Music: An Appreciation8th Editionby Roger Kamien

Unit VII

二十世紀

Presentation Development: Robert Elliott

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff

Chpt. 8: 表現主義• Attempts to explore 內在感情 rather than depict 外在表象

• Used 刻意的變形

• Direct outgrowth of the work of Freud

• To assault and shock the audience• To communicate 緊張與焦慮

• Rejected “conventional prettiness”• Favored “ugly” topics such as madness and death

• Art also seen as a form of social protest• Anguish of the poor• Bloodshed of war• Man’s inhumanity to man

Egon Schiele: Death and Maiden, 1915

Schoenberg 荀白克 • Born in Vienna (1874-1951)• First to completely abandon the traditional

tonal system• Father of the 12-tone system

• When Nazis came to power he (a Jew) was forced to leave—came to America

Schoenberg 的音樂

• Gives equal importance all 12 pitches in octave

• Starting 1908, wrote music w/ no key center

• Taught at UCLA until his death

• 無調性

• 十二音系統

• Pitches arranged in a sequence or row (tone row)• No pitch occurs more than once in the 12 note row in

order to equalize emphasis of pitches

ListeningMondestrunken (Moondrunk)

《月光小丑》 Op. 21 （ Pierrot lunaire or Moonstruck Pierrot ， 1912)Listening Guide: p. 444 Brief Set, CD 4:24

Program piece: The poet (Pierrot) becomes intoxicated as moonlight floods the still horizon with desires that are “horrible and sweet.”

Note: This song part of a 21 song cycle Departure from voice/piano Romantic Art song:

scored for voice, piano, flute, violin, & cello

Freely atonal, intentionally no key centerUse of Sprechstimme, song/speech style that

was developed by SchoenbergExpressionist music & text

Chpt. 9-Arnold Schoenberg

ListeningSchoenberg，《華沙的生還者》 ,

1947by Arnold SchoenbergCantata for narrator, male chorus, and orchestraListening Guide: p. 444 Brief Set, CD 4:25

Tells story of Nazi treatment and murder of Jews in occupied Poland

Note: Sprechstimme12-tone techniqueEnglish and German text with Hebrew

prayerExpressionist music and text—

shocking

Chpt. 9-Arnold Schoenberg

Alban Berg （貝爾格 ）• Born in Vienna, 1885-1935

• Student of Schoenberg

• Wrote atonal music

• Due to ill health, did not tour or conduct• Possibly also reason for his small output

• Most famous work is Wozzeck• Story of a soldier who is driven to

madness by society, murders his wife, and drowns trying to wash the blood from his hands (Expressionist topic & music)

ListeningWozzeck, 1917-1922

Opera by Alban Berg

Act III: Scene 4Listening Guide: p. 450 Basic Set, CD 7:32

Wozzeck, the soldier, returns to the scene of the crime to dispose of his knife

Act III: Scene 5Listening Guide: p. 450 Basic Set, CD 7:36

Marie’s son (Wozzeck’s stepson) & other children are playing. Another group of children rushes in saying they have found Marie’s body. As all the children go to see, the opera ends abruptly.

Note: Sprechstimme Atonal Expressionist subject matter

Chpt. 10-Alban Berg

Webern 魏本 • Born in Vienna, 1883-1945• Schoenberg’s other famous student

• Expanded Schoenberg’s idea of tone color being part of melody• His melodies are frequently made up of several

two to three note fragments that add up to a complete whole

• Tone color replaces “tunes” in his music• His music is almost always very short

Webern的音樂

• His music was ridiculed during his lifetime• Shy family man, devoted Christian

• Shot by US soldier by mistake near end of WWII

Listening

Five Pieces for Orchestra (1911-1913)

Third Piece

by Anton Webern

Listening Guide: p. 455 Brief Set, CD 4:28

Note: Lack of traditional melody

Tone color washes over the listener

Dynamics never get above pp

Chpt. 11-Anton Webern

Neoclassicism 新古典主義• Flourished 1920-1950

• Based new compositions upon devices and forms of the Classical & Baroque

• Partially due to limited resources in post-WWII Europe

• Preferred to write for small ensembles

• Sounded modern, not classical

• Eschewed program music for absolute

• Used earlier techniques to organize 20th Century harmonies & rhythms

Bartok 巴爾托克 • Hungarian, 1881-1945

• Taught piano in Hungary and wrote books for pedagogy

• Like many other composers, fled Nazis and came to live in the US

• Used folksongs as basis of his music• Went to remote areas to collect/record folksongs

• Best known for instrumental worksBartok的音樂

• Especially piano pieces & string quartets• Compositions contain strong folk influences• Worked within tonal center

• Harsh dissonances, polychords, tone clusters

ListeningBartok，《管絃樂協奏曲》

（ Concerto for Orchestra ， 1943 ）2nd movement: Game of PairsAllegretto scherzandoby Bartok

Listening Guide: p. 458 Brief Set, CD 4:29

Note: Title of work derived from treatment of instruments in soloistic (concertant) mannerTernary formPairing of instruments in “A” section gives name to this movementProminent drum part

Shostakovich 蕭斯塔科維奇 Shostakovich ，《第五號交響曲》， D小

調Listening Guide: p. 465

Ives 艾伍斯 • American, 1874-1954

• Worked as insurance agent, composed music on the side

• 1st published own music, initially ridiculed

• Son of a professional bandmaster (director)

• Music based upon American folk songsIves的音樂

• Won Pulitzer Prize in 1947 for 3rd Symphony• Wrote quite original music

• Polyrhythm, polytonality, & tone clusters• Claimed was like 2 bands marching past each

other on a street

• Often, his music is very difficult to perform

Listening

Putnam’s Camp, Redding, Connecticutfrom Three Places in New England (1908?-14)

by Charles Ives (1912)

Listening Guide: p. 470 Basic Set, CD 8:7

Piece is based upon a child’s impression of a Fourth of July picnic, two bands playing

Note: Polyrhythm

Polytonality

Harsh dissonances

Chpt. 14-Charles Ives

George Gershwin （蓋希文 )• American, 1898-1937

• Wrote popular music, musical theatre, and serious concert music

• Often co-wrote with his brother, Ira, as lyricist

• Frequently blended the three into a single style

• Was friends & tennis partner w/ Schoenberg

• At 20 wrote Broadway musical La, La, Lucille• Wrote Swanee, Funny Face, & Lady, Be Good• Also, Rhapsody in Blue, Concerto in F, An

American in Paris, & opera Porgy and Bess

• Financially successful—songs were popular• Met Berg, Ravel, and Stravinsky in Europe

• Died of brain tumor at age 38

Listening

《藍調狂想曲》（ Rhapsody in Blue, 1924 ）by George Gershwin

For piano and orchestra

Listening Guide: p. 475

Supplementary Set, CD 2:28

Note: Jazz influence, especially notable in the clarinet introduction

Chpt. 15-George Gershwin

Aaron Copland （柯普蘭）• American, 1900-1990

• Wrote music in modern style more accessible to audience than many other composers

• Ballets: Billy the Kid, Rodeo, Appalachian Spring• Lincoln Portrait, Fanfare for the Common Man

• Drew from American folklore for topics

• Wrote simple, yet highly professional music• Other contributions to American music:

• Directed composers’ groups

• Organized concerts• Lectured, taught, & conducted• Wrote books and articles

Listening

《阿帕拉契之春》（ Appalachian Spring, 1943-44 ）Section 7: Theme and Variations on Simple Gifts

by Aaron Copland

Listening Guide: p. 483 Brief Set, CD 4:41

Ballet involves a pioneer celebration in Spring in Pennsylvania

Note: Use of folk melody(Shaker melody: Simple Gifts)Lyrics on p. 482

Theme & variation form

Chpt. 17-Aaron Copland

Listening 1945 年之後Cage: Prepared Piano (1946-48)Babbitt: Semi-Simple Variation (1956)Varese: Electronic Poem (1958)Penderecki: Threnody (1960)Crumb: Ancient Voices of Children (1970)Glass: Einstein on the Beach (1976)Zwilich: Concerto Grosso 1985Gorecki : Symphony No. 3 (1976)

Chpt. 17-Aaron Copland