nanoteknologi 04.pdf

8/16/2019 Nanoteknologi 04.pdf

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NanoteknologiNanoteknologiNanoteknologiNanoteknologiSyaiful Ahsan, M.T.

Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Industri JakartaKementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia

ModifikasiModifikasiModifikasiModifikasi PermukaanPermukaanPermukaanPermukaan ((((Surface Modification Surface Modification Surface Modification Surface Modification ))))

ToksikologiToksikologiToksikologiToksikologi NanoteknologiNanoteknologiNanoteknologiNanoteknologi


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ModifikasiModifikasiModifikasiModifikasi PermukaanPermukaanPermukaanPermukaan

PermukaanPermukaanPermukaanPermukaan

• Matematis: bagian terluar (dengan ketebalan ≈ nol)

suatu material.

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• Fisis/Kimia: lapisan akhir atom/molekul (dengan

ketebalan ± 1 – 5 nm) suatu material.


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PelapisanPelapisanPelapisanPelapisan solsolsolsol----gelgelgelgel ((((sol sol sol sol – –– – gel gel gel gel coating coating coating coating ):• conventional dip coating • angle – dependent dip coating • spin coating • flow coating

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.

PolimerisasiPolimerisasiPolimerisasiPolimerisasi:• grafting-from • grafting-to


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Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional dip dip dip dip coating coating coating coating

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Tebal lapisan dipengaruhi oleh variabel-variabel:• konsentrasi padatan • laju penarikan• viskositas cairan • temperatur


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Angle Angle Angle Angle – –– – dependent dependent dependent dependent dip dip dip dip coating coating coating coating

Tebal lapisan juga dipengaruhi olehsudut antara sampel dan cairan.Terdapat perbedaan ketebalan lapisan.

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Spin Spin Spin Spin coating coating coating coating

Menghasilkan lapisansangat tipis di ataspermukaan rata.


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Flow Flow Flow Flow coating coating coating coating

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Tebal lapisan dipengaruhi oleh:• kemiringan sampel• viskositas cairan• laju evaporasi pelarut


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Densifikasi dilakukan dengan proses sintering .

Sintering :pemanasan bijih logam atau material serbuk di bawah

titik lelehnya (± 2/3 Tmelt ) supaya koheren ( packed ).

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PolimerisasiPolimerisasiPolimerisasiPolimerisasi:

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grafting-from grafting-to


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Metode grafting-from melibatkan reaksi inisiasi graft polymerization dari monomer-monomer. Gugus radikalatau ion awal telah teradsorpsi di permukaan bahan.

Pada metode yang disebut juga graft polymerization ini,

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permukaan, yang memungkinkan pembentukan rantaipanjang sehingga meningkatkan densitas rantai polimer pada permukaan bahan.


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Metode grafting-to melibatkan reaksi terminasi dariradikal atau ion polimer yang telah bertumbuh.

Ujung rantai polimer yang masih aktif mengalamideaktivasi dengan gugus fungsi pada permukaan bahan.

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Pada metode yang disebut juga polymer grafting ini,pencapaian densitas rantai polimer tinggi dibatasi olehdifusi menuju permukaan.


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grafting-from grafting-to

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AdvantageAdvantageAdvantageAdvantage AdvantageAdvantageAdvantageAdvantage

denser polymer films more controllable polymer molecularweight and composition

simple dip and rinse protocolDisadvantageDisadvantageDisadvantageDisadvantage DisadvantageDisadvantageDisadvantageDisadvantage

less controllable polymerization

on surfaces → polydisperse polymer

diffusion limited

→ lower density of polymer films


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Produk nanoteknologi dikhawatirkan berefek padakesehatan dan lingkungan.

Perhatian utama pada nanopartikel:

A A

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Nanopartikel → ultrafine particles → dapat terhirup

sebagai debu

V m


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Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penghirupan CNTmemiliki efek racun yang serupa dengan penghirupanasbes (asbestos ).

Namun, penghirupan partikel asbes utamanya terjadi

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.


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Partikel asbes dalam tubuh manusia

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Fullerenes,Fullerenes,Fullerenes,Fullerenes, CCCC60606060In rats dosed orally with radioisotope-labeled C60 fullerenes, mostwere excreted in the feces and some were found in the urine. A

small amount of them can be absorbed via the gastrointestinaltract. In contrast, in the same study, 90% of the same labeledfullerenes administered intravenously were retained after 1 week,

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.

Fullerenes have shown no skin irritation or allergic reactions.

On the other hand, fullerenes are being tested for possible medicaluse. Fullerenes are basically hydrophobic but water-solublederivatives have been synthesized to be used as drugs or itscarrier.


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MetalMetalMetalMetal andandandand MetalMetalMetalMetal OxidesOxidesOxidesOxidesMicron-sized titaniumtitaniumtitaniumtitanium dioxidedioxidedioxidedioxide particles are thought to havealmost no toxicity. However, the results of a series of studies by

Oberdörster et al. on nanosized titanium dioxide suggested that assize decreases, inflammatory effects are intensified, and normallynontoxic substances may assume hazardous characteristics.

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NickelNickelNickelNickel compounds are rated as a human carcinogen. NickelNickelNickelNickel oxideoxideoxideoxideis particularly insoluble among the nickel compounds and remainslonger in the lung. Nanosized nickel oxide particles have greater

toxicity to the lung than larger particles. Pulmonary inflammatoryresponses induced by nanosized cobaltcobaltcobaltcobalt particles have beenreported. Biological effects of nanosized particles of other transient metals such as ironironironiron and manganesemanganesemanganesemanganese have received

attention.


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In Japan, the cases of pulmonary interstitial pneumonia andpulmonary fibrosis have been reported in workers engaged incutting and grinding of sintered indiumindiumindiumindium––––tintintintin oxideoxideoxideoxide and potentially

having inhaled the dusts released from it.

RareRareRareRare earthearthearthearth elementselementselementselements are a general term of 17 chemical elements

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, ,

15 elements from lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu). The potentialbiological and environmental effects of these elements have notsufficiently been investigated.

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