nâôâïïëóèî‹...
TRANSCRIPT
Ÿ„ÂȘ Ù˘ NÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜
°Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜ (·fi ÙȘ ··Ú¯¤˜ ˆ˜
ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜)
EÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ MÂϤÙ˘
NÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ºÈÏÔÏÔÁ›·
·fi ÙȘ ··Ú¯¤˜
ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ 18Ô ·ÈÒÓ·
™T. A£HNH
X. ¢ANIH§
™. ™TAYPAKO¶OY§OY
™ËÌ›ˆÛË√È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÏËÊı› ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚfiÓÙ· ÙfiÌÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ηı·Ú¿ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Î·È ˘ÔηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÈηÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ‰È¿ÏÂ͢. ¶·Ú·-Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ̄ Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ Î·È Û˘Óԉ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ËÁ‹˜‹/Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó··Ú·¯ı› Û ٤ÙÔÈÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÒÛÙ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ·ÚΛÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ̄ Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ, ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ Î·È ÁÂÓÈο ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜.
∞·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó·Ù‡ˆÛË Î·È Î¿ı ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ÙfiÌÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È ÙȘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶. ¢È·Ó¤ÌÂÙ·È ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ÌfiÓÔÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÁÁÂÁÚ·Ì̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ Î·È ÛÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯԉȉ·ÎÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰È·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÒÏËÛË.
NEOE§§HNIKH ºI§O§O°IA A¶O TI™ A¶APXE™ ø™ TON 18Ô AIøNA
Ÿ„ÂȘ Ù˘ NÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜ (·fi ÙȘ ··Ú¯¤˜ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜)
EÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ MÂϤÙ˘
™ËÌ›ˆÛË∆Ô ∂∞¶ Â›Ó·È ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ªÂ-ıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÍ ∞ÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘. °È· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ·ÚÙÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÏËÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Á-ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙËÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜, ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ› ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Î·È ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ›˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔÈ Ô˘ ·Ó¤Ï·‚·Ó ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ·˘Ùfi.
Copyright © 2005°È· ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ
E§§HNIKO ANOIKTO ¶ANE¶I™THMIO√‰fi˜ ™Ù·¯ÙÔ‡ÚË 16 & AÁ. AÓ‰Ú¤Ô˘, 26222 ¶¿ÙÚ·∆ËÏ.: (2610) 367336, 367355, º·Í: (2610) 361420
™YNTE§E™TE™ TOY ¢I¢AKTIKOY Y§IKOYÙÔ˘ EÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›Ô˘ MÂϤÙ˘
Ÿ„ÂȘ Ù˘ NÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜ (·fi ÙȘ ··Ú¯¤˜ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜)
∞η‰ËÌ·˚Îfi˜ À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ £ÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ EÓfiÙËÙ·˜
T¿Î˘ K·ÁÈ·Ï‹˜
™˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË™ˆÙËÚ›· ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ . . . . . . . . . . ™Ù¤Ê·ÓÔ˜ K·ÎÏ·Ì¿Ó˘
™Ù¤ÛË Aı‹ÓË . . . . . . . . . . ™Ù¤Ê·ÓÔ˜ K·ÎÏ·Ì¿Ó˘XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ¢·ÓÈ‹Ï . . . . . . . . . . AÓ·ÛÙ¿ÛÈÔ˜ K·Ï¿Ó˘
EÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ÛÙË M¤ıÔ‰Ô Ù˘ Eη›‰Â˘Û˘ ·fi AfiÛÙ·ÛËÕÓÓ· AÔÛÙÔÏ›‰Ô˘
°ÏˆÛÛÈ΋ EÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ¶¤ÙÚÔ˜ XÚÈÛÙÔÊÈÏ›‰Ë˜
K·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋ EÈ̤ÏÂÈ·/HÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ™ÂÏȉÔÔ›ËÛËÕÚÙÂÌȘ °Ï¿ÚÔ˘
™˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡Î·È ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂΉfiÛˆÓ
OMA¢A EKTE§E™H™ EP°OY EA¶/1997-2005
ISBN: 960-538-587-2
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ N. 2121/1993 ··ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‹ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋
·Ó·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‹ Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ̤ÛÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ¿‰ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂΉfiÙË.
™Ã√§∏ AN£Pø¶I™TIKøN ™¶OY¢øN
¶ƒ√°ƒ∞ªª∞ ™¶√À¢ø¡
™Ô˘‰¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ EÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi
£∂ª∞∆π∫∏ ∂¡√∆∏∆∞
NÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ºÈÏÔÏÔÁ›· ·fi ÙȘ ··Ú¯¤˜
ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ 18Ô ·ÈÒÓ·
√æ∂π™ ∆∏™ N∂√∂§§∏¡π∫∏™ °ƒ∞ªª∞∆∂π∞™
(∞¶√ ∆π™ ∞¶∞ƒÃ∂™ ø™ ∆∏¡ π¢ƒÀ™∏
∆√À ∂§§∏¡π∫√À ∫ƒ∞∆√À™)
E°Ã∂πƒπ¢π√ M∂§∂∆∏™
¶∞∆ƒ∞ 2005
¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ 25
T. K·ÁÈ·Ï‹˜
MEPO™ Aã
K E º A § A I O 1™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÈÌË ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ‰ËÌÒ‰Ë ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· (·fi ÙȘ ··Ú¯¤˜ ̂ ˜ ÙÔ 1453) 29
™ÎÔfi˜ .................................................................................................................................29
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ........................................................................................29
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ................................................................................................................29
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ..............................................................................................29
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.1°Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ...............................................................................................31
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 1.2ÃÚÔÓÈο fiÚÈ· – ¶ÂÚÈÔ‰ÔÏfiÁËÛË .......................................................................................34
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ................................................................................................................................37
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .........................................................................................................................38
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·......................................................................................................................39
K E º A § A I O 2™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∂È΋ Ô›ËÛË: ¢ÈÁÂÓ‹˜ ∞ÎÚ›Ù˘ 41
™ÎÔfi˜ .................................................................................................................................41
7
¶EPIEXOMENA
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ........................................................................................41
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ................................................................................................................41
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ..............................................................................................41
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.1√È ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ...................................................................................................................42
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.2∏ ·Ú¯È΋ Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË ..............................................................................................................45
2.2.1 ∆· ÈÛÙÔÚÈο Î·È ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·....................................................................46
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.3√ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ .....................................................................................48
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.4√ ·ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ...........................................................................................................50
2.4.1 ¶ËÁ¤˜ Î·È ·Ë¯‹ÛÂȘ.................................................................................................51
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ................................................................................................................................52
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .........................................................................................................................53
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·......................................................................................................................54
K E º A § A I O 3™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
™·ÙÈÚÈ΋ Ô›ËÛË: (¶Ùˆ¯Ô)¶ÚÔ‰ÚÔÌÈο, ¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋/¶·Ú·ÈÓÂÙÈ΋ Ô›ËÛË: ™·Ó¤·˜, °Ï˘Î¿˜ 57
™ÎÔfi˜ .................................................................................................................................57
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ........................................................................................57
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ................................................................................................................57
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ..............................................................................................57
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1(¶Ùˆ¯Ô)¶ÚÔ‰ÚÔÌÈο ÔÈ‹Ì·Ù·..........................................................................................59
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.2™·Ó¤·˜ ...............................................................................................................................62
8
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.3
°Ï˘Î¿˜ .................................................................................................................................64
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ................................................................................................................................65
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .........................................................................................................................66
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·......................................................................................................................67
K E º A § A I O 4™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∂ÚˆÙÈ΋-¶ÂÚÈÂÙÂÈ҉˘ («πÔÙÈ΋») ª˘ıÈÛÙÔÚ›· 69
™ÎÔfi˜ .................................................................................................................................69
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ........................................................................................69
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ................................................................................................................69
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.1
°Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ...............................................................................................70
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2
∫·Ïϛ̷¯Ô˜ Î·È ÃÚ˘ÛÔÚÚfiË ................................................................................................73
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.3
µ¤Ïı·Ó‰ÚÔ˜ Î·È ÃÚ˘Û¿ÓÙ˙· ................................................................................................75
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.4
§›‚ÈÛÙÚÔ˜ Î·È ƒÔ‰¿ÌÓË .......................................................................................................76
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.5
ºÏÒÚÈÔ˜ Î·È ¶Ï·Ù˙È·ÊÏÒÚ· ..............................................................................................78
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.6
π̤ÚÈÔ˜ Î·È ª·ÚÁ·ÚÒÓ· ...................................................................................................79
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ................................................................................................................................81
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .........................................................................................................................82
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·......................................................................................................................83
9
K E º A § A I O 5™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∂ÚˆÙÈ΋/¶ÂÚÈÂÙÂÈ҉˘ Ì˘ıÈÛÙÔÚ›· Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓË
Ì ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∞Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· 85
™ÎÔfi˜ .................................................................................................................................85
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ........................................................................................85
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ................................................................................................................85
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ..............................................................................................85
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.1∞¯ÈÏÏË›˜ – ¢È‹ÁËÛȘ ÙÔ˘ ∞¯ÈÏϤˆ˜ .....................................................................................87
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.2¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ∆Úˆ¿‰Ô˜ .........................................................................................................89
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.3¢È‹ÁËÛȘ Ù˘ ∆Úˆ¿‰Ô˜ .........................................................................................................90
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4πÏÈ¿˜ – πÏÈ¿‰Ô˜ Ú·„ˆ‰›·È ∫¢ã ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÌÔÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ...............................................................91
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.5£ËÛË›‰· ...............................................................................................................................92
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.6∞ÔÏÏÒÓÈÔ˜..........................................................................................................................93
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.7∆Ô Ì˘ıÈÛÙfiÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÔ˘ .......................................................................................95
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ................................................................................................................................97
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .........................................................................................................................98
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·......................................................................................................................99
K E º A § A I O 6™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∏ıÈÎԉȉ·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ∞ÏÏËÁÔÚÈ΋ Ô›ËÛË 101
10
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................101
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................101
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................101
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................101
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 6.1§fiÁÔ˜ ·ÚËÁÔÚËÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÚ› ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È E˘Ù˘¯›·˜ ......................................................103
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 6.2¢È‹ÁËÛȘ µÂÏÈÛ·Ú›Ô˘ .........................................................................................................105
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 6.3πÛÙÔÚ›· ¶Ùˆ¯ÔϤÔÓÙÔ˜ ......................................................................................................108
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 6.4∏ ¢È‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ™Â‚·ÛÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ· £ˆÌ¿ ...........................................................................110
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................111
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................112
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................113
K E º A § A I O 7™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
ÃÚÔÓÈο Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È· 115
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................115
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................115
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................115
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................115
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 7.1ÃÚÔÓÈο .............................................................................................................................116
7.1.1 ∆Ô ÃÚÔÓÈÎfiÓ ÙÔ˘ ªÔÚ¤ˆ˜........................................................................................116
7.1.2 ∆Ô ÃÚÔÓÈÎfiÓ ÙˆÓ ∆fiÎΈÓ........................................................................................117
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 7.2πÛÙÔÚÈο ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È·..........................................................................................................118
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................120
11
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................121
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................122
K E º A § A I O 8™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
ª˘ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Ô›ËÛË: IÛÙÔڛ˜ ˙ÒˆÓ Î·È Ê˘ÙÒÓ 123
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................123
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................123
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................123
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................123
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 8.1
√ ¶Ô˘ÏÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ...................................................................................................................124
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 8.2
¢È‹ÁËÛȘ ¶·È‰ÈfiÊÚ·ÛÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÙÚ·fi‰ˆÓ ̇ ÒˆÓ ............................................................126
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 8.3
™˘Ó·Í¿ÚÈÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÙÈÌË̤ÓÔ˘ Á·‰¿ÚÔ˘ ................................................................................127
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 8.4
√ º˘ÛÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ....................................................................................................................128
™‡ÓÔ„Ë...............................................................................................................................130
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................131
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................133
K E º A § A I O 9™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
°ÏÒÛÛ· – ™ÙÈ¯Ô˘ÚÁ›· 135
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................135
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................135
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................135
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................135
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................139
12
MEPO™ Bã
K E º A § A I O 1 0™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÈÌË ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ‰ËÌÒ‰Ë ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· (·fi ÙÔ 1453 ̂ ˜ ÙÔ 1669) 143
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................143
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................143
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................143
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................143
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 10.1∆Ô ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ...........................................................144
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 10.2£Ú‹ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÕψÛË Ù˘ ¶fiÏ˘ .................................................................................148
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................150
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................151
K E º A § A I O 1 1™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∏ Ô›ËÛË ÛÙ· ÊÚ·ÁÎÔÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ·/‚ÂÓÂÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ‰¿ÊË: ¢ËÌÒ‰Ë Î›ÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙË ƒfi‰Ô, Ù· ∂Ù¿ÓËÛ·, ÙËÓ ¶ÂÏÔfiÓÓËÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ 153
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................153
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................153
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................153
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................153
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 11.1ƒfi‰Ô˜ .................................................................................................................................154
11.1.1 ∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, ∫·Ù·ÏfiÁÈ·-∂ÚˆÙÔ·›ÁÓÈ·.................................................................154
11.1.2 ∂ÌÌ·ÓÔ˘‹Ï §ÈÌÂÓ›Ù˘............................................................................................155
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 11.2∂Ù¿ÓËÛ·..........................................................................................................................156
13
11.2.1 π¿Îˆ‚Ô˜ ∆ÚÈ‚ÒÏ˘.................................................................................................156
11.2.2 ª¿ÚÎÔ˜ ¢ÂÊ·Ú¿Ó·˜..............................................................................................156
11.2.3 ∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, ¶ÂÚ› Á¤ÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ¿ÚÂÈ ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ.................................................157
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 11.3¶ÂÏÔfiÓÓËÛÔ˜..................................................................................................................159
11.3.1 °ÈÔ‡ÛÙÔ˜ °Ï˘Îfi˜ ....................................................................................................159
11.3.2 ∆˙¿Ó µÂÓÙÚ¿ÌÔ˜...................................................................................................159
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 11.4∫‡ÚÔ˜ ..............................................................................................................................160
11.4.1 ∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, ∫˘Úȷο ÂÚˆÙÈο ÔÈ‹Ì·Ù· ...........................................................160
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 11.5°ÏÒÛÛ· – ™ÙÈ¯Ô˘ÚÁ›· ......................................................................................................161
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................165
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................168
K E º A § A I O 1 2™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∫ÚËÙÈ΋ ∞Ó·Á¤ÓÓËÛË 171
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................171
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................171
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................171
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 12.1∆Ô ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ...........................................................172
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................175
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................176
K E º A § A I O 1 3™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∫ÚËÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·. ∞ã¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·˜ (̤۷ 14Ô˘ ·È.-1580) 177
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................177
14
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................177
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................177
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 13.1
∆Ô ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ...........................................................178
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 13.2
¶ÔÈ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο – ·Ú·ÈÓÂÙÈο ..............................................................................180
13.2.1 ™Ù¤Ê·ÓÔ˜ ™·¯Ï›Î˘................................................................................................180
13.2.2 §ÂÔÓ¿Ú‰Ô˜ ¡ÙÂÏÏ·fiÚÙ·˜....................................................................................182
13.2.3 πˆ¿ÓÓ˘ ¶ÈηÙfiÚÔ˜ ...............................................................................................183
13.2.4 ªÂÚÁ·‰‹˜.............................................................................................................184
13.2.5 ª·Ú›ÓÔ˜ º·ÏȤÚÔ˜ ................................................................................................187
13.2.6 ¶ÂÚ› ÍÂÓÈÙ›·˜.........................................................................................................188
13.2.7 °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ÃÔ‡ÌÓÔ˜.................................................................................................188
13.2.8 πˆ¿ÓÓ˘ ¶ÏÔ˘ÛÈ·‰ËÓfi˜, ∞Ó‰Ú¤·˜ ™ÎϤÓÙ˙·˜.....................................................189
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 13.3
¶ÔÈ‹Ì·Ù· Û·ÙÈÚÈο ..........................................................................................................190
13.3.1 ™Ù¤Ê·ÓÔ˜ ™·¯Ï›Î˘................................................................................................190
13.3.2 ∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, ™˘Ó·Í¿ÚÈÔÓ ÙˆÓ Â˘ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙÈÌȈٿوÓ
·Ú¯ÔÓÙÈÛÛÒÓ ...........................................................................................................191
13.3.3 ∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, Œ·ÈÓÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ......................................................................192
13.3.4 ∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, °·‰¿ÚÔ˘, χÎÔ˘ Î·È ·ÏÔ˘Ô‡˜ ‰È‹ÁËÛȘ ˆÚ·›·...............................192
13.3.5 ∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, √ οÙ˘ Î·È ÔÈ ÔÓÙÈÎÔ›.....................................................................193
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 13.4
¶ÔÈ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÚˆÙÈο ...........................................................................................................195
13.4.1 ª·Ú›ÓÔ˜ º·ÏȤÚÔ˜ ................................................................................................195
13.4.2 ∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, ƒÈÌ¿‰· ÎfiÚ˘ Î·È ÓÈÔ˘.......................................................................196
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 13.5
¶ÔÈ‹Ì·Ù· ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ..........................................................................................................197
13.5.1 ª·ÓfiÏ˘ ™ÎÏ¿‚Ô˜ .................................................................................................197
13.5.2 ∞ÓÙÒÓÈÔ˜ ∞¯¤Ï˘ ...................................................................................................198
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................199
15
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................200
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................204
K E º A § A I O 1 4™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
µãÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ·ÎÌ‹˜ (1580-1669) 207
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................207
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................207
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................207
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.1∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹...........................................................................................................................208
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.2¶ÔÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Ô›ËÛË ............................................................................................................210
14.2.1 ∏ µÔÛÎÔԇϷ .......................................................................................................210
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.3¢Ú·Ì·ÙÈ΋ Ô›ËÛË – TÚ·Áˆ‰›Â˜.....................................................................................212
14.3.1 ∂ڈʛÏË ..................................................................................................................212
14.3.2 µ·ÛÈχ˜ Ô ƒÔ‰ÔÏ›ÓÔ˜.............................................................................................215
14.3.3 ∑‹ÓˆÓ ......................................................................................................................216
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.4∫ˆÌˆ‰›Â˜ ..........................................................................................................................218
14.4.1 ∫·Ù˙Ô‡ÚÌÔ˜..........................................................................................................219
14.4.2 ™Ù¿ı˘ .....................................................................................................................220
14.4.3 ºÔÚÙÔ˘Ó¿ÙÔ˜ ..........................................................................................................221
14.4.4 ™¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙËÓ ÈÙ·ÏÈ΋ Έ̈‰›· – ¶ËÁ¤˜............................................................222
14.4.5 ∏ ÎÚËÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÛÙȘ Έ̈‰›Â˜......................................................................224
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ..............................................................................................................224
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.5πÓÙÂṲ́‰È·.........................................................................................................................225
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.6¶ÔÈÌÂÓÈÎfi ‰Ú¿Ì· ..............................................................................................................226
16
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ..............................................................................................................227
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.7£ÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ‰Ú¿Ì·.........................................................................................................228
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ..............................................................................................................230
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.8ª˘ıÈÛÙÔÚ›·.......................................................................................................................231
14.8.1 ∏ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ KÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ £Â¿ÙÚÔ˘.....................................................................235
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ..............................................................................................................236
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 14.9∞ÓˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘, £Ú‹ÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ º·ÏÏ›‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Ùˆ¯Ô‡ ...............................................................237
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................238
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ...................................................................................................................242
√‰ËÁfi˜ ÁÈ· ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ªÂϤÙË......................................................................................245
K E º A § A I O 1 5™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
°ÏÒÛÛ· – ™ÙÈ¯Ô˘ÚÁ›· 247
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................247
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................247
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................247
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 15.1°ÏÒÛÛ· ..............................................................................................................................248
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 15.2™ÙÈ¯Ô˘ÚÁ›· – ªÂÙÚÈ΋ .....................................................................................................249
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................253
K E º A § A I O 1 6™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
∆˘ÔÁÚ·Ê›· 255
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................255
17
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................255
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................255
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................255
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 16.1µÂÓÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Ë̈‰ÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ...........................................................256
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................259
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................260
K E º A § A I O 1 7™. ™Ù·˘Ú·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
¢ËÌ҉˘ Â˙ÔÁÚ·Ê›· (1453-1669) 261
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................261
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................261
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................261
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 17.1∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹...........................................................................................................................262
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ..............................................................................................................265
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 17.2∞ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÎÏ¿‰ÔÈ ......................................................................................................266
17.2.1 πÛÙÔÚÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·/ÃÚÔÓ(ÈÎ)ÔÁÚ·Ê›·........................................................................266
17.2.2 §ÂfiÓÙÈÔ˜ ª·¯·ÈÚ¿˜...............................................................................................266
17.2.3 °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ µÔ˘ÛÙÚÒÓÈÔ˜
(∆˙ÒÚÙ˙˘/∆˙ˆÚÙ˙‹˜ [ª]Ô˘ÛÙÚÔ‡˜/[ª]Ô‡ÛÙÚÔ˘˜) ........................................267
17.2.4 °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ™ÊÚ·ÓÙ˙‹˜ .............................................................................................268
17.2.5 梉ԉˆÚfiıÂÔ˜ ‹ πÂÚfiıÂÔ˜ ªÔÓÂÌ‚·Û›·˜........................................................269
17.2.6 ¶··-™˘Ó·‰ÈÓfi˜....................................................................................................270
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 17.3∞ÁÈÔÏÔÁ›·, ËıÈÎԉȉ·ÎÙÈΤ˜-·Ú·‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÊËÁ‹ÛÂȘ.........................................272
17.3.1 ÕÓıÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ã·Ú›ÙˆÓ ................................................................................................272
17.3.2 µ·ÚÏ·¿Ì Î·È πˆ¿Û·Ê ............................................................................................273
17.3.3 πˆ·ÓÓ›ÎÈÔ˜ ∫·ÚÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ............................................................................................274
17.3.4 ¢·Ì·ÛÎËÓfi˜ ™ÙÔ˘‰›Ù˘ .........................................................................................276
18
17.3.5 ª¿ÍÈÌÔ˜ ª·ÚÁÔ‡ÓÈÔ˜ ...........................................................................................276
17.3.6 πˆ¿ÓÓ˘ ªÔÚÂ˙›ÓÔ˜ ...............................................................................................277
17.3.7 ∞Á¿ÈÔ˜ §¿Ó‰Ô˜ ....................................................................................................277
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 17.4¶·Úˆ‰›·, Û¿ÙÈÚ·, Ì˘ıÈÛÙÔÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋/Ï·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ......................................279
17.4.1 √ ¶ˆÚÈÎÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ......................................................................................................279
17.4.2 √ √„·ÚÔÏfiÁÔ˜ .......................................................................................................280
17.4.3 ™·Ófi˜ ....................................................................................................................280
17.4.4 πÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÔ˘........................................................................................281
17.4.5 µ›Ô˜ ∞ÈÛÒÔ˘ .........................................................................................................282
17.4.6 ™ÙÂÊ·Ó›Ù˘ Î·È π¯ÓËÏ¿Ù˘......................................................................................283
17.4.7 ™ÈÓÙ›·˜ ..................................................................................................................285
17.4.8 µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ˜ ¢ÈÁÂÓ‹˜ ∞ÎÚ›Ù˘....................................................................................286
17.4.9 ªÂÚÙfiωԘ............................................................................................................288
17.4.10 √ ∫·ÏÏfi·Ó‰ÚÔ˜ ÈÛÙfi˜ ........................................................................................289
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................290
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................291
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................296
√‰ËÁfi˜ ÁÈ· ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ªÂϤÙË......................................................................................298
MEPO™ °ã
K E º A § A I O 1 8™Ù. ∞ı‹ÓË
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹: O EÏÏËÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÒÛË Ù˘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ (1669-1821/1830) 301
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................301
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................301
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................301
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................301
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 18.1∆Ô ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ .........................................................................................................303
19
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 18.2
∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ËÁÂÛ›· .............................................................................305
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 18.3°ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ...............................................................307
18.3.1 ∆· ∂Ù¿ÓËÛ· .........................................................................................................307
18.3.2 √ Ê·Ó·ÚÈÒÙÈÎÔ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ .........................................................................................307
18.3.3 √È ·ÚÔÈ˘ Ù˘ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘............................................308
18.3.4 ∏ BÔÚÂÈÔ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· .......................................................................................309
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 18.4∏ ¶·È‰Â›·..........................................................................................................................310
18.4.1 ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ...............................................................................310
18.4.2 ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô.................................................................................................................312
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................315
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................316
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................317
√‰ËÁfi˜ ÁÈ· ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ªÂϤÙË......................................................................................318
K E º A § A I O 1 9™Ù. ∞ı‹ÓË
Ÿ„ÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜:
Afi ÙÔ 1669 ˆ˜ ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· 319
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................319
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................319
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................319
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 19.1∞ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘ÔÈ ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘ ÛÙÔÓ ‚ÂÓÂÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ EÏÏËÓÈÛÌfi .....320
19.1.1 √È «£Ú‹ÓÔÈ» ...........................................................................................................320
19.1.2 ∏ ÌÂٷʇÙ¢ÛË Ù˘ ∫ÚËÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ ÛÙ· ∂Ù¿ÓËÛ· .................................321
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 19.2∏ ·ÎÌ‹ Ù˘ ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋˜........................................................................324
19.2.1 ºÚ·ÁΛÛÎÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔ˜: ∆¤¯ÓË ƒËÙÔÚÈ΋˜ .............................................................324
20
19.2.2 √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜: ∏Ï›·˜ ªËÓÈ¿Ù˘ Î.¿. .......................................................................325
19.2.3 √È ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ºÏ·ÁÁ›ÓÂÈÔ˘: ÕÓıË ∂˘Ï·‚›·˜.............................................326
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 19.3
∆· ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈο «Ï·˚ο ‚È‚Ï›·» Ù˘ µÂÓÂÙ›·˜ ..............................................................328
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 19.4
∏ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ¯ÚÔÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜......................................................................................331
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................332
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................333
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................335
√‰ËÁfi˜ ÁÈ· ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ªÂϤÙË......................................................................................336
K E º A § A I O 2 0™Ù. ∞ı‹ÓË
O ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi˜ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi˜ (1709-1830/1831) 337
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................337
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................337
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................338
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................338
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 20.1
√ ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi˜ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi˜: TÔ ÂÚ›ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ...........................................................341
20.1.1 OÈ Ê¿ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔÈ, Ù· ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ..............................................................341
20.1.2 ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂΉÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ...............................................................348
20.1.3 ∆Ô ÁψÛÛÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· (1760-1821).........................................................................353
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 20.2
∏ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù›· (1700-1760).............................................................................358
20.2.1 §ÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ Ê·Ó·ÚÈÒÙÈÎÔ ¯ÒÚÔ .........................................358
20.2.2 √ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜/∫·ÈÛ¿ÚÈÔ˜ ¢·fiÓÙ˜................................................................361
20.2.3 ∞Ó·ÓˆÙÈο ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙ· Ù˘ÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ù˘ µÂÓÂÙ›·˜ .........................................363
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 20.3™Ù· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ù˘ ˆÚ›Ì·ÓÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ (1760-1800) ........................................365
21
20.3.1 ∏ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘................................................................365
20.3.2 √ ¤ÌÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ..................................................................................................375
20.3.3 ∏ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ....................................................................................................380
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 20.4
™Ù· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ù˘ ÎÔڇʈÛ˘ ............................................................................................383
20.4.1 ™ÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ Â˙ÔÁÚ·Ê›· Î·È ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÛÌfi˜.....................................................383
20.4.2 ∞ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Â˙ÔÁÚ·Ê›· ....................................................................................384
20.4.3 √ ¤ÌÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ..................................................................................................392
20.4.4 ∆Ô ÚÔ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ı¤·ÙÚÔ................................................................................397
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 20.5
™Ù· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ù˘ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘........................................................................................399
20.5.1 √È ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÁÒÓ· ....................................................................................399
20.5.2 √ ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô˜ Ù˘ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· ................................................399
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................403
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................407
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................414
√‰ËÁfi˜ ÁÈ· ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ªÂϤÙË......................................................................................416
MEPO™ ¢ã
K E º A § A I O 2 1ÃÚ. ¢·ÓÈ‹Ï
∆Ô ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È 421
™ÎÔfi˜ ...............................................................................................................................421
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................................................................421
ŒÓÓÔȘ-∫ÏÂȉȿ ..............................................................................................................421
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ............................................................................................422
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 21.1
∆Ô ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È. √ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ Î·È ÔÈ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ..............................423
21.1.1 ŒÓÙ·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜.
∆· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘.......................................................................423
22
21.1.2 ∫·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ......424
21.1.3 ∏ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È Ë ÂÓۈ̿وۋ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË
ÁÚ·Ù‹ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË.................................................................................................428
21.1.4 √È Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰ÈÒÓ Î·È Ù· ÂΉÔÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·...........429
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 21.2∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Î·È ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰ÈÔ‡ ................................................432
21.2.1 ∫ÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ˘. ∆·ÍÈÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ....................432
21.2.2 ∂›‰Ë Î·È ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋..................................................................................................433
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 21.3µ·ÛÈο ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰ÈÔ‡.................................439
21.3.1 ªÂÙÚÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙÈ¯Ô˘ÚÁ›·. ∞Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÈÛÔÌÂÙÚ›·˜...................................................439
21.3.2 °ÏÒÛÛ· – ™‡ÓÙ·ÍË .................................................................................................441
21.3.3 µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜....................................................................................442
21.3.4 ™ÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· .......................................................................445
∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 21.4¶ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· Î·È ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ÙÚ·ÁÔ‡‰È ...........................................................448
21.4.1 °ÂÓÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË .....................................................................................................448
21.4.2 ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÈËÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜............................................................450
™‡ÓÔ„Ë ..............................................................................................................................455
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· .......................................................................................................................456
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·....................................................................................................................459
√‰ËÁfi˜ ÁÈ· ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ªÂϤÙË......................................................................................461
23