musicology 3 wk 3

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MUSICOLOGY 3 WEEK 3 – 1950’s Where do we go from here? Notes: Other Musicians Charlie Parker dies March 12, 1955 in New York City. He was 34 years old. Parker (or “Bird”) had a huge influence on many and there was a sense of the whole of the jazz world following in his footsteps. He is one of the colossal figures of the jazz world, like Louis Armstrong and Jelly Roll Morton. But during his heyday of 1945 – 1955, there were many other musicians arriving and developing their own voices, for example: o Sonny Rollins – Tenor (Sept 7, 1930 – New York) o Ornette Coleman – Alto Sax (Mar 9, 1930 – Texas) o Miles Davis – Trumpet (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) whom we mentioned last week. o Stan Getz – Tenor Saxophone (February 2, 1927 – June 6, 1991) o Clifford Brown – Trumpet (October 30, 1930 – June 26, 1956) Dizzy Gillespie continued to work, including exploring the big band context. There were also a number of pianists, for example: o Thelonious Monk (October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) o Tadd Dameron (February 21, 1917 – March 8, 1965) o George Russell (June 23, 1923 – July 27, 2009) o Bud Powell (Sept 27, 1924 – July 31, 1966) o Stan Kenton (Dec 15, 1911 – August 25, 1979) – Big and Orchestra leader & Educator. “Progressive Jazz”. o Horace Silver (Sept 2, 1928) o Lennie Tristano (Mar 19, 1919 – Nov 18, 1978) All of these musicians exerted strong influences on the development of Jazz during the lifetime of Charlie Parker, and continued to after his death. 1950’s Big bands continued to tour and play, both commercially (Glen Miller, Benny Goodman, etc. And Count Basie) and more progressive (Duke Ellington, Woody Herman, Stan Kenton, Sun Ra, etc) The 1930’s to the mid 1940’s were the heyday of the big bands, the Swing Era. Although big bands continue to play today, they are not at the forefront of creative developments in Jazz. And there are very few longstanding ensembles, bands such as Lincoln Centre Band, BBC Big Band come to mind. A look at the music of the big band format since the 1950’s would constitute a separate lecture.

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Page 1: Musicology 3 wk 3

MUSICOLOGY  3    

WEEK  3  –  1950’s  Where  do  we  go  from  here?    

Notes:    Other  Musicians    

• Charlie  Parker  dies  March  12,  1955  in  New  York  City.  He  was  34  years  old.    

• Parker  (or  “Bird”)  had  a  huge  influence  on  many  and  there  was  a  sense  of  the  whole  of  the  jazz  world  following  in  his  footsteps.  He  is  one  of  the  colossal  figures  of  the  jazz  world,  like  Louis  Armstrong  and  Jelly  Roll  Morton.    

• But  during  his  heyday  of  1945  –  1955,  there  were  many  other  musicians  arriving  and  developing  their  own  voices,  for  example:  

o Sonny  Rollins  –  Tenor  (Sept  7,  1930  –  New  York)  o Ornette  Coleman  –  Alto  Sax  (Mar  9,  1930  –  Texas)  o Miles  Davis  –  Trumpet  (May  26,  1926  –  September  28,  1991)  

whom  we  mentioned  last  week.  o Stan  Getz  –  Tenor  Saxophone  (February  2,  1927  –  June  6,  1991)  o Clifford  Brown  –  Trumpet  (October  30,  1930  –  June  26,  1956)  

• Dizzy  Gillespie  continued  to  work,  including  exploring  the  big  band  context.    

• There  were  also  a  number  of  pianists,  for  example:  o Thelonious  Monk  (October  10,  1917  –  February  17,  1982)  o Tadd  Dameron  (February  21,  1917  –  March  8,  1965)    o George  Russell  (June  23,  1923  –  July  27,  2009)  o Bud  Powell  (Sept  27,  1924  –  July  31,  1966)  o Stan  Kenton  (Dec  15,  1911  –  August  25,  1979)  –  Big  and  Orchestra  

leader  &  Educator.  “Progressive  Jazz”.  o Horace  Silver  (Sept  2,  1928)  o Lennie  Tristano  (Mar  19,  1919  –  Nov  18,  1978)  

• All  of  these  musicians  exerted  strong  influences  on  the  development  of  Jazz  during  the  lifetime  of  Charlie  Parker,  and  continued  to  after  his  death.  

 1950’s    

• Big  bands  continued  to  tour  and  play,  both  commercially  (Glen  Miller,  Benny  Goodman,  etc.  And  Count  Basie)  and  more  progressive  (Duke  Ellington,  Woody  Herman,  Stan  Kenton,  Sun  Ra,  etc)  

• The  1930’s  to  the  mid  1940’s  were  the  hey-­‐day  of  the  big  bands,  the  Swing  Era.  Although  big  bands  continue  to  play  today,  they  are  not  at  the  forefront  of  creative  developments  in  Jazz.  And  there  are  very  few  longstanding  ensembles,  bands  such  as  Lincoln  Centre  Band,  BBC  Big  Band  come  to  mind.    

• A  look  at  the  music  of  the  big  band  format  since  the  1950’s  would  constitute  a  separate  lecture.    

 

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• There  had  always  been  strong  individual  players  –  Art  Tatum,  Bix  Biderbecke,  Jelly  Roll  Morton  –  who  were  seemingly  ahead  of  their  time,  and  had  their  own  unique  styles.  This  continued  through  the  swing  era  and  on  through  the  development  of  Bebop.    

• During  the  late  40’s  and  early  50’s  more  players  began  to  explore  music  &  improvisation  for  its  own  sake.  The  break  from  “popular”  music  and  dancing  had  been  well  and  truly  made  and  the  younger  musicians  were  forging  their  own  individual  ideas  and  styles.    

• As  a  result  there  was  a  growing  sense  that  “style”  (or  a  dominant  style)  was  fragmenting.    

• There  was  a  dissolving  of  categories  and  a  process  of  fragmentation  within  jazz.  But  this  was  not  unique  to  Jazz.  Perhaps  it  is  because  of  our  proximity  to  it,  in  that  we  have  lots  of  documentation  thanks  to  recordings,  interviews  and  eye-­‐witness  accounts,  or  perhaps  it  had  to  do  with  the  times.    

• With  the  end  of  World  War  II  in  1945  soldiers  began  returning  home.  There  were  big  changes  within  society,  with  a  sense  of  wanting  a  better  life,  and  starting  over.  The  U.S.A  began  rebuilding.    

• The  rise  of  popularity  in  television  and  the  development  of  suburbs  meant  that  life  was  changing  in  all  sorts  of  ways.    

• The  beat  generation  began  challenging  old  norms  in  their  lifestyles  and  writings  and  they  looked  to  jazz  as  an  energetic,  life  affirming  music.    

• Certainly  during  the  war  years  jazz  ceased  to  be  the  dominant  popular  music,  as  it  had  been  during  the  swing  era.  And  later  the  emergence  of  popular  singers  and  Rock  n’  Roll  continued  to  keep  jazz  as  a  subversive  and  counter  cultural  form  of  music.  

• Many  of  the  “styles”  or  approaches  that  were  developed  during  the  50’s  are  still  resonating  today  and  what  was  begun  during  this  period  can  be  seen  as  the  beginning  of  today’s  music.  

• There  are  broadly  a  number  of  styles  that  developed  during  the  50’s    o Cool  Jazz  &  West  Coast  o Hard  Bop  &  Soul  Jazz  o Third  Stream  

• Also  Continuing  interest  in  traditional  jazz,  Swing  era  big  band,  bebop,  and  blues.    

   Trad  Jazz  Revival    

• The  late  1940’s  saw  a  resurgence  of  “traditional  jazz”  or  trad.  Jazz,  with  Louis  Armstrong,  Earl  Hines  and  others  whose  careers  were  lagging  re-­‐emerged  as  outstanding  traditional  players,  and  through  the  1950’s  it  continued  to  be  a  popular  form  of  jazz.  This  revival  spread  around  the  world  and  was  particularly  popular  in  the  U.K  with  exponents  such  as  Chris  Barber,  Humphrey  Lyttelton,  and  Ken  Colyer.  It  continues  today  with  a  lot  of  fans.    

     

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Other  Styles    Cool  &  West  Coast        

• Miles  Davis  leaves  Charlie  Parker’s  band  in  1948.    • During  1946-­‐47  a  young  arranger  Gil  Evans  writes  arrangements  for  the  

Claude  Thornhill  Orchestra  (Thornhill  was  a  pianist  and  band  leader)  Miles  Davis  looked  to  the  Thornhill  orchestra  as  an  inspiration  for  his  nonet  recordings  in  1949  and  1950,  which  later  came  to  be  called  “The  Birth  of  the  Cool”  –  The  line  up  of  musicians  on  this  recording  is  like  a  who’s  who  of  “Cool”  musicians.  Including  Lee  Konitz,  Gerry  Mulligan,  John  Lewis,  Max  Roach,  etc.    

• Led  by  Miles  Davis,  it  grew  out  of  a  collection  of  like  minded  musicians  congregating  at  Gil  Evans  apartment,  always  with  an  open  door,  in  New  york.  

• The  music  was  compared  at  the  time  with  impressionistic  classical  music,  more  concerned  with  texture  and  tone  colour,  by  way  of  unusual  instrumentation,  than  it  was  with  flashy  solos  and  chromaticism.    

• In  a  similar  way,  and  at  the  same  time  pianist  Lennie  Tristano  was  recording  and  influencing  a  small  group  of  students  through  his  teaching  and  through  his  recordings  a  wide  range  of  other  musicians.    

• Tristano  was  a  blind  pianist  who  expanded  jazz  in  a  number  of  ways.  He  was  outspoken  and  a  keen  intellect.  He  was  blind  and  had  tremendous  aural  skills.    

• Voted  Musician  of  the  Year  1947  by  Metronome  magazine.  • Tristano  used  dynamics  and  subtelties,  and  by  doing  so  was  able  to  use  

accents  that  challenged  the  listeners  perception  of  bar  lines  and  beats.    • This  led  to  rhythmic  advancements  which  influenced  other  pianists  such  

as  Bill  Evans  &  Dave  Brubeck.      • He  also  emphasised  the  importance  of  feeling  the  music,  and  for  the  music  

to  have  emotional  as  well  as  intellectual  content.    • Listen:  Tautology,  Marshmellow  • Tristano  played  with  an  influenced  Saxophonists  Lee  Konitz  (who  was  on  

the  Birth  of  the  Cool  dates  with  Miles  Davis)  and  Warne  Marsh.  And  although  Tristano  played  less  and  less  as  the  50’s  progressed  Konitz,  Marsh  and  others  that  Tristano  had  played  with  an  influenced  took  up  his  aesthetics  and  continued  to  develop  them.    

• Another  Saxophone  player  was  Stan  Getz  whose  vibrato  less  style  really  exemplified  the  cool  sound.  Listen:  Early  Autumn  1948    

• The  longest  running  cool  band  is/was  the  M.J.Q.  or  Modern  Jazz  Quartet.  Led  by  pianist  John  Lewis,  they  dressed  immaculately  and  played  arrangements  to  match  such  as  Django  and  Bag’s  Groove.  They  began  life  as  rhythm  section  to  Dizzy  Gillespie.  But  Lewis  had  an  overriding  interest  in  Classical  music,  and  explored  the  “classical  realm”  as  it  is  sometimes  put.    

• Long  forms,  composed  contrapuntal  lines,  lots  of  dynamics,  the  use  of  compositional  themes,  and  a  tight-­‐ness  of  playing  that  all  gave  a  more  sophisticated  and  cool  impression  of  the  music  and  the  musicians.    

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• Django  Reinhart,  after  whom  the  MJQ’s  Django  is  named,  is  a  good  example  of  an  individual  who  followed  his  own  path  of  stylistic  development  and  continued  to  refine  and  develop  his  playing  during  his  lifetime.    

• Often  overlooked  in  narrative,  linear  histories  of  jazz,  Django  Renhart  was  a  guitarist  often  cited  as  responsible  for  “Gypsy  Jazz”  

• A  combination  of  John  Lewis’s  interest  in  classical  music,  (including  studying  with  Schoenberg  and  Darius  Milhaud)  and  Lennie  Tristano’s  rhythmic  developments  was  realized  in  the  music  of  Dave  Brubeck.    

• Brubeck  formally  studied  music  at  college  and  lived  and  worked  on  the  West  Coast  of  the  U.S.A.  This  meant  that  he  was  influenced  by,  and  working  amongst  the  cool  sounds  of  the  West  Coast.    

• Brubeck  worked  for  a  long  time  with  Alto  player  Paul  Desmond,  who  like  Lee  Konitz  had  a  very  light  tone,  with  little  if  any  vibrato.  Their  music  came  to  epitimise  for  many  the  sounds  of  Cool  Jazz.  Like  the  others  dynamics  played  a  part  in  their  music,  as  did  rhythmic  freedom,  but  more  than  the  concepts  of  Tristano’s  wrong  footing  of  rhythmic  groupings  and  accents,  the  Brubeck  group  explored  the  use  of  unusual  time  signatures.    

• Gerry  Mulligan,  Baritone  Sax,  was  on  the  Birth  of  the  Cool  recordings  and  his  work  as  a  composer,  arranger  and  player,  also  gives  him  a  strong  place  in  the  develop  of  Cool  Jazz.    

• Importantly  he  worked  with  Chet  Baker,  one  of  the  best  known  Cool  jazz  trumpet  players,  after  Miles  Davis.    

• Interestingly  the  Mulligan/Baker  Group  was  a  piano-­‐less  quartet.      

• During  the  1950’s  Bill  Evans  began  his  career.  He  was  influenced  by  the  cool  school  of  jazz  and  by  all  aspects  of  it  –  the  introspection,  the  rhythmic  developments,  the  dynamic  and  intellectual  concepts.  He  came  to  be  one  of  the  most  influential  pianists  of  all  time.    

     

Hard  Bop  &  Soul  Jazz    

• Like  the  MJQ,  Art  Blakey’s  Jazz  messengers,  were  a  long  running  institution  in  the  history  and  development  of  Jazz.    

• Art  Blakey  had  played  with  many  of  the  greats,  and  his  work  with  Dizzy  Gillespie  in  the  early  50’s  provides  a  precussor  to  the  development  of  the  style  know  has  hard  Bop.    

• Hard  Bop  refers  to  a  more  blues  oriented  style  of  Bebop  playing,  harking  back  to  the  early  days  of  jazz  when  the  distinction  between  blues  and  jazz  was  not  yet  realized.    

• Blakey  came  to  work  during  the  early  to  mid  50’s  with  Horace  Silver  on  Piano  and  Clifford  Brown  on  Trumpet.    

• Clifford  Brown  was  an  exceptional  trumpet  player  with  tremendous  technique  and  control.  His  brief  life  (?)    

• The  pianist  Horace  Silver  was  also  an  adept  composer  and  he  wrote  catchy  of  “Latin-­‐tinged”  melodies.  This  led  to  his  being  thought  of  as  a  

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more  “funky”  blues  player.  Importantly  though  he  also  had  a  simplicity  to  his  melodies  that  meant  they  gained  popularity  with  the  general  public.    

• Like  Cool,  Hard-­‐Bop  provided  a  real  relief  to  the  fast  and  furious  aspects  of  Bebop  that  many  in  the  general  public  found  alienating.    

• To  begin  with,  almost  by  mistake,  Horace  Silver  recorded  in  a  trio  format.  But  after  several  recordings  it  was  suggested  to  him  that  he  expand  the  line  up  and  include  some  horns,  this  led  to  recordings  with  other  like  minded  musicians,  again  with  Art  Blakey  and  as  well  as  Kenny  Dorham  and  hank  Mobley.  The  result  became  the  Jazz  Messengers.    

• Almost  contradicting  the  technical  prowess  of  these  musicians,  having  grown  up  in  the  bebop  era,  was  the  simplicity  of  the  melodies  and  grooves.  And  that  marriage  between  really  great  technical  players  playing  seemingly  simple  melodies  enables  the  music  to  have  an  infectious  groove  that,  in  a  lot  of  bebop  material,  had  been  missing.    

• The  earthy,  gospel  tinged  feels  of  an  earlier  time  meant  that  in  some  instances  Hard-­‐Bop  almost  became  a  dance-­‐able  form  of  jazz.  (See  later  Sampling)  

• The  music  was  recorded  on  Blue  Note,  a  lable  which  came  to  define  the  Hard-­‐Bop  sound.  And  there  are  many,  many  albums  that  help  define  this  style  of  jazz.    

• Like  Bill  Evans,  John  Coltrane  must  also  be  introduced  at  this  point.  He  played  with  Miles  Davis  1955  until  the  late  1950’s  and  his  work  during  this  period  is  included  in  the  Hard-­‐Bop  tradition.    

• However  an  interesting  cross  over  is  that  Coltrane  played  with  Miles  on  the  definitive  cool  recording  Kind  of  Blue.  Making  the  point  that  categorization  is  not  a  straight  forward,  or  always  helpful  pursuit.    

 Third  Stream    

• Not  nearly  as  dominant  as  Cool  or  Hard-­‐Bop,  Third  Stream  was  a  term  coined  by  Gunther  Schuller,  a  Composer  and  French  Horn  player.    

• Gunther  Schuller  recorded  with  Miles  Davis  in  1950  on  the  Birth  of  the  Cool  project,  and  because  of  the  unusual  instrumentation  and  his  composition  skills,  Schuller  is  seen  as  the  focal  point  for  this  style.    

• Others  include  Teo  Macero  and  Charles  Mingus  (who  will  be  discussed  more  in  the  coming  weeks)  

• Though  perhaps  not  strictly  Third  Stream,  George  Russell  was  a  hugely  important  composer,  pianist,  and  theorist  during  this  period  who  worked  with  Gunther  Schuller  and  sits  probably  most  comfortably  in  this  “style”  

• He  wrote  the  Lydian  Chromatic  Concept  of  Tonal  Organisation,  published  in  1953,  which  is  the  only  original  theoretical  conception  published  in  jazz.  The  aim  of  which  was  towards  the  development  of  improvisation  and  modes  beyond  the  chord-­‐scale  relationships  of  traditional  Major  harmony.  (While  fascinating,  this  work  is  better  discussed  in  a  jazz  theory  context.)  

• Russell’s  Workshop  Sextet  in  the  mid  1950’s  and  subsequent  recording  document  his  theories  in  relation  to  jazz  in  practice.    

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• A  fascinating  album  featuring  Art  Farmer  and  Bill  Evans,  it  explored  many  of  the  areas,  already  discussed,  that  were  being  examined  during  the  period  in  jazz.    

 Recordings      

• As  a  result  of  all  this  divergence  there  were  many,  many  recordings  made  during  the  1950’s  and  almost  anyone  is  worthy  of  further  discussion.    

• Take  for  example  the  year  1959  –  Albums  recorded  during  that  year  include  Miles  Davis  Kind  of  Blue,  John  Coltrane  Giant  Steps,  Dave  Brubeck  Time  Out,  Charles  Mingus  Ah-­‐Hum,  Ornette  Coleman  The  Shape  of  Things  to  Come.  

• All  these  albums  covered  and  defined  new  ground,  exploring  new  ideas  in  tempo  and  rhythm,  time  signatures  and  rhythmic  complexity,  harmonic  structures,  social  conscience,  freedom,  as  well  as  prime  stylistic  conventions  of  the  time.  ]  

• Jazz  had  become  a  music  of  the  intellect  and  of  the  world,  and  the  results  of  the  “fragmentation”  of  the  1950’s  are  still  being  felt  and  grappled  with  today.    

 Albums  

• Miles  Davis  –  Birth  of  the  Cool  • Stan  Kenton  –  Presents  • Lennie  Tristano  –  Wow  • Modern  Jazz  Quartet  –  Django  • Errol  Garner  –  Concert  by  the  Sea  • Horace  Silver  –  Horace  Silver  and  the  Jazz  Messengers  • Thelonious  Monk  –  Brilliant  Corners  • Sonny  Rollins  –  Saxophone  Colossus  • George  Russell  –  The  Shape  of  things  to  come    • Miles  Davis  –  Kind  of  Blue  • John  Coltrane  –  Giant  Steps  • Dave  Brubeck  –  Time  Out  • Ornette  Coleman  –  The  Shape  of  things  to  Come  • Etc….