muzyka definicje

8/13/2019 muzyka definicje

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absolute musicInstrumental

music based on abstract

principles of music theory

and form.

a cappellaUnaccompanied

group singing.

accent Strong sound.Accents

may be achieved by

stress,

duration, or position of a

tone.

acoustics Science ofsound.

affections Baroque termfor

human emotions or states

of the soul.

Age of HumanismPeriod,

characterized by a ne

optimism, that began in

fourteenth!century Italy

and spread throughout

estern "urope during the

#enaissance.

aleatory music Seeindeterminate music

alto (contralto) $ofemale

voice.

answer %ominant versionof

the sub&ect of a fugue.

antecedent 'he first of

tobalanced phrases,

sometimes compared

ith a question.

aria Songli(e vocal piece,musically e)pressive,

ith

orchestral

accompaniment*

generally homophonic in

te)ture.

ars antiqua (old art)+usical

style of the thirteenth

century.

ars nova (new art)Prevalent

musical style of the

fourteenth century.art song oncert settingof a

poem, usually by a

ell(non

poet, to music.

athematic 'hemeless.Boulez-s style of

serialization, in hich he

re&ects the tone ro and

avoids clear!cut themes.

atonality Avoidance of atonic note and of tonal

relationships in music.

augmentation #hythmicvariation in hich note

values are doubled,

ma(ing a theme tice as

slo as in its original

presentation.

avant-garde $eaders inthe

development of ne and

unconventional styles.

Bbackbeat eavy accenton the

normally ea( second

and

fourth beats in quadruple

meter.

ballad /ol( song, strophic

inform, that tells a story.

ballades Songli(echaracter

pieces.

ballad opera "nglishdramatic form in hich

humorous and satirical

te)ts ere set to popular

tunes.

band Instrumental

ensembleconsisting of oodind,

brass, and percussion

sections. A concert or

symphonic band may

include a fe string

instruments as ell.

baritone +edium!rangemale

voice.

Baroque 'erm, originallymeaning irregular, applied

to the dramatic, emotional

style of seventeenth! and

early!eighteenth!century

art.

bass $o male voice.basso continuo 0roup of

instruments, includinga lute or (eyboard

instrument and one or

more sustaining bass

instruments, that

accompanied Baroque

ensemble compositions.

beat Basic rhythmic pulseof

music.

bebop omple), highlyimprovised style of &azz.

bel canto 1Beautifulsinging.2

"ighteenth!century

Italian singing style that

emphasized the beauty

and

virtuosity of the voice.

berceuse Piece ith thecharacter of a lullaby.

big band ja Anothernamefor sing.

blue notes /le)ible tones,chosen sub&ectively from

beteen the half steps of

tonal scales.

blues 3ocal style thatoriginated as a (ind of

African American fol(

song

and became a form of&azz.


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'he classical form is

strophic,

ith three lines 4telve

bars5

in each verse.

boogie-woogie 1Pianoblues.2

Piano style derived from

the formal and harmonic

structure of the blues, but

bright in mood and fast in

tempo. 'he left hand of

the

pianist plays a

characteristic

ostinato pattern.

brass 6ind instrumentsthat include the trumpet,

trombone, /rench horn,

and

tuba.

break %ramatic, unstable,strongly rhythmic section,

as in a march.

broken chord 'ones of achord

sounded one at a time in

succession, rather than

simultaneously.

burlesque 3ariety shofeaturing satirical humor.

!cadence Stopping point.cadena ")tended

passage for

solo instrument* typical

feature of a solo concerto.

call-and-response Solovoicealternating ith a chorus.

canon Polyphoniccomposition

in hich all the voices

perform the same melody,

beginning at different

times.

cantata +ultimovementdramatic vocal or( on a

religious or secularsub&ect,

performed in concert

style*

shorter than an oratorio.

castrato +ale singer,castrated

to preserve the unchangedsoprano or alto voice.

chamber music +usicfor a

small instrumental

ensemble

ith one instrument per

line

of music.

chance music Seeindeterminate

music.chant" plainchant"plainsong"#regorian chant +usicto

hich portions of the

#oman

atholic service are sung

by

unaccompanied voices

singing in unison.

character piece#elatively short

piano piece in a

characteristic

style or mood.

chivalry +edieval codeof

customs and behavior

associated ith

(nighthood.

choir Usually, a vocalensembleof mi)ed voices.

Sometimes,

an instrumental ensemble,

as

a brass choir.

chorale haracteristichymn

introduced by +artin

$uther.

chorale prelude Preludebased

on a $utheran chorale

tune.

chord +eaningful 4asopposed

to random5 combination

ofthree or more tones.

choreographer 'heperson ho

arranges the movements

of

dancers.

chorus 3ocal ensemble4choir5* a

composition for

performance

by a choral ensemble* inpopular music, a refrain

sung

beteen verses of a song.

chromatic scale 'elveconsecutive half steps

ithin

the range of an octave.

chromaticism Use oftones that

are not in the scale on

hich

a composition is based.

classical Hollywood filmscore$ush orchestral scores

particularly associated

ith

films of the 789:s, 78;:s,

and

78


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emphasizing formal

design.

clavichord @eyboardinstrument capable of

subtle

changes of volume and aslight vibrato.

clavier 0eneral term for a(eyboard instrument.

clef Sign that fi)es thetone

represented by each line

and

space on the staff.

closing section "nd of thee)position of a

sonataallegro.cluster hord, built onseconds,

containing any number of

tones.

coda $iterally, 1tail2* aclosing

section.

coloratura A virtuosicsinging

style, including rapid

runs,

elaborate ornamentation,

and

e)tremely high pitches.

combo Small &azzensemble.

comic operas peraslight in

mood, modest in

performing

requirements, ritten inthe

vernacular language of

the

intended audience.

concept musical +usicalsho

presenting ideas sub&ect to

the audience-s

interpretation

and leaving situations

unresolved.concert Any music

performance, but usually

one

by an orchestra, band, or

choral ensemble.

concertato principle

Principleof contrasting the

sonorities

of different performing

ensembles.

concertino 0roup of soloinstruments in a concerto

grosso.

concertmaster orconcertmistressonductor-s assistant,

ho isalso the orchestra-s first,

or

principal, violinist.

Glossary $%&concerto +ultimovementor( for orchestra and an

instrumental soloist.

concerto grosso+ultimovement

composition for orchestra

and a small group of solo

instruments.

concert overturenemovement

orchestral

composition, often

inspired

by literature and dramatic

in e)pression, yet

generally

sub&ect to analysisaccording

to classical principles of

form.

concrete music (musiqueconcrte) +usicconsisting

of recorded and

electronically altered

sounds.

consequent Second of

to

balanced phrases,

sometimes

compared to an anser.

console Unit containingthe

(eyboard, pedals, andstops

of a pipe organ.

consonance Passivesound that

seems to be at rest.

consort "nsemble ofseveral

members of the same

instrument family.

contrapuntal Polyphonic.

cool ja +ild style,performed

by bands of a moderate

size,

often including

instruments

not traditionally

associated

ith &azz.

!ounter-'eformationatholic

response to the Protestant

#eformation* it proposed

certain reforms, including

some related to church

music.

countersubject In afugue,

thematic material, usually

derived from or related to

the sub&ect.

country-western(country andwestern) Americanvernacular music rooted

in

the South, glorifying the

guitar and featuring fran(

lyrics delivered in an

earthy

style in southern or

country

dialect.cover #erecording for


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commercial purposes,

such

as a recording by hite

musicians of a rhythm and

blues hit.

crescendo Becominglouder.

!ubism Style in hichgeometric planes are

imposed on sub&ects of

every

nature.

cyclic form+ultimovement

form unified by

recurrence of

the same or similarmelodic

material in to or more

movements.

da capo 1/rom the

beginning.2

A da capo aria has an

ABAdesign.

ada ihilisticmovement

intended to demolish art.

dance +ovementorganized and

accompanied by music.

decrescendo ordiminuendoBecoming softer.

development Secondsection of

the sonata!allegro* itmoves

through many (eys.

diagetic or source music+usic

heard by characters in the

film as ell as by the film

audience.

Dies irae 0regorian chant

for

the dead.

diminution #hythmictechnique in hich note

values are halved,

doubling

the tempo.

dissonance Active,unsettled

sound.iieland 6hitemusicians-

version of e rleans

&azz.

dominant (*) /ifth noteof the

ma&or or minor scale.

downbeat /irst beat of ameasure.

drone Sustained tone.

duple meter 'o beatsper

measure.

dynamic level $evel ofvolume.

+electronic synthesierighly

versatile electronic sound

generator capable of

producing and altering an

infinite variety of sounds.

elements of music Basicmaterials of hich music

is

composedC rhythm,

melody,

harmony, timbre.

+nlightenment"ighteenth century

movement led by

/rench intellectuals hoadvocated reason as the

universal source of

(noledge and truth.

ensemble finale /inalscene of

a musical sho, or of an

act ithin the sho, in

hich several soloists

simultaneously e)press, in

different ords and

music,their individual points of

vie.

ethnomusicology Studyof the

music of specific cultures.

ethos +oral and ethical

qualities of music.etudes Studies or1e)ercises2

based on specific pianistic

techniques.

+perimentalism")ploration of

previously un(non

aspects

of musical sound.

eposition /irst section of

afugue or of a sonata!

allegro.

+pressionism ighlyemotional style in art that

sought to e)press

disturbed

states of mind.

epressive style"motional style

of music inspired by the

$%, Glossary0erman middle class of

the second quarter of the

eighteenth century.

figured bass System ofmusical shorthand by

hich composers

indicated

intervals above the bass

line ith numbers4figures5

rather than ith notated

pitches.

film score All of themusic

accompanying a film.

first practice (stileantico)Polyphonic, conservative

style of the late

#enaissance.


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ive" .he ineteenth!century

#ussian composers

associated ith

nationalism.

landers (/etherlands)Area of

northern "urope here

the

musical #enaissance

began.

flat Sign 4b5 indicatingthat a

tone is to be performed

onehalf

step loer than notated.

lorentine !amerata0roup of

scholars and intellectuals

in

/lorence around the turn

of

the seventeenth century

ho

promoted changes in the

prevailing style of art.

folk music Usually musicof

un(non origin,

transmitted

orally, and en&oyed by the

general population. 'oday

the term is applied to

some

popular music that has the

style or flavor of fol( art.

form rganization and

designof a composition, or of

one movement ithin a

composition.

forte $oud.fortepiano "arly piano,named

for its range of dynamic

levels* it as smaller and

less

sonorous than the modern

instrument.fortissimo 3ery loud.

free ja Style in hichmusicians improvise

independently, sometimes

producing a 1random2

effect.

frequency #ate of asound

ave-s vibration.

fugue Imitativepolyphonic

composition.

functional or nondiageticmusic/ilm music heard by the

audience only.

fusion ombination of

&azz androc(.

#galliard #ollic(ingsi)teenthcentury

court dance.

gamelan Indonesianpercussion

ensemble.

gavotte /rench dance inquadruple meter, often

included in a Baroque

suite.

#ebrauchsmusikindemith-s

term for 1useful2 music.

glass harmonica +usicalinstrument invented by

Ben&amin /ran(lin.

glissando ")pressive1slide2

beteen pitches.golden age of polyphony'erm

for the #enaissance, hen

polyphonic te)ture as

prevalent and particularly

beautiful.

#othic 'hirteenth!century style

of architecture,

characterized

by lofty spires andpointed

arches.

grand operaineteenthcentury

/rench serious opera

style, hich emphasized

spectacular visual effects.Ballets and stirring

choruses

ere important

components

of grand opera.

#regorian chant 'ermfor

#oman atholic

plainchant

since the si)th century

.".griot African professionalmusician.

Hhalf step Smallestinterval on a

(eyboard.

harmony Simultaneoussounding of to or more

different tones conceived

as

a unit.

heterophony Ine)actunison, resulting from

free embellishment of a

melody by some voices or

instruments.

hip-hop +usic behindrapped

lyrics.

homophonic teture

(homophony) +elodiclineaccompanied by chordal

harmony.

homorhythmic stylePolyphony

in hich all the voices

move in the same rhythm,

producing a chordal

effect.

4'he chordal effect is

achieved by thecombination


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of melodic lines rather

than

by the addition of chords

to

one melody, as in

homophonic te)ture.5humanism 4See Age ofumanism5

hymn #eligious song,ith nonliturgical

te)t, appropriate for

congregational singing.

0id1e fie 'he term Berliozused

for the melody

representingthe loved one in his

Symphonie fantastique.

imitative polyphony'echnique

in hich each phrase of a

composition is addressed

by

all the voices, hich enter

successively in imitation

of

each other.

0mpressionism Style ofpainting and music that

avoids e)plicit statement,

Glossary $%2instead emphasizing

suggestion and

atmosphere.

impromptus haracterpieces of

an improvisatorycharacter.

improvisation Process ofsimultaneously

composing

and performing music.

indeterminate" aleatoric"random" or chancemusic+usic in hich some

elements of composition

are left to the decision ofperformers, or to chance.

interval %istancebeteen to

pitches.

invention @eyboard pieceith

to or three voices inimitative contrapuntal

style.

3ja Popular music rootedin

Africa that developed in

early!tentieth!century

America. 'here are many

styles of &azz, but they

generally share a

danceablebeat, syncopated rhythms,

and certain characteristic

performance practices,

including improvisation.

ja-rock 4See fusion.54kabuki ighly stylizedDapanese form of music

drama.

key 'onic note, and thema&or or

minor scale, on hich a

composition is based.

keyboard instrumentsInstruments on hich

sound

is produced by pressing

(eys

on a (eyboard.

5

leading tone alf stepleadingto the final, or tonic, note

of a

scale.

legato Smooth,uninterrupted.

5eitmotif #ecurringmelodic

fragment or chord bearing

dramatic or emotional

significance, introducedby

6agner in his music

dramas.

5es 6i Si) /renchcomposers of

the 78?:s hose music

reflected the stronginfluence

of popular styles.

libretto 'e)t of adramatic vocal

or(.

5ieder 0erman art songs.linear polyphonyPolyphonic

music conceived ithout

an

intention that thecombined

melody lines should form

chordal or harmonic

combinations.

liturgy 6ords of the+ass.

lute Pluc(ed stringinstrument*

the instrument most

idely

used in the si)teenth

century.

lyrical melody #elativelylong,

songli(e melody.

7madrigal Secular songintroduced in Italy that

became popular in

"ngland

as ell. Polyphonic inte)ture

and e)pressive in mood,

madrigals are ritten in

the

vernacular.

madrigalism 6ordpainting

used to enhance the

e)pression of madrigal

te)ts.

mainstream +ain bodyof or(


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of a given period.

major scale Ascendingpattern

of steps as follosC

hole,

hole, half, hole,hole,

hole, half.

7annheim rocket#apidly

ascending melodic phrase.

7ass #oman atholicorship

service.

maurka Stylized dancepiece

for piano, based on aPolish

dance.

measure (bar) Unitcontaining a

number of beats.

7edieval modes Seven!note

scales modeled on, but

differing somehat from,

those of the 0ree(s.

7edieval period or7iddle AgesPeriod from about


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complete or( that has its

on formal design and a

degree of independence

but

is conceived as a part of

thehole* usually separated

from other movements by

a pause.

7uses ine 0ree(goddesses

of the arts.

music In ancient 0reece,1the

art of the +uses,2

blending

poetry, drama, and thevisual

arts ith hat e

consider

to be musical sounds.

musical bow /ol(instrument,

popular in many cultures,

resembling a hunting bo,

from hich it may have

derived.

musical comedy +usicalsho

combining the

entertainment

of vaudeville ith the

integrated plot

characteristic

of operettas.

music drama 6agner-sconcept

of music theater, in hichthe

drama and the music ere

theoretically of equal

interest.

musicology Scientificstudy of

music.

music (musical) theaterStaged drama including

instrumental and vocal

musicand sometimes dance.

musique concrte

oncrete

music* music consisting

of

recorded and

electronicallyaltered sounds.

/nationalism $ate!nineteenthcentury

movement in hich

artists of many

nationalities

turned from the dominant

0erman influence in the

arts

to the culturalcharacteristics

of their on and other

countries.

/eoclassicism'entiethcentury

version of classicism

in music.

/eoromanticism'entiethcentury

version of a romantic

approach to music.

/etherlands (landers)Area of

northern "urope here

the

musical #enaissance

began.

/ew 9rleans ja +usicperformed by a small

combo

hose soloists ta(e turnsimprovising on a given

tune.

nocturne Piecee)pressing the

1character2 of night.

noh Semireligious, highlytraditional Dapanese music

drama.

nondiagetic or functionalmusic

/ilm music heard by theaudience only.

notation 6ritten music.note 'one* a specific

pitch.

9octave Interval of an

eighth, asfrom to .

octave displacement+elodic

concept involving the

selection of pitches from

various, sometimes

distant,

octaves.

opera %ramatic vocalform

blending visual, literary,and

musical arts, in hich all

dialogue is sung.

opera buffa Italian comic

opera.

opra comique 475 /rench

comic opera of a satirical

or

romantic nature. 4?5 In the

nineteenth century, /rench

or(s shorter, more

modest,

and more realistic than

grand

operas, but not necessarily

humorous.

operetta omic orromantic

form of music theater,

sometimes called light

opera.It includes some spo(en

dialogue.

opus 16or(.2 An opusnumber

indicates the

chronological

order in hich a piece

as

composed or published.

Glossary $%:

oratorio +ultimovementdramatic vocal or( on a


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religious sub&ect,

performed

in concert style.

orchestra +i)edensemble of

string and indinstruments.

orchestral suite Severalsections

of varying character

dran

from a larger or(, such

as a

ballet.

9rdinary Portions of the+ass

appropriate any time ofthe

church yearC the @yrie,

0loria, redo, Sanctus,

and

Agnus %ei.

organum "arliest form ofpolyphony.

ostinato Persistentlyrepeated

melodic or rhythmic

pattern.

overture Introductoryorchestral

piece.

;pants (trousers) role+ale role

ritten for a female

singer.

passacaglia 3ariations

over abass ostinato.

;assion ratorio basedon

the events leading to the

crucifi)ion of hrist.

patter song Setting ofhumorous

ords sung very rapidly,

ith comic effect.

pedal point Pitch

sustained,usually in the bass, under

changing harmonies.

pentatonic scale /ive!note scale.

percussion Allinstruments that

may be played bysha(ing,

rubbing, or stri(ing the

instrument itself. 'hese

include the timpani 4tuned

(ettledrums5, other drums,

chimes, tambourine,

triangle,

cymbals, and various

mallet

instruments, such as the

)ylophone.phrase Section of amelody,

comparable to a section or

phrase of a sentence.

pianissimo 3ery soft.piano @eyboardinstrument*

also, soft in dynamic

level.

pitch ighness orloness of a

sound.

piicato 'echnique ofpluc(ing

string instruments.

plainsong" plainchant"chant"#regorian chant +usicto hich portions of the

atholic service are sung.

'he te)ture ismonophonic,

the timbre that of

unaccompanied voices.

point of imitationIntroduction

of a ne phrase in

imitative

polyphony.

pointillism Paintingtechnique

in hich colors andshapes

are bro(en into tiny dots,

hich appear from a

distance

to blend.

polonaise Stylized dance

piecefor piano, based on a

Polish

dance.

polychoral music +usicfor

to or more choirs, vocal,

instrumental, or both,

performed antiphonally. A

characteristic feature of

music of the 3enetian

school.polymeter Use of morethan one

meter at the same time.

polyphonic teture(polyphony)ombination of to or

more

simultaneous melodic

lines.

polyrhythm 'o or morerhythmic patterns

performed

simultaneously.

polytonality 'o or more(eys

at the same time.

post-'omanticism0eneral

term for several romantic

styles that succeeded the

dominance of 0erman#omanticism and

preceded

the return of classicism to

the

arts.

prelude Shortindependent or

introductory piece for

(eyboard.

prepared piano Piano

hose


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timbre and pitches have

been

altered by the application

of

foreign materials on or

beteen the strings.primitivism Styleinspired

by primitive or(s of art

and by the rela)ed life of

unsophisticated cultures.

program musicInstrumental

music that purports to tell

a

story or describe a scene,

idea, or event.program symphony+ultimovement

orchestral

or( hose form is based

on

programmatic concepts.

;roper Portions of the+ass

performed only at certain

times.

;rotestant 'eformationProtest

movement, led by +artin

$uther, against certain

tenets

of the atholic church.

psalm tunes 'unefulsettings of

the 7


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rest Sign that indicatessilence,

or the cessation of

musical

sound.

revue 3ariety shofeaturing

lavish costumes and

spectacular staging.

rhythm Arrangement oftime

in music.

rhythm and bluesBroadly,

blac( popular music of

the

78


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Baroque, a

multimovement

composition for one or

to

solo instruments

accompaniedby continuo* 495 after the

Baroque, a

multimovement

composition for one or

to

solo instruments.

sonata-allegro 1/irstmovement

form.2 'he three sections

G

e)position, development,and recapitulationGform

a

ternary design.

sonata da camera $ightBaroque

sonata intended for

concert

performance.

sonata da chiesa SeriousBaroque sonata, intended

for performance in

church.

sonata-rondo ombinedform,

ith the (ey relationships

of the sonata!allegro and

the alternating themes of

a rondo.

sonatina +ultimovementsolo

form, shorter and oftenlighter than a sonata.

song cycle Set of songsby one

composer, often using

te)ts

all by the same poet.

soprano igh femalesinging

voice.

sound track All of the

dialogue,

sound effects, and music

of

a film.

source or diagetic music+usic

heard by characters in thefilm as ell as by the film

audience.

spiritual /ol(li(ereligious

song, ith a simple tune,

developed by African

Americans.

Sprechstimme $iterally,

1speech

voice.2 Style of

melodramaticdeclamation beteen

spea(ing and singing.

staccato Short, detached.staff /ive lines and fourspaces

on hich music is

notated.

stile antico (firstpractice)Polyphonic, conservative

style of the late

#enaissance.

stile moderno (secondpractice)omophonic, e)pressive

style introduced by

+onteverdi.

stops $evers, handles, orbuttons that allo an

organist to change timbres

atill.

strain +elodic section ofa

march or rag.

stretto Section faster intempo,

or ith imitative voices

entering in closer

succession,

than earlier sections of the

piece.

string instrumentsInstruments

that may be boed,

strummed, struc(, or

pluc(ed. rchestral string

instruments include theviolin, viola, cello, string

bass

4or double bass5, and

harp.

string quartet hamberensemble consisting of

to

violins, a viola, and a

cello.

strophic form 'he most

popularsong form, hich has to

or

more stanzas set to the

same

music.

style haracteristicmanner in

hich the elements of

music,

formal design, and

emotional

e)pression are approached

by a composer.

subdominant (0*) /ourthnote

of the ma&or or minor

scale.

subject Principal melodyof a

fugue.

suite ollection ofstylizeddance pieces for

(eyboard* or

an orchestral piece

consisting

of selections from a

dramatic

or( or dance.

6urrealism +ovement inliterature and painting that

&u)taposed unli(elyimages.


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sweet ja ighlyarranged

style, ith little room for

improvisation.

swing ighly

improvisatorystyle of big band music.

syllabic chant hant ithone

note of music for each

syllable of te)t.

6ymbolism $iterarymovement

sharing the ideals of the

Impressionists.

symphonic ja oncert

musicith the sounds of &azz

but

no improvisation.

symphonic poem or tonepoemne!movement orchestral

piece hose form is based

on

programmatic principles.

symphony+ultimovement

orchestral form.

symphony orchestraInstrumental ensemble

consisting of members of

the

four families of

instruments,

dominated by strings.

syncopation ccurrence

ofaccents on ea( beats, or

beteen beats.

synthesier See electronicsynthesizer.

.t=ala #epeated rhythmiccycle,

characteristic of the music

of

India.

temp 'emporary filmscore,

composed of e)isting

music,

$%C Glossaryprepared to demonstrate

to a

film-s composer the typeof

music desired.

tempo #ate of speed athich a

musical piece is

performed.

tenor igh male voice.terraced dynamicsAbrupt

changes of dynamic level.

teture +anner in hichmelodic lines are used in

music.

thematic transformation3ariation of thematic or

melodic material for

programmatic purposes.

Sometimes called

metamorphosis.

theme +elody that recursthroughout a section, a

movement, or an entire

composition.

theme and variationsInstrumental form in

hich

a theme recurs ith

modifications of melody,

rhythm, timbre, meter,

register, or other

characteristics.

theremin 'he earliestelectronicmusical instrument.

third streamombination of

&azz and concert music.

thoroughbass Strongbass line

sounding continuously

throughout Baroque

ensemble compositions.

through-composedontaining

ne music throughout.

timbre haracteristicquality

of the sound of a voice or

instrument.

toccata #hapsodic,virtuosic

(eyboard piece.

tonality or tonal systemSystem

of harmony, based on the

ma&or and minor scales,

that

has dominated 6estern

music since the

seventeenth

century.tone Sound ith specific

pitch,

produced by a constant

rate

of vibration of the

soundproducing

medium.

tone cluster (cluster)hord

built on seconds.

tone poem Seesymphonic

poem.

tonic /irst and mostimportant

note of the ma&or or minor

scale, to hich all other

notes

in the scale are a

subordinate.

'he tonic is representedby

the #oman numeral I.

total serialism ")tensionof the

telve!tone technique, in

hich other aspects

besides

melody and harmony are

also arranged into series

and

systematically repeatedthroughout a composition.


14/14

transcriptionArrangement

of a piece so that it may

be played by a different

instrument or ensemble

from that for hich it asritten.

transition" or bridgePassage

that modulates from the

first

to the second (ey area of

the

e)position.

tremolo 3iolin!playingtechnique consisting of

quic(up!and!don movements

of

the bo on a single note.

triad hord ith threetones, consisting of to

superimposed thirds.

trio 475 omposition forthree

voices or instruments.

4?5 Section of a

composition

lighter in te)ture, softer

in dynamic level, and

sometimes more melodic

than the rest of the piece.

trio sonata Baroquesonata for

to solo instruments and

basso continuo.

triple meter 'hree beats

permeasure.

troubadours" trouvDresoble

/rench poets and

composers

of art 4as opposed to

popular5 songs.

trousers role 4See pantsrole.5

tune +elody that is easy

torecognize, memorize, and

sing.

tutti All* in orchestralmusic,

refers to the full orchestra.

twelve-tone technique

Arrangement of thetelve

chromatic pitches into a

ro

that provides the melodic

and harmonic basis for a

music composition.

Eunison Production ofmusic by

several voices or

instrumentsat the same pitch or in

octaves.

upbeat $ast beat of ameasure.

*vaudeville 3ariety sho,

popular in the late

nineteenth

century, including &o(es,

stunts, and s(its, as ell

as

song and dance.

*enetian school $ate!si)teenthcentury

composers,

including 0. 0abrieli,

ho

composed in the

polychoralstyle.

verismo #ealism inopera.

vernacular ommonlanguage*

in music, refers to fol(

and

popular pieces.

vibrato #apid variationof pitch

that lends 1armth2 to the

tone of a voice or

instrument.

*iennese style 'ermsometimes

applied to the lassical

styleto avoid the ambiguity of

1classical.2

viol +ost popular boedstring instrument of the

#enaissance.

Glossary $%FGwalt %ance in triplemeter.

white noise Sounds

includingthe entire spectrum of

tones,

as hite includes the

entire

spectrum of colors.

whole step Interval equalto

to half steps.

whole-tone scale Si)consecutive hole steps

ithin the range of an

octave.

woodwinds 6indinstruments

that include the piccolo,

flute,

oboe, "nglish horn,

clarinet,

bassoon, and sa)ophone.

word painting +usical

illustrations of verbalconcepts.

muzyka definicje

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