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gyw³hy×, mvsevw`KZv I ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

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cÖ‡kœi M„wó n‡e, Zv wKš‘ gvbyl‡K nZvkvMÖ¯— K‡i †dj‡e Ñ GUv wKQz‡ZB n‡Z†`qv hv‡e bv|gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnYKvix ZiæY A_P ivRbxwZ m‡PZb †eZvi I ms¯‹…wZKgx©iv

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gyw³hy×, mvsevw`KZv I ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

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1952 mvj wQj Zvi gva¨wgK cix¶vi eQi| evqvbœi 21 †deª“qvwii i³ XvKv†_‡K wdbwK w`‡q hLb cvebv †cŠuQj, ZLb wek¦hy×, gš^š—i Avi `v½v †`LvZviæ‡Y¨ DÏxß GB wK‡kvi Qy‡U †ewi‡q G‡jb, KÉ D”PwKZ Ki‡jb wgwQ‡j,nZ¨vi cÖwZev‡`| ivRbxwZ‡Z meK wb‡jb wZwb H evqvbœi GKyk, evBk Avi†ZB‡k †deª“qvwii i³‡avqv w`b¸‡jvi msNv‡Z|1952 mv‡j gva¨wgK cixvq DËxY© n‡jb wZwb| Gici fwZ© n‡jb cvebv

GWIqvW© K‡j‡R| GB K‡j‡R QvÎ BDwbq‡bi gva¨‡g Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb Gesevievi Kvivei‡Y Zuvi cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vi BwZ N‡U| cvebv GWIqvW© K‡j‡R fwZ© nIqvi ci hLb K‡jR wbe©vPb GwM‡q G‡jv,

ZLb Zuviv KRb mggbv GK‡RvU n‡q euva‡jb †RvU, bvg w`‡jb ÔcvBIwbqvm©d«›UÕ A_©vr cÖMwZev`x QvÎ ‡RvU| jo‡jb wbe©vP‡b Ges wbi¼yk weRq AR©bKi‡jb| GB d«‡›Ui m`m¨iv ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ci M‡o IVv cÖMwZkxjAmv¤cÖ`vwqK QvÎ msMVb, c~e© cvwK¯—vb QvÎ BDwbqb Ki‡Zb| 1953 mv‡j cvebvi ZrKvjxb wRbœvn& cv‡K© (eZ©gvb †÷wWqvg) gymwjg jxM

KvDwÝj Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b QvÎ nZ¨vKvix b~iæjAvwg‡bi cvebv AvMgb I gymwjg jxM m‡¤§j‡bi cÖwZev‡` we‡¶vf cÖ`k©b KivqKvgvj †jvnvbx cvebvi ivR‰bwZK †bZv-Kg©x Ges GWIqvW© K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcK Iwk¶v_©x‡`i mv‡_ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv †MÖdZvi n‡jb| 7 w`b cvebv †R‡j AvUK†_‡K Rvwg‡b gyw³ cvb| GQvov 1955 mv‡ji 22 †deª“qvwi Ges 1 Ryb yÕ`dv†MÖdZvi nb wZwb| 1955 mv‡j wZwb b¨vc-G †hvM †`b Ges RvZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z mwµq nb|

PvPv‡Zv †evb ˆmq`v `xwß ivbx‡K 1960 mv‡j we‡q K‡ib| `xwß ZLb mgvRj¨v‡Ygv÷vm© KiwQ‡jb| RxweKvi Pvc ïiæ n‡j, Kvgvj †jvnvbx e‡b`x msev`cΈ`wbK AvRv`-G †hvM †`b| 1961 mv‡j iex› ª Rb¥kZevwl©Kx Dcj‡¶ XvKvq ïiæ n‡jv †Zvo‡Rvo|

Kvgvj †jvnvbx hy³ n‡jb cÖMwZkxj mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©x‡`i mv‡_ iex› ª Rb¥kZevwl©KxD`hvc‡bi mvsMVwbK Kv‡R| GQvov 1970 mv‡j cwÊZ evixY gRyg`v‡ii GKKcÖ‡Póvq BwÄwbqvm© BÝwUwUDk‡b Av‡qvwRZ ÔcÖ_g cvwK¯—vb m½xZ m‡¤§jbÕ Ges1972 mv‡j XvKv †÷wWqv‡g Av‡qvwRZ ÔAvjvDwÏb m½xZ m‡¤§jbÕ-G Kvgvj†jvnvbx Abyôv‡bi cwiKíbv, wkíx msMÖn, Dc¯’vcbvmn wewfbœ `vwq‡Z¡ m¤ú…³†_‡K‡Qb| 1962 mv‡ji †deª“qvwi gv‡m XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎiv mvgwiK kvm‡bi

weiæ‡× Av‡›`vj‡b M‡R© DV‡jv| Kvgvj †jvnvbxi bv‡g Rvwi n‡jv ûwjqv| 13†deª“qvwi Mfxi iv‡Z ˆ`wbK AvRv` †_‡K N‡i †divi c‡_ †MÖdZvi nb wZwb|

m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

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GB mgq XvKv †m›Uªvj †R‡ji 26 b¤^i †m‡j e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb,ZvRDwÏb Avng`, Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g`, i‡Yk `vk¸ß, †Zvdv¾j †nv‡mbgvwbK wgqv, KwdjDwÏb †PŠayix, Aa¨vcK iwdKyj Bmjvgmn A‡b‡KB GKmv‡_wQ‡jb| G mgq Qv·bZv kvn †gvqv‡¾g, †kL gwb, nvq`vi AvKei Lvb i‡bv,kÖwgK †bZv bvwmg AvjxI wQ‡jb| mv‡o wZb gvm c‡i wZwb gyw³ jvf K‡ib|1962 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m ˆ`wbK msev`-G wmwbqi mve-GwWUi wn‡m‡e

†hvM w`‡q Aí w`‡bB wkdU-Bb-PvR© c‡` DbœxZ nb| 1966 mv‡j ÔcvwK¯—vbwdPvi wmwÛ‡K‡UÕ Ges 1969 Gi cÖ_g w`‡K wKQyw`‡bi R‡b¨ ˆ`wbK cqMvg-G†hvM †`b| 1969 mv‡ji †kl fv‡M Kvgvj †jvnvbx AeRvifvi MÖ“c Aecvewj‡Kk‡Ýi ˆ`wbK c~e©‡`k cwÎKvq wkdU BbPvR© wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b| c‡iwZwb wPd mve-GwWUi c‡` DbœxZ nb| GB mgqKv‡j wZwb mvsevw`K BDwbq‡byÕ`dvq hyM¥-m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ nb| 1970 mv‡j wZwb c~e© cvwK¯—vb mvsevw`KBDwbq‡bi mvaviY m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ nb|1962 mv‡j ¯^íKvj Kvivev‡mi ci Kvgvj †jvnvbx ÔQvqvbUÕ mvs¯‹…wZK

msMV‡bi mvaviY m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| mv‡o Pvi eQi GB `vwqZ¡cvjb K‡ib wZwb| bxwZMZ Kvi‡Y QvqvbU †Q‡o gvK©mev`x Av`‡k© 1967 mv‡jM‡o †Zv‡jb Ôµvwš—Õ| 1967 mv‡ji 22 I 23 †deª“qvwi µvwš— wkíx †MvôxiD‡Øvab nq HwZnvwmK cëb gq`v‡b| 1967 mv‡j hLb cvwK¯—v‡bi Z_¨gš¿xLvRv kvnveywÏb cvj©v‡g‡›U evsjv mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i e³e¨ ‡`b GesKwe¸iæ iex› ªbv_ VvKy‡ii weiæ‡× KU~w³ K‡i ÒwZwb Avgv‡`i mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi†KD bbÓ D”PviY Ki‡j c~e© evsjv dyu‡m I‡V| Avcmnxb cÖMwZkxj mvs¯‹…wZKmsMVK Kvgvj †jvnvbx Ôµvwš—Õi Riæwi mfv ‡W‡K cÖwZev` Ki‡jb, GB Pµv‡š—i weiæ‡× †iRy‡jkb cvVv‡jb| †mB †iRy‡jkb †_‡KB AZ¨š— mvn‡mi mv‡_mvgwiK kvm‡bi gv‡SI †WBwj AeRvifvi-Gi wbDR GwWUi G we Gg g~mvwbDR Ki‡jb ÔRegimentation of Culture?Õ| GB Pµv‡š—i weiæ‡× ïiæ njh~_e× Av‡›`vjb Ômvs¯‹…wZK ¯^vwaKvi cÖwZôv cwil`Õ bv‡g hvi AvnevqK n‡jbIqvwn yj nK I Kvgvj †jvnvbx| 25 gvP© µ¨vKWvD‡bi ci Ae¯’vi AebwZ‡Z Ae‡k‡l GwcÖ‡ji †k‡l gyw³hy‡×

†hvM`v‡bi P~ovš— wm×vš— MÖnY K‡ib Kvgvj †jvnvbx| fvi‡Z wM‡q wZwb †hvM†`b ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K‡› ª| mvsevw`K Kvgvj †jvnvbx ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZv‡iimsev` wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ †bb| wZwb msev` wefvM msMVb Kiv QvovI msev` cvV,Kw_Kv ‡jLv I cÖPvi, †NvlYv, †¯�vMvb †`qv BZ¨vw`‡Z KÉ w`‡q‡Qb|

16 wW‡m¤^i 1971| weR‡qi †mB gv‡n› ª¶‡Y ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZv‡i gyw³hy‡×iweR‡qi cÖ_g evZ©vwU wj‡LwQ‡jb wZwb Ges wek¦evmxi Kv‡Q †mB weRq evZ©v†cuŠ‡QwQj Kvgvj †jvnvbxi D”Pvi‡Y| ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i 1971 mv‡ji 25 wW‡m¤^i wZwb `vwqZ¡ †bb XvKv †eZv‡ii|

`vwqZ¡ †bqvi ci weaŸ¯— †eZvi‡K cybM©V‡b eªZx nb wZwb| 1972 mv‡ji 10Rvbyqvwi e½eÜyi ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b Dcj‡¶ XvKvi †ZRMuvI wegvbe›`i †_‡KavivweeiYx w`‡qwQ‡jb Kvgvj †jvnvbx Ges AvkdvKyi ingvb Lvb| †`k ¯^vaxb n‡jI cÖkvm‡b cwieZ©b Av‡m wb e‡j A‡bKUv wbie cÖwZev‡`B

†eZv‡ii UªvÝwµckb cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e wZwb †eZvi Z¨vM K‡ib| 1973 mv‡j 20Rvbyqvwi cybivq mvsevw`KZvq wd‡i Av‡mb, †hvM †`b ˆ`wbK Rbc` bv‡g GKwUbZyb cwÎKvq| wZwb XvKv mvsevw`K BDwbq‡bi mfvcwZ nb|1974 mv‡j ˆ`wbK Rbc` †Q‡o ˆ`wbK e½evZ©vq †hvM`vb K‡ib| gIjvbv

fvmvbx mgw_©Z G cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb d‡qR Avn‡g`| cÖvq wZb gvm cicwÎKvwUi cÖKvkbv eÜ n‡q †M‡j Kvgvj †jvnvbx ˆ`wbK evsjvi evYx cwÎKvievZ©v m¤úv`K wbhy³ nb| G eQiB Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ cybivq XvKv mvsevw`K BDwbqbwbe©vP‡b Rqjvf K‡i| miKvi 1975 mv‡ji 16 Ryb msev`cÎ A¨vbvj‡g›U Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡i gvÎ

PviwU cwÎKv Qvov me cwÎKv cÖKvkbv eÜ K‡i †`q| wbg©j †mb I Kvgvj †jvnvbxevKkv‡j †hvM`v‡b A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| G mgq PvKwinviv Kvgvj †jvnvbx LyeBA_©K‡ó c‡ob|1977 mv‡j 6 Rvbyqvwi miKvi Zuv‡K ivRkvnx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ˆ`wbK evZ©vi

wbe©vnx m¤úv`K wbhy³ K‡i XvKv †Q‡o †h‡Z eva¨ K‡i| 1978 mv‡j Zuv‡Km¤úv`K c‡` wb‡qvM †`qv nq| 1981 mv‡j ZrKvjxb Z_¨gš¿xi mv‡_ gZwe‡iva n‡j ˆ`wbK evZ©v †Q‡o

evsjv‡`k †cÖm BÝwUwUDU (wcAvBwe)-Gi cÖKvkbv cwiPvjK I †Wc_wbDRevsjv‡`k-Gi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Kgvm c‡iB wZwb wcAvBweiA¨v‡mvwm‡qU GwWUi c‡` wbhy³ nb|1991 mv‡j wZwb wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY

K‡ib| †lvj gv‡mi gv_vq ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZgš¿xi mv‡_ gZwe‡iva nIqvq wZwbwcAvBwe‡Z wd‡i Av‡mb| wKš‘ wcAvBwei gnvcwiPvjK Zuv‡K †Rvic~e©K Aem‡icvVvb| GB mgq ivR‰bwZK AwfhvÎvi cvkvcvwk hy³ n‡jv ms¯‹…wZ msMÖvg|Kvgvj †jvnvbx 2008 mv‡ji RvZxq wbe©vP‡b gnv‡Rv‡Ui weR‡qi ci AveviIyÕeQ‡ii R‡b¨ wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb

Kvgvj †jvnvbx m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

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GLb ch©š— wewfbœ RvZxq ˆ`wb‡Ki cÖavb m¤úv`K Ges cÖavb Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡ehy³ †_‡K‡Qb Ges Av‡Qb|Kvgvj †jvnvbx 72-Gi msweavb cybtcÖwZôv RvZxq KwgwUi †Pqvig¨v‡bi

`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb| wZwb GKy‡ki ‡PZbv cwil‡`i mvaviY m¤úv`K, ¯^vaxbevsjv †eZvi cwil‡`i Dc‡`óv, GKvˇii NvZK-`vjvj wbg©~j KwgwU I mw¤§wjZmvs¯‹…wZK †Rv‡Ui Dc‡`óv| 1983 mv‡j Kvgvj †jvnvbx mivmwi RwoZ n‡qevsjv‡`k MYwkíx ms¯’v MVb K‡ib Ges H msMV‡bi mfvcwZ nb| mewKQyicvkvcvwk Kvgvj †jvnvbx ÔAvgvi evsjvÕ bv‡g wkí-ms¯‹…wZ M‡elYv I AbykxjbPµ MVb K‡i‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb †`‡ki e…nËg cÖMwZkxj mvs¯‹…wZK msMVbÔevsjv‡`k D`xPx wkíx ‡MvôxÕi mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb|Zvui †jLv Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ I msMÖvg, Avgiv nvi‡ev bv Ges jovB‡qi Mvb

MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ RvZxq ˆ`wb‡K ivR‰bwZK wel‡q cÖKvwkZ Zuvi †jLvwb‡q mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK Ges KweZvi eB † ªv‡n †cÖ‡g KweZvi g‡Zv cÖKvwkZn‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| 2011 mv‡j cÖKvk cvq mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ I b…Z¨wk‡íi we¯—vi I ivRbxwZ gyw³hy× ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi eB ywU| wewfbœ RvZxq ˆ`wb‡Khy×vcivax wePv‡ii `vex, Gi cÖvmw½KZv BZ¨vw` wel‡q wewfbœ mg‡q wb‡Ri †jLvimsKjb kΓ e‡ai Drm‡e Ges eiYxq e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖqv‡Y wb‡Ri †jLvi msKjb†hb fy‡j bv hvB eB AvKv‡i cÖKvk cv‡e Lye wkMMxi| wZwb eZ©gv‡b ¯§…wZK_v†jLvq wb‡R‡K e¨vc…Z †i‡L‡Qb|evsjv GKv‡Wwg †d‡jv Kvgvj †jvnvbx Rvnvbviv Bgvg c`K †c‡q‡Qb 2008

mv‡j| KjKvZv cyimfvi wØkZel© m¤§vbbv †c‡q‡Qb wZwb 1991 mv‡j| †cÖmBÝwUwUDU Ae evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³‡hv×v mvsevw`K m¤§vbbv Ges ivRkvnx †jLKmsN m¤§vbbv cvb wZwb| G Qvov µvwš— wkíx †Mvôxi µvwš— ¯§viK 2003, FwlRwkíx †Mvôxi FwlR m¤§vbbv I ¯§viK mn AmsL¨ cÖwZôv‡bi m¤§vbbv Zuviwg‡j‡Q| Kvgvj †jvnvbx I `xwß †jvnvbx `¤úwZi GK cyÎ I yB Kb¨v| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB

evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ mswk�ó| cyÎ mvMi †jvnvbx †ckvqmvsevw`KZv Ges wPÎ wbg©v‡Yi mv‡_ hy³| †R¨ô Kb¨v eb¨v †jvnvbx PvKwiicvkvcvwk ÔkÖ“wZb›`b Kjv †K› ªÕ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb Ges Kwbô Kb¨v Ewg©†jvnvbx †`‡ki e‡iY¨ e¨w³e‡M©i Rxeb I K‡g©i AbjvBb AvK©vBf Ô¸YxRb WUKgÕ cwiPvjbvq m¤ú…³ |

Kvgvj †jvnvbx

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whwb AvRxeb m¤§vbbv †c‡jbb~iRvnvb †eMg

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K‡j‡R| Avi GB K‡jR †_‡KB wZwb AvBG Ges weG cvk K‡ib| mIMvZ cwÎKv m¤úv`bvi Kv‡R evev‡K wZwb mva¨g‡Zv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Zb †mB

†QvU‡ejv †_‡KB| Zuvi mvsevw`KZv Rxeb ïiæ nq 1945 mvj †_‡K| †m mgqcÖwZeQi GKevi mIMvZ cwÎKvi we‡kl gwnjv msL¨v †ei n‡Zv| ÔRvbvbv gnjÕbv‡g †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ Avjv`v GKwU wefvMI Pvjy wQj GB cwÎKvq| ÔRvbvbv gnjÕ-Gi RbwcªqZv †_‡KB Av‡m †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ Avjv`v GKwU mvßvwnK cÖKv‡kifvebv| Avi GB fvebvi c_ a‡iB 1947 mv‡ji 20 RyjvB Zvwi‡L cÖKvwkZ nq†eMg-Gi cÖ_g msL¨v| †mmgq †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ cÖKvwkZ ¯^Zš¿ cwÎKv ej‡Z †eMgB wQj GKgvÎ mwPÎ

mvßwnK| †mB mvZPwj�‡ki ci †_‡K AvR ch©š— mgvb gvb eRvq †i‡LcÖKvwkZ n‡”Q mvßvwnK †eMg| cÖ_‡g †eMg-Gi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb mywdqv KvgvjGes †mmgq b~iRvnvb †eMg wQ‡jb fvicÖvß m¤úv`K| 1947 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡imywdqv Kvgvj c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b P‡j Avmvi ci b~iRvnvb †eMg m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡MÖnY K‡ib| cÖ_gw`‡K †eMg-Gi KvR n‡Zv KjKvZvi 12 b¤^i I‡q‡jmwjw÷ª‡Ui evwo‡Z| †m mgq wkï, ¯^v¯’¨, M„n¯’vwji UzwKUvwK, ivbœvevbœv, †mjvB BZ¨vw`bvbv welq wb‡q †jLv Qvcv‡bv n‡Zv †eMg cwÎKvq| myß cÖwZfv I ¯^Kxq cwiP‡q†e‡o IVv Kg©mdj bvix‡`i wb‡q bvbv wel‡q GB cwÎKvq †jLvi my‡hvM ˆZwiK‡i †`b wZwb| ZvB mvßvwnK †eMg-Gi myev‡`B G‡`‡k ˆZwi nq GKSuvK bZzbbvix †jLK, Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K| Avi bvix RvMi‡Yi G AMÖhvÎvq mIMvZ m¤úv`Kevev bvwmiDÏx‡bi Kv‡Q †_‡K †eMg m¤úv`K b~iRvnvb †eMg me mgqB †cÖiYvI me©vZ¥K mn‡hvwMZv jvf K‡i‡Qb| 1950 mv‡j †gvnv¤§` bvwmiDÏxb mcwiev‡i KjKvZv †Q‡o XvKvq G‡m

¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïiæ K‡ib| ZLb 66 b¤^i jqvj w÷ª‡Ui weRqv AvU© †cÖmwU

b~iRvnvb †eMg m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

15

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bZzb K‡i ïiæ nq mIMvZ †cÖm bv‡g| GLv‡bB wQ‡jv †eMg-Gi Awdm| †m mgq†g‡qiv GKv G‡m cwÎKv Awd‡m †jLv w`‡q †h‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| Z‡e WvK‡hv‡MA‡bK †jLv AvmZ| †eMg-Gi GKUv eo mgm¨v wQj Qwe cvIqv wb‡q| KviY,†g‡qiv Qwe w`‡Z PvBZ bv| d‡Uvmvsevw`Ki msL¨vI wQj Lye Kg| b~iRvnvb†eMg N‡i N‡i wM‡q A‡bKmgq Qwe msMÖn Ki‡Zb| Z‡e ax‡i ax‡i mevi g‡a¨a¨vb-aviYvi BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avm‡Z _v‡K| †eMg-Gi we‡kl msL¨v¸‡jvcvVK‡`i †ek bRi †K‡o wbZ Ges Zv cÖPzi cvVKwcÖq wQj| 1948 mv‡j †einq †eMg-Gi cÖ_g C`msL¨v Ges 1949 mv‡j cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq †eMg Ôwek^bexÕmsL¨v| †g‡qiv GKm‡½ e‡m Zv‡`I mgm¨v-m¤¢vebvi welq¸‡jv wb‡q hv‡Z Av‡jvPbv

I gZwewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i †m j¶¨ wb‡B 1958 mv‡j cÖwZôv Kiv nq Ô†eMgK¬veÕ| GB †eMg K¬v‡ei g~j D‡`¨v³v I c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb b~iRvnvb †eM‡gi wcZvbvwmiDÏxb| K¬v‡ei m`m¨ †jwLKviv cÖ_g w`‡K cÖwZgv‡m GKevi GK‡Î e‡mwewfbœ wel‡q Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| †eMg m¤úv`bvi cvkvcvwk b~inRvnvb†eMg GB K¬v‡eiI †m‡µUvwii `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| cÖ_g w`‡K †eMg K¬v‡ei†ewkifvM Av‡jvPbvB wQj mvwnZ¨‡Kw› ªK| ax‡i ax‡i Gi welq‰ewPΨ evo‡Z_v‡K| cÖexY wkíx‡`i Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q bexb wkíx‡`i wb‡q Abyôvb Kiv ïiæ nq|†g‡q‡`i covi Rb¨ Ô†eMg K¬veÕ-G M‡o †Zvjv nq jvB‡eªwi| cÖexY †jwLKv ImgvR‡meK`i m¤§vbbv †`Iqv nq K¬v‡ei c¶ †_‡K| 1969 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡KG‡m G K¬v‡ei Kvh©µg ¯’wMZ n‡q hvq| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK-Gi †QvU‡`i cvZv ÔKwPKuvi AvmiÕ-Gi cwiPvjK wQ‡jb

†QvU-eo mevi wcÖq `v`vfvB †ivKby¾vgvb Lvb| GK mgq mIMvZ-G†ivKby¾vgvb Lv‡bi GKwU Mí cÖKvwkZ nq| M‡íi bvg wQj Ô†eŠÕ| G Mí cÖKvknIqvi ci bvwmiDÏxb Zv‡K cÖvq VvÆv K‡i ej‡Zb, ÔwK †n †Zvgvi †eŠ‡qi LeiKx?Õ| GB †ivKby¾vgvb `v`vfvB‡qi mv‡_ 1952 mv‡j b~iRvnvb †eM‡gi we‡qnq| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq Av‡›`vjb m¤úwK©Z Lei, cÖeÜ-wbeÜ cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv

†eMg cwÎKvq| b~iRvnvb-`¤úwZ G mgq wewfbœ mvgvwRK Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½RwoZ wQ‡jb| ÔKwPKuvPvi AvmiÕ msMVbwUi †hme ZiæY cieZx©Kv‡j gyw³hy‡×Ask †bqvi gvbwmK cª¯‘wZ wb‡qwQj Zviv AvmZ b~iRvnvb †eM‡gi evmvq|c‡iv¶fve gyw³‡hv×v‡`i bvbvfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb b~iRvnvb †eMg| 1946 mv‡j mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vi mgq †jwW †eª‡ev‡b©I kiYv_x© K¨v‡¤ú wM‡q

†¯^”Qv‡mexi KvR K‡i‡Qb b~iRvnvb †eMg| 1947-48 mv‡j b~iRvnvb †eMgmn

gymwjg †g‡qiv cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Db¥y³ g‡Â b„Z¨bv‡U¨i Av‡qvRb K‡ib| Avi†mB b„Z¨bv‡U¨i Abyôvb †_‡K cvIqv me UvKv †`qv nq KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡giwPwKrmvi Rb¨| †`kwefv‡Mi ci ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b wd‡i mgvR‡mevqwb‡qvwRZ nb b~iRvnvb †eMg| wZwb Iqvix gwnjv mwgwZ, †MÊvwiqv gwnjv, wbwLjcvw¯—vb gwnjv mwgwZ, bvwi›`v gwnjv mwgwZmn eû msMV‡bi n‡q mgvR‡mevg~jKKvR K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI †`‡ki AviI A‡bK msMV‡bi n‡q mgvR‡mevg~jK Kv‡Rm¤ú„³ wQ‡jb b~iRvnvb †eMg| AvRxeb wZwb wecbœ I AvZ© gvbeZvi †mevqwb‡R‡K mgc©Y K‡ib| AvRxeb Kg© Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc †eMg m¤úv`K b~iRvnvb †eMg jvf K‡ib

†eMg †iv‡Kqv c`K, evsjv‡`k gwnjv mvsevw`K †dvivg c`K, evsjv‡`k †jwLKvmsN c`K, evsjv‡`k gwnjv mwgwZ c`K, evsjv‡`k gwnjv cwil` c`K,m‡ivwRbx bvBWz ¯§„wZ cwil` c`K, Kgi gykZvwi c`K, KvRx gvneyeDj�vn I†eMg †Rey‡bœmv Uªv‡÷i ¯^Y©c`K, †ivUvwi K¬ve c`K BZ¨vw`| eq‡mi fv‡ifvivµvš— b~iRvnvb †eMg GL‡bv †eMg-Gi nvj a‡i Av‡Qb| weivgnxb c_PjvGL‡bv wbiš—ifv‡e wj‡L P‡j‡Qb GB Kjg ˆmwbK|XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡q beMwVZ m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷ Zuv‡K AvRxeb

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huvi bv‡g Uªv÷Ave ym mvjg

G‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g AviI A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv †h gvbylwU Ae¨vnZfv‡e hy×K‡iwQ‡jb Kjg w`‡q †mB Kjg‡hv×v cw_K…r mvsevw`‡Ki bvg Ave ym mvjvg|cvwK¯—vb Avg‡ji we‡ivax Kɯ^i wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ w` cvwK¯—vb AeRvifviZrKvjxb ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmK‡Mvôx I c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖwZ †K‡› ªi ˆel‡g¨i weiæ‡×†hfv‡e †mv”Pvi wQj Zv G †`‡ki mvsevw`KZvi BwZnv‡m GK †MŠi‡ev¾¡jAa¨vq| my`xN© mgq a‡i ytmvnwmKfv‡e GB cwÎKvwUi †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb m¤úv`KAve ym mvjvg| ¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© w` cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi Ges ¯^vaxbZvcieZx©Kv‡j w` evsjv‡`k AeRvifvi-Gi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e wZwb GB cwÎKvi`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| mvsevw`K Ave ym mvjv‡gi g‡a¨ wQj Áv‡bi MfxiZv| cvwÊZ¨ Avi cÖÁvq

wZwb wQ‡jb Abb¨ e¨w³Z¡| mZ¨ cÖKv‡ki yiš— mvnm, †ckvMZ wbfx©KZv IGKwbôZv Zuv‡K G‡`‡ki mvsevw`KZvi BwZnv‡m AwawôZ K‡i‡Q AbyKiYxqe¨w³Z¡ Ges cw_K…r mvsevw`Kiƒ‡c| †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi QvMjbvBqv _vbvi `w¶Y ag©cyi MÖv‡g 1910 mv‡ji 2

AvM÷ Ave ym mvjvg Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg `wjjyi ingvb I gvZvibvg AvwRRyb †bQv †PŠayivbx| Ave ym mvjvg †dbx nvB¯‹zj †_‡K g¨vwUªKz‡jkbcix¶vq DËxY© nb| PÆMÖvg K‡jR †_‡K wZwb weÁvb wefv‡M D”P gva¨wgKcix¶vq cvk K‡ib| KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR †_‡K 1930 mv‡j wZwbA_©bxwZ‡Z Abvm© wWwMÖ Ges 1932 mv‡j KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K Bs‡iwRmvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †kÖwY‡Z cÖ_g ¯’vbmn GgG wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib|Ave ym mvjvg Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib †dbx K‡j‡Ri Bs‡iwRi cÖfvlK wn‡m‡e|

AZtci wZwb wk¶KZv †Q‡o miKv‡ii AvqKi wefv‡Mi PvKwi‡Z †hvM †`b|Gici ch©vqµ‡g wZwb wmwfj mvc�vB wWcvU©‡g‡›U Ges AwWU A¨vÛ A¨vKvD›Ummvwf©‡m Kg©iZ wQ‡jb|

1947 mv‡j †`kwefv‡Mi ci †_‡K evOvwj Awdmvimn mg¯— evsjv Z_v c~e©cvwK¯—v‡bi RbM‡Yi Ici †h AZ¨vPvi-AwePvi PjwQj Zvi cÖwZev` Rvbv‡ZBg~jZ wZwb miKvwi PvKwiiZ Ae¯’vq Kjg nv‡Z Zz‡j wb‡qwQ‡jb| cvwK¯—vbAeRvifvi-G ÔB‡KvbwgK †bvUmÕ bv‡g QÙbv‡g wZwb GKwU Kjvg wjL‡ZbZLb| Zuvi GB Kjv‡gi gva¨‡g wZwb cvwK¯—v‡bi yÕAs‡k A_©‰bwZK ¯^vqËkvmb†Kb cÖ‡qvRb Zv LyeB kvwYZ hyw³ I †Rviv‡jv fvlvq Zz‡j ai‡Zb| QÙbv‡gwjL‡Zb e‡j cvVK‡`i g‡a¨ Lye Kg †jvKB Rvb‡Zb †mB RbwcÖq KjvgwUi†jL‡Ki Avmj bvg| GB Kjvg Ges †mBm‡½ cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi cvVKgn‡j µgk RbwcÖq n‡q

D‡V| cwÎKvwU Bs‡iwR fvlvq nIqvq cwðg cvwK¯—vwb cvVK‡`i Kv‡QI c~e©cvwK¯—v‡bi †mw›U‡g›U w`‡b w`‡b ¯úó n‡Z _v‡K| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, ÔB‡KvbwgK†bvUmÕ KjvgwUi gva¨‡gB Ave ym mvjvg mvsevw`KZv †ckvi m‡½ hy³ nb|†mmgq gv‡S gv‡S wZwb AeRvifvi-Gi Rb¨ m¤úv`KxqI wjL‡Zb| GB kvwYZ Kjvg ˆmwbK gvZ…f‚wg I gvZ…fvlv‡K i¶vi cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z wM‡qB

GK ch©v‡q miKvwi PvKwi †Q‡o mve©¶wYK mvsevw`KZvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib|1949 mv‡j wZwb miKvwi PvKwi‡Z B¯—dv w`‡q cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi-G †hvM†`b Ges 1950 mv‡ji 3 Ryb wZwb GB cwÎKvi m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib|m¤úv`K c‡` †hvM w`‡q wZwb c~Y© D`¨‡g KvR ïiæ K‡ib| mKvj †_‡K ivZch©š— wZwb Awd‡mB _vK‡Zb| wZwb wb‡R wjL‡Zb, A‡b¨i †jLv cwigvR©bvKi‡Zb, cwÎKv wb‡q cwiKíbv Ki‡Zb| Gfv‡eB wZwb KwVb cwikÖ‡gi g‡a¨ w`‡qcvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi‡K GKwU kxl©¯’vbxq KvM‡R cwiYZ K‡ib| Ave ym mvjvg wQ‡jb wbfx©K cÖK…wZi gvbyl| Zuvi mgMÖ Kg©Rxe‡b cÖKvk

†c‡q‡Q GB ¸YwU| 1963-64 mv‡j AvBqye miKvi cÖYxZ msev`cÎwe‡ivaxKvjv-Kvby‡bi weiæ‡× wZwb cÖwZev`x f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wZwbB cÖ_g e¨w³ whwb†m mg‡qi ¶gZvai †cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb iwPZ MÖš’ †d«Ûm bU gv÷vim-GevOvwj‡`i m¤ú‡K© AvcwËKi gš—‡e¨i mgv‡jvPbv I wb›`v cÖKvk K‡ib| AvBqyeLv‡bi ˆ¯^ivPvix miKv‡i weiæ‡× GKRb mvsevw`K wn‡me Ave ym mvjvg †hfv‡ejovB K‡i‡Qb Zv G †`‡ki mvsevw`KZvi BwZnv‡m GK †MŠieRbK Aa¨vq|ZvQvovI m¤úv`Kxq gZvg‡Zi gva¨‡g wewfbœ mg‡q wZwb RvZxq Rxe‡bcÖwZev‡`i So Zzj‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi-Gi AwØZxq m¤úv`K| †m mg‡q cwÎKvwU

Z`vbxš—b c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ¯^v_© i¶vq †ek wKQz ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Bmy¨wb‡q †jLv‡jwL K‡iwQ‡jb hv ZrKvjwb gymwjg jxM miKv‡ii gbtcyZ wQj bv|

Avãym mvjvg m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

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miKvi ZLb my‡hv‡Mi A‡c¶vq wQj cwÎKvwU eÜ Kivi Rb¨| Ave ym mvjv‡gi'Crypto Fascism' m¤úv`Kxq cÖKv‡ki ci gymwjg jxM miKvi †mB my‡hvM†c‡q hvq| Zuvi m¤úv`Kxq gymjgvb‡`i mËv‡K AvNvZ K‡i‡Q GB Awf‡hvM G‡bgymwjg jxM miKvi 1952 mv‡ji 12 †deª“qvwi cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi wbwl׆NvlYv K‡i| Gi ciw`b 13 †deª“qvwi Avãym mvjvg Ges cwÎKvi gvwjKnvwg yj nK †PŠayix‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ci D‡j�L‡hvM¨ NUbv n‡jv 1954 mv‡ji

gvP© gv‡m mvaviY wbe©vPb| mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi Av‡M Ave ym mvjvg ivRbxwZi m‡½mivmwi m¤ú„³ nb Ges hy³d«‡›Ui g‡bvbxZ m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †dbx DËi Avmb †_‡Kc~e©e½ cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i m`m¨c‡` Rqjvf K‡ib| wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jx‡MifivWzwe nq Ges hy³d«›U wecyjfv‡e Rqjvf K‡i| hy³d«›U miKv‡ii ¶gZvMÖn‡Yi ci cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi-Gi cÖKvkbv Avevi ïiæ nq Ges Avãym mvjvgG cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e ZLb mgMÖ cvwK¯—v‡b wewkó e¨w³‡Z¡ cwiYZ nb| c~e© cvwK¯—vb AvBb cwl‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡jI mwµq ivRbxwZi m‡½

wZwb wb‡R‡K cy‡ivcywifv‡e gvwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib wb| GgZve¯’vq wZwb †ckv`vim¤ú`K wn‡me cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi m¤úv`bvq Ggbfv‡e AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib †hK‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi mvsevw`KZv RM‡Z MZvbyMwZK aviviwecix‡Z cÖhyw³-‡KŠkj Ges †ckvMZ a¨vb-aviYvq GKwU AvaywbK I RbwcÖvqaviv ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg nq| mvsevw`KZvq beZi aviv ms‡hvR‡bi cvkvkvwkivR‰bwZK Bmy¨ wn‡m‡e c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ¯^vqËkvmb `vwei c‡¶ cwÎKvwU G mgqe¨vcK RbgZ M‡o †Zv‡j hv µgk e„nËi Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq| mgMÖ cvwK¯—v‡b †bZ…¯’vbxq m¤úv`K nIqvq Ave ym mvjvg 1963-64 mv‡j

ÔcvwK¯—vb msev`cÎ m¤úv`bv cwil`Õ-Gi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1950 mb†_‡K 1972 mb ch©š— wZwb GKUvbv 22 eQi cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi-Gim¤úv`K wQ‡jb| cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q AeRvifvi Avi ÔAve ym mvjvgÕ bvg ywU †hbmgv_©K n‡q D‡VwQj| †m mgq Bs‡iwR cwÎKv wn‡m‡e cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi †hgh©v`v I †KŠwjb¨ jvf K‡iwQj Zv m¤¢e n‡qwQj Zuvi g‡Zv GKRb mywkw¶Z IcÖÁvevb m¤úv`‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡i e‡`Šj‡Z| evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxb nevi ci miKvi cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi cwiPvjbvi fvi

MÖnY K‡i| bZzb bvg nq evsjv‡`k AeRvifvi| wZwb cwÎKvwUi m¤úv`K c‡`envj _v‡Kb| Z‡e ˆewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K ZLb GK A‡_© miKvwi cwÎKv|¯^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K mviv †`‡k bvbv wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| AviwZwb ZLb hy×weaŸ¯— †`‡ki wek„•LLj cwiw¯’wZi cUf~wg‡Z ZuviB m¤úvw`Z GB

cwÎKvq 'The Supreme Test' (15B gvP©, 1972) wk‡ivbv‡g m¤úv`Kxq †j‡Lb|GB m¤úv`Kxq‡Z wZwb ¶gZvmxb AvIqvgx jxM miKv‡ii mvsweavwbK ˆeaZvwb‡q cÖkœ †Zv‡jb| wZwb gš—e¨ K‡ib: "The Awami League Governmentis Today in a peculiar position. Although the party was electedoverwhelmingly by the people, the government we have today is notan elected representative and constitutional Government, because ofthe fact that there is no constitution yet and there is, therefore, nodemocratic legal basis for its existence. It holds office by virtue ofcoming out victorious in a revolutionary war and is therefore arevolutionary, provisional government ..."bvwZ`xN© G m¤úv`Kxqi g~j e³e¨ wQj: hw` AvIqvgx jxM miKvi MYZvwš¿K

mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvq, Z‡e AwZ kxNªB GKwU msweavb cÖYqb K‡i wbe©vPbGi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g miKvi MVb K‡i Gi ˆeaZv Avb‡Zn‡e| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wek^vm Zviv RbwcÖq| wKš‘ mywcÖg †U‡÷i gva¨‡g Zv‡`icÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h Zviv mwZ¨B RbwcÖq| wKš‘ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q GB m¤úv`Kxq MÖnY‡hvM¨ bv nIqvq, m„ó gwZwe‡iv‡ai

GK ch©v‡q Zuv‡K evsjv‡`k AeRvifvi-Gi m¤úv`‡Ki c` †_‡K Aemi MÖn‡Yeva¨ Kiv nq|mvsevw`KZv †ckv †_‡K Aemi †bqvi ci gv‡S gv‡S wewfbœ cwÎKvq (gwb©s

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Avãym mvjvg m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

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ÔAvBWj _Um&&Õ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU e¨½vZ¥K Kjvg wjL‡Zb| m¨vUvqvi iPbvqI wZwbwQ‡jb h‡_ó cvi`k©x| mvsevw`KZvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ 1976 mv‡j†`ke‡iY¨ m¤úv`K Ave ym mvjvg ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ nb|1976 mv‡j Kg©iZ mvsevw`K‡`i †ckvMZ cÖwk¶Y I MYgva¨g welqK

M‡elYv cÖwZôvb Ôevsjv‡`k †cÖm BÝwUwUDUÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| IB eQiB wZwbevsjv‡`k †cÖm BÝwUwUDU-Gi cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK c‡` wbhy³ nb| Rxe‡bi †klw`b ch©š— wZwb GB c‡` envj wQ‡jb| †cÖm BÝwUwUD‡Ui gnvcwiPvjK c‡`Kg©iZ _vKve¯’vq 1977 mv‡ji 13 †deª“qvwi wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

huvi D‡`¨v‡M Uªv÷GweGg g~mv

mvsevw`K, Kjvg †jLK Aveyj evkvi gynv¤§` (GweGg) g~mv evsjv‡`‡kimvsevw`KZvq cÖev`Zzj¨ cyiæl| cÂvk `kK †_‡K AvR Aewa †`‡ki msev`gva¨‡gi µgweeZ©‡bi c‡_ huviv Awe¯§iYxq Ae`vb †i‡L Pj‡Qb GweGg gymvZuv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| 1931 mv‡ji 28 †deª“qvwi †dbx †Rjvi QvMjbvBqv_vbvi KzZzecyi MÖv‡g wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| evev Avkivd Avjx wQ‡jb †m mg‡qi†WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU| Zvi gvi bvg gv‡R`v LvZzb| Zviæ‡Y¨i ïiæ‡ZB ivR‰bwZK†PZbv Zuv‡K wknwiZ Ki‡Zv| wZwb Rxeb‡K †`‡L‡Qb, Dcjw× K‡i‡QbwfbœgvÎvq, wfbœ „wó‡KvY †_‡K| evevi e`wji myev‡` PÆMÖv‡gi Mfb©‡g›U †gvm‡jg nvB ¯‹z‡j gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi

covïbv K‡i‡Qb GweGg g~mv| 1945 mv‡j Zuvi evev Avevi †bvqvLvjx wd‡i G‡j†bvqvLvjx †Rjv ¯‹zj fwZ© nb wZwb| 1946 mv‡j wZwb G ¯‹zj †_‡K †gwUªK cvkK‡ib| Gici wZwb Kzwgj�v wf‡±vwiqv K‡jR †_‡K B›Uvi‡gwW‡qU I †PŠgynbxK‡jR †_‡K weG cvk K‡ib|K‡jR Rxeb †_‡KB GweGg g~mv †jLv‡jwLi mv‡_ RwoZ wQ‡jb| †PŠgynbx

K‡j‡R QvÎve¯’v‡Z wZwb ˆKwdqZ bv‡g GKwU cwÎKv †ei Ki‡Zb| GQvov†dbx‡Z LvRv Avng‡`i mvßvwnK msMÖvg-GI wbqwgZ wjL‡Zb| Gici weGcix¶v w`‡q 1950 mv‡j XvKvq G‡m wZwb Bbmvd cwÎKvq mn-m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e†hvM †`b| †ckvMZ mvsevw`KZvi ïiæi w`‡K GK`j mvsevw`K †ei n‡q Av‡mb,Zv‡`i A‡b‡K †hvM †`b Bbmvd cwÎKvq| Gi evZv© m¤úv`K wQ‡jb †K.wR. gy —vdv|GB Bbmvd cwÎKvq wZb gvm KvR Kivi ci GweGg g~mv wk¶vbwek mn-m¤úv`Kwn‡m‡e 1950 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi-G †hvM †`b| A¨vW‡fv‡KU†knveywÏb Avng` ZLb AeRvifvi-Gi bvggvÎ m¤úv`K, g~j KvR Ki‡ZbAve ym mvjvg| ˆmq` b~iæÏxb ZLb AeRvifvi-Gi evZ©v m¤úv`K wQ‡jb|

m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

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1952 mv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi e¯‘wbô cÖwZ‡e`b Qvcvi Kvi‡Y cvwK¯—vbAeRvifvi eÜ n‡q †M‡j GweGg g~mv ˆ`wbK msev`-G †hvM †`b| 1954 mv‡jAvevi AeRvifvi cÖKvwkZ n‡j †mLv‡b wZwb Avevi mn-m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e †hvM†`b| 1957 mv‡j wZwb G cwÎKvi evZ©v m¤úv`K nb| 1961 mv‡j KgbI‡qj_†cÖm Bbw÷wUD‡Ui e„wË wb‡q wZwb jÛ‡b hvb wZwb| A·‡dv‡W© KzBb GwjRv‡e_nvD‡R wZwb mvsevw`KZvq wW‡c�vgv K‡ib| †mLvb †_‡K wd‡i G‡m wZwbAeRvfvi-Gi mbvZbx †Pnviv e`‡j †`b| †mLv‡b hy³ K‡ib bZzb welq I beZiA½m¾v| 1971 mvj ch©š— wZwb AeRvifvi-Gi evZ©v m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡wbiew”Qbœfv‡e cvjb K‡ib| evZ©v m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e Zuvi mvnm I „pZvB cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi‡K lv‡Ui `k‡K c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨ZgnvwZqvi K‡i †Zv‡j| ZrKvjxb cwðg cvwK¯—vb I ewnwe©k^ evOvwji g‡bi K_vRvb‡Z cvi‡Zv cvwK¯—vb AeRvifvi c‡o| 60-Gi `kK GweGg g~mvevsjv‡`‡ki cwÎKvq KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk wewewm, jÛ‡bi w` UvBgm, w`B‡Kvbwg÷mn wewfbœ we‡`wk MYgva¨‡gi evsjv`k cÖwZwbwa wn‡‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjbK‡ib| jÛb UvBgm-Gi cÖL¨vZ mvsevw`K n¨viì Bfv‡Ýi m‡½ Zuvi we‡klcwiPq wQj| gyw³hy× ïiæ n‡j n¨viì Bfv‡Ýi D‡`¨vM GweGg g~mv nsKs‡q hvb|Avevi n¨viì Bfv‡Ýi civgk© †gvZv‡eKB †mLvb †_‡K gywRebM‡i wM‡q hy‡×iLeivLei msMÖn K‡i we‡`wk MYgva¨‡g cvVv‡Zb| nsKswfwËK evZ©v ms¯’vGwkqvb wbDR G‡RwÝi gva¨‡g GweGg g~mv fviZ †_‡K hy‡×i Lei wewewm‡KRvbv‡Zb| †Kbbv GKvˇii Rvbyqvwi †_‡K A‡±vei ch©š— fvi‡Z wewewmiKvh©µg eÜ wQj| gyw³hy‡× †k‡l †`‡k wd‡i Avi †Kvb cwÎKvq †hvM †`bwb GweGg g~mv| G

mg‡q wZwb wewewm, jÛ‡bi w` UvBgm, wbDBqK© UvBgm I B‡Kvbwg÷ cwÎKvimsev``vZv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Qb| e½eÜy †`‡k †divi ci wZwb evsjv‡`k†Uwjwfkb-Gi e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK (GgwW) c‡` wb‡qvM cvb| Gi wKQzw`b ciwZwb gwb©s wbDR cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wbhy³ nb| 1973 mv‡j GweGg g~mv AvIqvgxjx‡Mi g‡bvbq‡b RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1975 mv‡j e½eÜzi b„ksmnZ¨vKv‡Êi ci wZwb Avevi jÛ‡b P‡j hvb| †mLv‡b wZwb mvb‡W UvBgm cwÎKviwimvP© †d‡jvi KvR cvb| we‡`‡k wZwb 1977 †_‡K 1980 mvj ch©š—BDGmBwci AvÂwjK Z_¨ cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| †`‡k wd‡i wZwb †cÖmBbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`‡ki gnvcwiPjK Ges Zvici evZ©v ms¯’v evmm-Gi cÖavbm¤úv`K I e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPjK c‡` KvR K‡ib|

cÖ_g Av‡jvi m¤úv`K gwZDi igv‡bi Aby‡iva I Drmv‡n GweGg g~mvKjvwg÷ wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nb| 1995 mv‡ji 18 gvP© †fv‡ii KvMR-G Zuvi cÖ_gKjvg ÔAve yj Mvddvi †PŠayix eÜze‡ilyÕ Qvcv nq| Gici wZwb wewfbœ cwÎKvqKjvg wjL‡Qb| Bs‡iwR mvßvwnK Kzwiqvi-GI wZwb yB eQi wj‡L‡Qb| 1991mv‡j wbDR †W bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR ˆ`wb‡K m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e eQi Lv‡bK KvRK‡ib| 2004 mv‡j wKQzw`b wZwb ˆ`wbK hyMvš—i-Gi m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡I cvjbK‡ib| GweGg g~mv cvwK¯—v‡bi mvsevw`K‡`i BDwbqb Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg KZ©v

wQ‡jb| wZwb RvZxq †cÖmK¬v‡ei cÖwZôvZv m`m¨‡`i Ab¨Zg| cÖqvZ GmGg AvjxhLb 1960 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯—vb mvsevw`K BDwbq‡bi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e cvwK¯—vbRvb©vwj÷m I‡qR †ev‡W©i m`m¨, GweGg g~mv ZLb IB BDwbq‡bi mvaviYm¤úv`K wQ‡jb| wZwb cvwK¯—vb †dWv‡ij mvsevw`K BDwbq‡biI cÖwZôvZvm`m¨| †m mg‡qB cÖ_g †eZb †evW© †iv‡q`v` Kvh©Ki nq| 1965 mv‡j ZvmL‡›` fviZ-cvwK¯—vb hy‡×i Aemvb NwU‡q Pzw³ m¤úv`b

Kiv ci fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x jvjevnv yi kv¯¿xi g„Zz¨i msev` cÖKvkmn wewfbœKvi‡Y GweGg g~mv Avš—R©vwZK L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb| wZwb cÖL¨vZ mvsevw`KAve ym mvjv‡gi eo RvgvZv| Zuvi ¯¿x †mZviv g~mv, †g‡q cviwfb myjZvbv SzgvcÖ‡Z¨‡KB mvsevw`KZv †ckvq cwiwPZ bvg| 2014 mv‡j †`ke‡iY¨ mvsevw`KGweGg g~mv ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

GweGg g~mv m¤úv`K Avãym mvjvg Uªv÷

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