MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Abha SatheGhantali Mitra MandalDiploma 2016-2017

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

• The musculoskeletal system is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together.

• This system provides form, support, stability & movement to the body

• It comprises of Muscular System and the Skeletal System

Musculoskeletal system

The Muscular system

Voluntary Muscles

Involuntary Muscles

The Skeletal System

Bones Joints

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM• Locomotion

• Movement

• Posture formation and its maintenance

• Assistance in blood circulation and respiration

• Protection and support to the viscera

• Production of strength by converting chemical energy to mechanical energy.

• Contribution to the functions of digestion, defecation, urination and the process of child birth.

• External expression of emotions

The Muscular System

Voluntary Muscles

Skeletal Muscles

Involuntary Muscles

Cardiac Muscles

Smooth Muscles

CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES• Muscles are classified on the basis of

Structure and Function

• Skeletal Muscles

• Smooth Muscles

• Cardiac Muscles

SKELETAL MUSCLES• Muscles attached to the skeleton.

• Voluntary in nature

• Finely controlled by neuromuscular co-ordination.

• Concerned with movement of arms, legs & trunk.

• Initiated by nerve impulses arising in the motor area of

Cerebral cortex.

• They move the joints with the help of tendons.

• The most common movements are : Flexion, Extension

Abduction, Adduction & Rotation

IMPORTANT SKELETAL MUSCLES• Flexors

• Extensors

• Abductors

• Adductors

• Synergistic Muscles

• Diaphragm

• Abdominal Recti Muscles

• Pelvic Floor Muscles

SYNERGISTIC MUSCLE

• A synergistic muscle is a muscle which works in harmony with another muscle to generate movement.

• For many common movements, from turning the head to pointing the toes, a synergist muscle or group of muscles is required.

• By working synergistically, muscles also reduce the amount of work they need to do, which can improve endurance.

CORRELATION WITH YOGA

• While practicing various yogasanas all the common movements are taken care of.

• Muscle tone is corrected.

• Pawanmuktasana –I increases the flexibility.

• Blood circulation is improved.

• Neuromuscular co-ordination is improved.

• Improves posture.

MUSCLE TONE

• Muscle tone – Adequate tone is required for the normal muscle activity.• Muscle tone - Inherent property of a muscle even at rest. There is a mild stretching

and a steady tension in the muscle at rest. Muscle tone is minimum during sleep.• Regulation of muscle tone – is done by cerebral cortex & cerebellum. Emotions also

influence the muscle tone.• Protective mechanism – Stretch Reflex. It is an important factor for the posture and

the movement. Stretching a muscle little beyond its particular limit causes reflex contraction of the same muscle. Thereby it protects the muscle from being torn or overstretched.

MUSCLE TONE…..

• Depending on the degree of muscle tone :

• Hypotonic conditions – Muscle tone is inadequate below the required level.

• Hypertonic conditions – Muscle tone is increased above the required level.

• Hypotonic condition : Strong emotions like disappointment, depression, failure, fear, affection, shame, despair, disgust, distress etc. can reduce the muscle tone. The person may become inactive and sluggish. Muscles relax too much and body undergoes a flexion attitude. If this continues for long person may suffer from low bp, lack of confidence, obesity, inferiority complex etc.

MUSCLE TONE……..

• Hypertonic condition: Strong emotions like extreme happiness, love, anger, jealousy, envy, hatred, hope, greed increases the muscle tone. Person becomes hyperactive, fast and hasty in his actions. Has highly impulsive, agitating and irritating nature. His ego remains inflated and is overconfident. Person may suffer from high blood pressure, insomnia, unsteadiness and hasty nature.

MUSCLE CONTRACTION

• Two types of muscle contraction

1)Isometric contraction – Length constant, tension alters.

2)Isotonic contraction – Tension constant, length alters.

ISOMETRIC(STATIC) CONTRACTION

• Increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

• Helps in maintaining steady posture (stability)

• Increase in girth and strength of the muscle.

• Produces less heat than isotonic.

• Perspiration is less.

• Energy expenditure is more than isotonic.

ISOTONIC(DYNAMIC) CONTRACTION

• Increase in flexibility and stamina.

• Increase in heart rate and blood pressure only if done for long time.

• Bring about easy movement(mobility).

• Produces more heat.

• Perspiration is more.

• Energy expenditure is less.

DIAPHRAGM

• Important Skeletal muscle.

• Principle muscle for respiration.

• It can be controlled voluntarily.

• On descent exerts gentle pressure on the abdominal parts.

• Maintains proper muscle tone.

CORRELATION WITH YOGA

• In deep breathing the diaphragm is pulled down to a great extent.• In pranayama the principle of “Tasminsati shwasprashwas yor gati

vichchedah pranayama”• This gati vichchedah is brought about by the movement of diaphragm.• In uddiyan flying up of the diaphragm is the main feature.

ABDOMINAL RECTI MUSCLES

• In the form of bands on the anterior side of the stomach forming abdominal wall

• Strong and help in vigorous actions that involve flexion

• Along with other muscles they support the visceral parts and hold them in their respective places.

CORRELATION WITH YOGA

• Nauli is an excellent exercise for the abdominal viscera.• Nauli maintains optimum tone of the abdominal recti muscles• The recti muscles become stronger.• The abdominal wall cannot bulge out.

PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES

• Supports the visceral organs against the gravity

CORRELATION WITH YOGA

• Practices like Moola bandh, Ashwini mudra helps to maintain the elasticity of the pelvic floor muscle.

• The topsy turvy postures also helps in maintain the tone.

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES : CARDIAC MUSCLE

• They are striated and involuntary.

• Partly controlled by autonomic nervous system.

• Influenced by the hormones: Adrenaline and Nor-adrenaline

• Influenced by emotions, attitudinal change and mood.

CORRELATION WITH YOGA

• Most of the yogic practices stimulate parasympathetic nervous system.

• Aumkar, Tratak, shavasana helps in developing emotional stability.

• “Prayatna shaithilya” & “ Anant Samapatii”

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE: SMOOTH MUSCLE

• It forms the walls of the hollow visceral parts like stomach, intestine, urinary bladder & uterus.

• It is spindle shaped and having and oval shaped nucleus in the centre.

• It contracts and relaxes very slowly.

• Its contraction is very powerful.

• It remains contracted for considerable duration of time.

CORRELATIONS WITH YOGA

• All the yogic practices have influence on the digestive system.• The yogic practices helps to maintain balanced state of mind.

The Skeletal System

The Bones

Flat Bone

s

Irregular

Bones

Long Bone

s

Short Bone

s

The Joints

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Forms framework of the body.

• Bone is the hardest part of the body.

• No. of bones in adult human body =206

• Total weight of skeletal system = 15% of total body weight.

• The skeletal system =Bones + Joints.

THE BONES

• Each bone is supplied by nerves, blood vessels & lymphatic vessels.

• Composition of bone - Calcium & Phosphorus.

• Bone Marrow - Soft core of the bone . Blood cells are produced in the marrow.

• Cartilage - Softer than bone . e.g. Ear lobe ,nose .

BONES

FLAT BONES

IRREGULAR

BONES

LONG BONES

SHORT BONES

FLAT BONE

• They are thin like plate.

• They protect organs as they cover them.

• Cranial bones of the skull, Sternum, Ribs & Scapulae

IRREGULAR BONE

• Complex and irregular in shape

• Vertebrae

LONG BONE

• Length is greater than the width

• Slightly curved for better strength

• Bones of hands and thighs

SHORT BONE

• Cubical in shape

• Equal in length & width.

• Bones of wrist & ankles

JOINTS

• A point where two bones or bone and a cartilage contact each other is called Joint or an Articulation.

• Two bones are held together by a flexible connective tissue

• Most of the joints permit the movement within particular limit.

• While some joints restrict the movement.

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

JOINTS

FIBROUS JOINT CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

SYNOVIAL JOINT

FIBROUS JOINT• The articulating bones are held very close

to each other by a fibrous connective tissue.

• Very limited movement is possible

or there is no movement at all.

• Joints between shafts of the ulna & radius or

tibia and fibula, Joint of the skull

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

• The joining material is cartilaginous tissue.

• Immovable in nature.

• Joint between first rib and the sternum.

• Portion of intervertebral disc is cartilaginous.

• Vertebral joints are slightly movable.

SYNOVIAL JOINT

• Joints of the bones move freely upon each other.

• Synovial cavity – space between two articulating bones

• Sleeve like articular capsule, covers the joint.

• The outer fibrous layer of the capsule prevents dislocation.

• The inner membrane secrets synovial fluid, lubricating & nourishing the joint.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS CLASSIFICATION

1) Gliding Joint - e.g. carpel & tarsal bones.

2) Hinge Joints - e.g. elbow & knee joints.

3) Pivot Joint - e.g. Between first vertebra (atlas) & second vertebra (axis).

4) Ball & socket Joints- e.g. hip & shoulder jt.

5) Ellipsoidal Joint - e.g.wrist joint.

6) Saddle Joint – e.g. thumb.

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

SYNOVIAL JOINT

GLIDING HINGE PIVOT SADDL

EELLIPS

OID

BALL & SOCK

ET

GLIDING JOINT

HINGE JOINT

• Elbow and Knee joint

PIVOT JOINT

• Between first vertebra & second vertebra

SADDLE JOINT

ELLIPSOID JOINT

BALL & SOCKET JOINT

SKELETON(206)

A) Axial (80) B) Appendicular (128)

1) Skull 1)Shoulder girdle.

2) Vertebral column. 2)Pelvic girdle.

3) Rib cage. 3)Upper limb bones.

4) Sternum 4)Lower limb bones.

THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

• It consists of 33 vertebrae

• It is divided into 4 regions: Cervical(7),

Thoracic(12),Lumber(5) , Sacral(5 fused ), Coccygeal (4

fused).

• The shape of spine : Double ‘s’ shaped (peculiar in human

beings).

• Natural curves - Kyphosis , Lordosis.

• Unnatural curves- Scoliosis

MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE

• Forward Bending - Flexion.

• Backward Bending - Extension.

• (R) side bending - (R) Flexion.

• (L) side bending - (L) Flexion.

• (R) side turning -(R) Rotation.

• (L) side turning - (L) Rotation.

FUNCTION OF THE SPINE

1) Protection of vital organs.

2) Structural support.

3) Flexibility , Mobility & Stability.

4) Production of R.B.C.

RIB CAGE

• It is made up of 12 pairs of ribs.

• It articulates with the vertebrae at the back & breast – bone (sterum)

in front.

• Intercostal muscles – action of breathing.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

1) The shoulder girdle - A pair of clavicles (collar bone ) & a pair of scapulae (shoulder blade) .

2) The pelvic girdle - A pair of hip bone (innominate bone).

PELVIC GIRDLE

APPENDICULAR SKELETON (CONTD.)

3) The upper limb bones-

a) Humerus – arm bone

b) Radius & Ulna – Forearm bone. c) Carpals – 8 wrist bones

d) Metacarpals – 5 palm bones

e) Phalanges – 14 finger bones

4) The lower limb bones- a) Femur – thigh bone.

b) Tibia & Fibula – leg bones.c) Tarsals – 7 ankle bones.d) Metatarsals –5 foot bones.e) Phalanges – 14 toe bones.

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

1) Forms framework of the body & gives to the shape to the body .

2) Protection of vital organs 3) Movement - mobility & stability. 4) Production of R.B.C. 5) Calcium metabolism

CORRELATION WITH YOGA

• Regular practice of yogasadhana increases the flexibility of the joints.

• Almost all the asanas are related to the spinal column.

• The spine is made healthy and stronger with the help of a regular yogasadhana.

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