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Avgvi evsjv eB 1

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv

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2 Avgvi evsjv eB

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Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm| wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk, †Zvgvi evZvm, Avgvi cÖv‡Y evRvq euvwk \

I gv, dvMy‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b NÖv‡Y cvMj K‡i, gwi nvq, nvq †i-

I gv, ANÖv‡b †Zvi fiv †¶‡Z Avwg Kx †`‡LwQ gayi nvwm \

Kx †kvfv, Kx Qvqv †Mv, Kx †øn, Kx gvqv †Mv- Kx AuuvPj weQv‡qQ e‡Ui g~‡j, b`xi K‚‡j K‚‡j|

gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi g‡Zv, gwi nvq, nvq †i-

gv, †Zvi e`bLvwb gwjb n‡j, I gv, Avwg bqbR‡j fvwm \

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Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm| wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk,

wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk, †Zvgvi evZvm, Avgvi cÖv‡Y

I gv, Avgvi cÖv‡Y evRvq euvwk, †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm \

I gv, dvMy‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b NÖv‡Y cvMj K‡i, gwi nvq, nvq †i-

I gv, dvMy‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b NÖv‡Y cvMj K‡i, I gv, ANÖv‡b †Zvi fiv †¶‡Z Kx †`‡LwQ

Avwg Kx †`‡LwQ gayi nvwm| †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm \

Kx †kvfv, Kx Qvqv †Mv, Kx †øn, Kx gvqv †Mv- Kx AuuvPj weQv‡qQ e‡Ui g ~‡j, b`xi K‚‡j K‚‡j|

gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi g‡Zv, gwi nvq, nvq †i-

gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi g‡Zv, gv, †Zvi e`bLvwb gwjb n‡j, Avwg bqb

I gv, Avwg bqbR‡j fvwm \ †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm \

Avgvi evsjv eB 3

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy ZK †evW© KZ…©K 2005 wk¶veQi †_‡K

PZy_© †kªYxi cvV¨cy¯ZKiƒ‡c wbav©wiZ

Avgvi evsjv eB PZz_© fvM

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RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy —K †evW©, XvKv

4 Avgvi evsjv eB

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy ZK †evW©

69-70, gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv-1000

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cix¶vg~jK ms¯‹iY

cÖ_g gy ªY : A‡±vei, 2004

cybg©y ªY : A‡±vei, 2007

cybg©y ªY : AvM÷, 2009

Kw¤cDUvi K‡¤cvR

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cÖm½ K_v cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶v Dbœqb cÖKí (2q ch©vq) Ges RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy ZK †evW©, XvKv GKwU we¯Z…Z Kg©cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| G cwiKíbv Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK wk¶vµg, cvV¨cy ZK I wk¶v mvgMÖxi g~j¨vqb I cwigvR©b Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ wel‡qi bZzb cvV¨cy¯ZK I Ab¨vb¨ cVb-cvVb mvgMÖx cÖYqb Kiv nq| evsjv wel‡qi Rb¨ wPwýZ †kªYxwfwËK AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi wfwË‡Z RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ZK †evW©, XvKv KZ©©„K wbe©vwPZ Ges MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v gš¿Yvjq KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z †jLKMY PZy_© †kªYxi Rb¨ bZzb evsjv cvV¨cy¯ZK ÒAvgvi evsjv eBÓ PZy_© fvM iPbv K‡ib| Kg©kvjvi gva¨‡g †kªYx wk¶K, wk¶K cÖwk¶K, welq we‡klÁ I wk¶vµg we‡kl‡Ái mnvqZvq eBwUi †hŠw³K g~j¨vqb m¤cbœ Kiv nq| AZtci cÖ‡dkbvj KwgwU Gbwmwmwm Ges cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v gšÎYvjq cy¯ZKwUi P~ovš— Aby‡gv`b †`q| evsjv Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv, ivóª fvlv Ges wk¶vi gva¨g| cÖv_wgK ¯Z‡i wkï‡ì Rb¨ gvZ…fvlvq `¶Zv AR©b Acwinvh©| evsjv fvlv †kLvi †¶‡Î wk¶v_x©iv fvlv †kLvi PviwU `¶Zv †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLv †hb mgvbfv‡e AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m Rb¨ Zv‡ì eqm, †gav I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv we‡ePbv K‡i evsjvfvlvq †kªYxwfwËK AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv cybtwba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| G †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv †hb wk¶v_x©iv AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i †mw`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L PZy_© †kªYxi evsjv eBwU iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkL‡b wk¶v_x©‡ì AvMÖn m„wó I cvV mnR Kivi Rb¨ RxebwfwËK I mgKvjxb Pvwn`v Dc‡hvMx cvV¨vsk wbe©vPb I msMwZc~Y© Qwe ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| avivevwnK Abykxjb I g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g fvlv †kLvi `¶Zv¸‡jv wk¶v_x©iv cy‡ivcywi AR©b Ki‡Z cvij wKbv, Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cvV‡k‡l Abykxjbx i‡q‡Q| wk¶vµg Dbœqb GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| ZvB, cvVëB‡qi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z G cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| wk¶v_©x‡ì nv‡Z mgqg‡Zv eB †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi Rb¨ gy ª‡Yi KvR ªyZ Ki‡Z wM‡q G eB‡q wKQy ÎywU wePz¨wZ †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| cieZx© ms¯‹i‡Y cvV¨cy ZKwU ÎywUgy³ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| huviv G eBwU iPbv, m¤cv`bv I g~j¨vqbmn cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R Avš—wiK fv‡e †gav I kªg`vb K‡i‡Qb, Zuv‡ì mevB‡K RvbvB Avš—wiK K…ZÁZv I abëv`| hv‡ì Rb¨ eBwU cÖYxZ nj, Zviv DcK…Z n‡e Ges Avgv‡ì mKj cÖqvm mdj n‡e e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|

cÖ‡dmi †gv: †gv¯Zdv KvgvjDwÏb †Pqvig¨vb RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy ZK †evW©, XvKv|

6 Avgvi evsjv eB

m~wPcÎ welq c„ôv

1. iƒcgq evsjv‡`k 1 2. e½f~wg I e½fvlv 8 3. wcÖq wk¶K 11 4. eÜzi Kv‡Q wPwV 17 5. gyw³i Qov 22 6. evsjvi †LvKv 25 7. exicyiyl 29 8 KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi †Q‡j‡ejv 33 9. gv 39 10. Lwjdv nRiZ Igi (iv.) 42 11. KvR&jv w`w` 46 12. cvéxi Mvb 50 13. AevK hš¿ Kw¤cDUvi 54 14. GK eQ‡ii ivRv 59 15. RvbvRvwb 65 16. wbgš¿Y 68 17. exi‡kªô nvwg yi ingvb 71 18. cvwie bv 77 19. †ngš— 80 20. kx‡Zi wcVvcywj 83 21. n‡e Zey wkL‡Z 87 22. UzbUzwb I Kz‡bve¨vO 90 23. mgevq fvebv 95 24. ¯‡`k 98 25. my›`ieb 102 26. GKwU gRvi dzUej †Ljv 106 27. cÖv_©bv 111 28. †QvUgvgvi Mí 114 29. me †c‡qwQi †`‡k 121 30. wjwci Mí 125

4 Avgvi evsjv eB

bvbv- Rv‡Zi cvwL| evIqvwjiv my›ìe‡b KvV Kv‡U, †gŠqvjiv msMÖn K‡i gay|

my›ìeb Qvov G‡`‡k i‡q‡Q cvnvox ebvÂj| Mfxi e‡bi DuPz DuPz Mv‡Qi duv‡K Ny‡i †eovq ey‡bv nvwZi cvj| Sibvi cvwb‡Z ïuo Wzwe‡q Zviv cvwb Lvq| cvnvox GjvKvi gvbyl Lye cwikªgx, mnR-mij Zv‡ì Rxeb| cvnv‡oi DuPz‡Z Kv‡Vi uwoi k³ wf‡Zi Ici Zviv evwoNi ˆZwi K‡i| cvnv‡oi Mv‡q ebR½j cwi®‹vi K‡i Zviv Ryg Pvl K‡i| †g‡qiv wc‡V mš�vb Szwj‡q N‡i-evB‡i KvR K‡i|

wm‡j‡Ui cvnvox AÂ‡j evm K‡i gwbcyix I Lvwmqv †jvKRb| gqgbwms‡ni Mv‡iv cvnv‡o I gaycyi M‡o evm K‡i nvRs I †KvP| ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›ìev‡bi Awaevmxiv PvKgv, gyis, KzwK, jymvB, gvigv, wUciv cÖf…wZ RvwZmËvi gvbyl| DËi evsjvi we¯�…Z AÂ‡j evm K‡i muvIZvj Rb‡Mvôx|

wm‡j‡Ui wUjvq wUjvq mvRv‡bv Pv-evMvb| Qwei g‡Zv my›ì Gme Pv-evMvb| evMv‡bi GLv‡b ILv‡b Qvqv K‡i Av‡Q eo eo MvQ| Mv‡Q Mv‡Q cvL-cvLvwji †gjv

6 Avgvi evsjv eB

2. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj Ges wjwL

K. †Kvb †`k‡K wPi mey‡Ri †`k ejv n‡q‡Q? †Kb ejv n‡q‡Q?

L. b`xZx‡ii MÖv‡gi GKwU †QvÆ eY©bv wjwL|

M. G †`‡ki DËivÂ‡ji cÖK…wZ †Kgb?

N. G †`‡k Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ e‡j Avgiv †MŠie‡eva Kwi †Kb?

O. mvMicv‡oi gvbyl †Kgb K‡i Rxeb KvUvq?

P. my›`ie‡bi GKwU †QvÆ eY©bv wjwL|

Q. cvnvox AÂ‡ji †jvKRb †Kgb?

3. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã †e‡Q wb‡q euv w`‡Ki k‡ãi m‡½ †gjvB †hgb-¯PQ-cvwb

¯PQ eb

meyR Mvb

†fv‡ii kxZ

fvwUqvwj mvMi

Zxeª cvwb

mybxj †`v‡qj

4. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã G‡b k �b¨¯’vb c �iY Kwi K. meyR cvZvi Avov‡j wkm †`q------†`v‡qj| fvwUqvwj

L. ¯PQ cvwbi wb‡P-----K‡i mv`v evwj| iv‡Z

M. gvwSiv Mvq------Mvb| †fv‡ii

N. mvMi‰mK‡Z AvQ‡o c‡o bxj-------†XD| Ryg

O. KLbI------AvKv‡ki ey‡K Puv` Rv‡M| wPKwPK

P. cvnvox gvby‡liv------Pvl K‡i| mvM‡ii

8 Avgvi evsjv eB

e½f‚wg I e½fvlv Kvq‡Kvev`

evsjv Avgvi gvZ…fvlv evsjv Rb¥f‚wg| M½v cÙv hv‡PQ eÕ‡q, hvnvi PiY Pzwg| eªþcyÎ †M‡q †eovq, hvnvi c �Y¨-Mv_v! †mB-†m Avgvi Rb¥f‚wg, †mB-†m Avgvi gvZv!

Avgvi gv‡qi meyR AuvPj gv‡V †Ljvq yj! Avgvi gv‡qi dzj-evMv‡b, dzU‡Q KZB dzj! kZ kZ Kwe hvnvi †M‡q †M‡Q Mv_v! †mB-†m Avgvi Rb¥f‚wg †mB-†m Avgvi gvZv!

Avgvi gv‡qi †Mvjv wQj, ab av‡b¨ fiv! wQj bv Zvi Afve wKQy, my‡L wQjvg †gviv! evsjv gv‡qi wø» †Kv‡j, Nywg‡q ie Avwg! evsjv Avgvi gvZ…fvlv evsjv Rb¥f‚wg! (ms‡¶wcZ)

Avgvi evsjv eB 9

cvV wkwL 1. †R‡b wbB K. Avgv‡ì Rb¥f‚wgi bvg evsjv‡`k Ges Avgv‡ì fvlvi bvg evsjv fvlv|

†`‡ki b`-b`x, gvV-dmj, dzj-dj Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q AZ¨š� wcÖq| eû Kwe gy» n‡q Avgv‡ì †`‡ki I fvlvi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| GB †`k gv‡qi g‡ZvB ggZvgqx, †øngqx| GB gvZ…-mgv †`‡ki †Kv‡jB wPiKvj _vKe Avgiv|

L. g�j KweZvi evbvb A¶zYœ ivLv n‡q‡Q| 2. kãv_© †R‡b wbB PiY - cv hvnvi - hvi (ÔhvnviÕ mvayixwZi kã) Pzwg - Pz¤b Kwi (KweZvq eëüZ kã) cyY¨ - mrKg©/fv‡jv KvR Mv_v - cvjvMvb/KvwnbxKve¨ gvZv - gv/Rbbx †Mvjv - avb, dmj BZ¨vw` ivLevi ¯_vb/AvoZ wø» - †gvjv‡qg/ †ønc�Y©/jvwjZ¨c �Y© iÕe - _vKe (KweZvq eëüZ kã) eÕ‡q - cÖevwnZ n‡q 3. k�b¨¯’v‡b c‡ii PiY wjwL K. evsjv Avgvi gvZ…fvlv ...........................| M½v cÙv hv‡PQ eÕ‡q ...........................| L. Avgvi gv‡qi meyR AuvPj ...........................| Avgvi gv‡qi dzjevMv‡b, ...........................| M. Avgvi gv‡qi †Mvjv wQj, ...........................| wQj bv Zvi Afve wKQy, ...........................|

10 Avgvi evsjv eB

4. KweZvwU Ave„wË Kwi|

5. KweZvwUi cÖ_g ¯�eK I Z…Zxq ¯�eK wjwL|

6. KweZvwU‡Z Kwe Kx e‡j‡Qb Zv ms‡¶‡c ewj I wjwL|

7. KweZvwUi hy³eY©hy³ kã¸‡jv wjwL I hy³eY© Avjv`v Kwi|

8. wba©vwiZ GB kã¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ wjwL : Rb¥f‚wg, cÙv, AuvPj, `yj, dzj-evMvb, †Mvjv, Afve, wø»|

Kwe cwiwPwZ : Kwe Kvq‡Kvev` XvKvi beveM‡Äi AvMjvc�e©cvov MÖv‡g 1857

Kvq‡Kvev` wLªóv‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb LÊ KweZv, gnvKve¨ I Kvwnbx

Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Z‡e gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡i wZwb L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| Zuvi gnvKv‡eï bvg Ôgnvk¥kvbÕ| cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy× wb‡q wZwb GB gnvKve¨ †j‡Lb| GB gnvKv‡eï Rb¨ wZwb we‡klfv‡e ¯§iYxq| Zuvi D‡j −L‡hvM¨ Kve¨ ÔKzmyg-KvbbÕ, ÔAkªygvjvÕ, ÔAwgq-avivÕ, Ôgnig kwidÕ BZ¨vw`| GB KweZvwU ÔAwgqavivÕ Kve¨MÖš_ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| Kwe wn‡m‡e wZwb ÔKve¨f‚lYÕ, Ôwe`¨vf‚lYÕ I ÔmvwnZïZœÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| 1951 wLªóv‡ã wZwb g„Zy eiY K‡ib|Õ

12 Avgvi evsjv eB

K‡qKw`b c‡ii K_v| †mw`b bvmwib Avcv QvÎ‡ì weMZ eQi¸‡jvi cix¶vi

djvdj †`LwQ‡jb| wZwb G‡K G‡K cÖwZwU Qv‡Îi djvdj †`L‡jb| mevi †k‡l

†`L‡jb Av‡bvqv‡ii djvdj| †`‡L wZwb Avðh© n‡jb|

Av‡bvqvi m¤c‡K© cÖ_g †kªYxi wk¶‡Ki gš�e¨ Lye PgrKvi| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb :

ÔAv‡bvqvi nvwmLywk eyw×gvb †Q‡j| †m wbqwgZ I fv‡jvfv‡e cov‡jLv K‡i| Zvi

we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©µg cÖksmbxq| Zvi AvPiYI †ek gvwR©Z|Õ

wØZxq †kªYxi wk¶K gš�e¨ K‡i‡Qb : ÔAv‡bvqvi †ek †PŠKm †Q‡j| K¬v‡mi mevB

Zv‡K cQ›` K‡i| wKš�y Zvi g‡b fxlY Kó| KviY, Zvi gv Amy _ I yiv‡ivM¨

†iv‡M Avµvš�|Õ

Z…Zxq †kªYxi wk¶K wj‡L‡Qb, Ôgv‡qi g„Zz¨ Av‡bvqvi‡K cÖPÊ AvNvZ w`‡q‡Q| †m

gvbwmKfv‡e wech©¯�| ¯‹z‡ji e¨vcv‡i Zvi Drmvn †bB ej‡jB P‡j| †m GKjv

_v‡K Avi cÖvqB K¬v‡m wegl© _v‡K|Õ

bvmwib Avcv Gevi m‡PZb n‡jb| wZwb Av‡bvqv‡ii mgm¨v eyS‡Z cvi‡jb|

K‡qK gvm c‡ii K_v| †mw`b wQj ¯‹z‡ji cÖwZôv wèm| bvmwib Avcvi K¬v‡m QvÎiv

†mw`b Zuvi R‡b¨ my›ì my›ì Dcnvi wb‡q G‡m‡Q| †m¸‡jv iwOb KvM‡R †gvov Avi

PgrKvi wd‡Z w`‡q euvav| ïay Av‡bvqv‡ii DcnviwU wQj Ab¨ iKg| †m G‡b‡Q gyw`

†`vKv‡bi †gvUv LmL‡m ev`vwg KvM‡R †Kvb iK‡g †gvov‡bv GKUv Dcnvi|

G‡K G‡K me Dcnvi Lyj‡Z jvM‡jb bvmwib Avcv| me¸‡jvB my›ì my›ì

Dcnvi| me †k‡l wZwb Lyj‡Z †M‡jb Av‡bvqv‡ii †Ìqv Dcnvi| mevi mvg‡b

†mUv Lyj‡Z bvmwib Avcvi GKUz KóB nwPQj| †`Lv †Mj, †gvoKwUi †fZ‡i

i‡q‡Q KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi KweZvi eB Ô†`vjbPuvcvÕ| Avi i‡q‡Q cyi‡bv

y‡Rvov i�‡cvi Pzwo|

bvmwib Avcv Dcnvi †`‡L Lywk n‡q ej‡jb, Ôevn&, †ek my›ì Dcnvi! KvRx bRi“j

Bmjvg AvgviI Lye wcÖq|Õ Zvici Pzwo †Rvov nv‡Z c‡i Av‡bvqv‡ii w`‡K ZvwK‡q

Avgvi evsjv eB 13

ej‡jb, ÔAvwg Lye Lywk n‡qwQ| Pzwo¸‡jv †Kv_vq †c‡j?Õ Av‡bvqvi ejj, ÔAvgvi

gv‡qi|Õ

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Avcv hLb ¯‹zj †_‡K †ei n‡PQb Av‡bvqvi ZLb Zuvi Kv‡Q G‡m uvwo‡q ejj,

ÔeBwUI Avgvi gv‡qi †`Iqv| Avgvi gv-I KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi f³ wQ‡jb|

Avcbv‡K Dcnvi¸‡jv w`‡Z †c‡i Avgvi Lye fv‡jv jvM‡Q|Õ

evox †divi mgq Zuvi gb welYœ n‡q coj| Zuvi evievi gv-nviv Av‡bvqvi Avi

Zvi Dcnv‡ii K_v g‡b co‡Z jvMj|

†mw`b †_‡KB Av‡bvqv‡ii cÖwZ Avjv`v GK ggZvq Zuvi gb f‡i †Mj| Av‡bvqviI

w`‡b w`‡b cov‡kvbvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx nj| bvmwib Avcv hZB Zv‡K Drmvn w`‡Z

jvM‡jb, ZZB †m ªyZ mvov w`‡Z jvM‡jv| eQ‡ii †kl w`‡K Av‡bvqvi n‡q

DV‡jv K¬v‡mi me‡P‡q fv‡jv QvÎ|

eQi Lv‡bK c‡ii K_v| Av‡bvqv‡ii KvQ †_‡K GKUv wPiKzU †c‡jb bvmwib

Avcv| Zv‡Z †jLv : ÔAvcwb Avgvi Rxe‡bi †miv wk¶K|Õ

Qq eQi ci wZwb Avi GKUv wPiKzU †c‡jb| Av‡bvqvi wj‡L‡Q : ÔAvwg ¯‹zj Rxeb

†kl K‡iwQ| †gav ZvwjKvi Z…Zxq ¯_vb †c‡qwQ| Avcwb Avgvi Rxe‡bi Ab¨Zg

†miv wk¶K|Õ

GiI Qq eQi ci bvmwib Avcv Av‡bvqv‡ii Avi GKUv wPwV †c‡jb| Av‡bvqvi

Rvwb‡q‡Q : ÔAvgvi Rxe‡bi ytLgq w`‡b Avcwb Avgv‡K c_ †`wL‡qwQ‡jb| GLb

Avwg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi m‡e©vPP wWwMÖ AR©b K‡iwQ| Avcwb GLbI Avgvi me‡P‡q wcÖq

I Ab¨Zg †miv wk¶K|Õ

(we‡`kx Mí Aej¤‡b)

Avgvi evsjv eB 15

¯‹zj Rxeb AR©b

me‡P‡q Z…Zxq

†gav ZvwjKv wcÖq

wWwMÖ wk¶K

4. cÖ‡kœi DËi ewj I wjwL

K) MíwU Kv‡K wb‡q †jLv?

L) wk¶K cÖ_g w`b K¬v‡m Kx e‡jwQ‡jb?

M) cÖ_g †kªYxi wk¶‡Ki gš�e¨ Kx wQj?

N) Z…Zxq †kªYxi wk¶‡Ki gš�e¨ Kx wQj?

O) Av‡bvqvi Kxfv‡e fv‡jv QvÎ n‡Z jvM‡jv?

P) ¯‹zj w`e‡m QvÎiv Kx K‡iwQj?

Q) Av‡bvqvi wk¶‡Ki wbKU †kl wPwV‡Z Kx wj‡LwQj?

R) †Kb Ges Kxfv‡e Av‡bvqvi fv‡jv QvÎ n‡Z cvij?

S) QvÎ-wk¶K m¤cK© fv‡jv n‡j Kx Kx DcKvi n‡Z cv‡i?

5. wcªq wk¶K m¤c‡K© cuvPwU evK¨ wjwL|

6. Avwg fv‡jv QvÎ/QvÎx n‡Z PvB, ZvB Avwg Kxfv‡e covïbv Kie Zv wb‡R wjwL|

7. wVK DËiwU‡Z wUK wPý (√) w`B

K) †K djvdj †`‡L Avðh© n‡jb? Av‡bvqvi/Av‡gbv/bvmwib/†ivgvbv|

L) Av‡bvqvi m¤c‡K© wØZxq †kªYxi PjbmB QvÎ/†PŠKm QvÎ/fv‡jv QvÎ/

wk¶‡Ki gš�e¨ Kx wQj? Lvivc QvÎ|

16 Avgvi evsjv eB

M) wk¶K Ag‡bv‡hvMx Qv‡Îi Rb¨

Kx Ki‡jb? Lei vwi/bRi vwi/eKvewK/ AhZœ|

N) Av‡bvqvi wk¶K‡K Kx wj‡LwQj? †miv wk¶K/me‡P‡q ü`qevb wk¶K/

me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi wk¶K/

me‡P‡q Nwbô wk¶K|

8. GB cv‡V Avgiv c‡owQ PgrKvi, †PŠKm, †bvsiv, wegl©, my›`i, †kªô, †miv GB

kã¸‡jv| GB kã¸‡jv ¸Y ev †`vl †evSvq| ¸Y ev †`vl-†evSv‡bv kã nj

we‡klY| wb‡Ri Rvbv †`vl I ¸Y-†evSv‡bv cuvPwU kã wjwL|

Avgvi evsjv eB 17

eÜzi Kv‡Q wPwV XvKv 17.02.1411 e½vã wcÖq Wvwjqv MZKvj †Zvgvi wPwV †cjvg| Zzwg wPwV‡Z Rvb‡Z †P‡qQ KLb Avgvi ¯‹zj QywU n‡e| Avgvi QywUi mgq Zzwg I ivbv XvKvq Avm‡Z †P‡qQ| †Zvgiv XvKvq G‡j Avgiv LyeB Lywk ne| Avgiv wZbRb GKmv‡_ XvKvi wewfbœ `k©bxq ¯_v‡b †eove, bvbvb

18 Avgvi evsjv eB

iKg wRwbm †`Le| A‡bKw`b nj wPwoqvLvbvq hvIqv n‡q I‡Vwb| ZvB wVK

K‡iwQ cÖ_‡gB hve wgicy‡ii wPwoqvLvbvq| †mLv‡b wM‡q †`Le bZzb Kx Kx AwZw_

cÖvYx G‡m‡Q| wUwKU Kivi mgq wR‡Ám Kie, cÖvYx¸‡jv †Kvb †`‡ki Ges †Kv_vq

ivLv n‡q‡Q? Z‡e gvgv e‡j‡Qb, wPb †_‡K cvÛv, MÛvi, A‡÷ªwjqv †_‡K K¨vOviy

I Avwd«Kv †_‡K wRivd, †Reiv G‡m‡Q|

G¸‡jv Avgiv Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le| wPwoqvLvbv †`Lvi c‡i RvZxq D`¨v‡b hve| †mLv‡b

wM‡q bvbv iK‡gi MvQcvjv, dzj I d‡ji MvQ †`Le| RvZxq D`¨vb †_‡K †ei

n‡q wKQy †L‡q †mvRv P‡j hve †ebviwm cj−x‡Z| GLv‡b G‡m †`Le ZuvwZiv Kxfv‡e

†ebviwm kvwo ˆZwi Ki‡Q| Avjvc Kie ZuvwZ‡ì mv‡_| Rvb‡Z cvie †ebviwm

ˆZwii ARvbv A‡bK K_v, eyS‡Z cvie Zv‡ì Rxebhvcb eë¯_v|

†ebviwm cj−x †`Lvi ci mivmwi P‡j Avme evmvq| evmvq G‡m nvZ gyL ay‡q Av¤§yi

nv‡Zi Bwjk gvQ fvRv, †QvU gv‡Qi PPPwo I Wvj w`‡q mevB GKmv‡_ e‡m gRv

K‡i Lve| iv‡Z LvjvgwYi †Ìqv M‡íi eB¸‡jv coe I wUwf †`‡L mgq KvUve|

c‡ii w`b mKv‡j bvkZv †L‡q cÖ_‡g hve kvnev‡Mi RvZxq Rv yN‡i| †mLv‡b

cÖvPxb Avg‡ji HwZ‡nï bvbvwea wb`k©b †`Le Ges Avgv‡ì exi gyw³‡hv×v‡ì

eënvi Kiv A¯ �k �I †`Le| Gici hve wkï cv‡K©| †mLv‡b bvMi‡`vjv, †Uªb,

wegvb cÖf…wZ‡Z Poe| wkï cvK© †_‡K †ei n‡q igbv cvK© w`‡q †nu‡U †nu‡U hve

nvB‡KvU© I mywcÖg‡KvU© feb †`Lvi Rb¨| †mLvb †_‡K †mvRv ejav Mv‡W©‡b| ejav

Mv‡W©‡b †h KZ iKg MvQ-MvQvwj i‡q‡Q Zvi bvg e‡j †kl Kiv hv‡e bv| †mLvb

†_‡K evnv yi kvn cvK© n‡q hve Avnmvb gwÄ‡j| XvKvi beve evwo Avnmvb

gwÄj‡K GLb Rv yNi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avnmvb gwÄ‡ji ci hve jvjevM †Kj−vq|

Avgvi evsjv eB 19

Avnmvb gwÄj

†mLv‡b †QvUKvUiv, eoKvUiv, cixwewei gvRvi I myo½c_ †`‡L Avevi evmvq

Avme| c‡ii w`b mKv‡j RvZxq gmwR` ÔevqZzj †gvKviigÕ †`‡L P‡j hve

MveZjx evm †÷k‡b| ILvb †_‡K Avgiv ev‡m K‡i P‡j hve mvfv‡i RvZxq

¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡a Ges bZzb ¯_vwcZ d¨v›Uvwm wKsWg I b›`b cv‡K©| RvqMv yÕwU †h Kx

my›ì I gRvi ¯_vb Zv bv †`L‡j wek¦vm nq bv| gvbyl †h wb‡Ri eyw×‡Z KZ wK

ˆZwi K‡i‡Q fvev hvq bv| Zywg G‡j mvivw`b Ny‡i wd‡i Gme †`Le, gRv K‡i

bvbv iK‡gi Lvevi Lve|

Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Aaxi AvMÖ‡n w`b KvUvwPQ| hZ ZvovZvwo cv‡iv XvKvq P‡j

G‡mv| Avgvi Avi mgq KvU‡Z Pvq bv| dzcv dzcy‡K Avgvi mvjvg wÌ| †Zvgiv

mevB fv‡jv †_‡Kv| Avgiv fv‡jv AvwQ| AvR Avi bq|

†Zvgvi eÜz

kviwgb

20 Avgvi evsjv eB

†cÖi‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv : cÖvcK bvg :................................................ MÖvg :................................................ WvKNi:............................................ _vbv :............................................... †Rjv :.............................................. †cvó‡KvW :....................................... evsjv‡`k|

cvV wkwL 1. kviwgb Wvwjqv‡K Kx wj‡L‡Q?

2. Wvwjqv kviwg‡bi Kv‡Q Kx Rvb‡Z †P‡qwQj?

3. kviwgb Zvi gvgvi Kv‡Q Kx ï‡b‡Q?

4. gvgvi K_v ï‡b kviwg‡bi g‡bi fve †Kgb n‡qwQj?

5. wPwVi Ask KqwU I Kx Kx ?

6. µgevPK msL¨v w`‡q k�b¨¯’vb c �iY Kwi

wPwVi---Ask ¯’vb I ZvwiL| -- Ask m‡¤^vab--Ask wPwVi †fZ‡ii eY©bv---

Ask Dcmsnvi---Ask wPwV †jL‡Ki wVKvbv---Ask cÖvc‡Ki wVKvbv|

7. †R‡b wbB

K) wPwV‡Z mvaviYZ QqwU Ask _v‡K| G¸wj n‡jv

1) cÎ †jL‡Ki wVKvbv I ZvwiL

WvK wUwKU

Avgvi evsjv eB 21

2) m¤¢vlY

3) g�j e³e¨

4) we`vq m¤¢vlY

5) cÎ †cÖi‡Ki ¯v¶i

6) cÖvc‡Ki wVKvbv|

L) wPwV mvaviYZ e¨w³MZ, miKvwi, Avav-miKvwi, Av‡e`bcÎ, e¨emv- evwYR¨,

wbgš �YcÎ, Awfb›`bcÎ BZ¨vw` ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|

M) PwjZ fvlvq wPwV †jLv DwPZ|

8. eÜzi Kv‡Q GKwU e¨w³MZ wPwV wjwL|

m‡¤^vab ¯’v‡bi bvg

g�j e³e¨ ZvwiL

Dcmsnvi

¯v¶i

†cÖi‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv : WvK wUwKU

cÖvcK bvg :....................................... MÖvg :....................................... WvKNi :................................... _vbv :...................................... †Rjv :..................................... †cvó‡KvW: ............................... evsjv‡`k| 9. hve, Lve, coe, Poe, †`Le, †eove G¸‡jv fwel¨‡Zi KvR- †evSv‡bv kã|

G¸‡jv meB wµqvc`|

22 Avgvi evsjv eB

gyw³i Qov mvbvDj nK

†Zvgvi evsjv Avgvi evsjv

†mvbvi evsjv‡`k-

meyR †mvbvwj wd‡ivRv iycvwj

iƒ‡ci †bB †Zv †kl|

Avwg †Zv g‡iwQ hZevi hvq giv,

bexb hvÎx †Zvgv‡K †kvbvB Qov|

G‡`k Avgvi G‡`k †Zvgvi

mwe‡kl gywR‡ei,

nqZ AwaK gyw³cvMj

mnmª knx‡`i|

Avgvi evsjv eB 23

cvV wkwL 1. K_v¸‡jv †R‡b wbB| kã w`‡q evK¨ ˆZwi Kwi :

†mvbvi evsjv‡`k - wcÖq gvZ…f ~wg|- evsjv‡`k‡K Avgiv fv‡jvevwm| G †`k‡K

wb‡q Avgiv †MŠie Kwi| G †`k wQj GKmgq cÖPzi m¤c‡` fiv| ZvB GB evsjv‡K ewj †mvbvi evsjv| Avgiv Avevi †mvbvi evsjv‡`k Moe|

meyR †mvbvwj wd‡ivRv iycvwj - evsjvi cÖK…wZ wewPÎ I my›ì| cÖK…wZi bvbv i‡O †hb mvRv‡bv

G †`k| meyR k‡m¨ fiv Avgv‡ì gvV| cv‡Ui †mvbvwj Auvk Avgv‡ì m¤c`| KLbI KLbI Avgv‡ì cÖK…wZ aviY K‡i wd‡ivRv i‡Oi Avfv| Avgv‡ì b`x‡Z Av‡Q iycvwj Bwjk|

hZevi hvq giv - evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡M G †`‡ki gvbyl‡K giYhšÎYv

mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| evievi mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q `ytL, Kó, AZ¨vPvi Avi wbcxob| ZvB g„Zz¨ †hb evievi G‡m‡Q|

bexb hvÎx - hviv bZzb hy‡Mi wkï| Ñ Avgiv bexb hvÎx, Avgv‡ì mvg‡b

A‡bK ¯cœ|

mwe‡kl gywR‡ei - G †`k Avgv‡ì mK‡ji| G †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g †bZ…Z¡

†`b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| ZvB G †`k mwe‡kl A_©vr we‡klfv‡e e½eÜy gywR‡ei|

gyw³cvMj - G †`‡ki gyw³i Rb¨ huviv msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨

Zuviv Aaxi wQ‡jb, ZvB Zuviv wQ‡jb gyw³cvMj|

mnmª knx‡ì - gyw³hy‡× huviv knx` n‡q‡Qb, †mBme nvRvi knx`|

2. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL : K) Avgv‡ì †`k‡K †mvbvi evsjv‡`k ewj †Kb?

L) G †`‡ki bvbv iƒc Kxfv‡e †`L‡Z cvB?

M) ÔAvwg †Zv g‡iwQ hZevi hvq giv|Õ -ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb?

24 Avgvi evsjv eB

N) bexb hvÎx Kviv?

O) Ômwe‡kl gywR‡eiÕ- K_vwUi A_© Kx?

P) G †`k mevi AwaK †h gyw³cvMj‡ì, Zviv Kviv?

3. wecixZ kã¸‡jv †R‡b wbB I wjwL :

†kl - ïiy

giv - euvPv

bexb - cyivZb

gyw³ - ew›`

4. k~b¨¯’v‡b mwVK kãwU wjwL :

K) --------- --------- wd‡ivRv iycvwj

i ~‡ci †bB †Zv ---------

L) --------- --------- †Zvgv‡K †kvbvB Qov|

M) G‡`k --------- G‡`k ---------

mwe‡kl ---------

5. KweZvwU gyL¯’ ewj Ges wjwL |

Kwe cwiwPwZ

mvbvDj n‡Ki Rb¥ 1924 wLªóv‡ãi 23†k †g eªvþYevwoqvi PvDovq| wZwb

evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb wewkó Kwe| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbv w`‡q Zuvi

Kg©Rxeb ïiy| c‡i miKvwi cÖkvm‡b †hvM †`b| †kl Rxe‡b AvBb eëmv

K‡i‡Qb| mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi R‡b¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx I BD‡b‡¯‹v cyi¯‹vi

Ges GKz‡k c`K †c‡q‡Qb| 1993 wLªóv‡ãi 4Vv †g wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 25

evsjvi †LvKv 1920 mv‡ji 17B gvP©| w`bwU wQj eyaevi|

dwi`cyi †Rjvi †MvcvjMÄ gnKzgvi Uzw½cvov‡Z †kL cwiev‡i Rb¥ nj GK wkïi|

evev †kL jyrdi ingvb Avì K‡i wkïi bvg ivL‡jb †LvKv| †LvKv Lye Av`‡ii bvg| evsjvi cÖvq me N‡iB cÖ_g cyÎ mšZvb n‡j bvg ivLv nq †LvKv|

w`‡b w`‡b eo nq †LvKv| cv‡q †nu‡U ¯‹z‡j hvq| y'†PvL †g‡j †`‡L evsjvi gvVNvU, c_-cÖvšZi, †mvbwj av‡bi †LZ| †PvL Rywo‡q hvq Zvi|

hZ eo nq †LvKv ZZ Zvi eÜzi msL¨v ev‡o| K¬v‡mi eÜz‡ì evB‡iI Muv‡qi A‡bK †Q‡j‡ì m‡½ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM wbweo nq| cÖvqB eÜz‡ì evwo wb‡q G‡m e‡j, Ôgv, I‡ì †L‡Z `vI| Avgvi eÜz †Mvcv‡ji evwo‡Z AvR ivbœv nqwb|Õ gv Avb‡›ì m‡½ †Q‡ji eÜz‡ì †L‡Z †`b| gv nvwmgy‡L †Q‡ji Ave`vi c~iY K‡ib|

el©vKv‡j ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z Amyweav nq e‡j evev †LvKv‡K QvZv wK‡b w`‡jb| †LvKv QvZv wb‡q ¯‹z‡j hvq| GKw`b QvZv Qvov wf‡R wf‡R evwo wdij †LvKv|

gv wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, Ô†Zvi QvZv KB evev? Ggb wf‡RwQm †Kb?Õ

†LvKv nvwmgy‡L ejj, Ôgv‡Mv Avgvi GK Mwie eÜzi QvZv †bB| Avgvi QvZvUv I‡K w`‡qwQ|Õ

gv †Q‡ji Ggb D`viZvq gy» n‡q I‡K Rwo‡q a‡i ej‡jb, Ôfv‡jvB K‡iwQm evev! †Zvi evev‡K eje †Zv‡K Avi GKUv QvZv wK‡b w`‡Z|Õ

gv †Q‡ji Kcv‡j Pzgy †`b|

kx‡Zi mgq †LvKv‡K GKwU Pvì wK‡b †Ìqv nj| GKw`b †`Lv †Mj Pvì QvovB evwo wd‡i G‡jv †LvKv| gv ej‡jb, Ô†Zvi Pvì KB evev?Õ †LvKv eyK dzwj‡q e‡j, Ôgv‡Mv c‡_i av‡i Mv‡Qi wb‡P e‡m GK Mwie eywo kx‡Z Lye KuvcwQj| Avwg Zvi Mv‡q PvìwU Rwo‡q w`‡q G‡mwQ|Õ

Avgvi evsjv eB 27

2. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ms‡¶‡c ewj I wjwL :

K) †Kv_vq Ges KZ mv‡j †LvKvi Rb¥ n‡qwQj ?

L) eÜz‡ì evmvq G‡b †LvKv gv‡qi Kv‡Q Kx Ave`vi K‡iwQj?

N) †LvKv wf‡R wf‡R evwo wdij †Kb?

O) †K ¯vaxbZvi WvK w`‡qwQ‡jb?

3. Wvb w`K †_‡K mwVK kãwU †e‡Q wb‡q Lvwj RvqMvq wjwL :

(K) Avì K‡i --------- bvg ivL‡jb †LvKv| Mwie, †Q‡jwUi

(L) gv nvwmgy‡L †Q‡ji --------- c~iY K‡ib| †`‡ki K_v

(M) fv‡eb, --------- gvby‡li Rb¨ Ave`vi

--------- GZ ì`|

(N) evsjvi gvby‡li K_v, --------- --------- e½eÜz

Zuv‡K wbqZ fvevq|

(O) GB †LvKv Avgv‡ì --------- wkïi

4. evK¨ MVb Kwi :

Avì, †mvbvwj, Kcvj, Pvì, Mwie, Avb›`, wbðzc, †PŠKvV, ivRbxwZ, RbK|

5. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevm‡Zb| Ggb

wZbwU D`vniY LvZvq wjwL|

6. wecixZ kã ewj I LvZvq wjwL :

kã wecixZ kã

eÜz - kÎy

Avb›` -

†fRv -

28 Avgvi evsjv eB

Mwie -

wb‡P -

hy³ -

`ytL -

¯vaxbZv -

7. we‡kl¨ I we‡klY c` wP‡b wbB :

we‡kl¨ we‡klY

Ni eo

¯‹zj †mvbvwj

QvZv Mwie

Pv`i D`vi

MvQ gy»

euvwk KiyY

†PŠKvV nZvk

†jLK cwiwPwZ

ggZvRD``xb Avng` 1935 wLªóv‡ãi 18B Rvbyqvwi fvi‡Zi cwðge½

iv‡R¨i gvj`‡n Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| †ckvMZ Rxe‡b wZwb `xN©Kvj Aa¨vcbvq

wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb wewkó bvU¨Kvi I wb‡ ©kK| Zuvi

iwPZ weL¨vZ K‡qKwU bvUK n‡PQ : Ô¯vaxbZv Avgvi ¯vaxbZvÕ, ÔeKzjcy‡ii

¯vaxbZvÕ, ÔmvZ Nv‡Ui KvbvKwoÕ cÖf„wZ| wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi I

GKz‡k c`Kmn eû cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 29

exicyiyl iex› ªbv_ VvKzi

g‡b K‡iv, †hb we‡`k Ny‡i gv‡K wb‡q hvwPQ A‡bK ` �‡i| Zywg hvPQ cvj&wK‡Z, gv, PÕ‡o `iRv y‡Uv GKUzKz duvK KÕ‡i, Avwg hvwPQ ivOv †Nvovi Õc‡i UM&ewM‡q †Zvgvi cv‡k cv‡k| iv¯�v †_‡K †Nvovi Ly‡i Ly‡i ivOv a�‡jvq †gN Dwo‡q Av‡m\ m‡Ü nj, m �h© bv‡g cv‡U, G‡jg †hb †Rvovw`wNi gv‡V| a� a� K‡i †h w`K-cv‡b PvB, †Kv‡bvLv‡b Rbgvbe bvB, Zzwg †hb Avcb-g‡b ZvB fq †c‡qQ-fveQ, ÔG‡jg †Kv_v|Õ Avwg ejwQ, Ôfq †Kv‡iv bv gv †Mv, IB †`Lv hvq giv b`xi †muvZv|Õ Avgiv †Kv_vq hvwPQ †K Zv Rv‡b- AÜKv‡i †`Lv hvq bv fv‡jv| Zzwg †hb ej‡j Avgvq †W‡K, Ôw`wNi av‡i IB-†h wK‡mi Av‡jv!Õ Ggb mgq Ônuv‡i †i †i †i †iÕ IB- †h Kviv Avm‡Z‡Q WvK †Q‡o? Zywg f‡q cvj&wK‡Z GK †Kv‡Y VvKzi-†`eZv ¯§iY KiQ g‡b,

30 Avgvi evsjv eB

†eqviv¸‡jv cv‡ki KuvUve‡b cvjwK †Q‡o Kuvc‡Q _‡iv_‡iv| Avwg †hb †Zvgvq ejwQ †W‡K, ÔAvwg AvwQ, fq †Kb, gv, K‡iv!Õ Zzwg ej‡j, Ôhvm& †b †LvKv I‡i,Õ Avwg ewj, Ô†`‡Lv-bv Pzc K‡i|Õ QywU‡q †Nvov †M‡jg Zv‡ì gv‡S, Xvj Z‡jvqvi SbSwb‡q ev‡R, Kx fqvbK jovB nj gv †h ï‡b †Zvgvi Mv‡q †`‡e KuvUv| KZ †jvK †h cvwj‡q †Mj f‡q, KZ †jv‡Ki gv_v coj KvUv\ GZ †jv‡Ki m‡½ jovB KÕ‡i, fveQ †LvKv †MjB eywS g‡i| Avwg ZLb i³ †g‡L †N‡g ejwQ G‡m, ÔjovB †M‡Q †_‡g,Õ Zzwg ï‡b cvj&wK †_‡K †b‡g Pz‡gv †L‡q wbPQ Avgvq †Kv‡j ejQ, Ôfv‡M¨ †LvKv m‡½ wQj Kx y ©kvB nZ Zv bv n‡j!Õ (ms‡¶wcZ)

cvV wkwL 1. †R‡b wbB K. wkïiv Kíbv Ki‡Z fv‡jvev‡m| GB KweZvwU †Zgwb GK †QvÆ wkïi

Kíbv| Kíbvq †m gv‡qi m‡½ ` �i †`‡k hvq| c‡_ †m WvKvZ‡ì †gvKv‡ejv K‡i, ex‡ii g‡Zv jovB K‡i gv‡K i¶v K‡i|

L. g�j KweZvi evbvb A¶zYœ ivLv n‡q‡Q|

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB

32 Avgvi evsjv eB

5. ÔexicyiylÕ KweZvq Ôa�-a�Õ kãwU Av‡Q, G iKg AviI k‡ãi eënvi †R‡b wbB

a�-a� Ñ Pviw`‡K gvbylRb †bB, MÖvgUv †hb a�-a� Ki‡Q|

û-û Ñ û-û K‡i nvIqv eB‡Q|

†muv-†muv Ñ †muv †muv K‡i evZvm Qy‡U‡Q|

SbSb Ñ Kv‡Pi AvqbvUv SbSb K‡i †f‡O †Mj|

fbfb Ñ gqjv RvqMvUvq fbfb K‡i gvwQ Do‡Q|

6. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjwL I ewj

K. †LvKv gv‡K wb‡q †Kv_vq hv‡PQ?

L. gv I †LvKv Kxfv‡e hv‡PQ?

M. Zviv KLb †Rvovw`wNi Nv‡U †cuŠQvj? Ggb mgq Kx NUj?

N. †eqviviv †Kv_vq cvjvj?

O. Ôfv‡M¨ †LvKv m‡½ wQjÕ-gv GK_v ej‡jb †Kb?

P. exicyiyl †K? †m Kv‡ì nvwi‡q exicyiyl nj?


8. Avwg hw` exicyiyl nZvg Zvn‡j Kx KiZvg- G m¤c‡K© cuvPwU evK¨ wjwL|

9. KweZvwU ¯có I ï× D”Pvi‡Y ¯vfvweK MwZ‡Z cwo|

Kwe cwiwPwZ : wek¦Kwe iex› ªbv_ VvKzi KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzievwo‡Z 1861

iex› ªbv_ VvKzi wLªóv‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ïay Kwe bb, K_vmvwnwZ¨K, bvU¨Kvi, `vk©wbK, MxwZKvi, myimªóv, wPÎwkíx, mgvR‡mex I wk¶vwe`| Zuvi iPbv fvÊvi wekvj| †gvU 28 L‡Ê iex› ª iPbvejx cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ÒexicyiylÓ KweZvwU ÔwkïÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š_i| 1913 wLªóv‡ã iex› ªbv_ VvKzi mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| 1941 wLªóv‡ã wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

34 Avgvi evsjv eB

GKw`‡bi K_v| Bs‡iwRi K¬v‡m The Clock bv‡gi GKUv cvV cov‡bv n‡e| cov‡eb Bs‡iwRi gv÷vi Avï evey| wZwb wQ‡jb Lye Kov wk¶K| K¬v‡m cov ai‡Zb| bv cvi‡j kvw¯� †_‡K †invB wQj bv| †m kvw¯� Avevi bvbv iKg| KLbI Qv‡Îi yB AvOy‡ji gvSLv‡b †cwÝj †i‡L Pvc w`‡Zb, KLbI ev gvi‡Zb Kv‡Vi †¯‹j w`‡q, KLbI ev Ki‡Zb QvZv‡cUv|

wKš�y †mw`bKvi K¬vm ïiy nj G‡Kev‡i Ab¨fv‡e| K¬v‡m G‡m bvg WvKv †kl K‡i Avï evey QvÎ‡ì Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb mevB †`qvj-Nwo †`‡L‡Q wKbv|

ZLb †jv‡Ki nv‡Z nv‡Z wKsev N‡i N‡i Nwo wQj bv| Z‡e wZb iK‡gi Nwoi Pj ïiy n‡qwQj| Lye abx †jv‡KivB †Kej nvZNwo ciZ| wKQy wKQy †jvK eënvi KiZ c‡KU-Nwo| Lye Aí †jv‡Ki N‡iB †`qvj-Nwo †kvfv †cZ|

cÖvq me QvÎ Rvbvj †h, Zviv †`qvj Nwo †`‡Lwb| Avï gv÷vi †Q‡j‡ì cvVv‡jb cv‡ki Rwg`vi evwo‡Z, †`qvj Nwo †`‡L Avm‡Z| m‡½ w`‡jb GK wcqb‡K| †Q‡jiv Nwo †`‡L GK mgq wd‡i G‡jv|

Avï evey †gvZvnvi‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡jb -†`qvj Nwo †`‡LQ?

Ñ nu v|

Ñ KqUv †e‡R‡Q ZLb?

Ñ Nwo †Zv ev‡R bvB, m¨vi; †Kej wUK wUK Ki‡Z ïbjvg|

Avï gv÷vi nvm‡jb| Zvici Ab¨ GK Rb QvÎ‡K Zv wRÁvmv Ki‡jb| †m ejj, ZLb †òUv †e‡RwQj, m¨vi| K_vUv ï‡b †gvZvnvi †Zv AevK-†òUv Avevi ev‡R †Kgb K‡i? ZLb Avï gv÷vi e−¨vK‡ev‡W©i Kv‡Q †M‡jb| Nwoi GKUv Qwe Gu‡K fvj K‡i mevB‡K NÈv, wgwbU, †m‡KÛ eywS‡q w`‡jb| GBfv‡e cÖ_g †gvZvnvi Nwo †`L‡Z wkLj|

A‡bK e¨vcv‡i mij n‡jI †gvZvnvi †jLvcovq wQj †ek †PŠKm| AvU †_‡K `k eQi eq‡m †m c‡o‡Q cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªYx‡Z| G yB eQ‡i MwYZ I evsjv eB‡qi me wKQyB †m wk‡L †d‡jwQj PgrKvifv‡e| Zv‡Z mevB AevK n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb|

Avgvi evsjv eB 35

†gvZvnv‡ii `k eQi eq‡mi GKUv NUbv| †m ZLb dwi`cy‡i evMgviv MÖv‡g _v‡K, evMgviv ¯‹z‡j c‡o| wØZxq †kªYxi cov cÖvq †kl| †mKv‡j wØZxq †kªYxi †k‡l wbæ cÖv_wgK e„wË cix¶vi Pj wQj| †gvZvnvi‡K e„wË cix¶v w`‡Z †h‡Z n‡qwQj ivRevwo‡Z| †mLvbKvi GKRb cwÊZ †gvZvnv‡ii cix¶v wb‡jb| cÖ_‡g evsjv eB †_‡K cv‡Vi cix¶v| †gvZvnv‡ii DPPviY wQj †ek ¯có| evevi KvQ †_‡K †m †c‡qwQj ï× DPPvi‡Yi wk¶v| Avi covi w`‡K wQj Zvi Lye †SuvK| ZvB my›`ifv‡e ï× DPPvi‡Y co‡Z Zvi †gv‡UI Amyweav nqwb|

Gici gvbmv‡¼i cix¶v| MwY‡Zi gvbmv‡¼I †gvZvnvi †PŠKm wQj| ZvB †gv‡UI †m Nveov‡jv bv| cix¶K cwÊZ ej‡Z ïiy Ki‡jb : 1 UvKv 5 Avbv, 2 UvKv 8 Avbv... BZ¨vw`| †hvM n‡e bv we‡qvM n‡e Av‡M †_‡K wKQyB Rvbv‡jb bv wZwb| yB‡qi †ewk msL¨v ï‡bB †gvZvnvi g‡b g‡b †f‡e wbj, wbðqB †hvMdj Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb cix¶K| ZvB msL¨v¸‡jv g‡b †i‡L Lye g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †m †hvM Ki‡Z _vKj| ci ci cuvPUv msL¨v DPPviY K‡i cix¶K ej‡jb, Ôej †Zv, †hvMdj KZ?Õ

†gvZvnvi m‡½ m‡½ wVK DËiwU e‡j w`j| cix¶K GKUz AevK n‡jb| Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb, msL¨v¸‡jv g‡b Av‡Q wK bv? †gvZvnvi †hvM Kivi mgq †ek g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †hvM K‡iwQj| ZvB †m cuvPwU msL¨vB G‡K G‡K e‡j w`j| cix¶K DËi ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡jb, mwZ¨B †Q‡jwU MwY‡Z cvKv| wZwb †gvZvnvi‡K 100 †Z 100 b¤i w`‡jb|

mnR mij ¯fv‡ei GB †Q‡jwU c‡i †jLvcovq PgrKvi djvdj K‡iwQj| cÖv_wgK e„wË cix¶v †_‡K ïiy K‡i wk¶v Rxe‡b cÖvq cÖwZwU cix¶vq cÖ_g n‡qwQj †m|

†K GB †gvZvnvi? BwbB n‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki L¨vwZgvb weÁvbx, mvwnwZ¨K, m½xZÁ I `vevo~- W. KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb| wZwb wQ‡jb Kwe bRiyj Bmjv‡gi wcÖq eÜz Ges †jLK kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi `vev †Ljvi m½x| 1897 mv‡ji 30 †k RyjvB Kzwóqv †Rjvi KzgviLvjx _vbvq Zuvi Rb¥| 1981 mv‡ji 9B A‡±vei XvKvq wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

eo n‡q W. KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb m¤c‡K© †Zvgiv Av‡iv A‡bK wKQy Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|

Avgvi evsjv eB 37

N) Avï gv÷vi mevB‡K NÈv, wgwbU, †m‡KÛ eywS‡q w`‡jb †Kb? O) cix¶K Kxfv‡e eyS‡jb †h, †gvZvnvi MwY‡Z cvKv? P) KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †K wQ‡jb? Zuvi Rb¥ KLb I †Kv_vq n‡qwQj? 3. (K) hy³eY©¸‡jvi MVb †`‡L wbB Ges bZzb kã wkwL cÙv Ñ Ù = `& + g-djv cÙ, QÙ e„wó Ñ ó = l& + U `„wó, m„wó ¯fve Ñ ¯ = m& + e-djv ¯Rb, ¯iƒc K¬vm Ñ K¬ = K& + j K¬vš�, K¬ve kvw¯� Ñ ¯� = m& + Z A¯�, e¨¯� †cwÝj Ñ Ý = b& + m AvDÝ, G‡_Ý †¯‹j Ñ ¯‹ = m& + K d¬v¯‹, ¯‹zj Aí Ñ í = j& + c Mí, ¯í gv÷vi Ñ ÷ = m& + U Wv÷vi, †÷kb e−¨vK Ñ e− = e& + j †e−W, e −vWvi A¼ Ñ ¼ = O& + K AvZ¼, ew¼g ï× Ñ × = `& + a e×, hy× wk¶v Ñ ¶ = K& + l c¶, `x¶v wbðq Ñ ð = k& + P wbwðš�, Avðh© m‡½ Ñ ½ = O + M A½, m½ b¤i Ñ ¤^ = g& + e K¤^j, m¤j weÁvbx Ñ Á = R + T AÁ, msÁv (L) hyM¥eY©I wP‡b ivwL e„wË Ñ Ë = Z& + Z DËg, mËi DPPviY Ñ ”P = P& + P DPP, evPPv 4. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã †e‡Q wb‡q euv w`‡Ki k‡ãi m‡½ †gjvB dzUdz‡U †SuvK Kov DPPviY L¨vwZgvb Avb›` `viyY wK‡kvi w`we¨ D‡Vvb Q¨vZjv-cov djvdj ï× weÁvbx PgrKvi wk¶K

38 Avgvi evsjv eB

5. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã G‡b k�b¨¯_vb c �iY Kwi †m jywK‡q nvwo †_‡K ⎯ Lvq| nvZNwo †mw`bKvi K¬vm ïiy nj G‡Kev‡i ⎯| `viyY Lye eo †jv‡KivB †Kej ⎯ ci‡Zb| cvKv †gvZvnvi †jLvcovq wQ‡jb ⎯ †PŠKm| Ab¨fv‡e evevi KvQ †_‡K †gvZvnvi †c‡qwQj ⎯ D”Pvi‡Yi wk¶v †LRy‡ii im mwZ¨B †Q‡jwU MwY‡Z ⎯| ï× 6. wecixZ kã wjwL

Avb›` Ñ kvw¯� Ñ Aí Ñ ¯có Ñ

†hvMdj Ñ cÖkœ Ñ cvKv Ñ

7. k‡ãi A_©-cv_©K¨ †R‡b wbB AvQvo Ñ gvwU‡Z wcQ‡j c‡o hvIqv | wcQj RvqMvq AvQvo LvIqvi fq _v‡K| AvPvi - PvjPjb| PvUwb | †Q‡jUvi AvPvi-AvPiY fv‡jv bq| gv †ZZz‡ji

AvPvi evwb‡q‡Qb| yi - ZyPQ g‡bvfve †evSvq Ggb A_©nxb kã | yi QvB, G Zzwg Kx

Ki‡j? ` �i - Kv‡Q ev wbK‡U bq, | nvmcvZvjUv GLvb †_‡K †ek �‡i| Kov - KwVb, K‡Vvi | Avgvi eo PvPv †ek Kov †jvK| Kiv - wµqv m¤cv`b | G KvRUv Kiv †ek mnR| 8. Ic‡ii iPbv †_‡K Ggb kã Luy‡R †ei Kwi hvi A_© euv cv‡k †`Iqv Av‡Q cvwZj Ñ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ñ †Quov Kvco Ñ ïay Ñ Reve Ñ 9. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv w`‡q wb‡R evK¨ iPbv Kwi †jLvcov, †Ljvayjv, DPPviY, g‡bv‡hvM, djvdj|

Avgvi evsjv eB 39

gv KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg

†hLv‡b‡Z †`wL hvnv gv-Gi gZb Avnv GKwU K_vq GZ myav †gkv bvB, gv‡qi gZb GZ Av`i †mvnvM †m †Zv Avi †KvbLv‡b †Kn cvB‡e bv fvB| †nwi‡j gv‡qi gyL ~‡i hvq me yL, gv‡qi †Kv‡j‡Z ï‡q Ryovq civb, gv‡qi kxZj †Kv‡j mKj hvZbv †fv‡j KZ bv †mvnv‡M gvZv eyKwU fivb| hLb Rbg wbby KZ Amnvq wQby, Kuv`v Qvov bvwn RvwbZvg †Kvb wKQy, IVv emv ~‡i _vK- gy‡L bvwn wQj evK, Pvnwb wdwiZ ïay gvÕi wcQy wcQy! cvVkvjv nÕ‡Z h‡e N‡i wdwi hve m‡e, KZ bv Av`‡i †Kv‡j ZzwjÕ †b‡e gvZv, Lvevi awiqv gy‡L ïav‡eb KZ my‡L ÔKZ AvR †jLv †nv‡jv, cov KZ cvZv?Õ

40 Avgvi evsjv eB

cov †jLv fvj nÕ‡j †`‡LQ †m KZ Q‡j N‡i N‡i gv Avgvi KZ bvg K‡i! e‡j, Ô†gvi †LvKvgwY| nxiv-gvwY‡Ki Lwb, GgbwU bvB Kv‡iv!Õ ï‡b eyK f‡i! wèvwbwk fvebv wK‡m †K¬k cve bv, wK‡m †m gvbyl ne, eo ne wK‡m; eyK f‡i I‡V gvÕi †Q‡jwi Mi‡e Zvi me `yL myL nq gv‡qi Avwk‡m| (ms‡¶wcZ)

cvV wkwL

1. †R‡b wbB K. Avgv‡ì mevi Rxe‡b ÔgvÕ K_vwU GKwU gay gvLv bvg| gv‡qi ggZv Avgv‡ì Pjvi c‡_i cv‡_q| ˆkk‡e gv Avgv‡ì Mfxi ggZvq jvjb K‡ib| fv‡jvfv‡e †jLvcov Ki‡j, Rxe‡b mdj n‡j gv Lywk nb| Ab¨w`‡K gv‡qi Avwkm †c‡j mš�v‡bi me ytL Ny‡P hvq| L. g�j KweZvi evbvb A¶zYœœ ivLv n‡q‡Q|

2. kãv_© †R‡b wbB gZb Ñ g‡Zv, Abyiƒc †mvnvM Ñ Avì †nwi‡j Ñ †`wL‡j civb Ñ cÖvY hvZbv Ñ Kó wbby Ñ wbjvg wQby Ñ wQjvg

Avgvi evsjv eB 41

evK Ñ K_v, kã

ïav‡eb Ñ wRÁvmv Ki‡eb, Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb

Avwkm Ñ Avkxe©v`, †`vqv

myav Ñ Ag„Z, gay

3. KweZvi GKwU PiY †`Iqv Av‡Q cieZx© PiYwU wjwL

†nwi‡j gv‡qi gyL

--------------------------------

gv‡qi †Kv‡j‡Z ï‡q Ryovq civb

--------------------------------

mKj hvZbv †fv‡j

--------------------------------


5. KweZvwUi cÖ_g AvUwU PiY gyL¯_ ewj|

6. KweZvwU‡Z Kwe Kx e‡j‡Qb Zv ms‡¶‡c ewj I wjwL|

7. Avgvi ÔgvÕ m¤c‡K© `kwU evK¨ wjwL|

Kwe cwiwPwZ : KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg ea©gv‡bi Pziywjqv MÖv‡g 1899 wLªóv‡ãi

KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 25†k †g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb GKvav‡i Kwe, MíKvi, cÖvewÜK, mvsevw`K, myimªóv, MxwZKvi I m½xZwkíx| wZwb ÔbehyMÕ I Ôa�g‡KZzÕ mn AviI A‡bK cwÎKvi m¤cv`K wQ‡jb| ÒgvÓ KweZvwU ÔwS‡OdzjÕ Kve¨MÖš_ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg| 1976 wLªóv‡ãi 29†k AvM÷ XvKvq wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

42 Avgvi evsjv eB

Lwjdv nhiZ Igi (iv.) nhiZ Igi dviyK (iv.) cweÎ g°v bMix‡Z 582 wLªóv‡ã KzivBk es‡k Rb¥MÖnY

K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg LvËve I gvZvi bvg nvbZvgvn&|

wZwb wQ‡jb Bmjv‡gi wØZxq Lwjdv| wZwb wkw¶Z, gvwR©Z I mr Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix

wQ‡jb| evj¨Kv‡j wZwb wk¶v-`x¶vq mybvg AR©b K‡ib| eo n‡q e¨emv-evwYR¨

K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb bvgKiv Kzw¯�wMi, mvnmx †hv×v, Kwe I mye³v|

nhiZ Igi (iv.) cÖ_‡g wQ‡jb Bmjv‡gi †NviZi we‡ivax| gnvbex (mv.)-†K nZ¨v

Kivi Rb¨ wZwb †Kvlgy³ Zievwi wb‡q †ewi‡q c‡ob| cw_g‡a¨ Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h,

Zuvi †evb dvwZgv I fwMœcwZ mvC` gymjgvb n‡q †M‡Qb| G‡Z wZwb †µv‡a Aw¯_i

n‡q †ev‡bi evwo‡Z Dcw¯_Z nb| wZwb Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ †evb I fwMœcwZi „pZv

†`‡L wew¯§Z n‡q hvb| Zuvi gvbwmK cwieZ©b N‡U| wZwb gymjgvb nIqvi Rb¨

e¨vKzj n‡q c‡ob Ges bex Kwig (mv.)-Gi `iev‡i wM‡q Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib|

gymjgvb n‡q wZwb „p K‡É †NvlYv w`‡jb, ÔAvi †Mvc‡b bq, Gevi cÖKv‡k¨ KvÕev

Avgvi evsjv eB 43

N‡ii mvg‡b mvjvZ Av`vq Kie|Õ gnvbex (mv.) Lywk n‡q Zuv‡K Dcvwa †`b ÔdviyKÕ A_©vr mZ¨ I wg_¨vi cÖ‡f`Kvix| nhiZ Igi (iv.) GKw`‡K wQ‡jb †Kvgj, Ab¨w`‡K wQ‡jb K‡Vvi| wZwb gvby‡li ytLK‡ó wQ‡jb dy‡ji g‡Zv †Kvgj| †`‡ki gvby‡li ytLK‡ói K_v AewnZ

nIqvi Rb¨ wZwb Mfxi iv‡Z gnj −vq gnj−vq Ny‡i †eov‡Zb| ¶zavZ© wkï‡ì Kvbœvi AvIqvR ï‡b wZwb wb‡Ri Kuv‡a AvUvi e¯�v enb K‡i wb‡q Zv‡ì Zuvey‡Z †h‡Zb| wZwb mnawg©Yx D‡¤§ Kzjmyg‡K wb‡q hvb GK †e`yB‡bi N‡i, Zvi Amy¯_ �x‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨|

Lwjdv Igi (iv.)-Gi wePvi eë¯_v wQj wbi‡c¶ I wbLyuZ| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L DuPz-wbPz, abx-Mwie, Avcb-ci †Kvb †f`v‡f` wQj bv| ¸iyZi Aciv‡a wb‡Ri †Q‡j Avey kvn&gv‡K wZwb K‡Vvi kvw¯� w`‡qwQ‡jb| iv‡óªi mg¯� ¸iyZ¡c �Y© KvR wZwb mvnvwe‡ì m‡½ civgk© K‡i m¤cv`b Ki‡Zb| GKw`b wZwb GK µxZ`vm‡K m‡½ wb‡q †Riyhv‡jg hvwPQ‡jb| wZwb m½x‡K ej‡jb, `yB R‡b �‡ii c_ cvwo †è| GKevi Zzwg D‡U Po‡e Avi GKevi Avwg| Gfv‡e hLb Zuviv †Riyhv‡jg kn‡ii wbKU †cŠuQv‡jb ZLb µxZ`v‡mi D‡U Povi cvjv| D‡Ui wc‡V µxZ`vm‡K †`‡L kn‡ii †jvKRb g‡b Kij BwbB Lwjdv| Zviv D‡Ui wc‡V emv µxZ`vm‡K Lwjdv wn‡m‡e mvjvg w`‡Z jvM‡jb| µxZ`vm ZLb jw¾Z n‡q ej‡jb, Avwg bB, D‡Ui PvjKB Lwjdv| Dcw¯_Z mevB wew¯§Z n‡q †Mj nhiZ Igi dviyK (iv.)-Gi gnvbyfeZv †`‡L| nhiZ Igi (iv.) wQ‡jb gvbe ì x| Bmjvwg kvmb eë¯_vq RbM‡Yi g‡Zv kvmK‡ì RbÏ i‡q‡Q GKB AvB‡bi weavb| GKevi nhiZ Igi (iv.)-†K GKRb mvaviY †jv‡Ki mvg‡b Revew wn Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| Awf‡hvMwU wQj GB †h, ÔevqZzjgvj †_‡K cÖvß Kvco w ‡q Kv‡iv cy‡iv GKwU Rvgv nqwb, A_P Lwjdvi Mv‡q †mB Kvc‡oi GKwU cy‡iv Rvgv †`Lv hv‡PQ| Lwjdv AwZwi³ Kvco †Kv_v †_‡K †c‡jb?Õ Lwjdvi c¶ †_‡K Zuvi cyÎ Ave yj−v DËi w ‡jb, ÔAvwg Avgvi AskUzKz AveŸv‡K w ‡qwQ| G‡Z Zuvi Rvgv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q|Õ wZwb †KvlvMvi †_‡K gvÎ yB w invg MÖnY Ki‡Zb, Avi ej‡Zb hw bv wb‡q cviZvg Zv n‡j RbM‡Yi UvKv wbZvg bv| GB Rbìw kvm‡Ki K_v †jvKgy‡L ï‡b †ivg mgªvU cÎ w ‡q GK �Z cvVvb| mgªv‡Ui �Z Avie †`‡k G‡m cÖ_‡g †LuvRvLuywR K‡ib ÔLwjdv febÕ| †Kv‡bv †jvKB Lwjdv feb

†`Lv‡Z cv‡ibwb| †k‡l GKRb ej‡jb, wKQy¶Y Av‡M †`‡LwQjvg †LRyi

Avgvi evsjv eB 45

2. Dchy³ kã w`‡q k �b¨¯_vb c �iY Kwi K) nhiZ Igi (iv.) wQ‡jb -|

L) GKw`b wZwb GK -m½x wb‡q -hvwPQ‡jb|

M) nhiZ Igi (iv.) cweÎ -bMix‡Z -es‡k Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|

N) Zuvi gvZvi bvg -I wcZvi bvg -|

O) wZwb wQ‡jb Bmjv‡gi -Lwjdv|

3. evg cv‡ki k‡ãi mv‡_ Wvb cv‡ki kã wgjvB wk¶v wbR©‡b

kÎy evwYR¨

mybvg wgÎ

eëmv e`bvg

cÖKv‡k¨ gnr KvR

4. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ï× D”Pvi‡Y ewj I LvZvq wjwL K) nhiZ Igi (iv.) †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

L) nhiZ Igi (iv.)-Gi gvZvwcZvi bvg Kx?

M) nhiZ Igi (iv.) Kxfv‡e gymjgvb n‡jb?

N) nhiZ gyn¤§` (mv.) Igi (iv.)-†K Kx Dcvwa w`‡qwQ‡jb?

O) nhiZ Igi (iv.)-Gi wePvi eë¯_v †Kgb wQj?

P) cÖRv‡ì cÖwZ nhiZ Igi (iv.)-Gi fv‡jvevmvi GKwU D`vniY w`B|

Q) Zuvi kvmbvg‡j RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi GKwU D`vniY w`B|

5. evK¨ MVb Kwi Lwjdv, PwiÎ, Zievwi, wbLuyZ, kvwš�, †Kvgj, K‡Vvi, ìw`, Av`k©, †KvlvMvi|

6. nhiZ Igi (iv.) m¤c‡K© `kwU evK¨ wjwL I cwo|

7. nhiZ Igi (iv.)-Gi †Ìqv K‡qKwU Dc‡`k ewj, wjwL I cwo|

46 Avgvi evsjv eB

KvR&jv-w`w` hZx› ª‡gvnb evMPx

euvkevMv‡bi gv_vi Dci Puv` D‡V‡Q IB Ñ

gv‡Mv, Avgvi †kv‡jvK-ejv KvR&jv-w`w` KB?

cyKzi av‡i, †beyi Z‡j †_vKvq †_vKvq †RvbvB R¡‡j, Ñ

dz‡ji M‡Ü Nyg Av‡m bv, GKjv †R‡MÕ iB;

gv‡Mv, Avgvi †Kv‡ji Kv‡Q KvR&jv-w`w` KB?

†m w`b nÕ‡Z w`w`‡K Avi †KbB ev bv Wv‡Kv,

w`w`i K_vq AvuPj w`‡q gyLwU †Kb Xv‡Kv?

Lvevi †L‡Z Avwm hLb w`w` e‡jÕ WvwK, ZLb

Avgvi evsjv eB 47

I-Ni †_‡K †Kb gv Avi w`w` Av‡m bv‡Kv,

Avwg WvwK, -Zzwg †Kb PzcwU K‡iÕ _v‡Kv?

ej& gv, w`w` †Kv_vq †M‡Q, Avm‡e Avevi K‡e?

Kvj †h Avgvi bZzb N‡i cyZzj-we‡q n‡e!

w`wì gZb duvwK w`‡q AvwgI hw` jy‡KvB wM‡q -

Zzwg ZLb GKjv N‡i †Kgb K‡iÕ iÕ‡e?

AvwgI bvB w`wÌ bvB-†Kgb gRv n‡e!

f�uBPuvcv‡Z f‡iÕ †M‡Q wkDwj Mv‡Qi Zj,

gvovm †b gv cyKzi †_‡K Avbwe hLb Rj;

Wvwjg Mv‡Qi Wv‡ji duv‡K eyjeywjwU jywK‡q _v‡K,

w`m bv Zv‡i Dwo‡q gv †Mv, wQuo‡Z wM‡q dj; -

w`w` G‡m ïb‡e hLb, ej‡e Kx gv ej&!

euvkevMv‡bi gv_vi Dci Puv` D‡V‡Q IB -

Ggb mgq, gv‡Mv, Avgvi KvR&jv-w`w` KB?

†eovi av‡i, cyKzi cv‡o wSuwSu Wv‡K †Sv‡c-Sv‡o;

†beyi M‡Ü Nyg Av‡m bv -ZvB‡Z †R‡MÕ iB; -

ivZ nÕj †h, gv‡Mv, Avgvi KvR&jv-w`w` KB?

cvV wkwL 1. †R‡b wbB K. †QvÆ †evbwUi mviv¶‡Yi mv_x wQj Zvi KvRjv w`w`| w`w` wPiw`‡bi Rb¨

Zv‡ì †Q‡o †M‡Q Zv †m Rv‡b bv| cÖwZ gyn�‡Z©B †m Zvi wcÖq KvRjv w`wì Rb¨ A‡c¶vq _v‡K| †m †Kv_vq †M‡Q, †Kb Av‡m bv Zv Rvb‡Z Pvq gv‡qi Kv‡Q| gv DËi w`‡Z cv‡ib bv| gyL jywK‡q Kuv‡`b|

L. g�j KweZvi evbvb A¶zYœœ ivLv n‡q‡Q|

48 Avgvi evsjv eB

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB I evK¨ ˆZwi Kwi †kv‡jvK Ñ †k−vK, †QvU c`¨, Qov| Puv`wb iv‡Z DVv‡b e‡m gv

†kv‡jvKej‡Zb| †RvbvB Ñ †RvbvwK †cvKv| Avuavi iv‡Z †Sv‡c-Sv‡o †RvbvB R¡‡j| w`w` Ñ eo †evb, Avcv| w`w` Avgv‡K Lye †øn K‡ib| †bey Ñ †jey| gv †bey w`‡q AvPvi ˆZwi Ki‡Qb| f‚uB Pvcv Ñ gvwUi Ici Rb¥v‡bv †QvU Puvcv dzj| f‚uBPuvcv Mv‡Q gvV †Q‡q †M‡Q| gvovm& Ñ cv w`‡q wc‡l hvIqv| wbcv, dzj MvQ¸‡jv gvovm&‡b| 3. wecixZ kã¸‡jv †R‡b wbB I wjwL w`b -ivZ| Nyg -RvMiY| XvKv -†Lvjv| bZzb -cyi‡bv| R¡jv -†bfv| 4. Wvb w`K †_‡K wVK DËiwU †e‡Q wbB I LvZvq wjwL K) †Kv_vq †RvbvwK R¡‡j? †beyi Z‡j/euvkevMv‡b/wkDwjZ‡j/Zvj Zjvq L) eyjeywj †Kv_vq jywK‡q _v‡K? wkDwji Wv‡j/f�uBPuvcvi Wv‡j/Av‡gi Wv‡j/ Wvwj‡gi Wv‡j| M) †K †kv‡jvK ej‡Zb? gv/w`w`/`v`y/evev N) wSuwS †Kv_vq Wv‡K? †Sv‡c-Sv‡o/Mv‡Qi Wv‡j/Avuavi iv‡Z/N‡ii gv‡S| O) Nyg Av‡m bv †Kb? †beyi M‡Ü/wSuwSui Wv‡K/Puv‡ì Av‡jv‡Z/dz‡ji M‡Ü

5. c‡ii PiY gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. cyKzi av‡i, †beyi Z‡j ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ , ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯| ⎯⎯⎯ ? L. w`wì gZb duvwK w`‡q ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ? ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯| 6. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K. KvR&jv-w`w` †Kv_vq †M‡Q? L. KLb KvR&jv-w`wì K_v †ewk g‡b c‡o?

Avgvi evsjv eB 49

M. KvR&jv-w`wì K_v DV‡j gv AvuPj w`‡q gyL Xv‡Kb †Kb?

N. cyZz‡ji we‡qi mgq w`wì K_v g‡b c‡o †Kb?

O. ÒAvwgI bvB, w w I bvB, †Kgb gRv n‡eÓ- G K_v e‡j Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

P. LywK gv‡K †Kb wkDwj dz‡ji Mv‡Qi wb‡P mveav‡b †h‡Z Ges Wvwjg Mv‡Qi

dj wQuo‡Z eviY K‡i‡Q?

7. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv wVKfv‡e mvRvB (†hgb-euvkevMvb) cyZzj Z‡j

†_vKvq av‡i

cyKzi we‡q

†beyi N‡i

†kv‡jvK †_vKvq

KvRjv evMvb

euvk ejv

bZzb w`w`

8. KweZvwU weivgwPý †`‡L fve-eRvq †i‡L ¯ZeK I Aby‡”Q` cwo| 9. KweZvwU Ave„wË Kwi|

Kwe cwiwPwZ : Kwe hZx› ª‡gvnb evMPx b xqv †Rjvq R‡b¥wQ‡jb 1879 mv‡j|

hZx› ª‡gvnb evMPx wZwb KweZv iPbv QvovI ÔgvbmxÕ I Ôc~e©vPjÕ cwÎKv m¤cv`bv K‡ib| cj−xcÖxwZ Zuvi êwkó¨| D‡j −L¨‡hvM¨ MÖ‡š_i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Ô†jLvÕ, Ô†KqvÕ, ÔeÜzi `vbÕ BZ¨vw`| ÒKvRjv w`w`Ó KweZvwU ÔKve¨ gvjÂÕ Kve¨MÖš_ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q| 1948 mv‡j Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|

50 Avgvi evsjv eB

cvéxi Mvb m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë

cvéx P‡j!

cvéx P‡j!

MMb-Z‡j

Av¸b R¡‡j!

¯�ä Muv‡q

Av yj Mv‡q

hv‡PQ Kviv

†iŠ‡`ª mviv!

gqiv gyw`

P¶y gyw`Õ

cvUvq eÕ‡m

Xzj&‡Q KÕ‡l|

y‡ai PuvwQ

ïl&‡Q gvwQ,-

Do‡Q KZK

fb&fwb‡q|

Avm&‡Q KvÕiv

nb& nwb‡q?

nv‡Ui †k‡l

iy¶ †e‡k

wVK yÕcy‡i

avq nvUz‡i!

KzKzi ¸‡jv

ïuK&‡Q a�‡jv,-

ayuK&‡Q †Kn

K¬vš� †`n|

M½v dwos

jvwd‡q P‡j;

euv‡ai w`‡K

m �h © X‡j|

cvéx P‡j †i,

A½ U‡j †i!

Avi †`wi KZ?

Av‡iv KZ `�i?

Avgvi evsjv eB 51

cvV wkwL 1. †R‡b wbB

K. cvj&wKi †enviviv cvj&wK Kuv‡a wb‡q GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq hvq| Pjvi c‡_ cv †gjv‡Z Zviv Zv‡j Zv‡j Mvb Mvq| GB Mv‡bi K_vq MÖvg evsjvi Pjgvb Rxe‡bi Qwe dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

L. g�j KweZvi evbvb A¶zYœœ ivLv n‡q‡Q|

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© wkwL I ev‡K¨ e¨envi Kwi MMb Ñ AvKvk| mKv‡j c�e© MM‡b m�h© D‡V‡Q|

Av yj Ñ †Lvjv| wkïiv evwoi DVv‡b Av yj Mv‡q †Ljv Ki‡Q|

cvUv Ñ Z³v| cvUvi Dci e‡m †`vKvb`vi wRwbm wewµ Ki‡Q|

fbfwb‡q Ñ fbfb K‡i| †Lvjv Lvev‡ii Ici gvwQ¸‡jv fbfwb‡q Do‡Q|

K‡l Ñ †Rv‡i| †jvKUv K‡l LuywU‡Z `wo †eu‡a‡Q|

nvUz‡i Ñ wRwbmcÎ †ePv‡Kbvi Rb¨ †h nv‡U hvq| nv‡Ui †k‡l nvUz‡iiv wdi‡Q|

ayuK‡Q Ñ nuvcv‡PQ| ycy‡ii †iv‡` K¬vš� KzKziUv ayuK‡Q|

A½ Ñ †`n| mvivw`b Kv‡Ri †k‡l Pvwl‡`i A½ Ry‡o K¬vwš� bv‡g|

3. hy³eY©¸‡jv †`wL I hy³eY© w`‡q MwVZ kã¸‡jv cwo I wjwL ¯�ä Ñ � = m&+Z - e¨¯�, m¯�v

ä = e&+a - jä,¶zä

†iŠ ª Ñ ª = `&+i - wb ªv, f ª

K¬vš� Ñ - K = K&+j - K¬vm, †K¬k (Kó)

š� = b&+Z - kvš�, cvš�v

A½ Ñ ½ = O&+M- m½, i½

52 Avgvi evsjv eB

4. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i evK¨¸‡jv m¤c�Y© Kwi fbfb, nbnb, kbkb, SgSg, LKLK, wcjwcj,

K. cw_K P‡j -- -- K‡i|

L. -- -- K‡i gvwQ I‡o|

M. evZvm eq -- -- K‡i|

N. -- -- K‡i e„wó c‡o|

O. wccu‡o -- -- P‡j|

P. †jvKwU -- -- Kv‡k|

5. evg w`‡Ki K_vi m‡½ Wvb w`‡Ki K_v wgwj‡q cwo MMb-Z‡j jvwd‡q P‡j|

y‡ai PuvwQ ïuK‡Q ay‡jv|

M½vdwos avq nvUz‡i|

KzKzi¸‡jv ïl‡Q gvwQ|

wVK ycy‡i Av¸b R¡‡j|

6. A‡_©i cv_©K¨ ey‡S wbB iy¶ (†h †cvkv‡K h‡Zœi Qvc †bB) †e‡k nvUz‡i c_ P‡j‡Q|

iy¶ (Kov †gRv‡R) †gRv‡R K_v ej‡e bv|

gqiv-gyw` e‡m e‡m wSgy‡PQ| (†h wgwó wewµ K‡i)

gqiv-gyw` Pz¶ gyw`Õ Xzj‡Q| (†PvL ey‡R)

7. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L ewj I wjwL K. `ycy‡ii †iv‡` cvjwKi †enviv‡`i Kx Ae¯_v n‡q‡Q?

L. cvUvq e‡m gqiv Kx Ki‡Q?

M. nvUz‡i †Kv_vq hv‡PQ?

N. KzKzi¸‡jv ayuK‡Q †Kb?

O. M½vdwos Kx Ki‡Q?

Avgvi evsjv eB 53

8. eB †`‡L QovwU h_vh_ Q›` wVK †i‡L ¯vfvweK MwZ‡Z I cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y evievi cwo|


Kwe cwiwPwZ : KjKvZvi wbKUeZ©x wbgZv MÖv‡g 1882 wLªóv‡ã Kwe m‡Z › ªbv_ Ë

m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi KweZvq Q‡›ì KviyKvR, kã I fvlv

eënv‡ii K…wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ Zuv‡K ÔQ‡›ì hv`yKiÕ ejv nq| Zuvi

weL¨vZ MÖš_¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÔKzû I †KKvÕ, ÔAå-AvexiÕ, Ônmwš�KvÕ

BZ¨vw` D‡j−L‡hvM¨| Òcvéxi MvbÓ KweZvwU ÔKzû I †KKvÕ

Kve¨MÖš_ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q| gvÎ Pwj−k eQi eq‡m 1922

wLªóv‡ã wZwb ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib|

54 Avgvi evsjv eB

AevK hš � Kw¤cDUvi †Zvgiv †KD †KD Kw¤cDUvi †`‡L _vK‡e|

ej‡Z cvi, Kw¤cDUvi Kx? Kw¤cDUvi nj GK ai‡bi hš�| Gi KZK¸‡jv wbw ©ó KvR i‡q‡Q| Zzwg hLbB PvB‡e hš�wU †mB wbw ©ó KvR K‡i †`‡e| GLb †`Lv hvK, Kw¤cDUvi Kx Kx ai‡bi KvR cv‡i| GKmgq Kw¤cDUvi wQj wnmve MYbvi hš �| GLb Zv nvRvi Kv‡R cUz|

Kw¤cDUvi w`‡q ªyZ I wbfz©jfv‡e eo eo A¼ Kiv hvq| Ggb A‡bK MvwYwZK wnmve Av‡Q †h¸‡jv Ki‡Z kZ kZ MwYZ‡Ái A‡bK mgq †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i|

Kw¤cDUvi †m wnmve K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i K‡qK gyn �‡Z©| AvRKvj †QvU-eo e¨emv-cÖwZôvb I e¨vs‡Ki UvKv-cqmvi wnmve ivL‡Q Kw¤cDUvi|

Zzwg †Kv‡bv wKQy UvBc Ki‡Z PvI? †m †¶‡Î Kw¤cDUvi `viyY mnvqK| †Zvgvi UvBc Kiv †jLvq †Kv‡bv evbvb fzj n‡j

ZvI Zzwg ïa‡i wb‡Z cvi Kw¤cDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨| B‡PQ Ki‡j Zywg ï‡fPQv KvW©, Avgš �YcÎ, K¬v‡mi iywUb BZ¨vw` Kw¤cDUv‡i Qvwc‡q wb‡Z cvi| G R‡b¨ wcÖ›Uvi bv‡g GKUv hš� _vKv PvB|

AvaywbK Kv‡j Qvcvi Kv‡R Kw¤cDUvi weivU I Afvebxq cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| Qwe AuvKv

Ges KvUz©b I PjwPPÎ ˆZwi‡ZI Kw¤cDUvi AmvaviY Ae`vb ivL‡Q| AvRKvj †jLvcov

Avgvi evsjv eB 55

†kLvi Kv‡R mnvqZv Ki‡Q Kw¤cDUvi| BwZnvm ej, f‚‡Mvj ej, weÁvb ej - †h

†Kv‡bv wel‡q cvV †kLv m¤¢e n‡PQ Gi mvnv‡h¨| †mme cv‡V Qwei m‡½ _vK‡Q

K_v I m½xZ| d‡j Kw¤cDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †jLvcov n‡q DV‡Q A‡bK AvKl©Yxq|

Kw¤cDUvi G ai‡bi Av‡iv KZ KvR †h Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi †kl †bB| AvRKvj

A‡bK ai‡bi KvR wbqš�Y Ki‡Q GB hš�| N‡ii ZvcgvÎv wVK ivLv, Kj-KviLvbvi

Drcv`b, UªvwdK ms‡KZ eë¯_vcbv wKsev gnvKvkhv‡bi MwZwewa wbqš �‡Y

Kw¤cDUvi cvjb Ki‡Q Afvebxq f‚wgKv| GLb Kw¤cDUvi eëüZ n‡PQ †ij I

wegv‡bi wUwKU wewµ, Avmb msi¶Y BZ¨vw` Kv‡R| `vjvb-†KvVvi bKkv ˆZwi,

AvenvIqvi c�e©vfvm †Ìqv, gvbwPÎ I Qwe AuvKv -meB Kw¤cDUv‡i Kiv hvq|

B›Uvi‡bU ev Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g c„w_ex GLb G‡m †M‡Q nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq|

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ gyn �‡Z©B nvRvi nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi ` �‡ii Kv‡iv Kv‡Q B-†gBj

(wPwV) cvVv‡bv hvq, Qwe cvVv‡bv ev K_v ejv hvq, we‡k¦i Z_¨-fvÊvi †_‡K †h

†Kv‡bv Z_¨ mÜvb Kiv hvq| GQvovI ` �i �ivš�‡ii eÜz evÜ‡ei m‡½ Avjvc

Kiv hvq|

Avgvi evsjv eB 57

UªvwdK ms‡KZ Ñ hvbevnb PjvP‡ji wb‡`©k| UªvwdK ms‡KZ †g‡b bv Pj‡j yN©Ubv n‡Z cv‡i|

gnvKvkhvb Ñ gnvKv‡k hvIqvi Rb¨ hvb, i‡KU| gvbyl gnvKvkhv‡b K‡i Puv‡` wM‡q‡Q|

msi¶Y Ñ we‡klfv‡e ivLv| wegv‡b Avmb msi¶‡Yi we‡kl eë¯’v _v‡K| c �e©vfvm Ñ NUbv NUvi AvMvg Bw½Z| †eZvi I wUwf‡Z AvenvIqvi

c �e©vfvm †Ìqv nq| B›Uvi‡bU Ñ Kw¤cDUv‡ii †hvMv‡hvM eë¯_v| Avgvi eÜzi Kw¤cDUv‡i

B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM Av‡Q| B-†gBj Ñ B‡jKUªwbK †gBj, Kw¤cDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡k-we‡`‡k

evZ©v, wPwVcÎ BZ¨vw` Av`vb cÖ v‡bi eë¯_v| Avgvi eogvgv jÊb †_‡K Avgv‡K B-†gBj cvVvb|

we‡bv`b Ñ Avb›``vb| Kw¤cDUvi †Mg GLb wkï‡ì we‡bv`‡bi gva¨g| 2. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K) Kw¤cDUvi Kx? L) Kw¤cDUvi wnmve ivL‡Z Kxfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i? M) UvBc I Qvcvi Kv‡R Kw¤cDUvi Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i? N) †jLv-cov †kLvi †¶‡Î Kw¤cDUvi Kx ai‡bi Kv‡R jv‡M? O) Kw¤cDUvi Kx Kx ai‡bi KvR wbqš�Y K‡i? P) B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Avgiv Kx ai‡bi myweav cvB? Q) we‡bv`‡bi †¶‡Î Avgiv Kw¤cDUvi‡K Kxfv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi? 3. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã †e‡Q wb‡q euv w`‡Ki k‡ãi m‡½ wgjvB wbw`©ó gyn �Z© Afvebxq A¼ kZ kZ eëmv cÖwZôvb AmvaviY †jLv eo eo hš � AevK Kiv KvR K‡qK MwYZÁ †QvU-eo cwieZ©b UvBc Kiv Ae`vb

58 Avgvi evsjv eB

4. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã G‡b k �b¨¯_vb c �iY Kwi

K) Kw¤cDUvi nj GK ai‡bi ⎯| AvKl©Yxq

L) GK mgq Kw¤cDUvi wQj ⎯ MYbvi hš¿| B›Uv‡b‡Ui

M) Qvcvi Rb¨ Kw¤cDUv‡i ⎯ bv‡g GKUv hš¿ _vKv PvB| wnmve

N) Kw¤cDUv‡i †jLvcov n‡q D‡V‡Q A‡bK ⎯ | hš�

O) ⎯ gva¨‡g B-†gBj cvVv‡bv hvq| wcÖ›Uvi

5. wecixZ kã wjwL

fv‡jv Ñ

wbw ©ó Ñ

fzj Ñ

N‡i Ñ

wVK Ñ

A‡bK Ñ

6. wb‡Pi kã¸wj †hme k‡ãi A_© †m¸wj cvV †_‡K Luy‡R wbB Ñ iKg

Ñ †Mvbv

Ñ `vIqv‡Zi wPwV

Ñ Qvcvi hš�

Ñ fvev hvq bv Ggb

Ñ mvnvh¨

Ñ †LuvR

Ñ we¯§q

7. wb‡Pi kã¸wj w`‡q wb‡R evK¨ iPbv Kwi

aviYv, wbw ©ó, Rxeb, gyn�Z©, Afvebxq, AmvaviY, AvKl©Yxq, MwZwewa, gy‡Vv, Avjvc|

Avgvi evsjv eB 59

GK eQ‡ii ivRv myKzgvi ivq

GK wQ‡jb mI`vMi- Zuvi GKwU mvgvb¨ µxZ`vm Zuvi GKgvÎ †Q‡j‡K Rj †_‡K

euvPvq| mI`vMi Lywk n‡q Zv‡K gyw³ †Zv w`‡jbB, Zv Qvov RvnvR †evSvB KÕ†i

bvbv iKg evwY‡R¨i wRwbm Zv‡K eKwkk w`‡q ej‡jb, Òmgy ª cvi n‡q we‡`‡k

hvI- GB me wRwbm †e‡P hv UvKv cv‡e, meB †Zvgvi|Ó gwb‡ei KvQ †_‡K we`vq

wb‡q †m Rvnv‡R P‡o iIbv nj evwYR¨ Ki‡Z|

wKš�y evwYR¨ Kiv Avi nj bv| mgy‡ ªi gvSLv‡b Zzdvb D‡V RvnvRwU‡K †f‡O-Pz‡i

wRwbmcÎ †jvKRb †Kv_vq †h fvwm‡q wbj, Zvi Avi †LvuR cvIqv †Mj bv|

µxZ`vmwU A‡bK K‡ó nveyWzey †L‡q, GKUv Øx‡ci Povq G‡m †VKj| †mLv‡b

WvOvq D‡V †m Pvwiw`‡K †P‡q †`Lj, Zvi Rvnv‡Ri wPýgvÎ bvB, Zvi mv‡_i

†jvKRb †KD bvB| ZLb †m nZvk n‡q mgy‡`ªi av‡i evwji Dci e‡m coj|

Zvici hLb mÜ¨v n‡q Gj, ZLb †m D‡V Øx‡ci wfZi w`‡K †h‡Z jvMj| †mLv‡b

eo eo Mv‡Qi eb- Zvici cÖKvÊ gvV, Avi ZviB wVK gvSLv‡b PgrKvi kni|

kn‡ii dUK w`‡q gkvj nv‡Z †gjvB †jvK evi n‡PQ| Zv‡K †`L‡Z †c‡qB †mB

†jv‡Kiv wPrKvi KÕ†i ejj, Ògnviv‡Ri ïfvMgb †nvK| gnvivR `xN©Rxex nDb|Ó

Zvici mevB Zv‡K LvwZi KÕ†i RgKv‡jv Mvwo‡Z Pwo‡q, cÖKvÊ GK cÖvmv‡` wb‡q

†Mj| †mLv‡bi PvKi¸‡jv ZvovZvwo ivR‡cvkvK G‡b Zv‡K mvwR‡q w`j|

mevB ej‡Q, ÔgnvivRÕ, ÔgnvivRÕ, ûKzg gvÎ mevB PU&cU& KvR Ki‡Q, Gme †`‡Lï‡b †m †ePviv G‡Kev‡i AevK| †m fvej meB eywS ¯cœ- eywS Zvi wb‡RiB gv_v Lvivc n‡q‡Q ZvB GiKg g‡b n‡”Q| wKš�y µ‡g †m eyS‡Z cvij †m †R‡MB Av‡Q Avi w`we¨ ÁvbI i‡q‡Q, Avi hv hv NU‡Q me mwZ¨B| ZLb †m †jvK‡`i ejj, ÒG wK iKg n‡”Q ej †Zv? Avwg †Zv Gi wKQyB eySwQ bv| †Zvgiv †KbB ev Avgvq ÔgnvivRÕ ejQ Avi †KbB ev Ggb m¤§vb †`Lv”Q?Ó

60 Avgvi evsjv eB

ZLb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K GK ey‡ov D‡V ejj, ÒgnvivR, Avgiv †KD gvbyl bB-

hwÌ Avgv‡ì †Pnviv wVK gvby‡liB g‡Zv| A‡bKw`b Av‡M Avgiv Ôgvbyl ivRvÕ

cvevi Rb¨ mevB wg‡j cÖv_©bv K‡iwQjvg; KviY, gvby‡li g‡Zv eyw×gvb Avi †K

Av‡Q? †mB †_‡K AvR ch©š� Avgv‡ì gvbyl ivRvi Afve nqwb| cÖwZ erm‡i

GKwU KÕ†i gvbyl GBLv‡b Av‡m, Avi Avgiv Zv‡K GK erm‡ii Rb¨ ivRv Kwi| Zvi

ivRZ¡ ïay H GK erm‡ii Rb¨B| ermi †kl n‡jB Zv‡K me Qvo‡Z nq| Zv‡K

Rvnv‡R KÕ†i †mB giyf‚wgi †`‡k †i‡L Avmv nq, †hLv‡b mvgvb¨ dj Qvov Avi wKQy

Avgvi evsjv eB 61

cvIqv hvq bv- Avi mvivw`b nvofvOv LvUzwb †L‡U evwj bv LyÕo‡j GK NwU RjI

†g‡j bv| Zvici Avevi byZb ivRv Av‡m- GB iK‡g erm‡ii ci ermi Avgv‡ì

P‡j Avm‡Q|Ó

ZLb `vmivRv ej‡jb, ÔÔAvPQv ej †Zv- Gi Av‡M †Zvgv‡ì ivRviv Kx iKg

¯fv‡ei †jvK wQ‡jb?Ó ey‡ov ejj, ÒZuviv mevB wQ‡jb Amveavb Avi Lvg-

†Lqvwj| mvivwU eQi mevB ïay RuvKRg‡K Av‡gv‡` Avn¬v‡` w`b KvUv‡Zb- eQi

†k‡l Kx n‡e †KD †m K_v fve‡Zb bv|Ó

bZzb ivRv gb w`‡q me ïb‡jb, eQ‡ii †k‡l Zuvi Kx n‡e GB K_v †f‡e KÕw`b

Zuvi Nyg nj bv!

Zvici †m †`‡ki mK‡ji †P‡q Ávbx Avi cwÊZ hviv, Zv‡ì †W‡K Avbv nj, Avi

ivRv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wgbwZ KÕ†i ej‡jb, ÒAvcbviv Avgv‡K Dc‡`k w`b- hv‡Z eQi

†k‡l GB me©‡b‡k w`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ �yZ n‡Z cvwi|Ó

ZLb me‡P‡q cÖexY e„× †h, †m ejj, ÒgnvivR, k�b¨ nv‡Z Avcwb G‡mwQ‡jb, k�b¨ nv‡ZB Avevi †mB †`‡k †h‡Z n‡e- wKš�y GB GK eQi Avcwb Avgv‡ì hv BPQv nq ZvB Kiv‡Z cv‡ib| Avwg ewj- GB †ejv iv‡Rï I¯�v` †jvK‡ì †mB †`‡k cvwV‡q, †mLv‡b evwo K‡i, evMvb K‡i, Pvlev‡mi eë¯_v K‡i Pvwiw`K my›ì K‡i ivLyb| ZZw`‡b d‡j dz‡j †`k f‡i DV‡e, †mLv‡b †jv‡Ki hvZvqvZ n‡e| Avcbvi GLvbKvi ivRZ¡ †kl n‡ZB †mLv‡b Avcwb my‡L ivRZ¡ Ki‡eb| ermi †Zv †`L‡Z †`L‡Z P‡j hv‡e, A_P KvR Avcbvi †Xi; Kv‡RB ewj, GB †ejv †L‡U-Ly‡U me wVK K‡i wbb|Ó ivRv ZLbB ûKzg w`‡q †jvKj¯‹i, wRwbmcÎ, Mv‡Qi Pviv, d‡ji exR, Avi eo eo KjKâv cvwV‡q Av‡M †_‡K †mB giyf‚wg‡K my›ì K‡i mvwR‡q ¸wQ‡q ivL‡jb|

Zvici eQi hLb dzwi‡q Gj, ZLb cÖRviv Zuvi QÎ, gyKzU, ivR`Ê me wdwi‡q wbj,

Zuvi ivRvi †cvkvK Qvwo‡q GK eQi Av‡MKvi †mB mvgvb¨ Kvco cwi‡q, Zuv‡K

62 Avgvi evsjv eB

Rvnv‡R Zz‡j †mB giyf‚wgi †`‡k †i‡L Gj| wKš�y †m †`k Avi GLb giyf‚wg bvB-

Pvwiw`‡K Ni evwo, c_ NvU, cyKzi evMvb| †m †`k GLb †jv‡K †jvKviY¨| Zviv

mevB G‡m Avb‡›ì mv‡_ Zuv‡K wb‡q wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q w`j| GK eQ‡ii ivRv

†mLv‡b AvRxeb ivRZ¡ Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|

(cwigvwR©Z)

cvV wkwL

1. †R‡b wbB

M‡íi µxZ`vmwU mI`vM‡ii cy‡Îi Rxeb euvwP‡qwQj Ges mI`vMi Zv‡K

cyi¯‹…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| SoZzdv‡b cyi¯‹vi m‡gZ Zvi RvnvR Wz‡e hvq|

†Kv‡bvg‡Z Zvi Rxeb i¶v cvq| GK Øx‡c †m Avkªq †bq| †mLvbKvi

Awaevmxiv Zv‡K GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ ivRv evbvq| ivRv n‡q †m Øx‡ci Ávbx I

e„×‡ì civgk© g‡Zv giyf‚wg‡Z bZzb ivR¨ ¯_vcb K‡i Ges eQi †k‡l †m

H bZzb iv‡R¨ P‡j hvq I Avg„Zz¨ †mLv‡b ivRZ¡ K‡i| MíwU‡Z GB K_v ejv

n‡q‡Q †h, ü`q I eyw×‡Z gvbylB m„wói †miv|

2. k‡ãi A_© wkwL

mI`vMi − ewYK, whwb cY¨ †ePv †Kbv K‡ib|

µxZ`vm − †Kbv †Mvjvg|

evwYR¨ − eëmv|

eKwkk − Lywk n‡q wKQy `vb Kiv| cvwi‡ZvwlK|

gwbe − cÖfz, gvwjK|

Zzdvb − So, Lye †Rv‡i evZvmmn e„wó|

nveyWzey − Amvgvjfv‡e R‡j †Wvev-IVv|

Øxc − Pvicv‡k Rj I gvSLv‡b DuPz Rwg ev f‚wg|

Avgvi evsjv eB 63

WvOv − DuPz f‚wg, ¯_j, R‡ji cv‡ki f‚wg, b xcyKzi BZ¨vw i cv‡ki f‚wg|

nZvk − wbivk, Avkvnxb|

cÖKvÛ − Lye eo|

dUK − evB‡ii `iRv, ewnØ©vi|

ivRZ¡ − ivR¨ kvmb, †`k Pvjv‡bv|

giyf‚wg − Rj-Dw™¢` wKQyB †bB GiKg evjyKvgq ¯_vb|

I¯�v` − AwfÁ, whwb Rv‡bb, cvi`k©x|

†Xi − A‡bK|

QÎ − QvZv|

3. `ywU kã wg‡j Kx K‡i GKwU kã nq Zv wkwL : †jvK + AiY¨ = †jvKviY¨ ïf + AvMgb = ïfvMgb GKB iKg AviI Rvbv kã cwo I wjwL : m �h© + D`q = m �‡h©v`q m �h© + A¯� = m �h©v¯� BwZ + Avw` = BZ¨vw` we`¨v + Avjq = we`¨vjq ïf + BPQv = ï‡fPQv

4. GKB k‡ã ev‡K¨i e³e¨ welq‡K cÖKvk Kiv wkwL : whwb mveavb bb Ñ Amveavb whwb KíbvcÖeY Ñ †Lqvjx hv me wKQy bvk ev aŸsm K‡i †`q Ñ me©‡b‡k `xN© Rxeb hvi Ñ `xN©Rxex GKB iKg AviI Rvbv e³e¨ welq‡K GKwU k‡ã cÖKvk Kwi, cwo I wjwL : whwb MvB‡Z cv‡ib Ñ MvB‡q whwb `vb K‡ib Ñ `vZv

64 Avgvi evsjv eB

Avq ey‡S e¨q K‡i †h - wgZe¨qx

†Kvb fq †bB hvi - AKz‡Zvfq

Rvbvi BPQv - wRÁvmv

mvnm Av‡Q hvi - mvnmx

5. euv cv‡ki k‡ãi mv‡_ Wvb cv‡ki kã wgjvB : †f‡O j¯‹i

nvey NvU

†jvK Ly‡U

Kj Pz‡i

evR evwo

†L‡U LvB

Ni Kâv

c_ Wzey

6. ms‡¶‡c DËi ewj I wjwL : K) †K mI`vM‡ii †Q‡j‡K Rj †_‡K euvPvq?

L) µxZ`vmwU †Kv_vq G‡m †VKj?

M) kn‡ii dUK w`‡q †jv‡Kiv Kxfv‡e †ei n‡PQ?

N) †jv‡Kiv wPrKvi K‡i Kx ejj?

O) bZzb ivRv Ávbx Avi cwÊZ‡`i Kv‡Q wgbwZ K‡i Kx ej‡jb?

7. we¯�vwiZfv‡e ewj I wjwL : K) µxZ`vmwU Øx‡ci Povq Avmvi ci Kx Kx †`Lj?

L) Øx‡ci Awaevmx‡`i mv‡_ µxZ`vmwUi Kx Kx Avjvc nj?

M) me‡P‡q cÖexY e„× bZzb ivRv‡K Kx e‡j Dc‡`k w`‡jb?

8. fwel¨‡Z wb‡Ri Rxeb Kxfv‡e Mo‡Z PvB †m wel‡q GKwU iPbv wjwL|

Avgvi evsjv eB 65

RvbvRvwb Avmv` †PŠayix

evsjv‡`‡ki cvwL †Kb gayi my‡i Wv‡K,

Rv‡bv?

Rvwb Rvwb Rvwb|

cvwLi fvlvi gvb w`‡Z †h

evOvwj †`q RvbÑ

cvwL †h Zv Rv‡b,

ZvB‡Zv cvwL cvMj K‡i,

wenvb †ejvi Mv‡b|

evsjv‡`‡ki AvKvk †Kb Kcv‡j wUc Auv‡K,

Rv‡bv?

Rvwb Rvwb Rvwb|

D`vi AvKvk †h Ñ Bkvivq

WvK w`‡q hvq cÖv‡Y,

evOvwj Zv Rv‡b|

ZvB‡Zv AvKvk wUc w`‡q hvq,

jjv‡Ui gvSLv‡b|

66 Avgvi evsjv eB

cvV wkwL

1. wb‡Pi K_v¸‡jvi A_© †R‡b wbB :

fvlvi gvb w`‡Z Ñ fvlvi m¤§vb i¶v Kivi Rb¨|

evOvwj †`q Rvb Ñ evsjv fvlvi gvb i¶vi Rb¨ evOvwjiv cÖvY w`‡q‡Qb, knx` n‡q‡Qb| 1952 mv‡ji 21†k †deªyqvwi eiKZ, mvjvg, iwdK, ReŸvi, kwdDi mn A‡b‡K evsjv fvlvi Rb¨ Rvb w`‡q‡Qb|

wenvb †ejvi Mv‡b Ñ cvwLi wKwPiwgwPi k‡ã †fvi‡ejv Avgv‡ì Nyg fv‡O| cvwLi GB Wv‡K Avgiv †hb ïb‡Z cvB Avgv‡ìB fvlvi RqMvb|

Kcv‡j wUc Auv‡K Ñ evsjvi AvKvk hLb jvj nq ZLb g‡b nq knx‡ì i‡³i wUc c‡i Av‡Q|

D`vi AvKvk †h Ñ Bkvivq -evsjvi AvKvk †hgb cÖk¯Z †Zgwb D`vi| evsjvi gvby‡li ü`qI †Zgwb D`vi| GB D`vi AvKv‡k hLb jvj m~‡h©i Avfv Qwo‡q c‡o ZLb g‡b nq wUc c‡i Av‡Q GB AvKvk|

Avgvi evsjv eB 67

2. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L gy‡L ewj I wjwL t

K) evsjv‡`‡ki cvwL gayi my‡i Wv‡K †Kb?

L) cvwLi Wv‡Ki g‡a¨ Avgiv Kx ïb‡Z cvB?

M) evsjv‡`‡ki AvKvk Kcv‡j wUc Auv‡K †Kb?

3. evg w`K I Wvb w`‡Ki kã wgwj‡q cwo|

gayi gvSLv‡b

fvlvi AvKvk

wenvb my‡i

D`vi Auv‡K

jjv‡Ui gvb

cvMj †ejvi

wUc K‡i

4. ÔRvbvRvwbÕ KweZvwU Ave„wË Kwi I wjwL|

†jLK cwiwPwZ

Avmv` †PŠayixi Rb¥ 1943 wLªóv‡ãi 11B †deªyqvwi ewikvj †Rjvi Djvwbqvq|

Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb PvKwi, Aa¨vcbv I mvsevw`KZvi m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb| Kwe Ges

wkï mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡eI wZwb L¨vwZgvb| wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, AMÖYx

e¨vsK wkï mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vimn †ek wKQy cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Qb| Zuvi iwPZ

wkï‡Zvl MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡j −L‡hvM¨ : ÔivRv ev`kvi MíÕ, ÔMÖvg evsjvi MíÕ,

Ôwfb †`‡ki gRvi †jvKKvwnbxÕ BZ¨vw`|

68 Avgvi evsjv eB

wbgš�Y RmxgD & xb

Zywg hv‡e fvB - hv‡e †gvi mv‡_ Avgv‡ì †QvU Muvq, Mv‡Qi Qvqv jZvq cvZvq D`vmx e‡bi evq ;

gvqv ggZvq RovRwo Kwi †gvi †MnLvwb iwnqv‡Q fwi,

gv‡qi ey‡K‡Z, †ev‡bi Av`‡i, fv‡qi †ø‡ni Qvq, Zzwg hv‡e fvB - hv‡e †gvi mv‡_ Avgv‡ì †QvU Muvq| †QvU MuvILvwb - †QvU b`x P‡j, Zvwi GKcvk w`qv, Kv‡jv Rj Zvi gvwRqv‡Q †Kev Kv‡Ki P¶y wbqv|

Nv‡Ui wKbv‡i Av‡Q euvav Zix, cv‡ii Lei UvbvUvwb Kwi ;

webvm�Zx gvjv Muvw_‡Q wbZzB Gcvi Icvi w`qv ; euvKv duv` †c‡Z Uvwbqv Avwb‡Q yBwU Z‡Ui wnqv|

Zzwg hv‡e fvB - hv‡e †gvi mv‡_ †QvU †m KvRj Muvq, MjvMwj awi Kjv eb †hb wNwiqv i‡q‡Q Zvq|

miy c_Lvwb m �Zvq euvwaqv ` �i cw_‡K‡i Avwb‡Q Uvwbqv,

e‡bi nvIqvq, Mv‡Qi Qvqvq, awiqv ivwL‡e Zvq ; eyKLvwb Zvi f‡i †`‡e eywS gvqv Avi ggZvq| Zzwg hw` hvI - †`wL‡e †mLv‡b gUi-jZvi m‡b,

mxg -Avi mxg - nvZ evov‡jB gywV f‡i †mBLv‡b| Zywg hw` hvI †m-me Kzov‡q,

bvovi Av¸‡b †cvov‡q †cvov‡q, Lve Avi hZ †Mu‡qv Pvlx‡ì WvwKqv wbgš�‡Y,

nvwmqv nvwmqv gywV gywV Zvnv wejvBe R‡b R‡b|

70 Avgvi evsjv eB

3. wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L ewj I wjwL

K) Kwe †Kv_vq hvIqvi Rb¨ e‡j‡Qb?

L) MÖvgwU †`L‡Z †Kgb?

M) Ôwbgš�YÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K MÖv‡gi msw¶ß eY©bv wjwL|

N) G KweZvq Kwe Kv‡K wbgš�Y K‡i‡Qb?

O) Kwe gywV gywV Kx wejv‡eb?

4. KweZvwU evievi kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯‡i ¯có I ï× D”Pvi‡Y cwo|


6. weivgwPý †`‡L Aa© hwZ I c�Y© hwZ eRvq †i‡L ¯�eK cwo|

Kwe cwiwPwZ : Kwe RmxgD & xb 1903 mv‡j dwi`cy‡ii Zv¤jLvbv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY

RmxgD & xb K‡iwQ‡jb| MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi I cÖK…wZi wbLyuZ Qwe Zuvi KweZvq

Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| Zuv‡K ejv nq cj−xKwe| RmxgD & x‡bi

weL¨vZ `ywU Kve¨Mv_v ÔbKmx Kuv_vi gvVÕ I Ô†mvRb evw`qvi

NvUÕ| Òwbgš �YÓ KweZvwU Ôavb‡¶ZÕ Kve¨Mª‡š_i Aš�fz©³|

1976 mv‡j Kwe g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 71

exi‡kªô nvwg`yi ingvb

1971 mvj| †m eo †MŠi‡ei mgq| †m eo `yt†Li mgq| †MŠie, KviY evsjvi

gvbyl jovB K‡iwQj ex‡ii g‡Zv| ytL, KviY nvbv`vi cvwK¯Zvwb evwnbx

wbôzifv‡e nZ¨v K‡iwQj wbixn kvwšZwcÖq gvbyl‡`i|

e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ evOvwjiv weRqx n‡qwQj wbe©vP‡b| wKšZy cvwK¯Zvwb kvm‡Kiv

KLbI Pvqwb evOvwjiv †`k cwiPvjbvi AwaKvi jvf KiyK| ZvB GKw`‡K Zviv

ejj Av‡jvPbvi K_v| Aciw`‡K †Mvc‡b ˆZwi nj Avµg‡Yi Rb¨| †mB wbôzi

AvµgY ïiy Kij 25†k gvP© iv‡Z| †mbvNuvwU †_‡K A¯Î nv‡Z cvwK¯Zvwb ˆmb¨iv

†ei n‡q Gj| †MÖdZvi Kij e½eÜz‡K| ïiy nj wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ|

wKš‘ Zviv RvbZ bv, gvby‡li ey‡Ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Av‡iK kw³| gyw³i ¯cœ gvbyl‡K

†hvMvq †mB wecyj kw³| †`kevmxi AšZ‡i Ggwb ¯cœ ey‡b w`‡qwQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL

gywReyi ingvb| 7B gv‡P©i Awe¯§iYxq fvl‡Y wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb, Ôevsjvi gvbyl gyw³

Pvq, evsjvi gvbyl euvP‡Z Pvq, evsjvi gvbyl AwaKvi Pvq|Õ

` ~i MÖv‡gi `wi ª K…lK cwiev‡ii †Q‡j nvwg yi ingvb| wZwbI †`‡LwQ‡jb gyw³i

72 Avgvi evsjv eB

¯cœ, ïb‡Z †c‡qwQ‡jb ¯vaxbZvi WvK| Avi ZLbB ey‡S wb‡qwQ‡jb Avcb KZ©e¨| wSbvB`‡ni g‡nkcyi _vbvi †Lvi`v Lvwjkcyi MÖv‡g Zuvi Rb¥| gv‡qi bvg Kvqmyb‡bmv| evevi bvg Av°vm Avjx gÊj| Afv‡ei msmvi, ZvB Aí eq‡mB A_© DcvR©‡bi †Póvq bvg‡Z nq nvwg yi‡K| ïiy‡ZB wZwb †hvM †`b 1g B÷‡e½j †iwR‡g‡›U| Muv‡qi Mwie †Q‡ji Rb¨ GUv †Zv g¯Z my‡hvM| cwiev‡ii Afve eywS Gevi NyPj|

gvP© gv‡m nvwg yi G‡mwQ‡jb MÖv‡g gv‡qi m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Z| cvwK¯Zvwb evwnbxi AvµgY ïiy n‡j wZwb GK gyn~Z© †`wi bv K‡i †e‡Q wb‡jb Zuvi c¶| Avi wd‡i †M‡jb bv cvwK¯Zvb †bŠ-evwnbx‡Z| gv‡qi †`vqv wb‡q †hvM †`b gyw³evwnbx‡Z| MÖv‡gi Mwie cwiev‡ii wbi¶i gv‡qi ey‡KI wQj Amxg ej| ZvB †Zv nvwmgy‡L wZwb †Q‡j‡K cvVv‡jb hy‡×i gq`v‡b|

A‡±vei gv‡mi †kl w`‡K| wm‡jU †Rjvi kªxg½j GjvKvq hy× Ki‡Qb nvwg yi ingvb| mxgvšZ‡Nulv ajB GjvKv| cÖPzi A¯Î Avi im` wb‡q GLv‡b k³fv‡e NuvwU †M‡o‡Q cvwK¯Zvwb evwnbx| GB NuvwU `Lj Ki‡Z cvi‡j weivU GjvKv gyw³evwnbxi AvIZvq Avbv hvq| ˆZwi nj Awfhv‡bi cwiKíbv| 28†k A‡±vei †fv‡ii Av‡jv dz‡U IVvi Av‡MB ïiy nj AvµgY| Pv-evMv‡bi †fZi nvgv¸wo w`‡Z w`‡Z GwM‡q †M‡jb nvwg yi| Zuvi Kv‡Q GKwU gvÎ nvjKv †gwkbMvb| P‡j G‡jb kÎyNuvwUi G‡Kev‡i KvQvKvwQ| AvKw¯§K Avµg‡Y nZf¤ n‡q coj kÎy ˆmbïv| wbnZ nj kÎy ‡ji AwabvqK I AviI K‡qKRb ˆmb¨| cwiw¯’wZ mvgvj w`‡q Zviv ïiy Kij cvëv AvµgY| wKšZy nvwg yi wcQy nU‡jb bv| jovB Pvwj‡q †M‡jb| nVvr GKwU ey‡jU G‡m we× nj Zuvi Kcv‡j| g„Zzï †Kv‡j X‡j co‡jb exi †hv×v| m½xiv kÎyi _vevi mvg‡b †_‡K wQwb‡q Avbj Zuvi jvk| cuvP w`b Aweivg hy‡×i ci gy³ nj ajB| nvwg`yi ingv‡bi AvZ¥`vb iPbv Kij gyw³i c_| ZvB †Zv wZwb Avgv‡ì RvZxq exi-exi‡kªô|

Rvbv-ARvbv-AíRvbv Ggwb KZ AMYb gvby‡li AvZ¥`v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q G‡m‡Q Avgv‡ì ¯vaxbZv| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡Qb exi‡kªô, exi-DËg, exiweµg, exicÖZxK|

74 Avgvi evsjv eB

wQwb‡q Avbj Ñ †K‡o wbj, wb‡Ri AwaKv‡i Avbj| - G †`‡ki gyw³Kvgx gvbyl †`‡ki ¯vaxbZv wQwb‡q Avbj|

AMYb Ñ AmsL¨, AMwYZ| - ¯vaxbZv hy‡× KZ AMYb knx‡ì i‡³ wm³ n‡q‡Q G †`‡ki gvwU|

AvZ¥`vbKvix Ñ huviv Rxeb w`‡q‡Qb| - AvZ¥`vbKvix-exi‡kªô nvwg yi ingvb‡K Avgiv fyje bv|

wecyj Ñ wekvj, weivU| - e½eÜzi ü`q wQj †`‡ki gvby‡li cÖwZ wecyj

fv‡jvevmvq fiv|

2. kã I evK¨vs‡ki wewkó cÖ‡qvM :

gvby‡li ey‡Ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Av‡iK kw³Ñ GLv‡b Ôkw³Õ gv‡b ej bq- mvnm|

GB mvnm gvbyl‡K GwM‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ g‡bi †fZi †Rvi G‡b †`q|

gyw³i ¯cœ gvbyl‡K †hvMvq wecyj kw³Ñ GLv‡bI Ôkw³Õ kãwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q,

Z‡e eëüZ n‡q‡Q †cÖiYv †Ìqv A‡_©|

Ggwb ¯cœ ey‡b w`‡qwQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbÑ GLv‡b Ô¯cœ ey‡b

†ÌqvÕ evK¨vskwU wewkó A‡_© cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb Avkv RvwM‡q

w`‡qwQ‡jb, †cÖiYv hywM‡qwQ‡jb, mvnm w`‡qwQ‡jb|

Ggwb AviI evK¨vsk i‡q‡Q G cv‡V| †hgb- gyw³i ¯cœ, gyw³i c_, gy³ nj|

G evK¨vskMy‡jv w`‡q Avjv`v Avjv`v evK¨ iPbv Ki‡Z cvwi Avgiv|

3. mwVK kã †e‡Q wb‡q evK¨My‡jv m¤c ~Y© Kwi|

K. †`kevmxi AšZ‡i Ggwb ¯cœ ⎯ w`‡qwQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb|

L. cwiev‡ii Afve eywS Gevi ⎯|

M. Zuvi gv‡qi ey‡K wQj ⎯|

N. AviI A‡bK ⎯exi Av‡Qb huv‡ì K_v Avgiv Rvwb bv|

Avgvi evsjv eB 75

4. GKePb I eûePb †evSvq Ggb kãMy‡jv wk‡L wbB I wjwL|

GKePb enyePb

Avwg Avgiv

Avgvi Avgv‡ì

Zzwg †Zvgiv

†Zvgvi †Zvgv‡ì

†m Zviv

wZwb Zuviv

Bwb Guiv

Zvi Zv‡ì

G Giv

Gi G‡ì

Gui Gu‡ì

GUv GMy‡jv

†mUv †mMy‡jv

I Iiv

IUv IMy‡jv

5. G cvV †_‡K cuvPwU GKePb I cuvPwU enyePb kã †ei Kwi Ges kãMy‡jvi wecixZ ePb wjwL| †hgbÑ

ˆmb¨ - GKePb ˆmbïv - enyePb

evOvwj - GKePb evOvwjiv - enyePb

iv, Giv, Myjv, ¸‡jv, mg~n BZ¨vw` QvovI k‡ãi enyePb nq| †hgb- †mbvevwnbx|

GLv‡b A‡bK ˆmb¨ Øviv MwVZ `j †evSv‡”Q|

76 Avgvi evsjv eB

6. cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi wjwL :

K. 1971 mvj Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †MŠi‡ei mgq †Kb?

L. cvwK¯Zvwb ˆmbïv 25†k gvP© iv‡Z Kx K‡iwQj?

M. G †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡b kw³ I mvnm Kxfv‡e †R‡M I‡VwQj? †K

RvwM‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb †mB kw³?

N. 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Y e½eÜy Kx †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb?

O. exi‡kªô nvwg yi ingvb †Kvb MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb? Zuvi evev I

gv‡qi bvg Kx?

P. nvwg yi gyw³evwnbx‡Z †hvM †Ìqvi Rb¨ Kxfv‡e DrmvwnZ n‡jb?

Q. wZwb †Kvb GjvKvq hy× Kivi mgq Kxfv‡e knx` n‡jb?

R. gyw³hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ me©‡kªô Dcvwa Kx?

S. gyw³hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Kx Kx Dcvwa cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q- †mMy‡jv µg

Abyhvqx †jL|

T. ÔAviI A‡bK AvZ¥`vbKvix exi Av‡Qb wbf„‡Z, mevi †Pv‡Li Avov‡jÕ-

Zuviv Kviv?

U. gyw³hy‡×i exi knx`‡ì K_v Avgv‡ì Rvb‡Z n‡e †Kb?

7. wecixZ kã wjwL :

weRq - civRq

`wi ª - abx

Afve - mPQjZv

c¶ - wec¶

kÎy - wgÎ

Avgvi evsjv eB 77

cvwie bv KvjxcÖmbœ †Nvl

cvwie bv G K_vwU ewjI bv Avi

†Kb cvwi‡e bv Zvnv fve GK evi,

cuvP R‡b cv‡i hvnv,

ZywgI cvwi‡e Zvnv,

cvi wK bv cvi Ki hZb Avevi

GK ev‡i bv cvwi‡j †`L kZ evi|

cvwie bv e‡j gyL KwiI bv fvi,

I K_vwU gy‡L †hb bv ïwb †Zvgvi,

Ajm A‡eva hviv

wKQyB cv‡i bv Zviv,

†Zvgvq †Zv †`wL bv K Zv‡`i AvKvi

Z‡e †Kb cvwie bv ej evi evi?

R‡j bv bvwg‡j †Kn wk‡L bv muvZvi

nuvwU‡Z wk‡L bv †Kn bv †L‡q AvQvo,

muvZvi wkwL‡Z n‡j

Av‡M Z‡e bvg R‡j,

AvQv‡o Kwiqv †njv, nuvU evi evi

cvwie ewjqv my‡L nI Av¸mvi|

78 Avgvi evsjv eB

cvV wkwL 1. †R‡b wbB †Kv‡bv Kv‡R A‡bK mgq cÖ_g cÖ_g mdjZv Av‡m bv| G ai‡bi Kv‡R mdj

n‡Z n‡j ZvB evievi †Póv Ki‡Z nq| KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡ZB gvbyl AwfÁZv jvf K‡i, Kv‡R `¶ I Rxe‡b mdj nq|

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© Ges eënvi wkwL hZb Ñ hZœ, †Póv, cÖqvm| hZ‡b iZb †g‡j| (ÔhZœÕ kã‡K KweZvq

Q‡›ì cÖ‡qvR‡b ÔhZbÕ †jLv n‡q‡Q)|

Ajm Ñ Kz‡o, Avj‡m| Ajm †jv‡Kiv wb‡R‡ì Rxe‡b `ytL †W‡K Av‡b|

A‡eva Ñ †h wVKg‡Zv †ev‡S bv, wb‡e©va| A‡eva n‡qv bv, eyw× LvwU‡q KvR Ki|

†njv Ñ AeÁv, D‡c¶v| KvR †QvU n‡jI Zv‡K †njv Kiv wVK bq|

Av¸mvi Ñ AMÖmi, GwM‡q hvIqv| Ômy‡L nI Av¸mviÕ (Avb‡›ì m‡½ GwM‡qhvI)|

3. K_v¸‡jv ey‡S wbB cvi wK bv cvi Ki hZb Avevi - †Kv‡bv Kv‡R GK ev‡i mdj bv n‡j †f‡O

co‡j Pj‡e bv| Kv‡R mdj n‡Z n‡j evievi †Póv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e| Av‡M Z‡e bvg R‡j- cvwb‡Z bv †b‡g †KD muvZvi wkL‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡Ri

†fZi w`‡q Avgv‡ì wkL‡Z n‡e| AvQv‡o Kwiqv †njv, nuvU evievi- cÖ_g evi nuvUvi †Póv Ki‡Z wM‡q wkïiv

AvQvo Lvq, e¨_vI cvq| ZvB e‡j wkï nuvUvi †Póv †Q‡o †`q bv| †m evievi †Póv K‡i Z‡e nuvU‡Z †k‡L|

4. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj Ges wjwL K. Kwe †Kvb K_vwU ej‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb? †Kb K‡i‡Qb? L. Kwe †Kb wj‡L‡Qb ÔGK ev‡i bv cvwi‡j †`L kZ evi|Õ M. †Kvb ai‡bi gvbyl wKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv? N. Rxe‡b eo nIqvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Kx Kiv ìKvi?

Avgvi evsjv eB 79

5. k�b¨¯_vb c �iY Kwi

cvwie bv e‡j ⎯ KwiI bv fvi,

I K_vwU gy‡L †hb bv ⎯ †Zvgvi,

Ajm ⎯ hviv

⎯ cv‡i bv Zviv,

†Zvgvq †Zv †`wL bv K Zv‡`i ⎯

Z‡e -cvwie bv ⎯ evi evi?

6. GB KweZvq ywU KvR †kLvi K_v Av‡Q| Av‡iv wZbwU KvR †kLvi K_v wjwL|

K. nuvU‡Z †kLv|

L. muvZvi KvU‡Z †kLv|

M. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

N.

O.

7. Ôcvwie bvÕ KweZvwU c‡o Kx eySjvg Zv cuvPwU c�Y© ev‡K¨ ewj I LvZvq wjwL|

Kwe cwiwPwZ :

KvjxcÖmbœ †Nvl

Kwe KvjxcÖmbœ †Nvl weµgcy‡i R‡b¥wQ‡jb 1843 mv‡j| wZwb mvwnwZ¨K I mvsevw`K wQ‡jb| m½xZ Ges KweZvI wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖ‡š_i g‡a¨ D‡j −L‡hvM¨ nj Ôwbf…Z-wPš�vÕ, Ôwbkx_-wPš�vÕ, ÔQvqv`k©bÕ BZ¨vw`| Òcvwie bvÓ KweZvwU Zuvi weL¨vZ wK‡kvi KweZv| 1910 mv‡j wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

80 Avgvi evsjv eB

†ngš� mywdqv Kvgvj

meyR cvZvi Lv‡gi †fZi

njy Muv`v wPwV wj‡L

†Kvb cv_v‡ii Icvi †_‡K

Avbj †W‡K †ngš�‡K?

Avbj †W‡K gUikuywU,

†Lmvwi Avi KjvB dz‡j

Avbj †W‡K Kzqvkv‡K

mvuS mKv‡j b`xi K‚‡j |

mKvj †ejvq wkwki †fRv

Nv‡mi Ici Pj‡Z wM‡q

nvjKv gayi kx‡Zi †Qvuqvq

kixi I‡V wkiwkwi‡q|

AviI Gj mv‡_ mv‡_

bZyb Mv‡Qi †LRyi i‡m

†jvf †`wL‡q wgwó wcVv

wgwó †iv‡` †L‡Z e‡m|

†ngš� Zvi wkwki †fRv

AvuPj Z‡j wkDwj †euvUvq

Py‡c- Py‡c is gvLvj AvKvk †_‡K †duvUvq †duvUvq|

Avgvi evsjv eB 81

cvV wkwL

1. †R‡b wbB

G KweZvq dz‡U D‡V‡Q †ngš� FZzi Qwe| evsjvi cÖK…wZ‡Z †ngš� FZz wb‡q

Av‡m Muv`v dz‡ji mgv‡ivn| gUiïuwU, †Lmvwi Avi KjvB dz‡j dm‡ji gvV

†n‡m I‡V| wkwki †fRv Nvm, kx‡Zi nvjKv Av‡gR, Avi mKv‡ji wgwó †iv`

Rvwb‡q †`q kx‡Zi Avi †`wi †bB|

2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© I e¨envi wkwL

cv_vi-mgy ª| AK‚j cv_vi cvi n‡q †m›U gvwU©b Øx‡c hvIqv hvq|

K‚j-Zxi| b`xi K‚‡j †R‡jiv Ni †eu‡a‡Q|

wkiwkwi‡q-wkiwki K‡i| VvÊv evZv‡m kixiUv wkiwkwi‡q DVj|

3. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi gy‡L ewj I wjwL

K) njy Mvu v Kv‡`i wPwV wj‡LwQj?

L) †ngš� Avmvq cÖK…wZ‡Z Kx Kx Gj?

M) wkwki-†fRv Nv‡mi Ici Pj‡Z wM‡q †Kgb jv‡M?

N) KLb †LRyi im I wcVv †L‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M?

O) KLb wkDwj dzj †dv‡U?

4. †Kvb †Kvb gvm wb‡q †ngš�Kvj? GB FZzi GKwU msw¶ß eY©bv wjwL|

5. Wvb cv‡ki kã¸‡jv †_‡K mwVK DËi Lyu‡R †ei Kwi

K) †KvbwU †ng‡š�i dmj? gUikuywU/gymywi/†Qvjv

L) †K wPwV wj‡L‡Q ? Mvu v/wkDwj/KjvB

M) †KvbwU †ng‡š�i dzj? Rev/Muv`v/Kvk dzj|

N) gUiïuwU, KjvB †Kvb FZzi dmj? MÖx®§/el©v/†ngš�|

82 Avgvi evsjv eB

6. GKB A_© nq Ggb kã¸‡jv †R‡b wbB

cv_vi ⎯ mgy ª, mvMi, Rjivwk|

AvKvk ⎯ MMb, Avmgvb, k�b¨|

†Quvqv ⎯ cik, ¯ck©|

wkwki ⎯ wng, bxnvi, Zylvi|

7. wb‡Pi †h K_v ‡jvi mv‡_ KweZvwUi K_vi wgj Av‡Q Zvi evg cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w B

K) Muv`v bxj cvZvi Lv‡g wPwV wj‡LwQj|

L) †ng‡š� kxZ co‡Z ïiy K‡i|

M) †ek Kov †iv` c‡o‡Q|


9. KweZvwU cwo I wjwL|

Kwe cwiwPwZ :

mywdqv Kvgvj

Kwe †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj 1911 wLªóv‡ã ewikv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Kwe I mgvR‡mex wQ‡jb| Zuvi weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖ‡š_i g‡a¨ Ômuv‡Si gvqvÕ, ÔgvqvKvbbÕ, ÔBZj weZjÕ, Ô¯wbe©vwPZ KweZv msKjbÕ BZ¨vw` D‡j−L‡hvM¨| 1999 wLªóv‡ã Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|

84 Avgvi evsjv eB

wcVviI †ek bvg Av‡Q| †Q‡jey‡ov mevB Gme wcVv †L‡Z fv‡jvev‡mb|

Pv‡ji Muyov cvwb‡Z Nb K‡i wgwk‡q fvRv nq wPZB wcVv| Zvici †LRyi ¸o †gkv‡bv

wgwó y‡a Zv wfwR‡q evbv‡bv nq ya-wPZB| mviv ivZ Nb y‡a wf‡R ya-wPZB i‡m

UzcUzc K‡i| gy‡L w`‡jB wcVvi i‡m gyL f‡i I‡V| †L‡q Avi Avk †g‡U bv|

kx‡Zi †fvi‡ejv bvi‡Kj Avi †LRyi ¸‡oi Mig-Mig fvcvwcVv †L‡Z mevB cQ›`

K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k ˆZwi nq bvbv iK‡gi cywjwcVv| euvKv Puv‡ì g‡Zv cywji

†fZ‡i _v‡K bvi‡Kj-¸o ev ¶x‡ii cyi| cywjwcVv †`L‡Z †hgb my›ì †L‡ZI

†Zgwb gRv| wgwó Nb y‡a Wzwe‡q †i‡L ˆZwi nq gRv`vi `yacywj| gvj‡cvqv,

Av‡›`kv, cvwUmvcUv I G‡jv‡Kkx- GmeI gRvi wcVv| †Z‡j Wzwe‡q fvRv nq

gvj‡cvqv|

Avgvi evsjv eB 85

GK GK iK‡gi wcVvi ¯v` GK GK iKg| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wcVv k³ K‡i fvRv

nq| †Kvb †Kvb wcVvq wgwói e`‡j eënvi Kiv nq Svj ev Svj-gvsm| Avevi

†Kv‡bv wcVv big Ges wgwó i‡m fiv|

G †`‡ki †g‡qiv bvbv iKg bKwkwcVvI ˆZwi K‡ib| Gme wcVvq AuvKv _v‡K

n‡iK iK‡gi bKkv| †LRyi-KvuUv, gb-KuvUv I euv‡ki wQjKv w`‡q bKkv Kiv nq|

wcVvi Mv‡q Gme bKkv Qwei g‡Zv dz‡U I‡V| dj, dzj, Puv`-Zviv I gv‡Qi

g‡Zv K‡iI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wcVv ˆZwi nq| bvbv iK‡gi Mv‡Qi cvZv, Kuy‡oNi,

Nywo, cvLv- GmeI AuvKv nq wcVvi Mv‡q|

bKwkwcVvi bvg¸‡jv fvwi my›ì| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wcVvi bvg KvRjjZv, k�LjZv,

mvRbxevnvi, evbfvwm I †gNWzgyi| cvZv-AuvKv wcVvi bvg wnRjcvZv, mR‡bcvZv I

gBdzwj| Avevi cÙw`wN, mvMiw`wN, RvgvBgyL, Kb¨vgyL, gq�i‡cLg I †gviMSzuwU bv‡gi

wcVvI Av‡Q| mvaviYZ we‡qi Drm‡e bvbv iK‡gi bKwkwcVvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki MÖvg¸‡jv‡ZB wcVvcywj ˆZwi nq †ewk| kn‡ii gvbylI wcVv cQ›`

K‡ib| AvRKvj kn‡i wcVvi †`vKvb n‡q‡Q| Gme †`vKv‡b bvbv ai‡bi wcVv

cvIqv hvq|

(1995 wk¶ve‡l©i PZz_© †kªYxi Avgvi eB †_‡K M„nxZ)

cvV wkwL


Rjw` Ñ ZvovZvwo, kxNª, ªyZ| †`wi K‡iv bv, Rjw` P‡j G‡mv|

AÂj Ñ GjvKv| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶YvÂ‡ji †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z Rv‡ji g‡Zv Qwo‡q Av‡Q A‡bK b`x|

cyi Ñ hv †fZ‡i †cviv nq| cywj wcVvq ¸o †gkv‡bv bvi‡K‡ji cyi †Ìqv nq|

Avgvi evsjv eB 87

n‡e Zey wkL‡Z †gvnv¤§` gvndzRDj−vn

evOvjx n‡jI †Zv n‡e fvB wkL‡Z

fv‡jv KÕ‡i evsjvUv co‡Z I wjL‡Z| †gŠwLK eywj bq †Pbv PvB A¶i Av‡Q ¯ieY© I e¨Äb ci ci ; bvbviƒc †Pnvivq bvbviƒc ai‡b

ivL‡Z †h n‡e me wPiKvj ¯§i‡Y| A¶i¸‡jv me cÖZx‡Ki wPý nq DPPviYI wfbœ-Awfbœ|

†mB aŸwb Abymv‡i A¶i mvwR‡q

kã‡K wb‡Z n‡e g‡b g‡b evwR‡q e¨vKiY-wewa wKQy Rvbv PvB ZeyI

bB‡j †h åvwš�Uv NyP‡e bv KfzI!

88 Avgvi evsjv eB

GBUzKz Rvbv n‡j

nqZ ev †jLvUv

myKwVb bq Avi

wbR fvlv †kLvUv|

wPiKvj Pj‡eB

†jLv Avi cov‡Z

cvi‡e bv gb †_‡K

†KD Zv‡K miv‡Z|

¯§„wZ Avi kªywZgq

fvlvUv‡K R¡vwj‡q

AvRxeb †h‡Z n‡e

me KvR Pvwj‡q|


K. evsjv fvlv fv‡jvfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z †kLv PvB| evsjv A¶i I k‡ãi

m‡½ fv‡jvfv‡e cwiPq bv n‡j Ges e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg bv Rvb‡j fv‡jvfv‡e

fvlv †kLv nq bv| evsjv fvlv‡K Rxe‡bi me ch©v‡q eënv‡ii Dc‡hvMx Kiv

ìKvi| G Rb¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì ì` w`‡q ivóªfvlv evsjv wkL‡Z I PP©v Ki‡Z

n‡e|


Avgvi evsjv eB 89

2. kãv_© ewj I wjwL eywj Ñ gy‡Li K_v|

¯§iY Ñ g‡b ivLv|

cÖZxK Ñ wPý, ms‡KZ|

NyP‡e Ñ fzj ms‡kvab n‡e, ` �i n‡e|

¯§„wZ Ñ ¯§iY, g‡b ivLv|

kªywZgq Ñ †kvbvi †hvM¨, †kvbv hv‡PQ Ggb|

AvRxeb Ñ mviv Rxeb|

3. cÖ‡kœi DËi wjwL I cwo K. fv‡jv K‡i evsjv fvlv co‡Z-wjL‡Z n‡j Kx Ki‡Z n‡e? L. e¨vKi‡Yi wewa †Kb Rvb‡Z n‡e? 4. Kwe ÔA¶iÕ †Pbvi K_v †Kb e‡j‡Qb? 5. A¶i¸‡jv wK‡mi wPý? 6. A¶i¸‡jvi DPPviY †Kgb nq? 7. kã‡K Kxfv‡e evwR‡q wb‡Z nq? 8. e¨vKiY-wewa †Kb Rvb‡Z n‡e? 9. Kx Kx wkL‡j wbRfvlv myKwVb g‡b nq bv? 10 AvRxeb me KvR Pvjvevi Rb¨ fvlv‡K D¾¡j K‡i †Kv_vq ivL‡Z nq? 11. Ôn‡e Zey wkL‡ZÕ QovwU Ave„wË Kwi| 12. QovwU wjwL| 13. wb‡Ri fvlv †Kb †ewk K‡i co‡Z I wjL‡Z n‡e?

Kwe cwiwPwZ :

†gvnv¤§` gvndzRDj−vn

Kwe †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzRDj −vn eªvþYevwoqvi bvINv‡U 1936 wLªóv‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb †ckvq mvsevw`K| Zuvi MÖš_¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ôw`K-w`Mš�‡iÕ, ÔAvcb fze‡bÕ, ÔRy‡jLvi gbÕ BZ¨vw` D‡j−L‡hvM¨|

92 Avgvi evsjv eB

eywoi K_v ï‡b ivRv †Zv †i‡M Av¸b| Zvi iv‡R¨ GZ eo Ab¨vq? ivRv nvwZ‡K †W‡K cvVv‡jb| ivRvi ûKzg †c‡q nvwZ Gj ivR-`iev‡i| ivRv‡K mvjvg Kij ïuo Zz‡j| ivRv †i‡M ej‡jb, nvwZ, †Zvgvi GZ mvnm? Zzwg eywoi Ryg avb mvevo K‡iQ?

nvwZ ejj, gnvivR, GK cvwR wcuc‡o Avgvi ïu‡o Kvg‡o w`‡q‡Q| Avi ZvB Avwg ivM K‡i eywoi avb †L‡q †d‡jwQ| ïu‡oi e¨_vq giwQ| Kuv`‡Z †M‡j †Pv‡Li cvwb‡Z ïuo hvq wf‡R| ZvB fv‡jv K‡i Kuv`‡ZI cvwi bv, gnvivR|

ivRv gnvfvebvq co‡jb| wVKB †Zv ïu‡o e¨_v n‡j nvwZi wK ûuk _v‡K? ivRv ûsKvi †Q‡o ej‡jb, wcuc‡oUv‡K †W‡K cvVvI| wcjwcj cv‡q wcuc‡o G‡m nvwRi nj| †m ejj, gnvivR, Avcwb KvU‡jI KvU‡Z cv‡ib, gvi‡jI gvi‡Z cv‡ib| Avgvi †Kvb Kmyi †bB|

ivRv wcuc‡o‡K agK w`‡q ej‡jb, GKUzKz Rxe Zzwg, †Zvgv‡K KvUvi RvqMv †Kv_vq? †Zvgv‡K duvwm‡Z †Svjve|

wcuc‡o ZLb f‡q f‡q ejj, ARMi Avgvi evmv †f‡O w`‡q‡Q| ZvB Avwg nvwZi ïuo Kvg‡o w`‡qwQ|

ivRvi ûKz‡g KvUv †jR wb‡q nvwRi nj ARMi| †m ivRv‡K Zvi KvUv †jRUv †`Lvj|

94 Avgvi evsjv eB

cvV wkwL 1. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi A_© I eënvi †R‡b wbB wPwe` MvQ Ñ iƒcK_vi KvíwbK MvQ| isivs cvwL Ñ iƒcK_vi KvíwbK cvwL| gMWvj Ñ Mv‡Qi DuPz kvLv| gMWv‡j e‡m NyNy WvK‡Q| m`©vi Ñ †bZv, cÖavb e¨w³| `‡ji †jv‡Kiv m ©v‡ii K_v †g‡b P‡j| ûuk Ñ Ávb| wec‡` c‡o Avgvi nuyk wQj bv| ûsKvi Ñ MR©b| wPwoqvLvbvq wms‡ni ûsKvi ï‡b wkïiv fq †cj| Kmyi Ñ †`vl| wcuc‡o ejj, Avwg †Kv‡bv Kmyi Kwiwb| Kzwb©k Ñ gv_v wbPz K‡i mvjvg Kiv| gš �x ivRv‡K Kzwb©k Ki‡jb| evRLuvB Ñ cÖPÊ, Zxeª, KK©k| evN evRLuvB Mjvq AvIqvR K‡i ejj, Avgvi evmvq †K †i? 2. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi mwVK eënvi K‡i k�b¨¯_vb c �iY Kwi †fuv-†`Šo, †i‡M‡g‡M, wcjwcj, Kmyi, †U‡b-wnuP‡o| K) evN †Zv-Av¸b| L) fq †c‡q nwiYUv w`j GK-| M) Ñ cv‡q wcuc‡o G‡m nvwRi nj| N) ivRv ej‡jb, -K‡i‡Q Kz‡bve¨vO| O) cv a‡i Kz‡bve¨vO‡K-wb‡q Gj| 3. wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv cwo K) Kz‡bve¨vO ejj, cvjvI fvB, kwbevi So DV‡e| L) nwiY ivRv‡K Kzwb©k K‡i ejj, gnvivR, Avgvi †Kv‡bv †`vl †bB| M) ivRv ej‡jb, wcuc‡oUv‡K †W‡K cvVvI|

Ic‡ii cÖ_g ev‡K¨ Aby‡iva Kiv, wØZxq ev‡K¨ †`vl ¯xKvi K‡i webq †`Lv‡bv Ges Z…Zxq ev‡K¨ Av‡`k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

4. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K) Kz‡bve¨vO UzbUzwb‡K Kx Lei w`‡qwQj? L) Lei ï‡b UzbUzwb Kx Kij? M) nwiY Kx Kij? N) ARMi wcuc‡oi evmv †f‡O w`j †Kb? O) eywo nvwZi weiy‡× Kx bvwjk Kij? 5. Avgvi Rvbv GKwU iƒcK_vi Mí ewj|

96 Avgvi evsjv eB

cÂvbb Avb‡›` †Mv‡gR‡K Rwo‡q aij| ej‡jv, Ô†`L †Mv‡gR, Zzwg Avgv‡ì `ywðš�v �i Ki‡j|Õ †Mv‡gR ejj, Ôgvbyl ywðš�v K‡i wKQy Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, wPš�v Ki‡Z nq| Avwg wPš�v K‡iB mgev‡qi K_v e‡jwQ|Õ G mgq †gv¯�dvi g‡b Av‡m eûgyLx mgevq mwgwZi K_v| †m fvej, cÂvb‡bi D”Pdjbkxj dmj, Zvi wb‡Ri mgy ª †_‡K a‡i Avbv eo eo gvQ †Mv‡g‡Ri †nv‡U‡ji Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mieivn Kiv hv‡e| †m n‡e cwienY g¨v‡bRvi| †m AviI fvej, AvMvgx eQi †_‡K Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K wb‡Ri cv‡q uvov‡Z cvi‡e| e¨vsK FY cwi‡kva K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡e| †gv¯�dv Zvi G fvebvi K_v mKj‡K Rvbvj| nVvr cÂvbb mKj‡K ïwb‡q ejj, Avgv‡ì mgevq mwgwZi bvg n‡e Ò†mvbvi evsjv mgevq mwgwZÓ| †gv¯�dv ejj, bvgwU Lye my›ì n‡q‡Q| cvuP eQi ci †mvbvi evsjv mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨ n‡q‡Q GKkZ cÂvk Rb| †`ke¨vcx mwgwZi eë¯_vcbv, Drcv`b-eë¯_v I Avw_©K AMÖMwZ wb‡q cÎ-cwÎKvq m¤cv`Kxq †jLv nj| †mvbvi evsjv mgevq mwgwZi wZb Rb †ckvRxex‡K ¯xK…wZ w`‡jb †`‡ki gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZ| cyi®‹v‡i f‚wlZ n‡jb wZb Rb eyw×gvb, mvnmx I cwikªgx gvbyl|

cvV wkwL 1. kãv_© †R‡b wbB I evK¨ ˆZwi Kwi

AK¬vš�- K¬vwš�nxb| izcvB AK¬vš� cwikªg K‡i fv‡jv dmj dwj‡q‡Q| mßvnv‡š�- mßv‡ni †k‡l| cÂvbb mßvnv‡š� mwgwZi Znwe‡j lvU UvKv Rgv K‡ib| D”P djbkxj exR - †h ex‡R AwaK cwigvY dmj R‡b¥| D”P djbkxj exR eënvi K‡i AwaK dmj cvIqv hvq|

Avgvi evsjv eB 97

gvB‡b- †eZb| dqmj gv‡m A‡bK UvKv †eZb cvq| FY- avi, KR©| F‡Yi UvKv w`‡q K…wl hš�cvwZ †Kbv hvq| Uªjvi- BwÄb PvwjZ †bŠKv| AvRKvj Uªjv‡i P‡o A‡bK �‡i hvIqv hvq| mgevq- A‡b‡K wg‡j ev †hŠ_fv‡e KvR Kiv| mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i A‡bK eo KvR Kiv hvq| cvIqvi wUjvi- K‡ji jvOj| cvIqvi wUjvi w`‡q A‡bK Rwg Pvl Kiv hvq| `ywðš�v- `yf©vebv, D‡ØM, gvbwmK Akvwš�, g›` ev AïfKi †Kv‡bv wKQyi f‡q wPš�v| †gv¯�dv UvKvi Afv‡e ywðš�vq co‡jb| SoSÅv- SwUKv, Soe„wó| SoSÅv D‡c¶v K‡i †R‡jiv gvQ a‡i| 2. Wvb cv‡ki kã w`‡q duvKv Ni c �iY Kwi K…lK Avi ⎯ g‡a¨ wQj mßvn Mjvq Mjvq ⎯| yR‡b mviv Av‡jvPbvq ⎯ cwikªg K‡i| mßvnv‡š� fve `yB eÜy ⎯ e‡m ⎯ av‡ii ⎯| b`xi eUZjvq AK¬vš� †R‡ji 3. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj I wjwL K) K…lK †Kvb MÖv‡g _vK‡Zb? L) †R‡ji MÖv‡gi bvg Kx? M) †Mv‡gR †Kv_vq KvR K‡ib? N) †Kv_v †_‡K †QvULv‡Uv FY †bIqv hvq? O) mgevq mwgwZi Kx bvg ivLv n‡qwQj? 4. wecixZ kã wjwL : mgvavb, †ewk, `wi ª, Avb›`, ej`| 5. K…lK Kxfv‡e dmj djvb Zvi eY©bv w`B| 6. †R‡jiv Kx Kx w`‡q gvQ a‡i Zv ewj I wjwL| 7. evsjv‡`‡ki K…lK m¤c‡K© cuvPwU evK¨ wjwL| 8. hy³eY©¸‡jv Avjv`v Kwi cÂvbb - Â = T& + P AK¬vš� - K = K& + j, kvwš� - š� = b& + Z

e¨v¼ - ¼ = O& + K wWw½ - ½ = O& + M SÅv - Å = T& + S

98 Avgvi evsjv eB

¯^‡`k Avnmvb nvexe

GB †h b`x b`xi †Rvqvi †bŠKv mv‡i mv‡i, GKjv e‡m Avcb g‡b e‡m b`xi av‡i GB QwewU †Pbv| g‡bi g‡a¨ hLb Lywk GB QwewU AvuwK GK cv‡k Zvi Rviyj Mv‡Q ywU njy cvwL, Ggwb cvIqv GB QwewU Kwo‡Z bq †Kbv| gv‡Vi c‡i gvV P‡j‡Q †bB †hb Gi †kl bvbv Kv‡Ri gvbyl¸‡jv Av‡Q bvbvb †ek, gv‡Vi gvbyl hvq gv‡V Avi nv‡Ui gvbyl nv‡U, †`‡L †`‡L GKwU †Q‡ji mvivUv w`b Kv‡U| GB †Q‡jwUi gyL mviv †`‡ki me †Q‡j‡`i gy‡L‡Z UzKUzK|

Avgvi evsjv eB 99

†K Zzwg fvB, cÖkœ Kwi hLb, fv‡jvevmvi wkíx Avwg, ej‡e †n‡m ZLb| GB †h Qwe Ggwb AvuKv Qwei g‡Zv †`k, †`‡ki gvwU †`‡ki gvbyl bvbvb iKg †ek, evwo evMvb cvL-cvLvwj me wg‡j GK Qwe, †bB Zzwj †bB is, ZeyI AvuK‡Z cvwi meB|

cvV wkwL

1. †R‡b wbB Rb¥f‚wgi b`-b`x, MvQ-cvjv, cï-cvwL, gvbylRb me wKQyB †QvÆ wK‡kvi gy» †Pv‡L †`‡L| †`‡ki gvwU I gvby‡li cÖwZ i‡q‡Q Zvi Amxg fvjevmv I ggZv| gy» †Pv‡L †m g‡b g‡b ¯‡`‡ki Qwe Avu‡K|

2. kãv_© I eënvi wkwL †Rvqvi- Puv` I m �‡h©i AvKl©‡Y dz‡j-IVv b`x ev mvM‡ii cvwb| †Rvqv‡ii mgq mvM‡ii cvwb dz‡j-‡du‡c I‡V| mv‡i mv‡i- mvwi mvwi| b`xi Nv‡U mv‡i mv‡i †bŠKv euvav Av‡Q| Kwo- GK iK‡gi kvgy‡Ki †Lvj| GK Kv‡j G‡`‡k Kwo w`‡q †Kbv‡ePv nZ| wkíx- whwb Qwe Avu‡Kb, wPÎKi| is-Zzwj w`‡q wkíx Qwe Avu‡Kb| †ek- †cvkvK| C‡ì w`b wkïiv bvbv †e‡k mv‡R| cvL- cvLvwj-bvbv Rv‡Zi cvwL| †fvi‡ejv cvL-cvLvwji Wv‡K Avgv‡ì Nyg fv‡O| Zzwj- Qwe AvuKvi eyiyk| Qwe AvuK‡Z n‡j is PvB, Zzwj PvB|

100 Avgvi evsjv eB

3. K_v¸‡jv ey‡S wbB I ï× D”Pvi‡Y ewj

Kwo‡Z bq †Kbv- wb‡Ri †`k‡K Avgiv mevB fv‡jvevwm| wb‡Ri †`‡ki b`x, gvV Avi e‡bi bvbv iKg Qwe †PvL ey‡RI g‡bi g‡a¨ Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi| G iKg Qwe Kwo ev UvKv w`‡q †Kbv hvq bv|

fv‡jvevmvi wkíx- G KweZvq GKwU †Q‡j g‡b g‡b ¯‡`‡ki bvbv iKg Qwe Avu‡K| †m fv‡jvev‡m †`‡ki b`x-gvV, eb I e‡bi cvL-cvLvwj Avi bvbv †ckvi gvbylRb| G Rb¨ Zv‡K Ôfv‡jvevmvi wkíxÕ ejv n‡q‡Q|

gv‡Vi gvbyl- hviv gv‡V-gv‡V KvR K‡i| K…lK, kªwgK, ivLvj I Ab¨vb¨ †jvK hviv gv‡V KvR K‡i|

4. wecixZ kã ewj I LvZvq wjwL

†Rvqvi-fuvUv, †Pbv-A‡Pbv, †Kbv-†ePv, †kl-ïiy, nvwm-Kvbœv|

5. cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ewj Ges wjwL

K. G KweZvi †Kvb QwewU Lye †Pbv?

L. g‡bi g‡a¨ AvuKv Qwei GK cv‡k Kx Kx Av‡Q?

M. †Kvb Qwe †`‡L †`‡L †Q‡jwUi mviv w`b Kv‡U?

N. †Q‡jwU g‡b g‡b Kx Kx AvuK‡Z cv‡i?

6. k�b¨¯_v‡b c‡ii PiYwU wgwj‡q wjwL I ï× D”Pvi‡Y cwo

GB †h Qwe Ggwb AvuKv

----------------------

†`‡ki gvwU †`‡ki gvbyl

----------------------

evwo evMvb cvL-cvLvwj

----------------------

†bB Zzwj †bB is, ZeyI

Avgvi evsjv eB 101

7. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv ewm‡q k �b¨¯_vb c �iY Kwi

dzj, K…l‡Kiv, cvwo, †bŠKv, gvV, cvwL|

b`x‡Z mvwi mvwi- cvj Zz‡j �‡ii c_-†`q| b`xi av‡i Av‡Q dm‡ji-|

e‡b e‡b- Wv‡K, -†dv‡U| gv‡V-gv‡V-KvR K‡i|

8. Ô¯‡`kÕ KweZvwU hwZ wPý wVK †i‡L cwo|


10. KweZvwU‡Z ¯‡`‡ki †h eY©bv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Zv ewj I wjwL|

Kwe cwiwPwZ :

Avnmvb nvexe

Kwe Avnmvb nvexe 1917 mv‡j wc‡ivRcy‡ii k¼icvkv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Kwe I mvsevw`K wQ‡jb| Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš_¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÔAvkvq emwZÕ, Ô†gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡evÕ, Ôwe`xY© `c©‡Y gyLÕ BZ¨vw` D‡j −L‡hvM¨| Ò¯‡`kÓ KweZvwU ÔcvwLiv wd‡i Av‡mÕ Kve¨MÖš_ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1985 mv‡j wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

102 Avgvi evsjv eB

my›ìeb evsjv‡`‡ki Lyjbv I ev‡MinvU AÂ‡ji mgy ªZxieZx© wPi meyR ebvÂ‡ji bvg

my›ìeb| GB e‡b cÖPzi my›ìx e„¶ Rb¥vq e‡j Gi bvg n‡q‡Q my›ìeb| Gi

AvqZb cÖvq Qq nvRvi eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| GwU‡K c„w_exi e„nËg Ôg¨vb‡MÖvf d‡i÷Õ

ev jeYv³ Rjvf‚wgi ebI ejv nq| G my›ìeb cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© I m¤c‡`

ficyi| G e‡bi Mwnb wbR©b Ai‡Yï wfZi w`‡q hvIqvi mgq †Pv‡L c‡o my›ìx

I †MvjcvZv Mv‡Qi mvwi| my›ìx, †MvjcvZv QvovI i‡q‡Q †MIqv, †KIov, evBb,

cïi, Mivb I Avgyo BZ¨vw` MvQ|

my›ìe‡bi †MvjcvZv msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ A‡b‡K Mwnb e‡b hvq| †mLv‡b †MvjcvZv

msMÖ‡ni mv‡_ mv‡_ bvbviKg MvQ Kv‡U| †MvjcvZv w`‡q N‡ii QvDwb nq| G

cvZv hviv msMÖn K‡i Zv‡ì‡K evIqvwj e‡j| my›ìe‡bi gay weL¨vZ| wewfbœ

dz‡ji †gŠmy‡g wewfbœ gay cvIqv hvq my›ìe‡b| hviv gay msMÖn K‡i Zv‡ì‡K e‡j

†gŠqvj ev †gŠqvwj| emš� I MÖx®§Kv‡j Giv `je× n‡q †bŠKvq K‡i R½‡j hvq,

†gŠPvK †f‡½ gay msMÖn K‡i| gayi mÜvb GK gRvi e¨vcvi| †gŠgvwQiv dzj †_‡K

gay AvniY K‡i †Kvb w`‡K D‡o hvq

Avgvi evsjv eB 103

†gŠqvwjiv Zv fv‡jv K‡i j¶ K‡i| G‡Z K‡i Zviv †gŠPv‡Ki †LuvR cvq| Z‡e Gfv‡e gayi †bkvq †gŠgvwQi †cQ‡b QyU‡Z wM‡q A‡bK mgq †gŠqvwj‡ì ev‡Ni †c‡U †h‡Z nq|

my›ìe‡bi Mfxi R½‡j bvbviKg cïcvwL I RxeRšZz emevm K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ D‡j −L‡hvM¨ nj, i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi, nwiY, evbi, eb¨ ïKi, mRviymn cÖvq weqvwj−k cÖRvwZi eb¨cÖvYx| G Qvov bvbviKg cvwL G e‡b emevm K‡i| G‡ì g‡a¨ wU‡q, gqbv, kvwjK, k¨vgv, †`v‡qj, NyNy, eK, mvim, ey‡bvnuvm I eb‡gviM D‡j −L‡hvM¨| cï-cvwL QvovI my›ìe‡b R‡j I R½‡j wg‡j GKk Kzwo cÖRvwZi gvQ I †PŠwÎk iK‡gi mixm„c i‡q‡Q| gv‡Qi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †Usiv, †Uvbv, †cvqv, UvUwKwb, euvkcvZv, jwUqv, Qywi, jv°v cÖf…wZ| mixm„c cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kzwgi, nv½i, mvc, e¨vO, ¸Bmvc cÖf…wZ| G‡ì g‡a¨ nv½i, Kzwgi I mvc LyeB wnsmª| my‡hvM †c‡jB Giv gvby‡li ¶wZ K‡i| Z‡e G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì m¤c`| cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vq Giv mnvqK| G‡ì‡K hLb-ZLb †g‡i †djv wVK bq| eis Giv hv‡Z wbwe©‡Nœ eskwe¯�vi Ki‡Z cv‡i †m e¨vcv‡i mK‡ji mRvM „wó ivLv DwPZ| kx‡Z AmsL¨ AwZw_ cvwLi mgvMg nq my›ìe‡b| KviY, Aeva esk we¯�vi I wbivcËvi Rb¨ e‡bi wbw ©ó GjvKv eb¨ cïcvwLi wbivc` ¯_vb, hv‡K ÔAfqviY¨Õ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cïcvwL ¯vPQ‡›`¨ G GjvKvq Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡i|

104 Avgvi evsjv eB

eb¨cÖvYx I RjR grm¨ Aeva wePiY †¶Î‡K †`Lvi Rb¨ †`wk-we‡`wk AmsL¨ ch©UK my›ìe‡b Av‡m| my›ìeb †h‡Z n‡j Av‡M †h‡Z nq Lyjbv ev ev‡MinvU| gsjv e›ì †_‡K j‡Â ev Uªjv‡i my›ìe‡b hvIqv hvq| my›ìe‡bi me‡P‡q eo AvKl©Y weL¨vZ i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi| G i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi c„w_ex weL¨vZ| G ev‡Ni Mv‡q i‡q‡Q †Wviv KvUv `vM| P‡j ivRv-ev`kvi g‡Zv †n‡j y‡j| my›ìeb GjvKvi †jv‡Kiv i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi‡K mivmwi evN e‡j bv| Zviv G‡ì gvgv, eoweovj BZ¨vw` e‡j Wv‡K| my›ìeb ïay ebB bq| GLv‡b i‡q‡Q Adziš� ebR I cÖvYxR m¤c`| nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl euv‡P G m¤c‡ì Ici wbf©i K‡i| m¤c‡`, cÖvPz‡h© I êwP‡Î¨ cwic�Y© my›ìeb| G eb Avgv‡ì †MŠie| weL¨vZ G eb †Kej evsjv‡`‡ki m¤c` bq- G eb GLb wek¦evmxiI m¤c`| ZvB BD‡b‡¯‹v my›ìeb i¶v Kivi Rb¨ fviZ I evsjv‡`k‡K Avw_©K Ges KvwiMwi mnvqZv w`‡q hv‡PQ| Avgiv cÖvK…wZK m¤c`‡K i¶v K‡i cwi‡ek‡K my›ì myôz K‡i M‡o Zzje| KviY my›ìeb evievi Avgv‡ì nvZQvwb w`‡q Wv‡K, ÔG‡mv Avgvi Aciƒc „k¨ †mŠ›`h© †`‡L hvI| ï‡b hvI cvwLi KvKwj, eb †gvi‡Mi WvK, evb‡ii wKwPiwgwPi kã, nwi‡Yi g‡bvgy» wePiY Avi i‡qj †e½j UvBMv‡ii ûsKvi|Õ G eb‡K Avgv‡ì euvPv‡Z n‡e| G Avgv‡ì †mŠ›`h©, G Avgv‡ì m¤c`|

cvV wkwL 1. kãv_© wkwL g¨vb‡MÖvf Ñ jeYv³ Rjvf‚wgi ebvÂj| d‡i÷ Ñ R½j| mgvMg Ñ Rgv‡qZ| AfqviY¨ Ñ wbivc` ¯_vb, e‡bi gv‡S GKwU wbw ©ó ¯_vb, †hLv‡b eb¨cÖvYxiv wbivc‡` wePiY I esk we¯�vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| ¯v”Q‡›`¨ Ñ mvejxjfv‡e, Aev‡a| msjMœ Ñ Kv‡Q, wbK‡U| g‡bvig Ñ my›ì, g‡bvgy»Ki| Mwnb Ñ Mfxi, Mnb, yM©g| evIqvwj Ñ my›ìe‡b KvV BZ¨vw` msMÖn hv‡ì †ckv| †gŠqvwj Ñ my›ìe‡b gay msMÖn hv‡ì †ckv| †R‡j Ñ gvQ aiv hv‡ì †ckv|

Avgvi evsjv eB 105

2. GK K_vq cÖKvk Kwi K) cï cvwLi Rb¨ wbivc` ¯_vb ⎯ L) †`‡k we‡`‡k hviv Ny‡i †eovq ⎯ M) eb †_‡K KvV msMÖn hv‡ì †ckv ⎯ N) my›ìeb †_‡K gay msMÖn hv‡ì †ckv ⎯ O) cvwLi Kjie ⎯ 3. cÖ‡kœi DËi ewj I wjwL K) my›ìeb †Kv_vq Aew¯_Z? L) my›ìe‡bi cÖvK…wZK „‡kï eY©bv w`B| M) my›ìe‡b emevm K‡i Ggb K‡qKwU cÖvYxi bvg ewj I wjwL| N) my›ìe‡bi gay msMÖ‡ni GKwU eY©bv w`B| O) my›ìeb †`Lvi Rb¨ †`wk-we‡`wk ch©U‡Kiv †Kb Av‡mb? P) my›ìe‡bi GKwU msw¶ß eY©bv w`B| 4. k�b¨¯_vb c �iY Kwi K) my›ìe‡b cÖvq ⎯ cÖRvwZi eb¨cÖvYx evm K‡i| L) my›ìe‡b cÖvq ⎯ cÖRvwZi cvwL evm K‡i| M) my›ìe‡b cÖvq ⎯ cÖRvwZi gvQ evm K‡i| N) my›ìe‡b cÖvq ⎯ mixm„c evm K‡i| O) my›ìe‡bi AvqZb cÖvq ⎯ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| 5. wVK DËiwU ewj I LvZvq wjwL K) my›ìeb evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb AÂ‡j Aew¯_Z? c�e© AÂ‡j/cwðg

AÂ‡j/`w¶Y AÂ‡j/DËi AÂ‡j| L) c„w_exi e„nËg g¨vb‡MÖvf †KvbwU? gaycyi eb/my›ìeb/MRvix eb/cve©Z¨ eb| M) my›ìe‡bi AfqviY¨ Kx? cïcvwL‡ì wbivc` ¯_vb/gvby‡li wbivc`

¯_vb/Kzwg‡ii wbivc` ¯_vb/nv½‡ii wbivc` ¯_vb| N) my› ie‡bi me‡P‡q eo AvKl©Y Kx? MvQcvjv/grm¨/nwiY/i‡qj †e½jUvBMvi| 6. evN, nwiY, evbi, Mivb, †MvjcvZv, Kzwgi, mvc, †gŠgvwQ, my›ìeb, G¸‡jv

meB bvgkã- G¸‡jvi Ab¨ bvg we‡kl¨| †Zvgvi Rvbv Giƒc Av‡iv 5wU we‡k‡lï bvg†jL|

7. I, ev, Ges, A_ev, wKšZy G¸‡jv Ae¨q| G Ae¨q¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ ˆZwi Ki| 8. g‡b K‡iv K‡qKRb eÜz wg‡j †Kv‡bv we‡kl RvqMv ågY K‡iQ Gevi †mB

RvqMvi eY©bv w`‡q Ab¨ eÜz‡ì Kv‡Q GKwU wPwV wjwL|

106 Avgvi evsjv eB

GKwU gRvi dzUej †Ljv Uvbv c‡bi w`‡bi Abykxj‡bi ci AvR n‡e P‚ovš� †Ljv| dzUej †Ljv| mKvj

AvUUvi g‡a¨B mevB ¯‹z‡j G‡m nvwRi| PZz_© Avi cÂg †kªYxi QvÎ‡ì wgwj‡q

`y‡Uv `j| `yB `‡jB 11 Rb K‡i †L‡jvqvo| e`wj †L‡jvqvo wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q 4

Rb| GK `‡ji Rvwm©i is meyR Ges Ab¨ `‡ji Rvwm©i is jvj| mevi g‡a¨B

UvbUvb D‡ËRbv| Lv‡jK m¨vi †idvwi| Zuvi Mjvq Szj‡Q euvwk, euv nv‡Z ÷c-

IqvP| iv¾vK m¨vi Avi ev`j m¨vi jvBbmg¨vb| Zuv‡ìI Mjvq Szj‡Q euvwk Avi

Wvb nv‡Z cZvKv| wVK bUvq †Ljv ïiy n‡e| GiB g‡a¨ ¯‹z‡ji mKj wk¶K gv‡V

†cuŠ‡Q †M‡Qb| AvR †Ljvi w`b e‡j ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎxiv wb‡Ri cQ‡›ì †cvkvK

c‡i †Ljv †`L‡Z G‡m‡Q| K‡qKRb QvÎ-QvÎx BDwbdg© c‡i †Ljvi gv‡V G‡m‡Q|

Giv †¯PQv‡mex| gv‡Vi k„�Ljv eRvq ivLvi `vwqZ¡ G‡ì|

meyR I jvj `‡ji †L‡jvqv‡oiv wd« n¨vÛ e¨vqvg K‡i kixi Mig Ki‡Q| bÕUv

evRvi wVK cuvP wgwbU Av‡M †idvwi Lv‡jK m¨vi yB `j‡K gy‡LvgyLx jvB‡b

uvov‡Z ej‡jb| yB `‡ji †L‡jvqvo I Awabvq‡Kiv cÖ_‡g †idvwi I

jvBbmg¨vbØ‡qi mv‡_ Kig ©b ev n¨vÛ‡kK Kij| c‡i yB `‡ji †L‡jvqv‡oivI

ci¯c‡ii mv‡_ Kig`©b Kij| Gevi Um&| †idvwi GKwU avZe gy ªv nv‡Z wb‡q

meyR `‡ji AwabvqK mvweŸi‡K wR‡Ám Kij, mvweŸi Zzwg Ô†nWÕ bv Ô†UjÕ? mvweŸi

ejj, †m Ô†nWÕ †b‡e| †idvwi Um& Ki‡jb| DVj Ò†nWÓ| meyR `‡ji mvweŸi

ÒwKK-AdÓ Kivi Rb¨ ˆZwi| †e‡R DVj †idvwii euvwk| mvweŸi wb‡Ri `‡ji

iyû‡ji w`‡K †V‡j w`j ej| `k©Kmvwi‡Z QvÎ-QvÎxiv KiZvwj w`‡q I‡ì

Awfb›`b Rvbvj|

cÖ_g †Mvj nIqv gvÎB †Ljvi D‡ËRbv gvV Qvwc‡q `k©K‡ìI ¯ck© Kij| jvj `‡ji

Kvgvj †Ljvi 13 wgwb‡Ui gv_vq cÖ_g †MvjwU Kij| Agwb `k©K QvÎQvÎxiv gvwUi

NÈv evwR‡q, †QvU Zejv evwR‡q, wUb wcwU‡q, wPrKvi K‡i jvj `j‡K evnev

Avgvi evsjv eB 107

w`j| meyR `j gwiqv n‡q QyU‡Z jvMj ej wb‡q| gv‡Vi g‡a¨ ZLb †hb dvD‡ji wnwoK c‡o †Mj| †idvwi Lv‡jK m¨vi meyR `‡ji eveyj I UzUzj‡K Ges jvj `‡ji Kvqmvi I nvwme‡K njy KvW© †`Lv‡jb| cÖ_gv‡a©i 41 wgwb‡Ui gv_vq meyR `‡ji byiyi †Mv‡j †Ljvq mgZv wd‡i Avmj| `k©K QvÎQvÎx‡`i Dj−vm Avi Avb›`- û‡j −v‡o R‡g DV‡jv dzUej Avmi| cÖ_gva© †kl nj 45 wgwb‡U| 1-1 †Mv‡j Wª| weiwZi 5 wgwb‡Ui mgq †L‡jvqv‡oiv †jeyi kieZ †Lj| meyR `j e`wj †L‡jvqvo wUsKz‡K bvgv‡jv evejyi cwie‡Z©| jvj `‡ji nvwm‡ei cwie‡Z© e`wj †L‡jvqvo gybxi bvgj gv‡V|

wØZxqv‡a©i †Ljvi Av‡M yB `jB mvBW e`j Kij| †idvwii euvwk evRvi mv‡_ mv‡_B jvj `‡ji AwabvqK KvBqyg ÒwKK-AdÓ Kij| yB `jB i¶YvÍK fw½‡Z †Lj‡Z jvMj| Dfq `‡ji †L‡jvqvo †gvU 7 evi AdmvBW Kij| †Ljvi MwZ gš_i, wKš�y `k©‡Kiv †Rvi Drmvn w`‡Z _vKj Dfq `j‡K| wØZxqv‡a©i 17 wgwb‡Ui mgq byiy †cQb

†_‡K gvivÍK dvDj Kij nvwme‡K| †idvwi byiy‡K jvj KvW© † Lv‡jb| gvV Qvo‡Z nj byiy‡K| jvj `‡ji mg_©‡Kiv Dj−vm Ki‡Z _vKj| wVK Zvi 4 wgwbU ci meyR `‡ji UzUzj GKwU †Mvj Kij| †Ljv meyR `‡ji 2 †Mvj Avi jvj `‡ji 1 †Mv‡j

108 Avgvi evsjv eB

`viyY R‡g DVj| jvj `j ZLb e‡ji `Lj wb‡q QyU‡Q| GKwU †cbvwë-wKK Zviv †cj wKš�y meyR `‡ji †MvjwKcvi Lye KwirKg©v| ej P‡j Gj †MvjwKcv‡ii nv‡Z| †Mvj-wKK w`j †Mvji¶K wUcy| ej Avevi P‡j Gj jvj `‡ji cv‡q| Zviv gv_v VvÊv †i‡L †Lj‡Z jvMj| wØZxq †Mv‡ji †kva †bevi Rb¨ Zviv jovB Ki‡Z jvMj| wØZxqv‡a©i 37 wgwb‡Ui mgq GKwU Kb©vi-wKK †cj Zviv| jvj `‡ji yf©vM¨B ej‡Z n‡e, Kb©vi †_‡K Zv‡ì †Mvj nj bv| wKš�y jvj `‡ji jovKz

g‡bvfve AUzU _vKj| Zviv Pvwc‡q †Lj‡Z jvMj| `k©Kmvwi‡Z QvÎ-QvÎxiv ev`¨ evwR‡q, wPrKvi K‡i, †b‡P, †M‡q Zv‡ì‡K Drmvn w`‡Z jvMj| GiB g‡a¨ wØZxqv‡a©i 45 wgwbU †kl| †idvwii euvwk evRvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †Ljvi mgvwß nj| meyR `j 2-1 †Mv‡j weRqx| Zviv `k©K‡ì Awfev`b Rvwb‡q Avb›`-†`Šo w`j| †Ljv †k‡l cÖavb AwZw_ ¯‹z‡ji cÖavb wk¶K weRqx I wewRZ Dfq `j‡KB cyi¯‹vi w`‡jb wbR nv‡Z| mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ KiZvwj‡Z gyLwiZ nj ¯‹zj cÖv½Y| me‡k‡l cÖavb wk¶K Zuvi e³‡e¨ ej‡jb, †Ljvq GK c¶ nvi‡eB, G‡Z wePwjZ ev ytwLZ nIqvi wKQy †bB| g‡b ivL‡e AskMÖnY KivUvB me‡P‡q eo K_v| Avi GKevi KiZvwji ga¨ w`‡q †mw`‡bi g‡Zv gRvi †Ljv dzUe‡ji mgvwß NUj|

cvV wkwL 1. k‡ãi A_© †R‡b wbB I bZzb evK¨ wjwL e`wjÑ AwZwi³, GLv‡b e`wj †L‡jvqvo A‡_©| MZeQi wµ‡KU †Ljvq iv¾vK

e`wj wn‡m‡e wQj| †cbvwëÑ wW e‡·i g‡a¨ dvDj n‡j †cbvwë nq| †cbvwë wKK †èvi R‡b¨ ˆZwi

n‡PQ mgxi| jvj KvW©Ñ gvivÍK dvDj n‡j †idvwi jvjKvW© †`Lvb Ges †L‡jvqvo‡K ZLb gvV

†Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z nq| wek¦Kv‡c †ivbvjw`b‡nv‡K jvj KvW© †`Lv‡bv nq| njy KvW©Ñ †idvwi hw` g‡b K‡ib †L‡jvqvo A‰eafv‡e e‡ji wbqš�Y wb‡Z PvB‡Q ZLb wZwb njy KvW© †`Lvb| GKB †Ljvq GKRb †L‡jvqvo‡K 2 evi njy KvW© †`Lv‡j Zv jvj Kv‡W©i mgZzj¨ n‡e Ges †L‡jvqvo Avi GB g¨v‡P †Lj‡Z cvi‡e bv| njy KvW© †`Lv‡bvi wm‡÷g bv _vK‡j dzUej †Ljvq dvD‡ji msL¨v †e‡o †h‡Zv|

110 Avgvi evsjv eB

2. c�Y©ev‡K¨ cÖ‡kœi DËi ewj I wjwL K) yB `‡j KqRb K‡i †L‡jvqvo wQj? L) e`wj †L‡jvqvo wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q KqRb †L‡jvqvo? M) †L‡jvqvo‡`i Kx Kx i‡Oi Rvwm© wQj? N) †Ljvi †idvwi †K wQ‡jb? O) †K †K wQ‡jb jvBbmg¨vb? P) KÕUvi mgq †Ljv ïiy n‡qwQj? Q) Kviv BDwbdg© c‡i gv‡V G‡m‡Q Ges †Kb? R) †Ljvi ïiy‡Z wKK-Ad Kij †Kvb `‡ji AwabvqK? S) †Ljvi cÖ_g †Mvj`vZvi bvg Kx? T) †idvwi Kv‡K Kv‡K njy KvW© †`Lv‡jb? U) byiy‡K †Kb gvV Qvo‡Z nj? V) †Ljvi weRqx `j †KvbwU? 3. evgw`‡Ki evK¨vs‡ki mv‡_ Wvb w`‡Ki kã wgjvB Gevi n‡e †¯PQv‡mex †e‡R DVj †idvwii Kvgvj gv‡Vi g‡a¨ ZLb †hb wnwoK c‡o †Mj †jeyi kieZ Giv ÔUmÕ cÖ_gv‡a©i 13 wgwb‡Ui mgq †Mvj Kij jvj KvW© weiwZi mgq †L‡jvqv‡oiv †Lj wUcy †idvwi byiy‡K †`Lv‡jb dvD‡ji †Mvj-wKK w`j †Mvji¶K euvwk 4. cvV c‡o k�b¨¯_v‡b h_vkã emvB K) meyR `j ⎯ wUsKz‡K bvgv‡jv ⎯ cwie‡Z©| L) jvj `‡ji ⎯ cwie‡Z© ⎯ gybxi bvgj ⎯| M) yB `jB ⎯ fw½‡Z ⎯ jvMj| N) jvj `j ⎯ e‡ji `Lj ⎯ | O) ej P‡j Gj ⎯ nv‡Z| P) Zviv ⎯ †Lj‡Z ⎯| Q) †idvwii ⎯ evRvi ⎯ mv‡_ ⎯ nj| R) meyR `j ⎯ †Mvj ⎯ |

Avgvi evsjv eB 111

cÖv_©bv †Mvjvg †gv¯�dv

Abš� Amxg †cÖggq Zzwg wePvi w`‡bi ¯vgx| hZ ¸YMvb †n wPi gnvb †Zvgvwi Aš�h©vgx|

y ‡jv‡K-f‚‡jv‡K mev‡i Qvwoqv †Zvgvwi Pi‡Y cwo jyUvBqv †Zvgvwi mKv‡k hvwP †n kKwZ †Zvgvwi KiyYvKvgx|

mij mwVK cyY¨ cš’v †gv‡`i `vI †Mv ewj PvjvI †m-c‡_ †h-c‡_ †Zvgvi wcÖqRb †M‡Q Pwj|

†h-c‡_ †Zvgvi wPi-Awfkvc †h-c‡_ åvwš�, wPi-cwiZvc †n gnvPvjK, †gv‡`i KLbI K‡iv bv †m c_Mvgx|


cig KiyYvgq Avj−vn G RMr m„wó K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †cÖggq I me©kw³gvb| Kwe Zuvi Kv‡QB cÖv_©bv Ki‡Qb kw³ I mvnm| cÖv_©bv Ki‡Qb mij, mwVK I cyY¨ c‡_ Pjevi w`kv|

Avgvi evsjv eB 113

5. c‡ii PiYwU wgwj‡q wjwL ---------------------------- mij mwVK cyY¨ cš’v ----------------------------- PvjvI †m-c‡_ †h-c‡_ †Zvgvi

6. Wvb w`K †_‡K kã G‡b k�b¨¯_vb c�iY Kwi K. Abš� Amxg-Zzwg gnvb wePvi w`‡bi-| ¸Y hZ-Mvb †n wPi-| Aš�h©vgx †Zvgvwi-| ¯vgx †cÖggq

7. KweZvwU gyL¯_ Kwi Ges wjwL| 8. Awfkß I åvš� c‡_ Pj‡j Avgv‡`i Kx Kx ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i ewj I wjwL| Kwe cwiwPwZ : †Mvjvg †gv¯�dv

Kwe †Mvjvg †gv¯�dv wSbvB`‡ni g‡bvnicyi MÖv‡g 1897 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K I MxwZKvi| Zuvi D‡j −L‡hvM¨ MÖ‡š_i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Ôwek¦ bexÕ, ÔKve¨KvwnbxÕ, Ôeyjeywj¯�vbÕ, Ôewb Av`gÕ, ÔMxwZmÂqbÕ BZ¨vw`| ÔcÖv_©bvÕ KweZvwU ÔZvivbv-B cvwK¯�vbÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š_i| 1964 mv‡j wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

114 Avgvi evsjv eB

†QvUgvgvi Mí [MÖx‡®§i QywU‡Z gv Avi †QvUdzdzi mv‡_ gvgvi evwo †eov‡Z hv‡PQ iv‡eqv I ivwKe| eogvgv †ij‡÷k‡b G‡m‡Qb I‡`i‡K †bevi Rb¨| †Uªb †_‡K †b‡g gv I †QvUdzdz mvjvg Ki‡eb eogvgv‡K| GLvb †_‡K bvU‡Ki ïiy|] gv : Avm&mvjvgy AvjvBKzg, eo fvBRvb! eogvgv : IqvjvBKzg Avm&mvjvg| c‡_ †Zvgv‡`i †Kv‡bv Kó nq wb †Zv? †QvUdzdz : wR bv, fvBRvb| eogvgv : Zzwg †Kgb Av‡Qv ivby? A‡bKw`b ci †Zvgvi mv‡_ †`Lv nj| †QvUdzdz : wR, fv‡jv AvwQ| [Gevi eogvgv ZvKv‡eb ivwKe Avi iv‡eqvi w`‡K| IivI ZZ¶‡Y eogvgv‡K mvjvg K‡i †dj‡e|]

Avgvi evsjv eB 115

eogvgv : Kx Lei †Zvgv‡ì? KÕw`‡bi QywU? iv‡eqv : QywU Av‡Q eogvgv, wKšZy gv e‡j‡Qb mvZ w`‡bi †ewk _vKv hv‡e bv| eogvgv : AvPQv AvPQv, †m †`Lv hv‡e| Av‡M †Zv evwo Pj| [†÷kb †_‡K wiKkvq Iiv gvgvi evwo hv‡e| gvgvevwo‡Z mevB XzK‡e| †mLv‡b wZb gvwg, yB gvgv Avi gvgv‡Zv fvB‡ev‡biv I‡ì‡K mv`‡i evwoi †fZ‡i wb‡q hv‡e|] †gRgvwg : ivwKe, iv‡eqv †Zvgiv cyKzi Nv‡U P‡j hvI| nvZ gyL ay‡q Kvco cv‡ë G‡mv| Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Lvevi w`wPQ| [Nv‡Ui w`‡K †h‡Z †h‡Z ivwKe I iv‡eqv gvgv‡Zv fvB‡evb‡ì mv‡_ K_v ej‡e|] ivwKe : S›Uz, Gevi bZzb Lei ej| S›Uz : Rvwbm, †QvUPvPv G‡Kev‡i e`‡j †M‡Qb| iv‡eqv : †m Kx iKg? e`‡j †M‡Qb gv‡b? S›Uz : Av‡M †QvUPvPv cÖwZmÜ¨vq NÈv a‡i Avgv‡ì weÁvb, evsjv Avi

Bs‡iwR cov‡Zb| Lye GK‡N‡q jvM‡Zv Avgv‡ì| GLb †QvUPvPv †ivR GZ GZ Mí e‡jb| Mí¸‡jv ïb‡Z G‡Kev‡i Ab¨ iKg|

ivwKe : mwZ¨! ïay Mí e‡jb! GLb Avi †Zviv cwom bv? gw›U : cwo, Z‡e †mB Mí¸‡jv‡Z Ggb wKQy Av‡Q †h †Zvi ïay ïb‡ZB B‡PQ

Ki‡e| Avi K¬v‡m wk¶K hLb cov‡eb ZLb †mB cov¸‡jv, bZzb bZzb cvV¸‡jv Lye fv‡jv jvM‡e|

iv‡eqv : mwZ¨! Zvn‡j AvR mÜ¨vq AvgivI †QvUgvgvi Kv‡Q Mí ïbe| [nvZgyL ay‡q Lvevi N‡i Iiv †L‡Z em‡e| ZLb †g‡Rvgvgvi mv‡_

I‡ì K_v n‡e|] †gRgvgv : e‡jv †`wL, Gevi Kx Kx c−¨vb K‡i G‡mQ? MZ eQi †Zvgiv muvZvi

wk‡LwQ‡j| Gevi Kx Ki‡e?

116 Avgvi evsjv eB

ivwKe : †g‡Rvgvgv! Avwg Mv‡Q Pov wkL‡Z PvB| †gRgvgv : AvPQv, Gevi mwZ¨Kvi euvì n‡Z PvI? [mevB †n‡m DV‡e] g‡b †i‡Lv,

GUv mnR KvR bv| cÖ_‡g GKUy e¨_v U¨_v cv‡e| nvZ-cv I wQ‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e †Zv?

ivwKe : nu v gvgv, cvie| ZzwgB bv e‡jwQ‡j ÔnuvwU‡Z †k‡L bv †Kn bv †L‡q AvQvoÕ?

†gRgvgv : evn& evn&, hviv Kó mwnòz Zviv Rxe‡b A‡bK DbœwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| iv‡eqv Zzwg Kx wkL‡e?

iv‡eqv : Avwg dwYgbmv MvQ †`L‡Z PvB, êuwPi †Svc wPb‡Z PvB, Avi †K‡U †M‡j ev wQ‡o †M‡j †Kvb cvZvi im jvMve Zv Rvb‡Z PvB|

†gRgvgv : AvPQv, _vK K‡qKw`b| †kLv n‡q hv‡e mewKQy| [ „k¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ N‡ii Rvbvjv eÜ K‡i c ©v †U‡b w`‡q Ni AÜKvi

Ki‡Z n‡e| gvwUi Kj‡mi †fZ‡i gyL jvwM‡q k& k& k&& AvIqvR

Ki‡jB †muv †muv †muv evZv‡mi aŸwb cvIqv hv‡e| N‡ii g‡a¨ jÉb ev

KzwcevwZ ev PvR©vi R¡vwj‡q M‡íi Avm‡ii cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e|]

iv‡eqv : †QvUgvgv, AvR Zzwg Kx Mí †kvbv‡e?

†QvUgvgv : Duû ÔKxÕ bq, e‡jv Kx Kx Mí| Zvi gv‡b Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Aš�Z y-

wZb‡U Mí eje|

ivwKe : Zzwg Lye fv‡jv †QvUgvgv|

†QvUgvgv : †kv‡bv, †Zvgiv †Zv Rvb, Miy gwnl G¸‡jv LyeB DcKvix RšZy| G¸‡jv

Qvov Avgiv K…wlKvR Pvjv‡ZB cvwi bv| Miyi Pvgov, †Mvei, ya Gme

Avgv‡ì Rb¨ DcKvix| wKšZy weÁvbxiv e‡j‡Qb, Miy †h evZv‡m k¦vm

†d‡j †mB evZv‡mi g‡a¨ mgm¨v Av‡Q|

iv‡eqv : †Kb? mgm¨v †Kb? cÖk¦vm-wbtk¦vm bv _vK‡j Iiv euvP‡e Kx K‡i?

†QvUgvgv : †m-B †Zv K_v! Iiv cÖk¦vm-wbtk¦v‡mB †eu‡P Av‡Q| Avi weÁvbxiv cix¶v K‡i

e‡j‡Qb, Miy †h wbtk¦vm Qv‡o Zvi mv‡_ †ewi‡q Av‡m wg‡_b M vm| GB

Avgvi evsjv eB 117

wg‡_b M¨vm wKšZy evqy‡K �wlZ K‡i| S›Uz : †QvUPvPv, Miyi mvg‡b Avgiv hw` k¦vm wbB Zvn‡j wK Avgv‡`i ¶wZ

n‡e? †QvUgvgv : bv †i †evKv, †m iKg bq| †Zvgiv wK Rv‡bv †h, Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW

n‡PQ GKwU wMÖb-nvDm M¨vm? Avi Avgiv †h k¦vm †dwj Zv‡ZI i‡q‡Q Kve©b- WvB-A·vBW M¨vm|

iv‡eqv I ivwKe : nu v gvgv, Avgiv cwÎKvq wMÖb-nvDm B‡d‡±i K_v c‡owQ, c„w_exi

evqygÊj �wlZ n‡q hv‡PQ| †QvUgvgv : wg‡_b M¨vmI wMÖb-nvDm M¨vm|

118 Avgvi evsjv eB

mevB : Avðh©! Avgiv GK_v RvbZvg bv| †QvUgvgv : †kv‡bv, Avðh© nevi wKQy †bB| c„w_ex‡Z Ávb weÁv‡bi hZ wKQy Av‡Q

me Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi wb| Ggb wK c„w_exi cÖvYx‡ì g‡aÏ †h KZ êwPÎ¨ Av‡Q GLbI Avgiv Zvi meUzKz Rvwb bv|

†gŠ : †QvUPvPv, M‡íi MÜ cvwPQ| Zzwg wbðqB GLb †Kv‡bv A™¢zZ cÖvYxi Mí ej‡e|

†QvUgvgv : †gŠ Zzwg eyw×gZx †g‡q| A™¢zZ cÖvYxi Mí bq, Gevi eje †Pbv cÖvYxiB ARvbv GKUv ¯fv‡ei K_v| MíUv †U·v‡mi wUKwUwK wb‡q| GB wUKwUwKiv wec‡` co‡j AvµgYKvixi w`‡K i³ Quy‡o †`q| Avi GB i³ †ewi‡q Av‡m wUKwUwKi †PvL †_‡K| G‡Z I‡ì kix‡ii †Kv‡bv ¶wZ nq bv| Avi Zviv Gfv‡e AvÍi¶v K‡i|

ivwKe : Avgv‡ì wUKwUwK¸‡jvI wKš�y A™¢zZ, ZvB bv †QvUgvgv? I‡ì †jR ai‡j Iiv †jR †d‡j cvwj‡q hvq| c‡i Avevi Zv MRvq|

†QvUPvPv : wVK e‡jQ| †Zvgvi ch©‡e¶Ykw³ Av‡Q| cÖK…wZi A‡bK in‡mï mgvavb Kiv hvq ch©‡e¶‡Yi ¸Y _vK‡j| wUKwUwKi †jR Lwm‡q cvwj‡q hvIqvi Kvwnbx ï‡b Avgvi g‡b coj KuvKovi K_v| DcK‚j AÂ‡j hv‡ì evwo Zviv Rv‡b KuvKovI wb‡Ri cv Lwm‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z KuvKovi †Kv‡bv ¶wZ nq bv| c‡i Avevi Zv MRvq|

S›Uz : †QvUPvPv, G¸‡jv wK Zzwg Avwe®‹vi K‡iQ? †QvUPvPv : Av‡i bv| G¸‡jv Avgvi A‡bK Av‡MB mvaviY gvby‡liv ch©‡e¶Y K‡i

†R‡b‡Qb| iv‡eqv : †QvUgvgv, Avgvi Kv‡Q me¸‡jv Mí †Kgb ¯cœ ¯cœ g‡b n‡PQ| G iKg

KZ Kvwnbx Zzwg Rv‡bv? †QvUgvgv : G¸‡jv ¯cœ bq fvMœx, G¸‡jv mZ¨| †gŠ : †QvUPvPv, AvR GLv‡bB †kl Ki bv, Av‡iv Mí ej| †QvUPvPv : †kv‡bv, M‡íi †Zv †kl †bB| Av‡iv A‡bK Mí eje| Z‡e AvR bq,

AvMvgxKvj|

120 Avgvi evsjv eB

wfbMÖn- Ab¨ MÖn| wfbMÖ‡n gvby‡li †P‡q DbœZ cÖvYx Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| d¬vBs mmvi- Doš� wcwiP, KvíwbK gnvKvk hvb| wkï‡ì g‡Zv eq¯‹ivI d¬vBs mmv‡ii Mí ïb‡Z Lye fv‡jvev‡mb|

2. †R‡b ivwL QvÎ, wk¶K, †jLK, eyw×gvb GB kã¸‡jv cyiylevPK kã| QvÎx, wkw¶Kv, †jwLKv, eyw×gZx GB kã¸‡jv bvixevPK kã|

wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv †_‡K cyiylevPK kã I bvixevPK kã¸‡jv Avjv`v K‡i ywU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi : `v`v, PvwP, KvKv, bvbv, dzdz, `vw`, PvPv, bvwb, dzdv, KvwK|

3. hLb ejv nq eB¸‡jv, kã¸‡jv, Kjg¸‡jv, cÖkœ¸‡jv, ZLb Avgiv eywS A‡bK eB, A‡bK kã, A‡bK Kjg, A‡bK cÖkœ| Avevi hLb ejv nq Avcbviv, hviv, Zuviv, Avcbv‡ì, Zv‡ì, ZLb Avgiv GKR‡bi cwie‡Z© eûRb eywS| Zvi gv‡b-Ô¸‡jvÕ, ÔivÕ, Ô†ìÕ BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i Avgiv eûePb ev G‡Ki †P‡q †ewk Av‡Q Zv †evSvB| GB cv‡V eûePb wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb kã¸‡jv Luy‡R GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi|

4. ms‡¶‡c DËi ewj I wjwL K) MÖx‡®§i QywU‡Z †K †K †eov‡Z wM‡qwQj? L) S›Uzi †QvUPvPv cÖwZ mÜ¨vq Kx K‡ib? M) ivwKe I iv‡eqv †gRgvgvi KvQ †_‡K Kx Kx wkL‡Z †P‡qwQj? N) Miy hLb k¦vm †d‡j ZLb †fZi †_‡K †Kvb we‡kl M¨vm †ewi‡q Av‡m? O) wMÖb-nvDm B‡d‡±i Rb¨ `vwq ywU M¨v‡mi bvg ewj I bvg¸‡jv LvZvq wjwL| P) evsjv‡`‡ki wUKwUwKi †jR ai‡j wUKwUwK Kx K‡i? Q) gvby‡li wb:k¦v‡mi mv‡_ †ewi‡q Avmv †Kvb M¨vmwU wMÖb-nvDm M¨vm?

5. eY©bvg�jK DËi ewj I wjwL K) †U·v‡mi wUKwUwKiv AvÍi¶v Kivi mgq Kx K‡i? L) wUKwUwKi †jR I KuvKovi cv wb‡q MíwU ewj I wjwL| M) Miy-gwn‡li wb:k¦v‡mi mv‡_ †ewi‡q Avmv M¨v‡mi MíwU ewj I wjwL|

Avgvi evsjv eB 121

me †c‡qwQi †`‡k mywbg©j emy

Mí bv fvB, Kíbv bq, ¯cb-ey‡ov G‡m Avgvq wb‡q DavI †nv‡jv me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k| ¯cb-ey‡ovi j¤v `vwo, †cvlvKwU Zvi is-evnvix, Avgvq wb‡q w`‡PQ cvwo nvj&Kv-nvIqvq †f‡m; me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k †i fvB, me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k|

¯cb-ey‡ov, iwmK-P‚‡ov wb &-gn‡ji ivRv, _yi&_y‡i Zvi kixi e‡U, gbwU AvRI ZvRv; me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k P‡jv mKj †Q‡j †g‡q, DVe †g‡Z mevB †m_vq mKj wRwbm †c‡q, †m_vq nvwmi SY©v nv‡m, Av‡gv` Lywki eb¨v Av‡m, gvwZ‡q †Zv‡j wkïi `‡j Amxg fv‡jv‡e‡m, me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k †i fvB me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k|

122 Avgvi evsjv eB

evsjv‡`‡ki wK‡kvi-wkï †Zvgiv hviv Av‡Qv, bvPvi g‡Zv bv‡Pv Zviv euvPvi g‡Zv euv‡Pv| Ava-giv Avi Ny‡Y aiviv ey‡ovi K_v ïb‡e hviv,- mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvbyl Zviv n‡eB Ae‡k‡l- me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k †i fvB me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k|

cvV wkwL

1. †R‡b wbB me-†c‡qwQi †`k bv‡g GK KvíwbK †`k Av‡Q †hLv‡b †M‡j mewKQy cvIqv hvq| †mB †`‡k Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hvbevn‡b P‡o hvIqv hvq bv| †mLv‡b †h‡Z nq ¯cb-ey‡ovi mv‡_| †mLv‡b Av‡Q ïayB Abvwej nvwm Avi Adziš� Avb›`| ¸iyRb‡ì Dc‡`k g‡Zv †jLvcov wk‡L euvPvi g‡Zv euvP‡Z wkL‡j mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvbyl n‡j Z‡eB Rxeb nq my‡Li I Avb‡›ì| Avi mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvbyl n‡Z cvi‡jB B‡”Q c�iY nq| hvIqv hvq me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k; cvIqv hvq mewKQy| evsjv‡`k‡KI M‡o †Zvjv hvq me-†c‡qwQi †`k wn‡m‡e|

2. kãv_© †R‡b †bB ¯cbÑ ¯cœ (kãwU Kv‡e¨ eëüZ nq) DavIÑ A „k¨/wbiy‡Ïk evnvixÑ PUK`vi/†kvfb/my›ì cvwoÑ cvi/GKcvi †_‡K Ab¨cv‡ii w`‡K hvIqv nvjKvÑ jNy/Aí fvi Ggb

Avgvi evsjv eB 123

nvIqvÑ evZvm iwmKÑ iwmKZv cUz/nvmïm †ev‡Sb Ggb e¨w³ wb &Ñ wb ªv (c‡`¨ eëüZ) gnjÑ feb/M„n/evwo ZvRvÑ UvUKv/bZzb/m‡ZR †g‡ZÑ gË n‡q/Dj−wmZ n‡q/AvMÖ‡ni m‡½/we‡fvi n‡q †m_vqÑ †hLv‡b (c‡`¨ eëüZ kã) NyYÑ KvV aŸsmKvix †cvKv we‡kl Ae‡k‡lÑ mgvwßi/me‡k‡l

2. ms‡¶‡c ewj I wjwL : K. †K G‡m, Kv‡K wb‡q, †Kv_vq DavI nj? L. ¯cb-ey‡ovi `vwo I †cvlvK †Kgb Zv ewj I wjwL| M. wb &-gn‡ji ivRv †K? N. wb &-gnj gv‡b Kx? O. ¯cb-ey‡ovi kixi I gbwU †Kgb? P. mKj †Q‡j †g‡q †Kv_vq hv‡e? Q. me-†c‡qwQi †`‡k Kx Kx nq? R. evsjv‡`‡ki wK‡kvi-wkï Kxfv‡e bvP‡e I Kxfv‡e euvP‡e? S. mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvbyl nevi R‡b¨ Kvi K_v ïb‡Z n‡e?

3. KweZvwU c‡ii PiY wjwL : DV‡e †g‡Z mevB †m_vq .......................... †m_vq nvwmi SY©v nv‡m, .......................... gvwZ‡q †Zv‡j wkïi `‡j ..........................|

124 Avgvi evsjv eB

4. wb‡Pi euv cv‡ki k‡ãi mv‡_ Wvb cv‡ki kã KweZvi g‡Zv wgjvB ¯cb aiv me-†c‡qwQj evnvix j¤v eb¨v is P‚‡ov iwmK ey‡ov nvwmi giv Lywki `vwo Ava †`‡k NyY SY©v mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvbyl

5. KweZvwU Ave„wË Kwi| 6. KweZvwUi cÖ_g ¯�eK bv-†`‡L wjwL| 7. kã¸‡jv w`‡q evK¨ wjwL : Mí, Kíbv, DavI, †cvlvK, ZvRv, SY©v, eb¨v, wK‡kvi, gvbyl, Ae‡k‡l| 8. KweZvi Aš�¨wg‡ji kã¸‡jv wjwL| Kwe cwiwPwZ : mywbg©j emy

Kwe mywbg©j emy 1920 wLªóv‡ã wenv‡ii wMwiwW‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wkï mvwnwZ¨K| wkï‡`i Rb¨ Qov, KweZv, Mí, Kvwnbx, iƒcK_v, ågYKvwnbx, †KŠZzKbvU¨ BZ¨vw` wZwb wj‡L‡Qb| Qvbveov, ˆn‰P, †e‡o gRv, K_v †kLv, kû‡i gvgv, exi wkKvix BZ¨vw` Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš_| 1957 wLªóv‡ã wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

Avgvi evsjv eB 125

wjwci Mí wk¶K : Avwg AvR GKwU Mí ej‡ev| Mí n‡jI Gi wKQyUv mZ¨, wKQyUv Abygvb,

Avi wKQyUv evbv‡bv| gbRyjv : m¨vi, AvgviI Mí evbv‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M| wk¶K : Lye fv‡jv| Mí evbv‡Z n‡j wKš�y Mí ïb‡Z n‡e, Mí co‡Z n‡e, Mí

wjL‡ZI n‡e| Av‡jv : AvPQv, GLb Avgiv Mí ïbe| wKš�y †Kvb Mí? iv¶m-†Lv¶‡mi Mí,

e¨v½gv-e¨v½gxi Mí, bvwK my‡qvivYx- y‡qvivYxi Mí? wk¶K : †Zvgiv †Zv A‡bK Mí Rvb| AvR GKUv bZzb Mí eje| wjwci Mí| AbRy : wjwci Mí! ïwbwb †Zv †Kvb w`b! wk¶K : wjwc gv‡b †jLv| †Kv‡bv kã ï‡b †jLv, wRwbm †`‡L †jLv| wPš�v K‡i

g‡bi K_v †jLv| GB †jLv †Kgb K‡i gvbyl †cj, †Kgb K‡i Avwe®‹vi Kij, †Kgb K‡i Af¨vm Kij- ZvB eje| wjwci Mí gv‡b †jLvi BwZnvm|

126 Avgvi evsjv eB

nvmvb : gRv †Zv! wk¶K : A‡bK w`b Av‡Mi K_v| GK‡kv, yÕ†kv eQi bq, GK nvRvi yÕnvRvi

eQi bq, cÖvq Qq-mvZ nvRvi eQi Av‡M c„w_exi †jvKRb wjL‡ZI Rvb‡Zv bv, co‡ZI Rvb‡Zv bv| Rvb‡e Kx K‡i? ZLb‡Zv eY© ev A¶i wKQyB wQj bv|

Avw`Z¨ : Au v, eY©gvjv wQj bv? A¶iI wQj bv, gv‡b A Av K L wKQyB wQj bv! wk¶K : mwZ¨B †Kv‡bv fvlvi †Kv‡bv eY©gvjv, A_©vr A¶i ev nid wKQyB wQj

bv| ZLb †jLvcov Rvbv †jvK wQj bv, mv¶i †jvK wQj bv| Avwgbv : Zvn‡j Zviv wPwV wjL‡Zv Kx K‡i? wk¶K : ZLb wPwVcÎ wQj bv, eBcÎ wQj bv, Kvwj Kjg wQj bv| Avgv‡ì evev,

gv, `v`v, `vwìv †QvU‡ì Rb¨ Mí evbv‡Zb Avi cvnv‡oi ¸nvq e‡m iv‡Z Puv‡ì Av‡jv‡Z Mí evwb‡q evwb‡q wkï‡ì Nyg cvov‡Zb| eoiv Mí ej‡Zb Avi †QvUiv Mí ïb‡Zv| Mí ï‡b ï‡b eo n‡q wb‡Riv Avevi †QvU‡ì Mí †kvbv‡Zv|

mywRZ : AvPQv, fz‡j †M‡j Kx Ki‡Zv? wk¶K : Zzwg Lye my›ì cÖkœ K‡iQ| fz‡j †M‡j ZLb Avi MíUv ej‡Z cvi‡Zv

bv| Avevi bZzb K‡i bZzb Mí evbv‡Z n‡Zv| †m R‡b¨B fz‡j hvIqvi wec` †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ wjwc ˆZwii wPš�v gv_vq Gj| k�‡b¨ wgwj‡q hvIqv K_v‡K †iLvi eÜ‡b ew›` Kivi dw›`B nj wjwc|

bvwn` : GLb †hgb K_vevZ©v, Mvb evRbv, Ave„wË, e³…Zv K¨v‡m‡U a‡i ivLv nq †m iKg|

wk¶K : wVK e‡jQ, A‡bKUv ZvB| GLb h‡š�i ev‡· K_v‡K ew›` K‡i ivLv nq, ZLb nv‡Z AvuKv †iLvq K_v‡K ew›` K‡i ivLv n‡Zv| K_v‡K †iLvi eÜ‡b ew›` K‡i ivLvi Rb¨B ˆZwi nj wjwc| wjwc‡K †KD e‡jb wjLb c×wZ, †KD e‡jb eY©gvjv, †KD e‡jb nid, †KD e‡jb A¶i, †KD e‡jb ÔA¨vjdv‡eUÕ| gvbyl †hw`b wjwc w`‡q K_v‡K ew›` K‡i ivL‡Z wkLj †mw`b †_‡KB gvby‡li mf¨Zvi c‡_ bZzb hvÎv ïiy nj|

Avgvi evsjv eB 127

nvmvb : †K wjwc Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb?

wk¶K : cÖv‰MwZnvwmK Kv‡j †K KLb Kxfv‡e wjwc Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb Zv †KD

mwVKfv‡e ej‡Z cvi‡e bv| AvaywbK Kv‡j huviv G ai‡bi KvR K‡i‡Qb

Zuv‡ì KviI KviI bvg Rvbv hvq| †hgb, †Kvwiqvi ivRv †m Rs Ges

ag©hvRK mš� wmwij|

Ugvm : evsjv wjwc Kxfv‡e Gj?

wk¶K : evsjv wjwc †K cÖPjb K‡i‡Qb Zv Rvbv hvq bv| cÖvPxb eªvþx wjwc †_‡K

A‡kvK wjwc, A‡kvK wjwc †_‡K KzwUj wjwc Ges KzwUj wjwc †_‡K

e½wjwc iƒcvš�wiZ n‡q‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| GB e½wjwcB evsjv

wjwci cyiv‡bv bvg|

wkDwj : m¨vi, c„w_ex‡Z KZ wjwc wQj ?

wk¶K : KZ wjwc wQj Zv mwVK Rvbv †bB| Z‡e A‡bK wjwc Kv‡j Kv‡j wejyß

n‡q †M‡Q| A‡bK wjwci bgybv cvIqv †M‡Q, †hgb : g‡n‡Äv`v‡ivi wjwc,

wgkixq wjwc| Z‡e, G¸‡jvi cvV D×v‡ii Rb¨ GLbI fvlv weÁvbx I

cÖZœZvwË¡Kiv Av‡iv M‡elYv Ki‡Qb| †Zvgiv eo n‡q cÖvPxb wjwc m¤c‡K©

Av‡iv Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|

mK‡jB : m¨vi, Avcbvi gy‡L wjwci K_v †kvbvi ci Avgv‡ì AviI Rvb‡Z B‡PQ

Ki‡Q| eo n‡q Avgiv wjwc m¤c‡K© Av‡iv Rvb‡Z PvB|


wjwci MíwU fvlvi cÖZxK wPý wn‡m‡e eY©gvjv Kxfv‡e Av‡¯� Av‡¯� GKwU iƒc

cvq Zvi GKwU aviYv K‡_vcK_‡bi gva¨‡g †evSv‡bvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b

wk¶K I wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wjwcgvjv Avwe®‹v‡ii Z_¨ Rvbv‡bvi

†Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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