mughal architecture
DESCRIPTION
A brief description about Mughal Architecture and their historyTRANSCRIPT
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MUGHAL ARCHITECTUREMAUSOLEUMS IN INDIA
-Compiled by Mohamed Rafiq.S
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MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
1. SHER SHAH SUR(1450 -55)
2. BABUR(1526 -56)
3. HUMAYAN(1531 -56)
4. AKBAR(1556 -1605)
5. JAHANGIR (1605 -27)
6. SHAH JAHAN(1627 -58)
7. AURANGAZEB(1658 -1707)
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Mughal Empire
Features:
Building art in northern
India attained its most
sumptuous form.
Monuments produced
during this period may be
regarded as representing
an Indian summer of
Moslem art and
architecture.
A form of the building art
emerged expressive of this
ruling dynasty
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Factors:
Wealth and power of the empire.
Relatively settled condition that prevailed in most parts
of the country.
Pronounced aesthetic nature of the mughal rulers culture.
Mughal style resolves itself into two main features:
PHASES
1 buildings of red sandstone (akbar)
2 buildings of white marble (shahjahan)
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SHER SHAH SUR
SASARAM (1530-40) and DELHI (1540 -45)
No Building type Example
Mosques -
Tombs tomb of hasan khan
tomb at chainpur
tomb of sher shah, sasaram
tomb of salim (sher shahs son)
PHASE II: BUILDINGS AT DELHI
No Building type Examples
1 Mosques qila-i-kuhna masjid
2 Tombs -
3 Gateways bara darwaza
4 Others purana qila or old fort
fort at rohtas
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TOMB OF HASAN KHANmaster builder-
ALIWAL KHAN
Mausouleum
building contained
within a walled
enclosure.
Building stands
level with the
ground with no
plinth.
Middle storey is
merely a bare wall
of little interst.
Octogonal type
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TOMB OF SHER SHAH SUR
Whole structure stands in the middle of a great lake.
Access by means of a causeway on the northern side of
the lake
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TOMB OF SHER SHAH SUR
Whole structure stands in the middle of a great lake.
Access by means of a causeway on the northern side of the lake.
Two stories comprise the foundation of this island tomb.
Stepped basement rising out of the water and tall terrace above
which is square in plan with an octagonal tomb in three stages.
Lotus finial
Dome
Plain wall+pillared Kiosks
parapet
Arched verandah
Stepped basement
Causeway
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Surmounted by a dome
Lowest storey is in the form of a verandah, having triple
archs in each of its eight sides with a projecting eaves
above over which rises a high crenelated parapet.
Second stage is a screened wall with a projecting
window openings between.
Third stage is the drum of the dome.
Tomb chamber is entered through the encircling verandah
by doorways.
Single vaulted
hall.
TOMB OF SHER SHAH SUR
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QILA KUNHA MASJID
Gem of architectural
design.
Royal chapel of the suri
rules.-
Faade consists of an
arrangement of five
archways.
Centre arch sunk in an
arched recess contained
within a pronounced
rectangular frontage.
Large single dome.
Interior is formed of one
large hall divided into 5
bays by lateral arches.
-the sixth
capital city of delhi.
Ground floor : 8 arches
Upper floor : 16
Uppermost: 32
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SHER MANDAL
Another solitary structure
built inside the masjid
This is the SHER MANDAL
Within the PURANA QILA
OR OLD FORT
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BABUR(1526 -1531)
BUILDINGS
1. Kabuli Bagh - Panipat
2. Jami masjid -Sambhal
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KABULI BAGH -PANIPAT,PUNJAB
Entrance GateMain facade
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Babur erected this mosque after the first battle of panipet to commerate
the victory over Sulthan Ibrahim Lodi.
The entrance to this building is towards the north which has red
sandstone facing.
The entry has a lintel bracket-type opening encased in a huge arch.
The interior has a huge prayer hall with annexes on side which is crowed
by hemispherical domes on low drums.
It has a high facead which is divided into 5 panels and lined by lime.
It is now considered as a heritage building.
Mihrab
KABULI BAGH-PANIPAT,PUNJAB
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HUMAYUN(1531 -1556)
BUILDING
1. TOMB OF HUMAYUN -1564 AD
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Constructed 8 years after the emperors death, unusual as it was
customary for these monuments to be erected during the emperors life
time.
Built by his wife haji bagum.
Architect - mirak mirza ghiyas.
Indian interpretation of a Persian conception.
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HUMAYUNS TOMB
PLAN
In the middle of each of the
four sides an imposing gateway
was introduced west being the
main entrance.
Occupying the middle of the
upper surface is the tomb
structure 156 feet in side and
square in plan
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HUMAYUNS TOMB
Red
Sandstone
White Marble
Pillared Kiosks
Arcaded Chamber
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HUMAYUNS TOMB
Garden is carefully designed and
proportioned so as to form an integral part of
architectural composition.
This central building stands on a wide and
lofty sandstone terrace 22 inches in height
with arcaded sides
Passing through the entrance gateway into
the garden its larger area is seen to be laid
out in a formal arrangement of square and
rectangular components with flowered beds.
Double dome :
Composed of two seperate
shells an outer and inner with
appreciable space between.
Outer shell supports the
marble case of the exterior.
Inner shell forms the vaulted
ceiling of the interiors main
hall.
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HUMAYUNS TOMB
The Tomb
The arched entrances
The West gate
Arches within arches
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TOMB OF ATGAH KHAN
(1562) :
Situated near humayuns
tomb.
Character of the tomb
reduced and refined to
accord with its smaller side.
Detailed treatment of the
faade with its inlaid
coloured marble and low
relief carving.
Application of fine
embellishment to the wall
surfaces
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Features:
Chief buildings executed in red sandstone with insertions
of white marble.
Style was TRABEATE ORDERof construction; although the
tudor arch was commonly used.
ARCH was used primarily for decoration.
DOME: lodi dome sometimes built hollow but never
technically of the true double order.
PILLAR SHAFTSwere many sided and capitals were in the
form of bracket supports.
Ornamentation:
Carved or boldly inlaid patterns.
Painted designs were introduced on the interior walls and
ceiling
AKBAR (1556-1605)
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AKBAR (1556 -1605)BUILDINGS
Fortress Palace of Agra
Delhi gate
Jahangiri Mahal
Lahore fort (Shahjahan&Akbar)
Allahabad Fort
Ajmer Fort
Fatehpur Sikhri
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Anguri Bagh- 85 square, geometrically arranged gardens
Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience)- was used to speak to the people
and listen to petitioners and once housed the Peacock Throne
Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience)- was used to receive kings and
dignitary, features black throne of Jehangir
Golden Pavilions- beautiful pavilions with roofs shaped like the roofs of
Bengali huts
Jehangiri Mahal- built by Akbar for his son Jehangir
Khas Mahal- white marble palace, one of the best examples of painting
on marble
Macchi Bhawan (Fish Enclosure)- grand enclosure for harem functions,
once had pools and fountains
Mina Masjid (Heavenly Mosque)- a tiny mosque; closed to the public
BUILDINGS IN AGRA FORT
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Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) - a private mosque of Shah Jahan
Musamman Burj- a large, octagonal tower with a balcony facing the
Taj Mahal
Nagina Masjid (Gem Mosque)- mosque designed for the ladies of the
court, featuring the Zenana Mina Bazaar (Ladies Bazaar)right next to
the balcony, where only female merchants sold wares
Naubat Khana (Drum House)- a place where the king's musicians
played
Rang Mahal- where the king's wives and mistresses lived
Shahi Burj- Shah Jahan's private work area
Shah Jahani Mahal- Shah Jahan's first attempt at modification of the
red sandstone palace
Sheesh Mahal (Glass Palace) or Shish Mahal- royal dressing room
featuring tiny mirror-like glass-mosaic decorations on the walls
Shish Mahal's glass works.
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The palace of the royal household Entrance to the fort -delhi gate
The Inner Courtyard
Along the Moat
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JAHANGIRI MAHAL
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Variant
Names
Fatehpur-Sikri Palace Complex
Location Fatehpur Sikri, India
Date 1569 -1574
Style/Period Mughal
Century 16th
Building
Types
landscape, palatial
Building
Usage
garden, palace
Fatehpur Sikri Palace Complex
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2. NEW CAPITAL CITY OF FATEPUR SIKRI:
NO BUIDING TYPE EXAMPLE
1 gateways agra gate
naubat khana or
drum house
2 secular buildings palace at jodh bai
house of Miriam
house of the sultana
birbals house
3 religious buidings jami masjid
buland darwaza or
triumphal gateway
tomb of salim chisti
tomb of islam khan
4. administrative diwan-i-khas or hall of public audience
building panch mahal or palace of five stories
khwabgah or house of drums
astrologers seat
department of records
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FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE COMPLEX
Most notable achievement
of the Mughals
26 miles west of agra
A great complex of
residential palatial and
official and religious
buildings
Rectangular area of 2
miles and 1 mile broad
Habitation lasted only for
one generation
City with no streets ,but
an arrangement of broad
terraces and stately
courtyard around which are
grouped pavillions and
palaces
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FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE COMPLEX
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AGRA GATE
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PALACE OF JODH BAI
High and plain outside wall
Principal buildings are attached to the inner side
all facing the courtyard
Entrance only through a guarded gatehouse
having staggered doorways
Strict seclusion
Within this enclosure, every portion is self
contained with a private chapel for devotions and
roof terraces screened by the parapet for
promenades
Each part is readily accessible for the
convenience of its occupants and for the purpose
of service
Walls -
East wall-gatehouse
North wall- hanging pavilion or hawa mahall
South wall- service and bathing apartment
Interiors consists of an almost symmetrical range of
buildings surrounding a square quadrangle (2 storied)
Carved decoration similar to the temple architecture
Blue glazed tiles.
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Simple and unpretentious structure
Display of much elegant workmanship
Arrangment of rooms in two stories
but with no external courtyard or
extraneous amenities
Mural paintings
HOUSE OF MIRIAM
WEST FACADE
FRONT FACADE
AERIAL VIEW
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Similar to Miriam house
Arrangment is a little more
complex and elaborate
2 STORIED building with four
rooms and two porches
forming the ground floor
UPPER STOREY has two
rooms and the the remainder
consists of open terraces
enclosed by screen
There are cupolas over the
upper rooms and pyramidal
roofs over the porches
DOUBLE DOME
CONSTRUCTION of aninner
andouter shell wth a void in
the centre
hence interior wa s kept cool
treatment of the eave
brackets
BIRBAL HOUSE
SOUTH FACADE
ARCADED CHAMBER
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BIRBAL HOUSEQUEENS PALACE WEST VIEW
SIDE FACADE
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EAST FACADE
CORNER DETAIL
DIWAN I-AM
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BULAND DARWAZA or GATE OF MAGNIFICENCE
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BULAND DARWAZA
Southern entrance to the Jami Masjid.
high.
Presents itself as a masonry of
immense proportions dwarfing every
other building.
There is little doubt that of all the
architectural productions of the
Mughals, their gateways were the most
successful achievements; whether they
were
Bold entrances to fortresses.
Humble doorways to sarais.
Elegant portals to tombs
Porticos to palaces
Civic archways of the city etc
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The entire structure may be
resolved into two aspects:
The frontal and highest aspect,
forming the faade with its
portal.
Back with its faade embowed
by means of three planes
comprising a large central face
and a lesser one on each side
receding at an angle.
rectangular in shape; the greater
part is occupied by an arched and
domed recess.
The narrower faces on the wings
are in three stories which varied
openings in each stage.
Crowning the whole of this faade
is a parapet behind which rises a
range of kiosks with cupolas.
BULAND DARWAZA
Most important feature is the decorative
treatment of the outer faade with the
rectangular formation & wide border.
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PANCH MAHAL
Pavillion of 5 stories
The rectangular ground floor being
built over 84 columns each different in
design
The 5 stories above diminish
gradually from the northern and
western sides while the eatern and the
southern sides rise vertically upto
culminate in a domed canopy
supported over the four pillars
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PANCH MAHAL
to enjoy their leisure hours during the hot summers
Exterior treatment is remarkable for its wide eaves and
deep shadows of pillars & brackets.
Horizontal lines of the parapet.
Pleasing proportions of the interior pillars with pendant
brackets, balconies, alcoves, murals.
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Part of site Friday Mosque of Fatehpur
Sikri
Variant Names Shayk Salim Chishti Tomb
Street Address Friday Mosque Complex
Location Fatehpur Sikri, India
Date 1571 -80
Style/Period Mughal
Century 16th
Building Type funerary
Building Usage tomb
TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI
http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3836http://www.archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1672http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?style=Mughalhttp://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?type=funeraryhttp://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?usage=tomb -
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TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI
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TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI
The tomb building consists of a square exterior
wide,the whole being covered by a low dome
A wide verandah is carried ,its roof supported by
pillars with interspaces filled with perforated
Entire building done up in white marble
Distinctive feature-pillars with Honeycomb
capitals and brackets springing from paterned
shafts.
Long serpentine volute with spaces fileed with
perforated foliations
Structurally they have little value
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TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI
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JAHANGIR(1605 -1627)
TRANSITION FROM STONE TO MARBLE
MINIATURE PAINTINGS
GARDEN RETREATS
TOMB OF AKBAR
TOMB OF JAHANGIR
47TOMB OF AKBAR
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Variant Names Mausoleum of Akbar, Akbar
ka Makbara
Location Sikandra, India
Date 1612
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
Building Types funerary, religious
Building Usage tomb, mosque
TOMB OF AKBAR
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TOMB OF AKBAR
The tomb of Akbar has a
tall sandstone clad gate
with ornate marble inlay
carvings and inscriptions.
It consists of a colossal
arched niche flanked on
either side by double-
stacked balconies.
Surmounting the gate
pavilion are four towering
white marble minarets,
one at each corner
Beyond the lofty gate
lies the charbaghdivided
into quadrants by
watercourses designed to
evoke the rivers of
paradise.
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The mausoleum complex is square
in plan and aligned on the cardinal
axis, with the tomb at its center
.and four gates, one along each
wall.
Based on a charbagh, or walled
square garden composition much
like his father Humayun's (1530-
1540, 1555 -1556) tomb,
double-
stacked
balconies.
arched
niche
marble minarets,
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The gallery space is rhythmically arranged with massive pillars supporting
arches roughly 6.7 meters apart.
Outside, the second story has an arcaded verandah on each side, which is
composed of twenty three bays.
The arcades are repeated on the subsequent floors forming peripheral
walkways at each level and chattris at the corners.
The top floor has no superstructure but consists on an open terrace
enclosed with marble screen parapets.
This five-tiered structure with its pillared terraces and numerous chattris
also bears a striking resemblance to the Panch Mahal at Fatehpur Sikri.
FIVE TIERED
TRUNCATED
PYRAMID
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The central bay of each side
is marked by a high pishtaq
surmounted by a rectangular or
roof kiosks.
Only the southern pishtaq
gives access to the burial
chamber, a small square room
at the end of long corridor at
the heart of the building domed
at eighteen meters.
the four pishtaqs, the
southern one is the most
elaborate in ornamentation.
The burial chamber also
houses the tombs of the
emperor's daughters, Shakrul
Nisha Begam and Aram Bano
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Variant Names Jihangir, Jehangir Tomb
Street Address Shahdara
Location Lahore, Pakistan
Client Shah Jahan
Date 1627 -8
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
Building Types funerary, religious
Building Usage tomb, mosque
TOMB OF JAHANGIR
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The mausoleum itself is also in red
sandstone and floral marble inlay, and
consists of an arcaded platform, or
takhgah, 84 meters square.
On each corner is an octagonal minaret
rising in five segments.
The shaft is decorated in chevrons of
pink and white marble, and a domed kiosk
crowns each minaret.
Openings on each of the four sides of
the platform lead through long corridors
to a central, octagonal crypt containing
the marble cenotaph resting on a
platform, the chabutra.
The marble cenotaph is considered one
of the finest in India.
It is inlaid precious stones set in
naturalistic floral patterns, and black
calligraphy inscribing the date of
Jahangir's death, and the ninety-nine
names of God.
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TOMB OF JAHANGIR
Originally, the crypt had a second floor; a platform still exists,
built on top of the large square one.
Remnants of a marble screen show that it was once enclosed,
and traces indicate where a second cenotaph may have stood.
It is, however, believed that the second story remained
unroofed: before his death, Jahangir, like his ancestor Babur,
had requested that his tomb be left open to the sky.
To the west of the charbagh tomb garden, there is a related,
rectangular enclosure known as the Akbari Seria, which served
as the forecourt, or chowk -i jilo khana, for the mausoleum.
A small mosque stands at its western wall.
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Variant Names Tomb of Itimad al-Dawla,
Mausoleum of Itimad al
Daula
Location Agra, India
Client Nur Jahan
Date 1622 -1628
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
Building Type funerary
Building Usage mausoleum
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA
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The mausoleum is like a jewel box, built entirely of pure marble, it marks
the transitional phase from the grand and massive red sandstone
architecture of Akbar to the softer and sensual architectural style that
marked the reign of Shah Jahan.
The I'timad al-Daula was the first Mughal structure to be completely
encased in marble and extensively use pietra dura, the marble inlay work
that is associated with the Taj Mahal
The tomb is of a modest
scale, built on a low platform
4' (1.22m) high. It has a
square plan measuring 68'-
10" (21m), subdivided into
nine chambers, with four
corner octagonal towers in
the form of minarets.
The minarets frame the
central roof pavilion that
marks the tomb chamber
below.).
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA
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The kiosks of the minarets consist of small
hemispherical cUpolas resting on small
arches supported by eight pilasters. The
roof pavilion imparts a distinct Hindu feel in
its use of Bengali roof, completed by a
wide overhangs or eaves (chhajja
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA
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The mausoleum is set within a garden surrounded by walls forming a
perimeter of 541' -4" (165m) on each side.
The approach is from the east through a red sandstone gateway that is
decorated with rich marble mosaics.
Sandstone pathways lead up to the main tomb.
Each of the faade has a central arched entrance, flanked by two
recessed arches that are closed by beautiful marble screens (jali).
Fine corbels support the cornice, which has a marble tracery (jali)
balustrade running along the length of it.
The platform and tomb is embellished with mosaics and pietra dura inlay
work of semiprecious stones.
The art of inlay marble had been practiced for many years, but this was
the first attempt to imitate Persian pottery decoration and tile work.
The interior is a series of rooms and corridors arranged around a
verandah that surrounds the central chamber containing the cenotaph.
The square roof pavilion above the central chamber allows the light to
filter down through its perforated marble screens (jalis) to gently wash
over the two porphyry yellow cenotaphs of I'timad al-Daula and his wife
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SHAH JAHAN
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS STYLE
The forms of this style are essentially marble forms, while
the decoration is only occasionally plastic this was done by
means of inlaid patterns in coloured stones.
The curves of the arch which were now often foliated.
Usually in each instance by means of cusps called cusp
arch.
The dome assumed another form as the Persian type.
Bulbous in outline and constructed at its neck.
The adoption of which brought with it the system of true
double dome.
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GENERAL FEATURES
Introduction of pillars with
tapering or baluster shafts,
voluted bracket capitals and
foliated buses.
Structural ornamental elements
of curvilinear order, the fluidity
of line from and senouness
generally reflecting those
exalted conditions that not
uncommonly prevail when a
ruling power has attained its
greatest elevation.
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IMPORTANT EXAMPLES:
DIWAN-I-AM AT AGRA
RANG MAHAL
JAMI MASJID AT DELHI
CITY OF SHAHJAHANABAD
TAJ MAHAL AT AGRA.
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TAJ MAHALVariant Names Taj Mahall, Taj Mehel
Location Agra
Date 1632 -1648
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
Building Types funerary, landscape,
religious
Building Usage mausoleum, garden,
mosque
http://www.archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1437http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?style=Mughalhttp://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?type=funeraryhttp://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?type=landscapehttp://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?type=religioushttp://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?usage=mausoleumhttp://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?usage=gardenhttp://www.archnet.org/library/sites/sites.jsp?usage=mosque -
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The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex built by Shah Jahan
(reg. 1628 - 1658) in memory of his favorite wife,
Arjumand Banu Begam (d.1631), better known by her title
The construction of the complex began shortly after
Mumtaz's death, and accounts of this process were
popularized by foreign travelers who visited Mughal courts.
TAJ MAHAL
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The Taj Mahal complex is organized in a rectangle,
measuring approximately 310 x 550 meters .
It comprises a number of buildings and structures, all
functioning together as the funerary monument for Mumtaz
Mahal.
From the south, the first part of the complex consists of
a (former) bazaar, the forecourt and entry gates;
the second part consists of a large garden and garden
pavilions, axially arranged along a riverfront terrace
with the three main structures:
the mosque,
the mausoleum and
the mihmankhana (literally, "guest house," probably used as
an assembly hall).
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Mihman Khanah
Mosque
Garden
Forecourt
Entry gate