

{S-Ìv, ]¿-¶qÀ, 1997, ]p.276.

3. tSWÀ, hnIvSÀ, knw_Âkv- C³ B{^n-¡³ dnNzÂkv, D²: c¬PnXvIpamÀ ]n, “HmWm-

tLm-j-¯nsâ ]pcm -hr¯§fpw A\p -jvTm -\ -§-fpwþHcp LS-\m -ß-I

-]-T-\w”, A{]-Im-in-X -]n.-F-¨v.Un {]_-Ôw, Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime, 2006, ]p.106.

4. Shulz, Emily.A.Robert, H.Lavenda, ‘Cultural Antrapology - A perepective onHuman condition’; Newyork, Oxford university, 2005, P.163-164

5. “Xr¡m-¡c A¸-·mÀ apä-§-fnÂ AWn-\n -c -¶p”, dnt¸mÀ«v, amXr-`q -an - Zn -\-]-{Xw, -

a-e-¸pdw FUn., 2008, sk]vXw.5 (a-lm-Ihn A¡n-¯-hp-am-bpÅ kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ \n¶v

X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xv.)

6. Bth: {ioaXn cm[ (75), ANyp-X-¯v-C-Ãw, IS-h-ÃqÀ, XriqÀPn-Ã.

7. Bth: {ioa -Xn . C.Fw Ia -em -tZ -hn (81) Ccn -b v¡-¸m -«nÂ a§m-« v , tag -¯qÀ,

Xr¯m-e, ]me-¡mSv PnÃ.

8. Bth: {io. tKm]m-e³ (82) XS-¯nÂ, Be-t¦m-Sv, ae-¸pdw PnÃ.

9. hn\o-X-_m-_p, “]q¡fw”, ‘tIc-fo-b-X-bpsS \m«-dn-h v’, 2000, BK-Ìvþ HIvtSm-_À, ]p.151þ152.

10. \mcm-b-W³, kn.-BÀ(-tUm), ‘tIc-f-¯n-se -tZ-io-bm-tLm-j-§Ä’, F³.-_n-.-Fkv, tIm«-bw,

2þmw], 1941, ]p.26.

11. IÀ¯m, ]n.-kn. ‘HmW-hn-Úm-\-tImiw’, {KÙ-Im-c³/ \mj-WÂ _pIvkvämÄ, tIm«-bw,1991.

12. hk-´³, Fkv.-sI.(-tUm), “HmWw ht¶....”,- ‘a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-ca Rmb-dm-gvN’, 2006 BKÌv,

27,]p.1

13. aocm-¡p-«n, ]n, “Xncp-thm-W-¯nsâ Xncp-¸p-d-¸mSv” ,‘P\-]-Yw’, 2006, sk]vXw-_À, ]p.26

14. t{]w\mYv, sh«n -bmÀ (k¼m.), ‘tIc-f-¯nse \mS³ ]m«p -IÄ’, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-

A-¡m-Z-an, XriqÀ, 1990 (1979), ]p.73

15. efn-Xm-_nIm A´ÀÖ-\w, “HmWw HmÀ½-I-fnÂ”, ‘Bß-I-Y-bvs¡m-cm-apJw’, Idâ v_p-Ivkv

Xr-iqÀ, 3þmw], 2007, ]p. 81, 82.

16. c¬Pn-XvIp-amÀ, -]n, “HmWtLmj-¯nsâ ]pcm-hr-¯-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw Hcp LS-\m-

ß-I]-T-\w”, A{]-Im-inX ]n.-F-¨v.Un {]_-Ôw, Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e, 2006, ]p.93


Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 2000, ]p. 111

47

18. IÀ¯m ]n. -kn. ‘HmWhnÚm-\ -tIm -iw’ , {KÙ-Im -c³/ \mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ,

tIm«-bw, 1991, ]p.103.

19. A.-]p.-]p.104.

20. Ipªp®n hmcyÀ, IS -¯-\m -« v , “Nn§-amkw”, ‘amXr -`qan BgvN -¸ -Xn -¸ v’ , 1954

BK-Ìvþ22, ]p. 27

21. c¬Pn-XvIp-amÀ,-]n, “HmWtLmj-¯nsâ ]pcm-hr-¯-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw Hcp LS-\m-ß-

XI]-T -\w”, A{]-Im -inX ]n. -F-¨ v .Un {]_-Ôw, Imen -¡äv kÀÆ-

I-em-im-e, 2006, ]p.98.


Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 2000, ]p.113

23. Bth: \mcm-b-W³ (60) Nmä-¸-d-¼nÂ, am§m-«qÀ, Ime-Sn, ae-¸pdw PnÃ (]-c-¼-cm-K-X- Xp-bn-

ep-WÀ¯p-]m-«p-Im-c³)

24.IÀ¯m ]n. -kn. ‘HmWhnÚm-\ -tIm -iw’, {KÙ-Im -c³/ \mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ,

tIm«-bw, 1991, ]p.46,47.

25. c¬Pn-XvIp-amÀ.-]n, “HmWtLmj-¯nsâ ]pcm-hr-¯-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw Hcp LS-\m-ß-

I-]-T-\w”, A{]-Im-inX ]n.-F-¨v.Un {]_-Ôw, Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e, 2006,

]p.102,111,112,114.

26. \¼ymÀ, F.-sI, “tIc-f-¯nse Ie-IÄ” ‘]q¡fpw ]£n-Ifpw’,FUn. c¬Pn-XvIp-amÀ.-]n.;

Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm«-bw, 2004, ]p.140.

27. IÀ¯m ]n. -kn. ‘HmWhnÚm-\ -tIm -iw’ , {KÙ-Im -c³/ \mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ,

tIm«-bw, 1991,]p.53.

28. A.-]p.-]p.53.

29 . APn -X vIp -amÀ, F³, “]q¡-fpsS \m« -dnh v”, ‘]q¡fpw ]£n-Ifpw’ , FUn.

c¬Pn-XvIp-amÀ.-]n.; Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm«-bw, 2004,]p.140.

30. cho - {µ -\m -Y v , Fgp -am -hnÂ, “\mS³]m-«p -I -fnse ]q¡-f -§Ä” - , ‘P-\-]Yw’, 2005,

sk]vXw-_À, ]p.9.

31. A.-]p.-]p.10.

32. Bth: {ioa-Xn. C.Fw Ia-em-tZ-hn (81) Ccn-bv¡-¸m-«nÂ a§m-«v, tag-¯qÀ, Xr¯m-e, ]me-

¡mSv PnÃ.

33. cho - {µ-\m -Yv , Fgp -am -hnÂ, “\mS³]m-«p -I -fnse ]q¡-f -§Ä” - , ‘P-\-]Yw’, 2005,

sk]vXw-_À, ]p.9.

34. APn-XvIp-amÀ, F³, “]q¡-fpsS \m«-dnhv”, ‘]q¡fpw ]£n-Ifpw’, FUn. c¬Pn-XvIp-amÀ.-]n,

Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm«-bw, 2004,]p.139, 140

48

35. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³, tNe-§m-«v, ‘HmW-¯nsâ Ncn-{Xw’, {KÙ-Im-c³/ \mj-WÂ _pIvÌmÄ,

tIm«-bw, 1989, ]p.107,109

36. hnP-b-Ip-amÀta-t\m³, “Iem-cq-]-§-fnse \nXyþ A\n-Xy-Zzµw” , ‘Øew,- Im-ew, Ie’,tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, XriqÀ, 2006, ]p, 33.

37. Bth: {io. \mcm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ, (65), Icp-a-¯nÂ, I¡n-Sn-¸pdw Be-t¦m-Sv, ae-¸pdw PnÃ.

38.APn-XvIp-amÀ, F³, “HmW-k-Zy-bpsS \m«p-hn-ti-j-§Ä”, ‘s]men’, 2003- BKÌvþ17

Unkw.15,]p.19.

39. D²: c¬Pn-XvIp-amÀ.-]n, “HmWtLmj-¯nsâ ]pcm-hr-¯-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw Hcp

LS-\m-ß-XI]-T-\w”, A{]-Im-inX ]n.-F-¨v.Un {]_-Ôw, Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e,

2006, ]p.93

40 i¦-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv, ImWn-¸¿qÀ, “Fsâ kvac-W-IÄ” H¶mw `mKw, ]p. 29,30

41. A.-]p.-]p.40

42. hnj-vWp\¼qXncn. Fw.hn, “hS-¡³ ]m«p-I-Y-IÄ Hcp ]T\w”, {KÙ-Im-c³/ Idâ v _pIvkv

XriqÀ, 1995, ]p,123, 323.

43. IÀ¯m ]n.-kn. “HmWhnÚm-\-tIm-iw”, {KÙ-Im-c³/\mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ, tIm«-bw,

1991,]p.57.

44. Ipªp®n hmcyÀ, IS-¯-\m-«v, “Nn§-amkw”, ‘amXr-`qan BgvN-¸-Xn-¸v’, 1954 BK-Ìvþ22, ]p.42.

45. “ImfmSv hma-\-aqÀ¯nbv¡v Bbncw ]gw \nth-Zyw”, dnt¸mÀ«v, amXr-`q-an- Zn-\-]-{Xw, ae-¸p-dw,

(FUn.) 2006 BKÌv 31, ]p.3.

46. Zbm-\-µ³. Un. “HmW-hnÃv” -, ‘hnÚm-\-ssI-cfn’, 2008 sk]vXw-_À, ]p.28.

47. “HmW-hnÃv” -, ‘Xmbvsam-gn’, 2008 BKÌv, ]p.79

48. IÀ¯m ]n.-kn. “HmWhnÚm-\-tIm-iw”, {KÙ-Im-c³/\mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ, tIm«-bw, 1991,

]p. 35, 36.

49. Bth: {io A½p-Ip-«n-b-½, (85), ¹m¡m«v, tN¼m-e¯v hoSv, sImgn-¡c, ]me-¡mSv PnÃ.

50. {ioaXn C.Fw ame-Xn, (75) at\mPv \nhmkv tag-¯qÀ, Xr¯m-e, ]me-¡mSv PnÃ.

51. cmP-tKm-]me³.-kn.-BÀ (tUm) “tKm{X-I-em-h-Sn-hp-IÄ”, \m«-dnhp]T-\-tI-{µw, XriqÀ, 2001,

]p. 113þ129 se hnh-c-§-tfmSv IS-¸m-Sv.

52. Bth: {ioaXn Ipªp-am-fpA½ (85), tImcw-Ip-S¯v, tag-¯qÀ, Xr¯m-e, ]me-¡m-Sv Pn-Ã.

53. Bth: {ioaXn ktcm-Pn-\n. Sn.-]n. (65), Bim \nhmkv Ipän-¸me, FS-¸mÄ, ae-¸pdw PnÃ.

54. \mcm-bW³. kn.-BÀ, “tIc-f-¯nse tZiob BtLm-j-§Ä”, \mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ,

tIm«-bw, 2þmw], 1941, ]p.29.

49

55. IÀ¯m ]n.-kn. “HmWhnÚm-\-tIm-iw”, {KÙ-Im-c³/\mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ, tIm«-bw, 1991,

]p. 20.

56. IÀ¯m ]n.-kn. ‘BNm-c-\p-jvTm\-tIm-iw’, Unkn.-_pIvkv , tIm«-bw, 2þmw], 2003, ]p.74þ76

57. A.-]p.-]p.306

58. IÀ¯m ]n.-kn. “HmWhnÚm-\-tIm-iw”, {KÙ-Im-c³/\mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ, tIm«-bw,

1991, ]p. 69.

59. IS-¸mSv: dnt¸mÀ«v, amXr-`qan Zn\-]-{Xw, 2006 BKÌv 30, sk]vXw-_À 3, ae-¸pdw FUn-j³

60. Bth: {ioaXn X¦-½-So-¨À, sshim-Jv, lcn-\-KÀ, ]q¦p-¶w, XriqÀ.

61 IÀ¯m ]n.-kn. ‘HmWhnÚm-\-tIm-iw’, {KÙ-Im-c³/ \mj-\Â _pIvÌmÄ, tIm«-bw,

1991,]p.68þ69

62. kÀÆhnÚm-\-tIm-iw, thmfyw 8, D². A.-]p.-]p.73.

63. A.-]p.-]p.21

64. HmWhnÚm-\-tIm-iw, ]gs©mÂ {]]©w, Bth-Z-I, -{io-aXn Ia-em-tZhn A½ XpS-§n-b-

h-tcmSv IS-¸mSv

65. hnj-vWp\¼qXncn. Fw.hn, hnÚm-\-ssI-c-fn, 2008 Unkw, ]p.8

66. dnt¸mÀ«v, amXr-`q-an- Zn-\-]-{Xw, 2006 BKÌv 30 ae-¸pdw FUn-j³.

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