Multicultural Minds多元文化心智A Dynamic Constructivist Approach to

Culture and Cognition從動態建構理論看文化與認知

0327. 學科所 101002509. 楊立婕

大綱研究動機與目的

雙文化者與框架轉換 Frame Switching

A Dynamic Constructivist

Analysis

3 Cultural Priming Studies & Q

Extending the Dynamic

Constructivist Approach

Implications Conclusion

研究動機與目的 動機：

跨文化的研究方法只比較個體／群體間的不同 Too general ： IND vs. COL; 認為文化對認知的影響是維持恆定的

目的： 欲瞭解雙文化者的認知如何運作 何時文化要素 (cultural constructs) 將影響行為

雙文化者 與框架轉換 Frame Switching Bicultural people ：兩種不同文化深植於心／內化 (internalized) 至一定的程度的人

Internalized cultures are not blended a 2nd culture doesn’t always replaces the original culture

Frame switching: occur in response to cues(contexts, language) Move back and forth “two souls, two thoughts, two

unreconciled strivings, two warring ideals" (DuBois, 1903/1989, p. 5).

A Dynamic Constructivist Analysis 前提：

culture is internalized in the form of a loose network of domain-specific knowledge structures,such as categories and implicit theories

individuals can acquire more than one such cultural meaning system, even if these systems contain conflicting theories.

為補足跨文化心理學 , 而非對立

Cont. A Dynamic Constructivist Analysis － Ａ ccessibility How particular pieces of cultural knowledge become

operative in particular interpretive tasks? 易取性 accessibility ：依是否近期使用過而定 可經 Priming 實驗而得

“the priming is presented to participants as part of an unrelated experiment, and participants are not aware of its influence in the interpretive task.”

Cultural Priming Studies 研究假設：雙文化受試者將受某文化意涵的圖像促發與此文化相對應的認知基模 研究對象：

最初的研究： westernized HK undergraduate students

China-born Californian college student(immigrants)

Live at least 5 yrs in a CN society and in North America before college

Cultural Priming Studies 研究方法： 隨機分配 Priming: Icons Interpretive task:

interpretation of social behavior 文化影響 e.g. 基本歸因謬誤

Initial 2 Tests 實驗一 :

Priming: show 6 pictures of Chinese/American icons+ short questions about the pictures

Fish picture+12-point scale the major reason why the fish was

swimming in front of other fish. 1:very confident that it is because

the one fish is leading the other fish (an internal cause)

12 :very confident that it is because the one fish is being chased by the other fish (an external cause)

Control group: 幾何圖形與陰影問題

Initial 2 Tests 實驗二 : Priming: show 5 pictures

of Chinese/American icons+ 10 sentences describe the pictures

Fish picture+ 開放式回答

A conceptual Replication 實驗三 : 受試者 :234 HK Chinese high school students Priming: : show 10 Chinese/American icons+ 10

sentences describe the pictures a story +10-points scale:

an overweight boy who was advised by a physician not to eat food with high sugar content. One day, he and his friends went to a buffet dinner where a delicious-looking cake was offered. Despite its high sugar content, he ate it.

個性 /情境歸因: 1 :has very little influence on his action 10: has a lot of influence on his action

? Choi et al.‘s (1999) review that cultural influences on attributions for an individual’s behavior originate more from the differential weight placed on the external social context (when these factors are salient) than from the differential weight placed on the actor‘s internal dispositions=>內在歸因仍是文化差異?

內在歸因仍是文化差異 ?

? Choi et al.‘s (1999) review that cultural influences on attributions for an individual’s behavior originate more from the differential weight placed on the external social context (when these factors are salient) than from the differential weight placed on the actor‘s internal dispositions

動態建構論的延伸 挑戰廣泛而論的觀點 : Cultural knowledge as a toolbox of discrete, specific

constructs 擁有特定文化觀點 ? 易取性 Accessibility? :

他們的猜測 :the most important implicit theories about the social world are possessed by people everywhere; the variance across cultural groups probably lies in the relative accessibility of particular implicit theories, not in whether the theories are possessed.

temporary accessibility vs. chronic accessibility: T: frame switching C: 取決於使用的頻率 => 特定文化觀點是因長期壓制其它觀點而成

另一易取性的解釋 :how factors outside of the individual person--such as institutions, discourse, or relationships-might prime cultural theories and keep these theories prominent in the minds of culture members.

易取性可解釋因不同情境而出現不一致的文化觀點 : Cognitive closure=> 快速降低模稜兩可的情況 => 易取性方便 Top-down

Implications 方法論 -Priming 的貢獻 :

使文化成為可操作實驗的 揭開文化知識的面紗 可看出文化的影響 ( 因果關係 ) 補足跨文化比較的不足

語言也是種 priming: 可啟動文化基模 影響個性、價值觀、自我觀、情緒表達等 for bilingual individuals, the two languages are often associated with two

different cultural systems. 超越認知 :

個人知識架構無法完全體現文化的影響力 => 情緒、實際行為、動機、判斷與抉擇

Refer: 注意上篇所提到的限制e.g. 文化意義

Implications 文化相互形塑 :

互相對立的文化之間的影響 ( 政治對立 ) 關於特定文化內團體與政治意義的自覺過程 使用 priming 引起認同 ? 動態建構理論可使反方消除抗拒

文化涵化的過程 : how culture gets inside minds in the first place 動態建構的觀點 :a state, not a trait 可用 priming 幫助 / 加速文化適應

Conclusion 瞭解個人如何整合多元文化觀點 文化相關要素如何操作意義的建構 瞭解與應變現今多元社會 動態建構觀點 : 增加瞭解文化與跨文化的經驗的可能性