narkotikebis moxmarebisa da aiv infeqciis saswavlo kursi ......da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis...

Aavtorebi: Tamar sirbilaZe

maia javaxiSvili

maia kobaiZe

Tbilisi, 2011 w.

სახელმძღვანელო მომზადდა აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების სააგენტოს (USAID) მიერ

დაფინანსებული ”საქართველოში აივ პრევენციის პროექტის” მხარდაჭერით

სახელმძღვანელოში გამოხატული მოსაზრებები წარმოადგენს ავტორთა პირად შეხედულებებს და არ არის

აუცილებელი ასახავდეს აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების სააგენტოსა(USAID) და აშშ მთავრობის პოზიციას

narkotikebis moxmarebisa da aiv infeqciis

pirveladi prevencia axalgazrdebSi

saswavlo kursi mSoblebisTvis

Teoriuli safuZvlebi

Tbilisi, 2010

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saswavlo kursi mSoblebisaTvis nawili 1. Teoriuli safuZvlebi

winasityvaobis nacvlad:

10 mcneba mSoblebisaTvis:

1. nu elodebi, rom Seni Svili iqneba Sennairi an iseTi, rogoric Sen ginda. daexmare mas sakuTari Tavis povnaSi;

2. nu mosTxov Sens Svils safasurs yovelive imisaTvis, rac mas gaukeTe. Sen mas sicocxle mieci, riTi unda gadagixados? is sxvas miscems sicocxles da es aris madlierebis Seuqcevadi kanoni.

3. nu gadmoanTxev Sens brazs Sens Svilze, Tuki ginda, rom tkbili sibere gqondes. rameTu, rasac dasTes, imas moimki.

4. nu Sexedav Seni Svilis problemebs zereled, rac unda araseriozulad mogeCvenos isini. SesaZloa, im momentSi misTvis cxovreba ufro mZimec ki iyos, vidre SenTvis, radgan mas gamocdileba ara aqvs.

5. arasodes daamciro! 6. ecade, yovelTvis gamonaxo dro SvilebTan urTierTobisaTvis.

gaxsovdes, rom adamianis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sexvedra sakuTar SvilebTan Sexvedraa.

7. nu daitanjav Tavs imis gamo, rom raRacis gakeTeba ar SegiZlia Seni SvilisTvis. im SemTxvevaSi mosTxove Sens Tavs pasuxi, Tuki SegiZlia, magram ar akeTeb.

8. bavSvi ar aris tirani, romelic mTel Sens cxovrebas eufleba – es aris saTuTi suli, romelic cxovrebam mogabara, raTa gaufrTxilde da ganaviTaro.

9. miiRe da giyvardes Seni Svili yvelanairi – Tundac, naklebad niWieri an naklebad iRbliani da warmatebuli.

10. SeigrZeni masTan urTierTobis sixaruli, rameTu bavSvi dResaswaulia, romelic jer-jerobiT SenTanaa.

ianuS korCaki

amerikeli fsiqologis jeims dobsis sami formula im mSoblebisaTvis, visac TavianT mozard SvilebTan kontaqtis SenarCuneba surT:

formula 1: “gyavdes gaSlil xelisgulze” (daexmareT da agrZnobineT Tqveni mxardaWera, magram zedmetad nu mouWerT xels).

formula 2: “iyavi gverdiT, magram nu Caerevi” (endeT da mieciT bavSvs sakuTari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis miRebis saSualeba).

formula 3: “Tu marTla giyvars, gauSvi. Tuki ar dagibrundeba, ese igi is Seni arc arasodes yofila” (siyvaruli Tavisuflebis gareSe ar arsebobs).

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Sinaarsi

kari 1. pirovneba da ojaxi

1.1. pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesi

bavSvis ganviTareba

gardamavali asakis Taviseburebebi

xasiaTis aqcentuacia

1.2. ojaxi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

ojaxuri sistemis dinamika

ojaxuri aRzrdis tipologia

funqciuri da disfunqciuri ojaxebi

ojaxi – fsiqikuri travmis wyaro

bavSvebis ojaxuri rolebi disfunqciur ojaxebSi

kari 2. narkotikebis moxmarebis pirveladi prevencia

2.1. damokidebulebis procesis zogadi mimoxilva

realobisagan gaqceva, anu rogor yalibdeba damokidebuleba

qimiuri damokidebuleba (wamaldamokidebuleba)

qceviTi damokidebuleba, anu “narkomania narkotikebis gareSe”

2.2. narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciis safuZvlebi

prevenciis arsi

riskze fokusirebuli prevenciuli modeli

“janmrTelobis ganviTareba” da cxovrebis jansaRi wesi

2.3. mozardi da narkotiki

ratom moixmaren mozardebi narkotikebs, anu adiqtiuri qcevis modelebi

narkotikebi da asaki, anu rodis aRmocendeba narkotikisadmi interesi

sociumis zegavlena adiqtiuri qcevis formirebaze

wamaldamokidebulebis Taviseburebebi mozardebSi

zogierTi niSani da simptomi, romlebmac SeiZleba mozardebis mier fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis moxmarebaze migvaniSnon

maradiuli problema: Tanadgoma Tu dapirispireba?

kari 3. aiv infeqciiis prevencia

3.1. zogadi informacia aiv infeqciis Sesaxeb

aiv epidemiis istoria

aiv epidemiis gavrceleba

gamomwvevis maxasiaTeblebi

virusis gadacemis gzebi

aiv-asocirebuli stigma da diskriminacia

qalebis problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia aiv epidemiis ganviTarebasTan

narkotikebis moxmareba da aiv infeqcia

3.2. urTierTobisa da seqsualuri qcevis Taviseburebebi mozardebSi

ZiriTadi cnebebis ganmarteba

mozardTa seqsualobis Taviseburebebi

sqesobrivi qceva da aiv infeqciis profilaqtika

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1.1. pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesi

bavSvis ganviTareba

yvela adamiani garkveuli SesaZleblobebiTa da unarebiT ibadeba da maTi ganviTarebisaTvis mzrunveli, keTilismyofeli garemoa saWiro. ganviTareba sam ZiriTad sferoSi xdeba. esenia _ fizikuri, kognituri anu SemecnebiTi da fsiqosocialuri sferoebi.

fizikur sferos miekuTvneba sxeulisa da organoebis zoma da forma, tvinis struqtura, sensoruli SesaZleblobebi (SegrZnebebi) da motoruli (samoZrao) unarebi.

kognituri sfero moicavs gonebriv SesaZleblobebs _ aRqmas, mexsierebas, azrovnebas, metyvelebas da warmosaxvas.

fsiqosocialuri sfero gulisxmobs pirovnul Taviseburebebs da socialur unarebs. am sferos miekuTvneba adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevisa da emociuri reagirebis individualuri stili, anu, is, Tu rogor aRiqvams adamiani socialur garemos da rogor reagirebs masze.

ganviTarebis procesSi samive sfero qmnis erT mTlian sistemas. amitom, erT romelime sferoSi cvlilebas aucileblad mohyveba cvlilebebi sxva sferoebSi. ra gansazRvravs adamianis Taviseburebebs _ memkvidreoba Tu garemo? es sakiTxi mecnierebs Soris dResac davis sagania. Znelia, adamianis esa Tu is pirovnuli Tviseba an qcevis stili mxolod memkvidreobiT aixsnas. aseve ver vityviT danamdvilebiT, rom raime fizikuri SesaZlebloba an qceva mxolod garemos zegavleniT Camoyalibda. ar arsebobs geni, romelic ganapirobebs kalaTSi burTis "Cadebis" unars kalaTburTis TamaSis dros, magram adamianis Zvlebis sigrZes geni gansazRvravs da, Sesabamisad, zogierT adamians genetikurad ganpirobebuli simaRle saSualebas aZlevs sxvebze ukeT ganaxorcielos es qceva. meore mxriv, Tu adamiani ar iswavlis kalaTburTis TamaSs, mxolod simaRle ar aris sakmarisi am ileTis Sesasruleblad.

amdenad, nebismieri qceva saWiroebs rogorc Tandayolil SesaZleblobebs, ise saTanado garemos. mTavari is ki ar aris, ra aris adamianis ganviTarebaSi wamyvani _ memkvidreoba Tu garemo, aramed is, rogor urTierTqmedeben genebi da garemo pirobebi.

kari 1. pirovneba da ojaxi

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«dabadebis aqtiT axalSobili individis damoukidebeli arseboba iwyeba... patara adamiani abijebs cxovrebis bWes da sruliad axal garemoSi iwyebs arsebobas. magram rogoria es axali garemo? ... is xom amieridan im did fizikur samyaroSi iwyebs cxovrebas, romelic movlenaTa auracxel mravalferovnebas Seicavs... axaldabadebuli bavSvi am ulmobeli samyaros mkvidrad iqceva» (d. uznaZe). adamiani dabadebis momentSi aris ara sufTa dafa, romelzec nebismieri ramis dawera SeiZleba, aramed, yuradRebiT wasakiTxi furcelia. rogor gaumklavdeba adamiani «ulmobeli samyaros» mier wayenebul amocanebs, didad aris damokidebuli imaze, ramdenad guldasmiT waikiTxaven ufrosebi am furcels. bavSvis ganviTarebis stimulireba xdeba ufrosebis mxridan. TamaSis, Cacmis, Wamis an banaobis dros mSoblis an momvlelis mxridan Tbili da mzrunveli damokidebuleba, aqtiuri kontaqti, laparaki mniSvnelovan stimulacias warmoadgens bavSvisaTvis. aseT urTierTobas moklebuli patarebi xSirad pasiurebi an agresiulebi arian, radgan maTi sametyvelo Tu socialuri warmatebebis waxaliseba da ganmtkiceba mudmivi emociuri ukukavSiriT ar xdeba. aseTi bavSvebi sakuTari gamocdilebiT rwmundebian, rom maTi mcdelobebi upasuxod rCeba da pasiurobas amjobineben an agresiulad reagireben. memkvidreobisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba yvelaze naTlad Cans sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis ganxilvisas. adamianis sqesi genetikuri kodiT aris ganpirobebuli. amitom zogierTebi Tvlian, rom qalur Tu mamakacur xasiaTs an qcevas aseve genetika gansazRvravs. sapirispiro Tvalsazrisis momxreebis azriT, qalsa da mamakacs Soris gansxvavebas ganapirobebs garemo faqtorebi, anu is, rom sociumi gansxvavebul moTxovnebs uyenebs sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs. sqesobrivi anu genderuli identurobis CamoyalibebaSi biologiuri da garemo faqtorebi mWidrod aris erTmaneTSi gadajaWvuli da romelimes ignorireba ar iqneboda marTebuli. gamokvlevebiT dadasturebulia, rom biWebi, saSualod, ufro didi wonisani ibadebian da siarulis dawyebis periodSi meti agresiulobiT xasiaTdebian; skolamdeli asakis biWebi ufro impulsurebi, aqtiurebi da energiulebi arian; mozrdil mamakacebs Zval-kunTovani sistema ufro ganviTarebuli aqvT, vidre qalebs. gogonebi ki ufro adre iwyeben laparaks; maTSi biWebze 2-3 wliT adre iwyeba sqesobrivi momwifeba; qalebi sicocxlis meti xangrZlivobiT gamoirCevian. es yvelaferi biologiurad ganpirobebuli gansxvavebebia, magram arsebobs sxva Taviseburebebic, romelTac sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli normebi gansazRvravs. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs myarad fesvgadmuli warmodgena qalurobisa da mamakacurobis Sesaxeb. mSoblebi Svilebs am stereotipebis Sesatyvisad afaseben _ "gogosaviT mtirala", "biWiviT celqi". zrdis procesSi bavSvi mSoblebisgan iTvisebs misi sqesis Sesatyvis qcevebs da

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manerebs ara marto mibaZviT, aramed surviliT, gaamarTlos mSoblebis molodini da daimsaxuros maTgan mowoneba. arsebobs universaluri normebi, romlebic saerToa yvela qveynisa da kulturisaTvis. warmoidgineT ori adamiani. erTi _ "Zlieri, riskiani, uxeSi, damoukidebeli, dominanturi da Zalauflebis moyvaruli", meore ki "susti, nazi, emociuri, meocnebe, damTmobi da morCili". Tu fiqrobT, rom pirveli maTgani mamakacia da meore qali, Tqven uamravi Tanamoazre gyavT yvela kontinentze.

gardamavali asakis Taviseburebebi

sqesobrivi momwifebiT mTavrdeba bavSvoba da iwyeba mozrdilobaSi gardamavali xangrZlivi periodi, romelic mozardobisa da siWabukis xanas moicavs. Tanamedrove civilizebul sazogadoebaSi es etapi TiTqmis mTeli aTwleuli grZeldeba _ 10-12 wlidan 21-22 wlamde. primitiul sazogadoebebSi ki bavSvobidan mozrdilobaSi gadasvlis periodi ufro xanmoklea _ garkveul asakSi simboluri ritualiT xdeba mozrdilad "kurTxeva" da iwyeba cxovrebis axali etapi. aseTi swrafi transformacia SeiZleba imiTac aixsnas, rom ganviTarebis SedarebiT dabal safexurze mdgom sazogadoebaSi mozrdils naklebi codna da unarebi moeTxoveba da maTi aTviseba ufro malea SesaZlebeli. fizikuri ganviTareba gardamavali asakis dadgomis yvelaze TvalsaCino gamoxatulebaa. mozardebSi zrda da biologiuri cvlilebebi iseTive siswrafiT mimdinareobs, rogorc mucladyofnisa da Cvilobis periodSi. magram, patarebisagan gansxvavebiT, mozardebi am cvlilebebs interesis, SiSisa da sixarulis Sereuli grZnobiT akvirdebian da mtkivneulad ganicdian nebismier sxvaobas realurad arsebulsa da idealurs Soris. sxvaoba marTlac aris _ am periodSi sxeulis nawilebi sxvadasxva tempiT izrdeba: jer xelis mtevnebi da terfebi izrdeba, Semdeg _ kidurebi; simaRleSi zrdis kvaldakval matulobs kunTebis moculoba da yvelaze bolos viTardeba mxrebi. sxeulis disproporciis gamo irRveva moZraobaTa koordinacia da moqniloba, rac mozardebs bevr uxerxulobas uqmnis. amas garda, aqtiurdeba kanis cximovani ujredebi, Sedegad mozardebs kanze gamonayari uCndebaT. yvela am cvlilebas marTavs hormonebi _ Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebSi gamomuSavebuli bioqimiuri nivTierebebi. am periodSi mkveTrad matulobs rogorc zrdis, ise sasqeso hormonebis gamomuSaveba da iwyeba sqesobrivi momwifeba, romelic pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebiT gamoixateba. sqesobrivi momwifebis dawyebis saSualo asaki gogonebisaTvis 10 welia, xolo biWebisaTvis _ 12, magram, xSirad, es procesi ufro adre an mogvianebiT iwyeba. biWebis naadrevi sqesobrivi momwifeba maT Tavdajerebulobas uwyobs xels, isini popularobiT sargebloben Tanatolebs Soris. naadrevad

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momwifebuli gogonebi ki, piriqiT _ Tavs uxerxulad grZnoben, naklebad Tavdajerebulebi arian, TanatolebisaTvis ucxoa maTi problemebi da amitom SeiZleba ufrosi megobrebi gaiCinon. dagvianebul momwifebas biWebi Zalian mtkivneulad ganicdian, radgan yvela ise eqceva, rogorc patara biWs, Tanatoli gogonebi ki ignorirebas ukeTeben. gogonebic ganicdian sqesobrivi momwifebis dagvianebas, magram, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi maTi momwifebis periodi Tanatoli biWebis momwifebas emTxveva, isini naklebad grZnoben gansxvavebulobas da gaucxovebas.

fizikurad gazrdili da sqesobrivad momwifebuli mozardebi Tavs ukve didebad Tvlian da cdiloben, gaxdnen damoukideblebi, rasac, bunebrivia, mSoblebis mxridan winaaRmdegoba xvdeba da iwyeba konfliqti, ojaxSi icvleba urTierTobebi, magram amis mizezi ar aris mxolod Svilebis problemebi. kognituri sferos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi NniSania abstraqtuli azrovnebis unaris Camoyalibeba _ mozardebs ukve SeuZliaT hipoTezebis formulireba, gadamowmeba da Sefaseba. azrovnebis procesSi isini manipulireben ara mxolod TvalsaCino niSnebiT an nacnobi faqtebiT, aramed SeuZliaT ganyenebuli ideebiT manipulirebac. mozardebi advilad wyveten ubralo logikur amocanas: '"yvela Zroxa lurjia. ra feris xbo eyoleba lurj Zroxas?" umcrosi saskolo asakis bavSvi, SeiZleba, arc dafiqrdes, ise gipasuxoT, rom lurji Zroxebi ar arsebobs: amocanis piroba SeuTavsebelia mis codnasTan Zroxebis Sesaxeb da es xels uSlis, dainaxos ubralo logika _ Tu yvela Zroxa lurjia, xboc lurji unda iyos. logikaze damyarebuli abstraqtuli azrovneba xels uwyobs maTematikisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis Seswavlas, dainteresebas fantastikiT, filosofiuri sakiTxebiT. azrovnebis axal safexurze asvla mozardebs ubiZgebs, dafiqrdnen iseT abstraqtul cnebebze, rogoricaa siyvaruli, megobroba, erTguleba, patiosneba; kritikuli TvaliT uyureben nebismier avtoritets, maT Soris, mSoblebsac, romlebsac aqamde upirobod dadebiTad afasebdnen, adareben idealuri adamianis, idealuri mSoblis Sesaxeb sakuTar warmodgenas. amitom, siWabukis periodSi xSiria ojaxuri uTanxmoebebi. am konfliqtebs dadebiTi mxarec aqvs: mozardi usafrTxo, ojaxur garemoSi cdis _ ra xarisxis damoukidebloba SeuZlia ikisros, ramdenad SeuZlia sakuTari azris dacva.

xSirad, mozardobisa da siWabukis periods emTxveva mSoblebis e.w. saSualo asakis krizisi, roca adamiani iwyebs ganvlili cxovrebis Sefasebas da acnobierebs, rom awmyod iqca dro, romelSic umTavresi miznebisa da gegmebis ganxorcieleba hqonda ganzraxuli.

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ojaxis cxovrebis am etaps mecnierebi afaseben, rogorc mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris axal urTierTobebze gadasvlis periods. aris ojaxebi, sadac es gadasvla ukonfliqtod xdeba, radgan mSoblebi ar upirispirdebian mozardis damoukideblobis moTxovnilebas. piriqiT, aZleven sakuTari azris gamoTqmis uflebas, mxars uWeren, exmarebian da anugeSeben rTul situaciebSi. aseT pirobebSi gazrdili adamiani ufro Tavdajerebulia da ukeTaa momzadebuli damoukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis. abstraqtuli azrovnebis Camoyalibeba sakuTari azrovnebis procesis analizis saSualebas iZleva. iwyeba TviTSemecnebis rTuli procesi, pasuxis Zieba kiTxvebze "vin var?", "rogori var?", gamudmebuli dakvirveba sakuTar Tavze da idealTan Sedareba. paralelurad, mozardebi sxvaTa Secnobas, sxvebis azris wvdomasac cdiloben. sakuTari cvlilebebis mimarT gaZlierebuli yuradReba iwvevs mozardebis garkveul egocentrizms. maT miaCniaT, rom maTi qceva iseve sainteresoa irgvlivmyofTaTvis, rogorc maTTvis. mozardebs patarebze bevrad metad ainteresebT, ras fiqroben maTze sxvebi _ isini, TiTqos, gamudmebiT scenaze arian warmosaxviTi mayureblis winaSe da Tavs axal-axal rolebSi scdian. 15-16 wlisaTvis aseTi egocentrizmi klebulobs: xvdebian, rom adamianTa umravlesoba ar aris amdenad dainteresebuli maTi pirovnebiT da isini arc ise unikalurebi da gansakuTrebulebi arian, rom sayovelTao yuradRebas imsaxurebdnen. fsiqosocialuri sfero. gardamavali asakis ZiriTad sirTuled miiCneven konfliqts mSoblebTan da sxva ufrosebTan, romlebic mozardTa damoukideblobisa da avtonomiisaken swrafvas ewinaaRmdegebian. rogorc irkveva, arc mozardTa emociuri gauwonasworebloba da arc ufrosebTan konfliqti ar warmoadgens ganviTarebis aucilebel atributs. mozardebis didi nawili mozrdilebTan mSvidobian da keTilganwyobil urTierTobas inarCunebs.

mozardebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kritikuloba da maqsimalizmi, misTvis Cveuli iumoriT, gamoxata mark tvenma: ”roca 14 wlis viyavi, mamaCemi imden sisuleles ambobda, rom ver vitandi, magram, roca 21 wlis gavxdi, gamikvirda _ rogor daWkvianebula es moxuci am 7 weliwadSi!”

avtonomiis gansazRvrebaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba ufrosebis zegavlenisgan ganTavisuflebaze, magram SeuZlebelia, rom gardamaval asakSi adamiani ar iyos maTze damokidebuli. sruli Tavisufleba arc mozardebisTvis aris xelsayreli, radgan afrTxobT pasuxismgebloba, romelic Tan axlavs damoukideblobas.

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amitom, ufro swori iqneba, Tu avtonomias ganvixilavT, rogorc TviTregulacias. am TvalsazrisiT, damoukidebloba gulisxmobs sakuTari daskvnebis gakeTebisa da sakuTari qcevis regulirebis unars. swored amas swavloben mozardebi. isini ojaxSi Tu skolaSi SeTvisebuli wesebis, sazRvrebisa da Rirebulebebis gadafasebasa da gadasinjvas axdenen. am procesSi, zogjer, mZafr winaaRmdegobas awydebian ufrosebis mxridan da es konfliqtebs iwvevs. xSirad isec xdeba, rom mozrdilebic monawileoben gadafasebis procesSi, minimumamde dahyavT konfliqtis zonebi da exmarebian mozardebs damoukidebeli azrovnebis ganviTarebasa da sakuTari qcevebis marTvis unaris gavarjiSebaSi. es sakuTar cxovrebaze pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa. mozardebi TandaTan swavloben pirovnuli damoukideblobis SeTavsebas im movaleobebTan da valdebulebebTan, romlebic yvela normaluri urTierTobis safuZvels warmoadgens. pirovnuli damoukidebloba, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia identurobis CamoyalibebasTan. identurobis Camoyalibeba, anu TviTgamorkveva xangrZlivi da rTuli procesia. igi qmnis erTgvar koordinatTa sistemas adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos integrirebisaTvis. mozardis winaSe dgeba amocana: Sekribos da gaaerTianos am droisaTvis mis xelT arsebuli mTeli informacia sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb (rogori Svili, megobari, moswavle, musikosi, sportsmeni da a.S. var) da moaxerxos am mravalricxovani “me”-s xatebis integracia pirovnul identurobaSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs individis warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis uwyvetobas. TanatolTa wre mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mozardis socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaSi. am wreSi arsebuli Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobebi xels uwyobs socialuri kompetenciis Camoyalibebas. mozardebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, yovelgvar normebs da wesebs aprotesteben, sakmaod mkacrad icaven TanatolTa jgufSi arsebul normebs. aq swavloben jgufisadmi solidarobas, jgufSi aRiarebuli wesebis dacvas da jgufSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebas. mozardebi TanatolebTan urTierTobaSi Sedarebebs akeTeben da amis safuZvelze afaseben sakuTar SesaZleblobebs da qcevebs. SefasebebSi aqcenti keTdeba garegnobaze da im pirovnul Tvisebebze, romlebic popularobas uwyobs xels – es SeiZleba iyos iumoris grZnoba da komunikabeluroba.

gardamaval periodSi gansakuTrebiT izrdeba TanatolTa jgufebis mniSvneloba. fizikuri, emociuri da socialuri cvlilebebiT gamowveul problemebTan gasamklaveblad maT TanagrZnoba da mxardaWera esaWiroebaT. amas ki, bunebrivia, imaTTan eZeben, visac msgavsi problemebi awuxebs, anu TanatolebTan.

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mozardebis garegnoba – Cacmuloba, varcxniloba xSirad ufrosebis gaRizianebas da ukmayofilebas iwvevs. magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom, erTi mxriv, mozardebi irCeven swored mozrdilebisagan gansxvavebul stils da amiT gamoxataven Tavis individualobas, zogjer ki - protests arsebuli normebis mimarT; meore mxriv, amtkiceben ama Tu im jgufisadmi Tavis mikuTvnebulobas. Cacmis stiliT afaseben, rom erTi “sportulia”, meore _ “Zveli biWia” da sxva. igive funqcias asrulebs laparakis manera, musika, romelsac usmenen. es yvelaferi, erTad aRebuli, mozardTa subkulturas warmoadgens. siWabukis xanaSi Sefasebis kriteriumebi icvleba da aqcenti gadadis iseT pirovnul Taviseburebebze, rogoricaa megobrobis, erTgulebis unari. urTierTobebi saerTo interesebze igeba da ufro guliTadi da stabiluria. rCevisaTvis ukve megobrebs mimarTaven da ara mSoblebs, megobrebs uziareben TavianT problemebs da saidumlos. mSoblebs isRa darCeniaT, emociuri mxardaWera gauwion Svilebs. dadgenilia, rom mozardebi, romlebic moklebuli arian mSoblebTan emociur kontaqts, ufro advilad eqcevian TanatolTa asocialuri jgufebis gavlenis qveS. identurobis CamoyalibebaSi ojaxs umniSvnelovanesi roli akisria. mSoblebis ZiriTadi amocanebi, erTi SexedviT, paradoqsulia. mSoblebi, romlebic kargad asruleben Tavis funqcias, erTi mxriv, uqmnian mozards daculobisa da mxardaWeris atmosferos; mozardi grZnobs, rom is uyvarT, iReben iseTs, rogoric aris. meore mxriv, igive mSoblebi xels uwyoben mozardis Camoyalibebas damoukidebel, qmediTunarian pirovnebad. daculoba da damoukidebloba _ es, TiTqosda, urTierTsapirispiro grZnobebi, erTi medlis ori mxarea. mxolod mzrunvel, usafrTxo garemoSia SesaZlebeli damoukidebeli pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. magram mSoblebis urTierToba SvilebTan, xSirad, Sors dgas am idealisagan.

xasiaTis aqcentuacia

fsiqologebis azriT, mozrdili adamianebis mxolod 40%-s aqvs e.w. gawonasworebuli xasiaTi. es aris moqnili, stresul situaciaSi mdgradi, zomierad mgrZnobiare xasiaTi SfoTvis dabali doniT. iTvleba, rom Semoqmed adamians ar SeiZleba aseTi xasiaTi hqondes. mozardebs Soris ki gawonasworebuli xasiaTi mxolod 5 %-s aqvs. aqcentuirebuli xasiaTis mqone adamiani gadaWarbebulad mgrZnobiarea zogierTi faqtoris mimarT, maSin, roca sxva, Tundac problemuri, faqtorebisadmi simyares avlens. Sesabamisad, erTsa da imave situaciaSi

amdenad, adamianTa umravlesobas aqvs ara gawonasworebuli, aramed aqcentuirebuli xasiaTi. es aris ara gadaxra normidan, aramed normis ukiduresi varianti, romlis drosac xasiaTis esa Tu is Tavisebureba mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli.

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zogierTi adamiani kargad da mSvidad grZnobs Tavs, zogi ki ibneva, wvalobs. es sulac ar niSnavs, rom romelime maTgani aranormaluria. rusma fsiqiatrma a. liCkom gamohyo mozardTa xasiaTis aqcentuaciis 11 ZiriTadi tipi, romelTagan TiToeuls gaaCnia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli “susti wertili”, rac imas niSnavs, rom xasiaTis Taviseburebebis gamo garkveul situaciebSi mozardi Tavs cudad grZnobs, iqceva araadekvaturad. amitom, roca ufrosebi ar iTvaliswineben mozardis xasiaTis sust wertils, SeiZleba, saukeTeso ganzraxviT, Seuqmnan iseTi pirobebi, romlebic gamoiwvevs maT protests, gaRizianebas, depresias. amave dros, aqcentuaciis yvela tips aqvs Tavisi Zlieri mxare da misi gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba mozardebi CavrToT iseT saqmianobebSi, rac maT ukeT gamosdiT da amiT davexmaroT asakobrivi sirTuleebis daZlevaSi. hiperTimuli mozardebi bavSvobidan moZravi, aqtiuri, xmauriani da celqebi arian, bevrs laparakoben. mozardobis periodSi, ZiriTadad, xalisiani guneb-ganwyobiT gamoirCevian. gabrazebis, aRSfoTebis afeTqebebi xanmoklea da ZiriTadad, gamowveulia maTi SezRudvis, mkacr CarCoebSi moqcevis mcdelobiT. advilad itanen fizikur datvirTvas da situaciebs, romlebic moiTxovs aqtiurobas, energias, mosazrebulobas; izidavT yvelaferi axali – axali urTierTobebi, axali adgilebi da sagnebi; uCndebaT survili, mosinjon sakuTari Zalebi axal situaciebSi, uyvarT riski da Tavgadasavlebi, amitom, SeiZleba, Tanatolebze adre daiwyon alkoholis an narkotikebis miReba, seqsualuri cxovreba; gamZafrebuli aqvT damoukideblobisaken swrafva; energiulobisa da xalisianobis wyalobiT, advilad ikaveben lideris adgils TanatolTa jgufSi. cikloiduri tipi bavSvobaSi xSirad hiperTimuls waagavs. mxolod gardatexis asakSi iwyeba perioduli uguneboba, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia apaTiuroba, uxalisoba; verafers guls ver udeben, uWirT mecadineoba, aRizianebT xalxTan urTierToba, Tanatolebsac Tavs arideben. manmade xmauriani da mousvenari mozardebi am periodSi dundebian, Sinidan ar gadian, ekargebaT mada, yvelafers pesimisturad aRiqvamen. sayvedurebma an mniSvnelovanma warumateblobam, am periodSi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios depresia an mZafri afeqturi reaqcia suiciduri mcdelobiT. am mdgomareobas cvlis aweuli guneb-ganwyobis faza, roca cikloiduri mozardebi amyareben axal urTierTobebs, did dros atareben TanatolebTan; swrafad aRadgenen gamotovebul saswavlo masalas. es fazebi garkveuli periodulobiT monacvleoben. TiToeuli, Cveulebriv, or-sam kviras grZeldeba.

hiperTimuli tipis Zlieri mxareebia aqtiuroba, amtanoba, mosazrebuloba. am tipis mozardebi advilad pouloben gamosavals arastandartul da stresul situaciebSi; advilad amyareben kontaqtebs da imsaxureben ndobas; mzad arian, aiRon pasuxismgebloba.

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labiluri tipis mozardebi bavSvobaSi didad ar gamoirCevian Tanatolebisgan, Tumca, umravlesoba xSirad avadmyofobs anginiT, gripiT, filtvebis anTebiT, Tirkmlebis, naRvlis buStis daavadebebiT da sxva. es daavadebebi SeiZleba mZime formis ar iyos, magram did xans grZeldeba da xSiri gamwvavebebiT xasiaTdeba. labiluri tipis mTavari maxasiaTebelia guneb-ganwyobis mkveTri da xSiri cvalebadoba. sul umniSvnelo mizezic sakmarisia am tipis mozardebisaTvis, rom Tvalebze cremli moadgeT da aseve mcire mizezma SeiZleba gamoukeTos xasiaTi. amitom, zogjer, zedapiruli da Tavqariani adamianebis STabeWdilebas toveben, magram es mcdari azria. maTTvis ar aris ucxo Rrma grZnobebi da urTierTobebi. isini siTbos da mzrunvelobas iCenen axloblebis, ojaxis wevrebis mimarT, kargi megobroba SeuZliaT. labiluri mozardebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian Seqebis, waxalisebis mimarT. yovelgvari yuradRebis gamovlena maT axarebs da stimuls matebs. sayvedurebs da gakicxvas Zalian mtkivneulad ganicdian. seriozulma problemebma, fsiqikurma travmebma SeiZleba mZime nevrozuli reaqciebi gamoiwvios. asTeno-nevrotuli tipis mozardebi bavSvobaSi bevrs Wirveuloben, xSirad tirian, aqvT cudi mada da mousvenari Zili, zogjer _ Ramis SiSebi. asTeno-nevrotuli aqcentuaciis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia advilad daRla, gaRizianebadoba da ipoqondriulobisaken midrekileba. ufro advilad itanen zomier fizikur datvirTvas, vidre gonebrivs. gaRizianebadoba waagavs labiluri tipis xanmokle afeTqebebs. yvelaze tipiuri maxasiaTebeli _ ipoqondriuloba vlindeba imiT, rom yuradRebiT akvirdebian sxeulebriv SegrZnebebs, gadaWarbebulad zrunaven janmrTelobaze, mondomebiT mkurnaloben umniSvnelo mizezis gamoc, advilad ijereben, rom raime daavadeba sWirT. senzitiuri tipis mozardebi bavSvobaSi gamoirCevian imiT, rom eSiniaT sibnelis, oTaxSi marto darCenis; afrTxobT zedmetad xmauriani TamaSebi, Tavs arideben Zalian aqtiur, celq Tanatolebs, morcxvoben ucxo garemoSi da Znelad amyareben urTierTobas; amjobineben TamaSs Tavisze umcros bavSvebTan _ maTTan ufro mSvidad grZnoben Tavs; mijaWvulni arian mSoblebze, gamoirCevian damjeri bunebiT. am tipis bavSvebs skolac afrTxobT xalxmravlobis da xmauris gamo. amasTan, klass, romelsac mieCvivnen, ver elevian, Tundac iq daCagrulad grZnobdnen Tavs. axal, ucnob garemoSi moxvedras SeCveuli Wiri urCevniaT. mondomebiT swavloben,

labiluri tipis Zlieri mxareebia gulisxmiereba da TanagrZnobis unari; isini gulSi ar ideben wyenas, cudi guneb-ganwyoba swrafad ecvlebaT kargiT; ician Tbili da mzrunveli damokidebulebis fasi.

maTi Zlieri mxarea maRali mgrZnobeloba; SeuZliaT, gaTvalon sakuTari SesaZleblobebi.

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magram aSinebT yovelgvari Semowmeba, sakontrolo, gamocda. xSirad, uWirT klasis winaSe pasuxi, radgan eSiniaT, rom Secdomas Tu dauSveben, dascineben. mozardobis periodi, xSirad, garTulebebis gareSe mimdinareobs da mxolod 16-19 wlisaTvis iCens Tavs am tipis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebleli _ gadaWarbebuli mgrZnobiaroba da mkveTrad gamoxatuli arasrulfasovnebis gancda, romlis sakompensaciod, TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis, TavianT sisusteebze amaxvileben yuradRebas, imis nacvlad, rom Tavisi Zlieri mxareebis ganviTarebaze izrunon. amitom, morcxvi da gaubedavi mozardi, SeiZleba, xazgasmiT “Tavisuflad” iqceodes, cdilobdes energiulobisa da Zlieri nebisyofis demonstrirebas, magram roca situacia namdvilad moiTxovs am Tvisebebis gamovlinebas, ukan ixevs. Tu moaxerxebT, gulTbili damokidebulebiT daimsaxuroT am tipis mozardis ndoba, dainaxavT, rom kompensaciis mizniT morgebuli niRbis ukan imaleba mgrZnobiare adamianis TviTgvemiT, sakuTari Tavisadmi maRali moTxovnebiT aRsavse cxovreba. fsiqasTeniuri tipebi bavSvobaSi, xSirad, gaubedavebi da mSiSrebi arian, gamoirCevian midrekilebiT msjelobisa da adreuli “inteleqtualuri interesebisadmi”. am tipisaTvis kritikuli periodia skolaSi swavlis dawyeba, roca uzrunvel bavSvobas cvlis moTxovnebi da pasuxismgebloba. maRali pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba bavSvs mZime tvirTad awveba _ eSinia, rom ver gaamarTlebs molodins da dakargavs mSoblebis siyvaruls. gardatexis asakSi gamwvavebebi, rogorc wesi, ar aReniSnebaT. yvelaze TvalSisacemad am periodSi vlindeba gadaWarbebuli TviTanalizi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis gaZneleba, SfoTva, siZneleebis da warumateblobis SiSi. amitom, situaciebSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT maRal pasuxismgeblobas moiTxovs, magaliTad, gamocdebis periodSi, SesaZlebelia dekompensaciebi, sulieri wonasworobis dakargva. gansakuTrebiT problemuria fsiqasTeniuri mozardisaTvis gadawyvetilebis miReba, Tundac es sruliad umniSvnelo sakiTxs exebodes. mtanjveli fiqris Semdeg miRebuli gadawyvetileba ki dauyovnebliv unda Sesruldes – aseTi mozardebi mouTmenlobiT gamoirCevian. maTi kompensacia, xSirad, swored utrirebuli TavdajerebulobiT da naCqarevi gadawyvetilebebiT vlindeba, rac xSirad marcxiT mTavrdeba. warumateblobebi kidev ufro aZlierebs sakuTar TavSi daurwmuneblobas da gaubedaobas.

senzitiuri tipis Zlieri mxareebia ganviTarebuli intuicia da movlenebis arsis wvdomis unari. am tipis mozardebi advilad amCneven siyalbes urTierTobebSi da gaaCniaT maRali moraluri kriteriumebi.

qceviTi gadaxrebi – saxlidan gaqceva, alkoholis an narkotikis miReba, suicidis mcdelobebi fsiqasTeniur mozardebs Soris Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdeba.

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Sizoiduri (autisturi) tipi. am tipis bavSvebs uyvarT TamaSi marto. naklebad izidavT TanatolebTan urTierToba, gaurbian xmaurian, xalxmraval TamaSebs: SeuZliaT, xangrZlivad ijdnen ufrosebTan da uxmod usminon maT saubars. gardatexis asakSi yvelaze TvalSisacemia gariyuloba da Caketiloba. zogierTs arc awuxebs sulieri martooba da kargad grZnobs Tavs Tavis fantaziebTan, zogi ki mZimed ganicdis, rom ver amyarebs kontaqts TanatolebTan da uSedego mcdelobebis Semdeg ufro metad iketeba Tavis samyaroSi. urTierTobebis gaZnelebas intuiciis naklebobac uwyobs xels. mozardebi ver igeben imas, rac ar Tqmula xmamaRla – mosaubris ganwyobas, survilebs, mis mimarT simpaTias Tu antipaTias; ver amCneven, rom dgeba momenti, roca, umjobesia, Tavi daanebo adamians. uWirT sxvisi sixarulis an wuxilis gaziareba. yvelaferi amis gamo, gulcivi da tlanqi adamianis STabeWdilebas toveben. Sinagani samyaro, romelic daxuruli da SeuRwevadia yvelasaTvis, xSirad, savsea fantaziebiT da gatacebebiT. amitom, aseTi mozardebis zogierTi saqcieli SeiZleba moulodneli da gaugebari iyos yvelaze axlobeli adamianebisTvisac ki. maTi gatacebebi xSirad gamoirCeva uCveulobiT, didi ZaliT da xangrZlivobiT. xSiria inteleqtualur-esTetikuri hobi, magram gatacebebi yvelasgan damalulia. epileftoiduri tipi. aqcentuaciis am tips dasaxeleba _ epileftoiduri imis gamo aqvs, rom waagavs pirovnebis Secvlis Taviseburebebs epilefsiiT daavadebis dros. am tipis xasiaTis Taviseburebebi bavSvobaSi mxolod zogierT SemTxvevaSi vlindeba: aseTi bavSvebi saaTobiT tirian da SeuZlebelia maTi dawynareba an garToba; zogjer, sisastikes iCenen – awvaleben cxovelebs, Tavisze patarebs da sustebs; bavSvebisaTvis uCveulod ufrTxildebian Tavis saTamaSoebs, tansacmels; skolaSi zedmetad akuratulebi arian. am tipis xasiaTis Taviseburebebi, xSirad, gardatexis asakSi iCens Tavs. wamyvania perioduli braziani uguneboba, gaRizianeba da im obieqtis Zieba, vizec SeiZleba javri iyaron. aseTi mdgomareoba grZeldeba ramdenime saaTs an ramdenime dRes. am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli afeTqebebi mxolod erTi SexedviT Cans uecari _ afeqti TandaTan mwifdeba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi. sul umniSvnelo gaRizianebas SeiZleba mohyves afeTqeba, romelic Zlieri mrisxanebiT, cinizmiT, daundobeli agresiiT vlindeba.

Sizoiduri tipis mozardebs SeuZliaT arastandartuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba; isini xelmZRvaneloben “civi gonebiT”, emociuri da subieqturi tendenciurobis gareSe; Tu raime sakiTxiT dainteresdnen, cdiloben, rac SeiZleba Rrmad gaerkvnen. SeuZliaT xangrZlivad, ganmartoebiT muSaoba.

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zogjer es agresia sakuTar Tavzea mimarTuli da SeiZleba seriozuli TviTdazianebiT damTavrdes. TanatolebTan urTierTobaSi cdiloben, moipovon Zalaufleba, daamyaron jgufSi Tavisi wesebi. sportis im saxeobebs irCeven, romlebic fizikuri Zalis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. SeiZleba Segvxvdes iseTi gatacebac, romelic xangrZliv, skurpulozur, pedantur saqmianobas moiTxovs. isteroiduli (demonstratiuli) tipis mTavari maxasiaTebelia yuradRebis centrSi yofnis daucxromeli survili, gamudmebuli moTxovnileba, gamoiwvios aRtaceba, gakvirveba, Tayvaniscema, TanagrZnoba ; Tanaxmaa Tundac gabrazebasa da siZulvilze, oRond nu iqneba mis mimarT indiferentuli damokidebuleba, oRond nu darCeba yuradRebis gareSe. es Tviseba bavSvobidan iCens Tavs. am tipis bavSvebi ver itanen, roca maTi TandaswrebiT sxvas aqeben, sxvas aqceven met yuradRebas. Tavidanve yuradRebis miqcevis moTxovnileba maTi umTavresi Tvisebaa. amitom, isini siamovnebiT cekvaven, mRerian, amboben leqsebs ucxo adamianebis winaSec. gardatexis asakSi Tanatolebis yuradRebis misapyrobad xSirad mimarTaven wesrigis darRvevas, gamomwvev qcevebs, magram seriozul darRvevebamde saqme ar midis. SeiZleba itrabaxon, rom bevrs svamen an narkotikebs iReben, magram es mxolod STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad keTdeba. didobis survili SeiZleba Zalian xmamaRali pretenziebiT da ufrosebTan konfliqtiT vlindebodes, magram realurad maT sulac ar sWirdebaT damoukidebloba da arc is undaT, rom moakldeT mzrunveloba da yuradReba. aramdgradi tipi bavSvobaSi gamoirCeva imiT, rom mousvenaria, gaugonari, magram mSiSara, eSinia dasjis da advilad emorCileba sxva bavSvebs. Znelad iTvisebs qcevis elementarul wesebs, mudmivad Tvalyuri sWrdeba. skolaSi Tavidanve ara aqvT swavlis survili. srul unebisyofobas avlenen, roca saWiroa saqmis keTeba, raime movaleobis Sesruleba. gansakuTrebulad iswrafvian garTobis, siamovnebis miRebisaken. advilad hyvebian imaT, visTan urTierTobac mxiarulebas da axal-axal STabeWdilebebs ukavSirdeba.

epileftoiduri tipebis Zlieri mxarea maTi mizanswrafuloba. isini punqtualurebi da mowesrigebulebi arian; yuradRebas aqceven yovel wvrilmans; yvela saqmes, rasac xels mohkideben, akeTeben safuZvlianad da mihyavT bolomde.

maTi Zlieri mxarea artistuloba, gardasaxvis unari; aqvT gamaxvilebuli intuicia, mudmivad iswrafvian siaxlisaken da yvelaferi arastandartulisaken, SeuZliaT irgvlivmyofebis ayolieba.

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mozardobis asakSi iwyeben ufro mZafri gancdebisa da STabeWdilebebis Ziebas. am mizniT SeiZleba 16alkohols an narkotikebsac mimarTon. wesrigis darRveva an wvrilmani samarTaldarRvevebic ufro garTobis mizniT xdeba. uiniciativobisa da amyoli bunebis gamo xSrad iqcevian brma iaraRad asocialur jgufSi. aramdgradi tipebi Tavs zogaven; SeuZliaT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moZebnon axal-axali mZafri gancdebi; advilad endobian adamianebs. konformuli tipis mTavari maxasiaTebelia uSualo garemocvisadmi gadaWarbebuli konformuloba. cxovrebis wesia _ ifiqros, “rogorc yvela fiqrobs”, moiqces, “rogorc yvela iqceva”. yvelaSi gulisxmoben Cveul garemos. cdiloben, araferSi ar CamorCnen sxvebs, magram ar uyvarT gamorCeul, gamosaCen mdgomareobaSi yofna. ar uyvarT siaxleebi, axal garemoSi moxvedra, radgan uWirT yovelive gansxvavebulis miReba da Segueba, arc winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari gaaCniaT. amitom, am tipebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs garemos: karg garemocvaSi yalibdebian dadebiT, Semsrulebel pirovnebebad, xolo cud wreSi TandaTan iTviseben am wrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevebs da manerebs. aqcentuirebuli xasiaTis mqone mozardebTan urTierToba ufrosebisagan gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles da windaxedulebas moiTxovs. miT umetes, rom sworma da gulisxmierma midgomam SesaZlebelia gardamavali asakis bolosaTvis Searbilos xasiaTis mkveTri xazebi. da, piriqiT, arakeTilsaimedo garemoSi aqcentuacia Rrmavdeba, Sesabamisad, izrdeba qceviTi gadaxrebis albaTobac.

konformuli tipis Zlieri mxareebia jgufisadmi erTguleba, swrafva stabilurobisa da myari mdgomareobisaken.

17


1.2. ojaxi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi ojaxi _ aris adamianTa jgufi, romelic dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan saerTo sacxovrebeli adgiliT, saerTo meurneobiT da, rac mTavaria, urTierTobebiT. ojaxis funqciebi uSualod aris dakavSirebuli misi wevrebis garkveuli moTxovnilebebis dakmyofilebasTan:

1. aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia gamoixateba imaSi, rom mSoblebma moaxdinon dedobis da mamobis individualuri moTxovnilebebis realizacia; daamyaron kontaqti SvilebTan da aRzardon isini.

2. sameurneo-sayofacxovrebo funqcia mdgomareobs ojaxis wevrebis materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaSi da xels uwyobs maTi janmrTelobis SenarCunebas, fizikuri Zalebis aRdgenas.

3. emociuri funqcia – ojaxis wevrebs ukmayofilebs simpaTiis, pativiscemis, aRiarebis, emociuri mxardaWeris moTxovnilebebs; xels uwyobs fsiqikuri janmrTelobis SenarCunebas.

4. sulieri (kulturuli) urTierTobis funqcia – Tavisufali drois erTad gatarebis, sulieri ganviTarebis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba.

5. socialuri kontrolis funqcia – ojaxis wevrebis mier socialuri normebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa, gansakuTrebiT es exeba ojaxis im wevrebs, romelTac garkveuli garemoebebis gamo ar SeswevT unari, damoukideblad ganaxorcielon socialuri normebis Sesabamisi qceva.

6. seqsualur-erotikuli funqcia – ojaxis wevrebis seqsualur-erotikuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. ojaxi axorcielebs misi wevrebis seqsualuri qcevis regulirebas, riTac uzrunvelyofs STamomavlobis gagrZelebas.

droTa ganmavlobaSi, ojaxis funqciebSi cvlilebebi Sedis – zogierTi funqcia ikargeba, axali socialuri pirobebis kvaldakval, Cndeba axali funqciebi. zogjer, funqciis dakargvas iwvevs ara axali socialuri pirobebi, aramed ojaxis romelime wevris/wevrebis uunaroba, Seasrulon esa-Tu-is funqcia. ojaxis funqcionirebis darRveva – es aris ojaxis cxovelmyofelobis iseTi Taviseburebebi, romlebic aZneleben an xels uSlian ojaxs Tavisi funqciebis SesrulebaSi. aseTi darRvevebi sxvadasxva faqtorebiT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli: ojaxis wevrebis pirovnuli an urTierTobis Taviseburebebi, ojaxuri cxovrebis garkveuli pirobebi. funqciebis garda, ojaxs Tavisi struqtura da ganviTarebis dinamika gaaCnia. ojaxis struqtura – es aris ojaxis Semadgenloba, misi wevrebis raodenoba da maTi urTierTobebis erToblioba. Cvens sazogadoebaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia ojaxuri struqtura, sadac aris ufrosebi da erTi an ori bavSvi.

18


ojaxis struqturaSi gamoyofen Semdeg formebs:

birTvuli (nuklearuli), romelic or Taobas aerTianebs : mSoblebi-Svilebi

gafarToebuli nuklearuli - sami Taoba: bebia-babua – mSoblebi – bavSvebi

didi ojaxi, sadac sxvadasxva Taobis sisxliT naTesavebis jgufi cxovrobs erT WerqveS da aqvT saerTo qoneba.

amas garda, SeiZleba gamovyoT struqturulad sruli ojaxi (romelic Sedgeba mSoblebisa da Svilebisagan) da arasruli ojaxi ( erT-erTi mSobeli ar aris), anda funqciurad arasruli, roca erT-erT mSobels ar ZaluZs Tavisi movaleobebis Sesruleba.

ojaxuri sistemis dinamika sistemuri midgoma gvTavazobs, ojaxi ganvixiloT, rogorc nebismieri sxva sistema. yvela saxis sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia:

mTeli ufro metia, vidre misi Semadgeneli nawilebis jami; sistemis romelime Semadgenel nawilSi nebismieri cvlileba aisaxeba

danarCen nawilebze; mTeli axorcielebs TviTregulacias Tanamimdevruli ukukavSirebiT

ojaxis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva sistemis, funqcionireba or ZiriTad kanons eqvemdebareba: homeostazisa da ganviTarebis kanonebs.

homeostazis kanonis Tanaxmad, nebismieri sistema iswrafvis mudmivobisa da stabilurobisaken, anu cdilobs, SeinarCunos Tavisi mgdomareoba, rogoric ar unda iyos is. Sesabamisad, nebismieri ojaxi, rogorc sistema, iswrafvis, darCes ganviTarebis arsebul etapze, anu SeinarCunos status kvo. mudmivobis kanons uzarmazari Zala aqvs da arsebuli statusis Secvla yovelTvis mtkivneulia ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis, Tundac es cvlileba sasixarulo iyos, mag.: nanatri bavSvis dabadeba. amavdroulad, moqmedebs ganviTarebis kanoni: nebismieri ojaxuri sistema iswrafvis, gaiaros sruli sasicocxlo cikli. aRsaniSnavia, rom ojaxi Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi gaivlis garkveul stadiebs, romlebic gardauval obieqtur garemoebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. erT-erT aseT garemoebas dro warmoadgens. adamianis cxovrebis yovel asakobriv

ojaxuri sistema – Ria sistemaa, romelic mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia gare samyarosTan. es aris TviTorganizebadi

sistema da am sistemis gardaqmnis wyaro TviT masSia. aqedan

gamomdinare, ojaxis wevrebis qcevas ganapirobebs mocemuli

ojaxuri sistemis funqcionirebis Taviseburebebi.

19


monakveTs gansazRvruli fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi Seesabameba da adamiani cdilobs am moTxovnilebebis realizebas. yovelive es gansazRvravs urTierTobebis stils da mTlianad ojaxis funqcionirebas. bavSvis dabadeba, moxucis gardacvaleba – es movlenebi mniSvnelovnad cvlis ojaxis struqturas da ojaxis wevrebis urTierTobebis xarisxs. ojaxi – mdinaresaviTaa, romelSic orjer verasodes ver Sexval. ganviTarebis kanonis Tanaxmad, nebismierma sistemam unda gaiaros Tavisi cxovrebis cikli. ojaxis cxovrebis cikli _ aris movlenebis da stadiebis monacvleoba, romelsac gadis nebismieri ojaxi. nuklearuli ojaxis cxovrebis ciklis ZiriTadi stadiebi (diuvali, 1950)

stadia ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi

1. ojaxuri wyvili bavSvebis gareSe

qorwineba, romelic orive meuRles akmayofilebs; orsulobasa da bavSvis gaCenis survilTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis daregulireba; naTesavebis wreSi Sesvla.

2. ojaxSi bavSvebis gaCena (ufrosi bavSvis asaki 2,5 wlamde)

bavSvebis gaCenasTan dakavSirebul situaciasTan adaptireba; Cvilebis swor ganviTarebaze zrunva.

3. ojaxi skolamdeli asakis bavSvebiT (ufrosi bavSvis asaki 2,5-dan 6 wlamde)

skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis moTxovnilebebsa da midrekilebebTan adaptacia maTi ganviTarebis xelSewyobis aucileblobis gaTvaliswinebiT. daRlilobasTan da piradi sivrcis ararsebobasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis gadalaxva.

4. ojaxi saskolo asakis bavSvebiT (ufrosi bavSvis asaki 6-dan 13 wlamde)

bavSvebis skolaSi siaruliT gamowveul siaxleebTan adaptacia; bavSvebis daxmareba da waxaliseba swavlaSi warmatebis misaRwevad.

5. ojaxi mozardebiT (ufrosi bavSvis asaki 13-dan 18 wlamde)

Tavisuflebasa da pasuxismgeblobas Soris wonasworobis damyareba. axali interesebis sferos gaCena, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli arc mSoblis movaleobebTan da arc karieris problemebTan.

6. axalgazrdebis ojxidan wasvla (pirveli Svilis wasvlidan im momentamde, roca umcrosi Svilic datovebs ojaxs)

axalgazrdebis mSoblebis mzrunvelobidan gaTavisuflebis rittualizacia. mxardaWeris atmosferos, rogorc ojaxis safuZvlis, SenarCuneba.

7. mSoblebis saSualo asaki (“carieli budidan” pensiaze gasvlamde)

col-qmruli urTierTobebis gadawyoba. Taobebs Soris kavSirebis SenarCuneba.

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ganvixiloT tipiuri qarTuli ojaxis cxovrebis cikli: ojaxuri ciklis pirveli stadia – es aris mSoblebis ojaxi zrdasruli SvilebiT. rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebs ara aqvT saSualeba, miiRon damoukidebeli cxovrebis gamocdileba. mTeli cxovreba axalgazrda aris Tavisi ojaxuri sistemis elementi, misi normebisa da wesebis matarebeli, Tavisi mSoblebis Svili. Cveulebriv, mas ara aqvs mkafio warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras miaRwia cxovrebaSi Tavad, misTvis rTulia sakuTar bedze pasuxismgeblobis aReba. mas ara aqvs da arc hqonia saSualeba, praqtikaSi gamoscados is standatrebi, normebi da cxovrebiseuli wesebi, romlebic mSoblebisagan gadmoeca da xSirad ver axerxebs sakuTari wesebis SemuSavebas. ojaxuri ciklis meore stadiaze axalgazrda gaicnobs Tavis momaval meuRles, qorwindeba da mohyavs igi Tavis mSoblebis saxlSi. am dros xdeba mSoblebis ojaxis wesebis msxvreva. amocana sakmaod rTulia – didi ojaxis SigniT patara ojaxis Seqmna. erTi mxriv, axalgazrdebma erTmaneTSi unda moilaparakon da SeTanxmdnen, rogor da ra wesebiT icxovron erTmaneTTan da, meore mxriv, gasarkvevia urTierTobis wesebi mSoblebTan. patriarqaluri wesebis Tanaxmad, axalgazrda meuRle (rZali an siZe) ojaxSi Semodis, rogorc kidev erTi Svili – vaJi an qaliSvili. miRebulia, rom meuRlis mSoblebs dauZaxon “deda” da “mama”. gamodis, rom axalgazrda col-qmari col-qmari ki ara, axlad SeZenili da-Zmaa. xSirad, axalgazrda ojaxi ar aris mzad urTierTobebis aseTi scenarisTvis. ukeTesia, Tu es scenari arc erT axalgazrda meuRles ar moswons, gacilebiT uaresia, Tu movlenaTa aseT ganviTarebas mxolod erT-erTi maTgani ewinaaRmdegeba. am SemTxvevaSi wyvilis erT-erT wevrs surs, pirvel rigSi iyos meuRle da Semdeg – Svili, xolo meore wevrs sapirispiro prioritetebi gaaCnia. aseT SemTxvevebSi aRmocenebuli konfliqti yvelasaTvis kargad nacnobia da xSirad gamoiyureba, rogorc rZal-dedamTils an siZesa da colis mSoblebs Soris dapirispireba. sinamdvileSi, am konfliqts safuZvlad axalgazrda meuRleebis roluri prioritetebis konfliqti udevs. axal qvesistemas, upirveles yovlisa, sWirdeba separacia (gamoyofa), xolo Zvel sistemas, homeostazis kanonis Tanaxmad, surs, yvelaferi ucvlelad darCes. amgvarad, paradoqsuli situacia iqmneba: qorwineba aris da, amave dros, TiTqos, arc aris. ojaxuri ciklis mesame stadia ukavSirdeba bavSvis dabadebas. esec krizisuli periodia mTeli sistemisaTvis. isev uxdebaT ojaxis wevrebs molaparakeba, vin ras akeTebs da vin raze agebs pasuxs. gafarToebul

8. ojaxis wevrebis sibere (pensiaze gasvlidan orive meuRlis gardacvalebamde)

mZime danakargisa da martoobis problemis gadawyveta. ojaxuri kavSirebis SenarCuneba da pensiaze gasvlasTan da siberesTan Segueba.

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nuklearul ojaxebSi, sadac qvesistemebis mkafio sazRvrebi ar arsebobs, xSirad arasworad aris ganawilebuli ojaxuri rolebi. magaliTad, gaugebaria, vin aris funqciuri deda - biologiuri deda Tu bebia, anu faqtobrivad vin zrdis bavSvs. xSirad es rolebi areulia erTmaneTSi da bavSvi bebiis “Svilia”, xolo sakuTari ded-mama – ufrosi da-Zmis rolSi gamodian. deda da mama muSaoben, bavSvi mTeli dRe bebiasTan aris da, amave dros, rZal-dedamTils Soris SeiZleba arc ise kargi urTierTobebi iyos. yvelaferi es bavSvze aisaxeba, zogjer bavSvic erTveba dapirispirebaSi. ojaxuri ciklis meoTxe stadiaze ojaxSi meore bavSvi Cndeba. rogorc wesi, es stadia wina stadiis msgavsad mimdinareobs da ojaxSi kardinalurad axali, garda ufrosi bavSvis eWvianobisa, araferi Semoaqvs. ojaxuri ciklis mexuTe stadiaze iwyeba ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebis dabereba da avadmyofoba. ojaxi isev kriziss ganicdis. moxucebi TandaTan ufro da ufro xdebian saSualo Taobaze damokidebulni. faqtobrivad, ojaxSi isini patara bavSvebis pozicias ikaveben da, samwuxarod, zogjer, siyvarulisa da mzrunvelobis nacvlad, gaRizianebas awydebian. aseT SemTxvevebSi, moxuci “arasasurveli bavSvis” rolSi aRmoCndeba xolme, maSin, roca wlebis ganmavlobaSi is iyo ojaxSi mTavari, is iRebda gadawyvetilebebs da yvelafris saqmis kursSi iyo. urTierTobebis gadawyobis es stadiac ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis mtkivneulia. xSirad, ojaxis ufrosi wevrebis cxovrebis es periodi bavSvebis gardatexis asaks emTxveva. am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, moxucebi da mozardebi saSualo Taobis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen; bebiebi da babuebi xels afareben SviliSvilebs, umalaven mSoblebs mozardebis araswor saqciels. meeqvse stadia imeorebs pirvels. ufrosi Taoba wavida, da darCa nuklearuli ojaxi zrdasruli SvilebiT.

qarTuli ojaxebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebia:

ojaxi, rogorc wesi, aris ara nuklearuli, aramed samTaobiani;

ojaxis wevrebis erTmaneTisagan materialuri da moraluri damokidebulebis xarisxi Zalian maRalia;

axalgazrda Taoba Zalian myarad aris mibmuli wina TaobasTan;

aseve Zalian myaria naTesauri kavSirebi;

ojaxuri sistemis sazRvrebi da, aseve, pirovnuli sazRvrebi ojaxuri sistemis SigniT ar aris mkafiod moxazuli;

ojaxuri rolebi da funqciebi mkveTrad gamijnuli ar aris;

ojaxis wevrebs erTdroulad sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli socialuri rolebis Sesruleba uxdebaT.

22


ojaxuri aRzrdis tipologia ojaxi bavSvis socializaciis pirveli institutia. socializacia ojaxSi xorcieldeba sxvadasxva gzebiT da ZiriTadad ori paraleluri mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs: aRzrdis mizandasaxuli procesisa da socialuri daswavlis Sedegad.

aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba ori ZiriTadi meqanizmis safuZvelze:

1. gamyarebis meqanizmiT – im qcevis waxalisebiT, romelsac ufrosebi sworad miiCneven da arsebuli wesebis darRvevis gamo dasjiT, mSoblebi bavSvis cnobierebaSi amkvidreben normebis garkveul sistemas, romelic bavSvs TandaTan Cvevad da Sinagan moTxovnilebad uyalibdeba.

2. identifikaciis meqanizmiT – bavSvi baZavs mSoblebs, orientirebulia maT magaliTze, cdilobs, iyos iseTive, rogoric isini.

socialuri daswavlis procesi, Tavis mxriv, mimdinareobs rogorc bavSvis mSoblebTan uSualo urTierTobis dros, aseve ojaxis sxva wevrebs Soris socialuri urTierTqmedebis Taviseburebebze dakvirvebis procesSi. ojaxis funqciuri daniSnuleba mravalgvaria: aRmzrdelobiTi, emociuri, sulieri urTierTobis, pirveladi socialuri kontrolis funqciebi da sxva. pirvel rigSi, ojaxi unda uzrunvelyofdes emociur funqcias, romelic ojaxis wevrebs aRiarebis, pativiscemis, emociuri mxardaWerisa da fsiqologiuri daculobis moTxovnilebebs ukmayofilebs. emociuri stabilurobis darRveva iwvevs momatebul SfoTvas, realobis winaSe SiSs, usafrxoebis grZnobis dakargvas da adamianebisadmi undoblobas. ndobaze damyarebuli urTierTobebis nakleboba ki aZnelebs socializaciis process. imisaTvis, rom xeli Seuwyon mozardis socialur momwifebas, erTi mxriv, mSoblebma Svilebs unda Seuqmnan Tbili, mosiyvarule garemo, meore mxriv, unda Seeguon mozardis mzard avtonomias – is xom damoukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis emzadeba. am procesis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs mSoblebis qcevis stili.

mSoblebis SvilebTan urTierTobis oTx ZiriTad stils gamohyofen _ avtoritetuli, avtoritaruli, liberaluri da indiferentuli.

avtoritetuli stilis mqone mSoblebi akontroleben Svilebis cxovrebas, magram inarCuneben Tbil urTierTobas, aRiareben mozardis mzard moTxovnilebas, iyos damoukidebeli da xels uwyoben am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas; maTTvis dasaSvebia dadgenil normebze msjeloba da

ojaxuri aRzrda aris mizanmimarTuli, Segnebuli

aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedeba, romelsac mSoblebi SvilebSi

garkveuli Tvisebebis formirebis mizniT axorcieleben.

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wesebis Secvla garkveul farglebSi. aseTi mSoblebis Svilebi gamoirCevian pasuxismgeblobiT, damoukideblobiT; darwmunebulni arian sakuTar TavSi da ganviTarebuli aqvT TviTkontroli da socialuri unar-Cvevebi.

avtoritaruli stilis mqone mSoblebis mkacri kontroli civi urTierTobebis fonze xorcieldeba; Svilebisagan moiTxoven maTi miTiTebebis usityvo Sesrulebas; wesebi da normebi xistia da gansjas ar eqvemdebareba; Svilebs mxolod minimalur Tavisuflebas aZleven. maTi Svilebi gamoirCevian SfoTvis maRali doniT, advilad emorCilebian yvela Zliers da Zalauflebis mqones; an pasiur da uiniciativo adamianebad yalibdebian, an, piriqiT, gamomwvevad iqcevian, advilad brazdebian, umarTavi da agresiulebi arian.

liberaluri mSoblebi Tbilad eqcevian Svilebs, magram yvelafris nebas aZleven, minimalurad erevian maT cxovrebaSi da arc problemebis mogvarebaSi an gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi exmarebian. aseT ojaxSi gazrdili mozardebi, susti TviTkontrolisa da impulsurobis gamo, xSirad arRveven wesebs da normebs.

indiferentuli mSoblebis SvilebTan urTierTobis stilic dabali kontroliTa da momTxovnelobiT xasiaTdeba, magram amas erTvis civi damokidebuleba Svilebis mimarT. isini ar uyeneben aranair moTxovnebs Svilebs imitom, rom ar scaliaT maTTvis, sakuTari problemebiT arian dakavebuli. mSoblebis mxridan aseTi ignorireba mozardSi arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas iwvevs. xSirad, aseT ojaxSi gazrdili mozardebi gamoirCevian agresiulobiT.

avtoritetuli maRali kontroli,

Tbili

urTierTobebi

aRiareben da xels uwyoben Svilebis mzard

avtonomias. mzad arian, SvilebTan erTad imsjelon

dadgenili qcevis normebis Sesaxeb; maTTvis

dasaSvebia maTive moTxovnebis Secvla garkveul

farglebSi. maTi Svilebi kargad arian

adaptirebuli: darwmunebuli arian sakuTar TavSi,

ganviTarebuli aqvT TviTkontroli da socialuri

Cvevebi, kargad swavloben da aqvT maRali

TviTSefaseba.

avtoritaruli maRali kontroli,

civi

urTierTobebi

iZlevian brZanebebs da moiTxoven maT usityvo

Sesrulebas. gzas uketaven Svilebs maTTan

saurTierTod. aweseben mkacr moTxovnebsa da

normebs, romlebic ar eqvemdebareba gansjas.

Svilebs aZleven minimalur damoukideblobas.

rogorc wesi, maTi Svilebi arian Caketilebi,

mSiSrebi, daTrgunulebi, da gaRizianebulebi. isini

an pasiurebi da uiniciativoni arian an umarTavi da

agresiulebi.

liberaluri dabali bavSvis qceva sustad reglamentirebulia an

24


kontroli, Tbili

urTierTobebi

saerTod ar aris reglamentirebuli. Riad

urTierToben SvilebTan, Tumca gadawyvetilebis

miRebaSi ar aZleven gezs. mozards aqvs SeuzRudavi

Tavisufleba da minimaluri Careva mSoblebis

mxridan. aseTi bavSvebi arian gaugonrebi da

agresiulebi, aqvT araadekvaturi da impulsuri

qcevebi, ar arian momTxovni sakuTari Tavis mimarT.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba aqtiuri, gabeduli,

SemoqmedebiTi pirivneba.

indiferentuli dabali

kontroli, civi

urTierTobebi

ar uyeneben Svilebs aranair moTxovnebs,

ganurCevelni arian maT mimarT. uzRudaven Svilebs

maTTan urTierTobas, dakavebuli arian sakuTari

problemebiT da aRar rCebaT Zala Svilebis

aRsazrdelad. Tu am ganurCevlobas mtruli

damokidebuleba erTvis, es biZgs aZlevs

damangrevel impulsebs mozardSi da yalibdeba

delikventuri qcevebisadmi midrekileba.

naTelia, rom mxolod avtoritetuli mSoblebis guliTad damokidebulebas da ndobaze damyarebul kontrols SeuZlia uzrunvelyos mozardSi simSvide da sakuTari Tavis rwmena. eqsperimentebis moyvarul mozardebs warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi mxolod aseT mSoblebTan SeuZliaT, imsjelon TavianT problemebze, miiRon mxardaWera da aRidginon sulieri wonasworoba.

funqciuri da disfunqciuri ojaxebi rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, nebismieri ojaxuri sistema miiswrafvis, sistemebis ganviTarebis kanonis Sesabamisad gaiaros Tavisi cxovrebis cikli. amave dros, homeostazis kanonis Tanaxmad, ojaxuri ciklis yvela stadia cdilobs, rom arasodes Seicvalos. Cveulebriv, aseT cikls normalurad mofunqcie, anu funqciuri ojaxi gadis. funqciuri ojaxi – es aris ojaxi, romelic pasuxismgeblobiT da diferencirebulad asrulebs Tavis funqciebs, ris Sedegadac dakmayofilebulia rogorc ojaxis TiToeuli wevris, aseve mTlianad ojaxuri sistemis ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebis moTxovnileba. iTvleba, rom karg qorwinebas Semdegi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs:

tolerantoba;

urTierTpativiscema;

gulwrfeloba da patiosneba;

erTmaneTTan yofnis survili;

interesebisa da RirebulebiTi orientaciebis msgavseba

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funqciur ojaxSi:

miRebulia problemis aRiareba da gadaWris gzebis Zieba;

mxardaWerilia Tavisufleba (sakuTari azris qonisa da am azris gamoTqmis Tavisufleba, grZnobebisa da survilebis Tavisufleba);

pativs scemen ojaxis wevrebis individualobas;

ojaxis wevrebma ician sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba;

ojaxuri wesebi moqnilia da SesaZlebeli maTi ganxilva;

rolur funqciebs Tavad ojaxis wevrebi irCeven, ar aris Tavsmoxveuli rolebi;

Secdomebi dasaSvebia (principi “Secdomebze swavloben”);

mSoblebi akeTeben imas, rasac amboben magram, Tuki ojaxis funqcionireba irRveva, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs disfunqciur ojaxTan. disfunqciuri ojaxi – es aris ojaxi, romelSic erTi an ramdenime funqcia darRveulia an saerTod ar arsebobs da romelSic ojaxis wevrebs Soris urTierTobebi ar uwyobs xels maTs emociur da fizikur janmrTelobas. xSirad, disfunqciur ojaxebSi Semdeg problemebs vawydebiT:

partnioris SecdomiT SerCeva. molodini imisa, rom qmari/coli mamis/dedis msgavsi iqneba;

iluziebis dakargva (“utopiis sindromi”). meuRleebi Tvlian, rom daqorwindnen siyvaruliT da siyvarulisTvis, magram bednierebi ar arian. sinamdvileSi, maT urTierTobaSi sWarbobs ara emociuri Semadgenelis realuri Sefaseba, aramed seqsualuri fantaziebis gazviadeba. emociuri siaxlovisa da mzrunvelobis moTxovnileba ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, vidre realuri seqsualuri urTierTobebi.

dabneuloba. “ratom vcxovrobT erTad?” “imitom, rom gvinda, Tu valdebulebi varT?”

col-qmruli Ralati da ganqorwinebis safrTxe

samoqalaqo qorwineba, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis (iuridiuli, finansuri) Tavidan acilebis saSualeba.

amas garda, disfunqciuria ojaxebi, sadac aris:

qimiuri an qceviTi damokidebulebis mqone pirovneba;

qronikuli fizikuri an fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamiani;

emociuri, fizikuri an seqsualuri sisastikis gamovlineba. disfunqciur ojaxur sistemebs Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebi axasiaTebs:

problemebis uaryofa da da iluziebis mxardaWera;

intimurobis vakuumi;

rigiduli wesebi da rolebi;

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konfliqturi urTierTobebi;

ojaxis TiToeuli wevris “me”-s aradiferencirebuloba;

pirovnuli sazRvrebis waSla, anda, piriqiT, mkveTrad gamoyofa uxilavi kedlebiT;

ojaxuri saidumlos damalva, gamudmebuli zrunva ojaxis fasadis SenarCunebaze;

grZnobebisa da azrebis polaruloba;

sistemis Caketiloba;

nebis, kontrolis absolutizireba. aRzrda disfunqciur ojaxSi eqvemdebareba garkveul wesebs:

1. ufrosebi bavSvebis baton-patronebi arian; 2. mxolod ufrosebi gansazRvraven, ra aris swori da ra – araswori; 3. igulisxmeba, rom ufrosebis gabrazebaze pataram unda agos pasuxi; 4. mSoblebi emociur distancias inarCuneben; 5. bavSvis neba fasdeba, rogorc sijiute.

disfunqciuri ojaxi Tavals xuWavs problemis arsebobaze - aq ar laparakoben problemebze. Sedegad, ojaxis wevrebi swavloben emociebis Sekavebas da sakuTari moTxovnilebebis ugulvebelyofas; sakuTari Tavis gadasarCenad ojaxis wevrebi gamoimuSaveben iseTi qcevis modelebs, romelic exmareba maT Zlieri emociebis uaryofaSi, ignorirebasa da Tavidan acilebaSi. isini ar laparakoben; isini ar sweven winaaRmdegobas; isini ar grZnoben; maT ar sjeraT. xSirad, disfunqciuri ojaxis wevrebis pirovnuli da emociuri ganviTareba ferxdeba.

ojaxi – fsiqikuri travmis wyaro specialistebi disfunqciuri ojaxis 4 ZiriTad mdgomareobas gamoyofen: 1. globaluri ojaxuri daukmayofileblobis mdgomareoba es mdgomareoba maSin aRmocendeba, rodesac ojaxisadmi adamianis gacnobierebul Tu gaucnobierebel molodinebsa da realur cxovrebas Soris mkveTri sxvaobaa. sul sxva molodinebi iyo da sul sxva ram xdeba, rasac Sedegad frustraciis1 mdgomareoba mohyveba. ojaxis wevrebis qceva mimarTulia imaze, rom Seicvalos situacia. Tuki situaciis Secvla ver xerxdeba, amas avadmyofur darRvevebTan da fsiqologiur problemebTan mivyavarT.

1 frustracia (laT. frustration – imedgacrueba, fuWi molodini, Canafiqris Seusrulebloba) – fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, romelic ama-Tu im moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis SeuZleblobis situaciaSi

aRmocendeba.

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pirveli tipi – gacnobierebuli daukmayofilebloba. am mdgomareobis diagnostireba martivia, radgan erT-erTi an orive meuRle aRiarebs, rom ojaxuri cxovreba ar akmayofilebT. amave dros, Riad mianiSneben imaze, rom maTi ojaxuri cxovreba minimalur standartebsac ki ar Seesabameba. isini Segnebulad aRiareben, rom qorwineba Secdoma iyo. maS, ra uSlis maT xels ganqorwinebaSi? rogorc wesi, mizezad mohyavT raime mniSvnelovani garemoeba, romelic ar aZlevT saSualebas, dauyovnebliv gaeyaron erTmaneTs (bavSvebi, materialuri an yofiTi problemebi, irgvlivmyofebis azri da a.S.). xSirad, aseT daukmayofileblad Tan sdevs meuRleebs Soris mwvave an qronikuli konfliqtebi. meore tipi – gaucnobierebeli daukmayofilebloba. es gacilebiT ufro rTuli tipia, romlis sxvadasxva varianti arsebobs:

1. meuRleebi am mdgomareobas Semdegnairad aRweren: mowyeniloba, uferuli cxovreba, nostalgiuri mogonebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra kargad iyo yvelaferi dasawyisSi. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxis SenarCunebis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad ara moTxovnilebebi an grZnobebi, aramed aucilebloba gvevlineba. TandaTanobiT, garegnulad normaluri fasadis ukan SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom ojaxi “suls Rafavs”.

2. meuRleebi wuwuneben ojaxuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva kerZo mxareebze (“yvelaferi kargad iqneboda, marto rom vcxovrobdeT”), bavSvebis qcevaze, Tavisufali drois erTad gatarebis SeuZleblobaze da sxv. xSirad, aseT situaciebSi dedamTil-mamamTilis an sidedr-simamris fenomenic figurirebs. naTelia, rom aseT situaciebSi ojaxuri cxovrebis es kerZo mxareebi gazviadebulia da mizezi sul sxvaa.

3. “bolo wveTis fenomeni”. saubaria romelime obieqturad meorexarisxovan problemaze, romelic ojaxSi SeiZleba kosmiur masStabebamde gaizardos da seriozulad daZabos ojaxuri urTierTobebi.

4. kidev erTi fenomeni –erT-erTi an orive meuRlis frustraciis donis mateba (“nervebi mRalatobs”). mohyavT sxvadasxva mizezebi imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom nerviuloben. es mdgomareoba adamianis Rrma moTxovnilebebis darRvevis maniSnebelia.

gaucnobierebeli daukmayofileblobis dros dasawyisSi SeiZleba iyos garegnulad ukonfliqto periodebi, TandaTan xdeba frustraciis zrda, rasac emociuri afeTqeba da, zogjer, ganSorebac mohyveba xolme. ojaxuri stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT, ojaxuri urTierTobebis aseTi stereotipi safrTxis Semcvelia – afeTqebebma SeiZleba ojaxis dangreva gamoiwvios. 2. ojaxuri SfoTvis mdgomareoba es aris daukonkretebeli, zogjer, gaucnobierebeli SfoTvis mdgomareoba, romelic SeiZleba hqondes ojaxis erT, or an yvela wevrs. SfoTva – Cveulebrivi adamianuri emociaa, romelic gaurkvevlobisa da arCevanis gakeTebis situaciaSi aRmocendeba. ojaxuri SfoTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: ojaxTan dakavSirebuli SiSebi, iWvneuloba, cudis molodini. SfoTva mxolod ojaxur cxovrebas exeba da ar vrceldeba samsaxurze an adamianis saqmianobisa da funqcionirebis sxva sferoebze. ojaxur SfoTvas

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safuZvlad is udevs, rom adamiani ar aris darwmunebuli ojaxuri cxovrebis romelime aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca amas SeiZleba verc ki cnobierebdes. es SeiZleba iyos meore adamianis grZnobebSi an sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba. SesaZloa, es mdgomareoba gamovlindes uZlurebis grZnobiT (“vgrZnob, rom, rogorc ar unda moviqce, mainc yvelaferi cudad iqneba”). ojaxuri SfoTvis mdgomareobaSi ojaxis wevrebis nevrotizaciis xarisxi matulobs. 3. gausaZlisi fizikuri da fsiqikuri daZabvis mdgomareoba gadametebuli daZabuloba erT-erT ZiriTad fsiqomatravmirebel gancdas warmoadgens. aseTi daZabulobisaTvis aris normatiuli periodebi – ojaxuri krizisis periodebi (axalgazrda ojaxis krizisi, bavSvis dabadeba das xv.). normatiuli periodebis garda, SeiZleba, ojaxma mis wevrebs fizikuri da fsiqikuri gadaZabvis periodebi Seuqmnas:

individis mudmivi fsiqologiuri wnexis da, zogjer, gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba (mag.: alkoholizmiT an narkomaniiT daavadebulis meuRle, romelic mudmivad SiSSi imyofeba);

ojaxma SeiZleba Seqmnas barierebi ojaxis wevrebis mier sakuTari moTxovnilebebis an grZnobebis gamovlenisaTvis. mag.: grZnobebi, romlebic SeuTavsebelia ojaxis wevris rolur warmodgenebTan (rZals Zalian didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba, rom damalos Tavisi antipaTia dedamTilis mimarT). rac ufro meti problemaa ojaxur urTierTobebSi, miT ufro uZneldebaT mis wevrebs ukmayofilebis dafarva.

erT-erT wevrs ojaxi uqmnis Sinagan konfliqts d axels uwyobs am konfliqtis SenarCunebas da gaRrmavebas. es xdeba maSin, rodesac ojaxi mis wevrs urTierTsapirispiro da urTierTgamomricxav moTxovnebs uyenebs da amave dros pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs am moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze. magaliTad, mama bavSvs Taviseburad zrdis, deda – Taviseburad. ojaxis yvela wevri bavSvis aRzrdaze did dros xarjavs, magram Sedegad iReben bavSvis Sinagan konfliqts, umoqmedobas (“rac ar unda gavakeTo, mainc ar moeonebaT”). ojaxuri SfoTvis dros urTierTobebi qaosuri xasiaTisaa, bevri ramis bolomde miyvanas ver axerxeben; yovelive amas Sedegad mohyveba ojaxis wevrebis erTmaneTisagan distancireba, konfliqtebi.

4. ojaxuri braleulobis mdgomareoba braleulobis (damnaSaveobis) grZnoba sruliad bunebrivad uCndeba yvela adamians, Tuki iseT saqciels Caidens, romelic konfliqts warmoSobs. am SemTxvevaSi realur braleulobasTan gvaqvs saqme. amas garda, arsebobs nevrotuli braleuloba (damnaSaveobis grZnoba), romelic Cndeba iseTi azrebis an grZnobebis aRmocendebis dros, romlebsac adamiani arasaTanadod da Seufereblad miiCnevs. ojaxTan mimarTebaSi es grZnoba Semdegnairad gamoixateba: adamiani sakuTar Tavs sxvebisTvis xelisSemSlelad miiCnevs, Tvlis, rom ojaxis yvela warumateblobis mizezi Tavadaa, aqvs gancda, rom ojaxis wevrebi mas

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adanaSuleben. damnaSaveobis grZnoba Sobs gammarTlebeli aqtivobis etaps – adamiani Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs, rom gaamarTlos ojaxSi Tavisi arseboba. Semdeg dgeb etapi, roca ojaxis wevri cdilobs, ojaxSi rac SeiZleba naklebi adgili daiWiros: minimumamde dahyavs sakuTari moTxovnilebebi, yvelas yvelafers uTmobs da Tavis Tavze irebs pasuxismgeblobas realuri an gamogonili problemebis gamo. ojaxis sxva wevrebic mas abraleben nebismier warumateblobas da am gziT iniRbeba ojaxuri sistemis Sinagani konfliqti.

bavSvebis ojaxuri rolebi disfunqciur ojaxebSi ojaxuri sistemebis dinamikis kvleva gviCvenebs, rom ojaxuri sistemis SigniT bavSvebi irgeben sxvadasxva rols. ojaxis dinamikidan gamomdinare, zogierTi roli ufro pasiuria, zogi ki – ufro agresiuli.

disfunqciur ojaxebSi bavSvebis ojaxuri rolebi Semdegia:

uzomod didi pasuxismgeblobis mqone adamianad qceva;

“nugeSismcemelad” movlineba;

mudmivi Semguebloba an pasuxismgeblobaze uaris Tqma;

problemebis, sazrunavis Seqmna.

miuxedavad imisa, bavSvi erT romelime rols airCevs Tu rolebis kombinacias, misi es TavdacviTi qceva makompensirebelia mSoblebis araadekvaturobisa, uvsebs mas emociuri ganviTarebis xarvezebs da mis qaosur cxovrebaSi stabilurobisa da wesrigis iluzia Seaqvs. radgan bavSvi swavlobs imas, rom endos situaciis flobis sakuTari strategiis saimedoobas, mas es strategia mozrdilobis periodSic gadaaqvs da mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mihyveba.

“ojaxis gmiri” TiTqmis yvela dangreul an arajansaR ojaxSi aris bavSvi, xSirad ufrosi Svili, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs "armyofi" an "gadatvirTuli" mSoblis rols. es pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT aRsavse, ufrosebis Semcvleli bavSvi amzadebs saWmels, uvlis umcros da-Zmebs da yvelanairad cdilobs, SeZlebisdagvarad SeinarCunos ojaxis normaluri funqcionireba. skolaSi, rogorc wesi, igi samagaliTo moswavle da niWieri organizatoria.

roca izrdeba, aseTi bavSvi Tavisi emociuri ganviTarebis xarvezebs, Cveulebriv, intensiuri muSaobiT da mkacri TviTdiscipliniT faravs. Tumca aseTi intensiurad momuSave qalebi da mamakacebi garegnulad Tavdajerebuli adamianebis STabeWdilebas stoveben, Sinaganad awuxebT dabali TviTSefaseba da sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba.

“gantevebis vaci” disfunqciuri ojaxebis umravlesobaSi aris, sul cota, erTi bavSvi, romlis saxelia – problema da sazrunavi. am bavSvisaTvis wesebi mxolod

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imisTvis arsebobs, rom daarRvios isini. Aes bavSvi imden sazrunavs uCens ojaxis wevrebs, rom, bolosdabolos, gantevebis vacad iqceva da ojaxis mTeli yuradReba sakuTar Tavze gadaaqvs. urCma bavSvma aRmoaCina mniSvnelovani principi: uaryofiTi yuradReba ukeTesia, vidre sruli uyuradReboba. misi TviTSefaseba Zalian dabalia: man icis, rom cudia; guli ojaxidan sul gareT miuwevs, eZebs Tavis msgavsebs, romelTac aseve dabali TviTSefaseba aqvT; iwyebs eqsperimentirebas alkoholiT da narkotikebiT.

mozrdil asakSi warsulis memkvidreoba gamovlindeba xelmZRvanelobisadmi winaaRmdegobiT, gamomwvevi qceviT da, drodadro, arakontrolirebadi sificxiTa da gaafTrebiT. isini xSirad wyveten swavlas, adre qorwindebian, gaurbian pasuxismgeblobas, iReben valebs, romelTa gastumreba ar SeuZliaT; xSiria deviaciuri qcevebi. miuxedavad didi survilisa, iyvnen sxvanairebi, Zalian emsgavsebian sakuTar mSoblebs, romelTa cxovrebis stili maTTvis miuRebelia.

“dakarguli bavSvi” “dakargul bavSvebs” sul sakuTari araadekvaturobis, dakargulobis, martoobis grZnoba awuxebT; eSiniaT mTeli samyarosi, romelSic araferi ar esmiT; arc ki cdiloben damoukideblad raimes gakeTebas, urCevniaT, “dinebas mihyvnen”. maTi dabali TviTSefaseba garegnuladac SesamCnevia: isini morcxvebi da Caketilebi arian; upiratesobas marto yofnas aniWeben, radgan gamocdili aqvT, rom ocneba ufro usafrTxoa da meti dakmayofileba moaqvs, vidre adamianebTan urTierTobas.

roca izrdeba, “dakarguli bavSvi” Tavs isev uZlur adamianad ganicdis, romelsac arCevani da alternativa ar gaaCnia; Tvlis, rom verasodes verafris Secvlas ver SesZlebs; Cveulebriv, guli miuwevs iseTive emociurad gankerZoebuli adamianebisaken, rogoric TviTonaa, anda qorwindeba iseT partniorze, romelic misi bavSvobis qaoss aRudgens. “dakarguli bavSvis” emociur gankerZoebas da apaTias, xSirad, SecdomiT, uSfoTvelobad aRiqvamen.

“ojaxis masxra, anu gvaris Tilisma” es bavSvebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian da gaaCniaT unari, yvelaze mZime wuTebSic ki yvelaferi xumrobaSi gadaitanon da eCvevian imas, rom iumoris grZnobis saSualebiT gaaneitralon gaRizianeba da mrisxaneba. mozrdil asakSi “ojaxis masxarebi” xSirad gadaiqcevian xolme ybedebad. isini advilad cxardebian, magram yvelaze daZabul situaciaSic axerxeben, TavianTi grZnobebi xumrobiT dafaron. isini Zalian niWierebi arian, magram ar SeswevT unari, datkbnen miRweuli warmatebebiT.

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2.1. damokidebulebis procesis zogadi mimoxilva

realobisagan gaqceva, anu rogor yalibdeba damokidebuleba

realobisagan gaqcevis survili yvela CvenTaganisaTvis nacnobia, magram xSirad ar vfiqrobT imaze, rom, SesaZloa, es survili problemad iqces. adamianebs, romlebsac uWirT garemosTan an sirTuleebTan Segueba, SiSi euflebaT arsebuli sinamdvilis winaSe. swored es SiSi badebs sxva realobaSi gaqcevis survils. erTi dauRalavad Sromobs mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi; TiTqosda, unda uxarodes SabaT-kviris dadgoma, magram, ratomRac, am dReebSi ver isvenebs, mowyenilia da isev samsaxurisaken miuwevs guli.. meores stumrad wasvla ar surs, imis gamo, rom kompiuters unda moswydes.. mesame sulmouTqmelad elodeba mosaRamovebas, raTa kazinoSi wavides da mTeli fuli iq datovos.. meoTxe alionze alkoholuri sasmelis sayidlad garbis da a.S. yvela am SemTxvevas erTi ram aerTianebs…_ realobisagan gaqcevis mcdeloba. daZabulobis, diskomfortisa da stresisagan Tavdasacavi saSualebebis Ziebisas es adamianebi, xSirad, adiqtiuri qcevis strategiebs mimarTaven.

adiqtiuri qceva (Addictive behavior) mavne Cvevis nairsaxeobaa. Cveva fsiqologiur cnebas warmoadgens, es aris, erTgvari, Camoyalibebuli stereotipi, romelic ganmtkicebulia mravaljeradi ganmeorebiT. Cveva SeiZleba iyos sasargeblo, usargeblo da mavne. Tu mavne Cveva stabiluria, myaria, Znelad koreqtirdeba, zians ayenebs Tavad pirovnebas da irgvlivmyofebs, saqme gvaqvs paTologiasTan. es gaxlavT destruqciuli qceva _ fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Secvla xdeba qimiuri nivTierebis miRebiT an garkveul saqmianobaze yuradRebis mudmivi gadataniT, rasac Tan axlavs intensiuri emociuri reaqcia.

realoba yovelTvis ar gvTavazobs iseT situaciebs, rom mudmivad komfortul mdgomareobaSi viyoT. guneb-ganwyobis cvlileba Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli Tanamgzavria, magram adamianebi sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben masze. adiqtiuri pirovneba xsnis sakuTar unikalur da erTaderT saSualebas – problemebisagan gaqcevis gzas mimarTavs. fsiqologiuri komfortis aRdgenis es saSualeba problemis gadaWris

adiqtiuri qcevis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom realobisagan gansvlis mizniT, adamianebi cdiloben, xelovnuri gziT Secvalon TavianTi fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, rac maT usafrTxoebis, Sinagani wonasworobis aRdgenis iluzias uqmnis.

kari 2. narkotikebis moxmarebis pirveladi prevencia

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iluzias qmnis da sasiamovno emociebs badebs. realobasTan “brZolis” aseTi meTodi TandaTan fiqsirdeba adamianis qcevaSi da arsebul sinamdvilesTan urTierTqmedebis myar strategiad yalibdeba.

adiqciis destruqciuli buneba gamovlindeba imiT, rom am procesSi emociuri urTierTobebi myardeba ara adamianebTan, aramed usulo sagnebTan da movlenebTan. rTul situaciebSi eWvebisa da gancdebisagan yuradRebis periodulad gadatana yvelasaTvis aucilebelia, magram adiqtiuri qcevis SemTxvevaSi es procesi cxovrebis stilad iqceva, romlis drosac adamiani realobisagan mudmivi gansvlis xafangSi aRmoCndeba. adiqciis erTi forma SeiZleba meoreTi Seicvalos, rac problemebis gadaWris iluzias ufro aZlierebs da amyarebs. am procesSi izRudeba pirovnebis komunikaciuri, SemecnebiTi, moraluri, SemoqmedebiTi da esTetiuri SesaZleblobebi. amgvarad, problemebisagan gaqceva da komfortis iluzia pirovnuli zrdis Seferxebas ganapirobebs.

adiqtiuri meqanizmiT guneb-ganwyobis Secvlis survili realizdeba sxvadasxva adiqtiuri agentebis saSualebiT. aseT agentebs miekuTvneba:

1. nivTierebebi, romlebic cvlian adamianis fsiqikur mdgomareobas – fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (alkoholi, narkotikebi, medikamentebi, toqsikuri nivTierebebi).

2. aqtivobis (saqmianobis) sxvadasxva formebi – azartuli TamaSebi, kompiuteri, seqsi, samsaxuri, ritmuli musikis mosmena, televizori, bevri Wama an SimSili da a.S.

adiqcia fsiqologiuri damonebis procesia, adiqtiuri qceva moicavs gansxvavebuli simZimis mqone qceviTi gadaxrebis farTo speqtrs – dawyebuli normasTan miaxlovebuli qceviT da mZime fsiqologiuri da/an biologiuri damokidebulebiT damTavrebuli. ganasxvaveben damokidebulebis qimiur da araqimiur formebs. qimiur formebs miekuTvneba wamalTdamokidebuleba (alkoholizmi da narkomania), xolo araqimiur formebs – qceviTi damokidebulebis sxvadasxva gamovlinebani.

nebismieri tipis damokidebulebas, iqneba es wamalTdamokidebuleba Tu qceviTi damokidebuleba, arsi erTi aqvs:

adamians ar SeuZlia, uari Tqvas damokidebulebis obieqtze (kontrolis dakargva, Tavis Sekavebis SeuZlebloba);

adamiani cdilobs, damalos an Searbilos Tavisi mdgomareobis seriozuloba;

rodesac raime nivTiereba an qceva adamianis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens, adamiani kargavs Tavisuflebas da damokidebuli xdeba siamovnebis momtan saSualebaze.

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ufasurdeba sxva interesebi – adamianis interesebis sfero TandaTan viwrovdeba da bolos, mxolod damokidebulebis obieqtiT Semoifargleba.

damokidebuleba aris realobisagan gaqcevasa da misi miRwevis saSualebebze mudmivi fiqris mdgomareoba, rasac adamianis droisa da energiis udidesi nawili miaqvs. aseTi individebis SigniT meore, “adiqtiuri pirovneba” cxovrobs, romelsac Tavisi sakuTari logika, emociebi, Rirebulebebi da fsiqologiuri dacvis sistema gaaCnia. realobidan gansvla Zlier emociur gancdebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tuki adamiani erTxel wamoego “emociur satyuaras”, mere misi marTva Zalian advili xdeba. narkomani, faqtiurad, damokidebulia ara preparatze, aramed emociaze. rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, pirvel rigSi, mniSvneloba aqvs ara emociis modalobas (dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi), aramed intensivobas. rac ufro Zlieria intensivoba, miT ufro Zlieri damokidebuleba yalibdeba.

adiqtiuri qcevisagan ganTavisufleba Zalian Znelia. samwuxarod, saTanadod ar fasdeba yvela saxis adiqtiuri qcevisaTvis saerTo meqanizmebis damangreveli xasiaTi, meqanizmebisa, romelTac safuZvlad realobisagan gaqcevis swrafva udevs. erTi saxis damokidebulebisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg adamiani SeiZleba sxva saxis damokidebulebis tyveobaSi aRmoCndes, radgan garemosTan misi urTierTqmedebis saSualebebi ucvleli rCeba. amitom, xSirad xdeba, rom pirovneba, romelic wyvets aralegaluri narkotikebis moxmarebas, iwyebs loTobas an TavdaviwyebiT eSveba azartuli TamaSebis morevSi.

ra Tqma unda, arc erTi CvenTagani ar aris bolomde Tavisufali – siyvaruli, col-qmruli an megobruli movaleobebi, pasuxismgebloba axlobeli adamianebis winaSe – yvelaferi es damokidebuls gvxdis garemoze, magram sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze damokidebuleba, iqneba es kvebiTi, seqsualuri Tu narkotikuli, ganapirobebs adamianis pirovnul da fiziologiur regress.

qimiuri damokidebuleba (wamaldamokidebuleba)

qimiuri tipis damokidebulebas uwodeben wamaldamokidebulebas (alkoholizmi, narkomania da toqsikomania), anu damokidebulebas fsiqoaqtiur saSualebebze.

rogor ganvasxvavoT damokidebuli pirovneba raimeTi ubralod gatacebuli adamianisagan? aseT adamians SenarCunebuli aqvs garesamyarosTan srulyofili kontaqti, mas sWirdeba Tavisi sayvareli saqmianobisagan gadarTva da misgan dasveneba, igi ar ugulvebelyofs axloblebis interesebs, mas SeuZlia, siamovneba sxva rameSic hpovos.

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fsiqoaqtiuria saSualebebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben Cvens cnobierebaze, grZnobebsa da aRqmaze. nivTierebis fsiqoaqtivoba gamoixateba centralur nervul sistemaze am nivTierebis gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedebiT – mastimulirebeli, amgznebi, damamSvidebeli, Zilis momgvreli, halucinaciebis gamomwvevi da sxva efeqtebiT. magram es Tvisebebi ar aris sakmarisi saimisod, rom fsiqoaqtiur saSualebas oficialurad mieniWos narkotikuli saSualebis statusi: am nivTierebis moxmareba mosaxleobaSi farTod unda gavrceldes da Sesabamisi instanciebis mier oficialurad iqnas CarTuli narkotikuli saSualebebis nusxaSi. ase, rom, samarTlebrivad esa Tu is fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiereba narkotikul saSualebad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi daakmayofilebs erTdroulad sam kriteriums: samedicinos – centralur nervul sistamaze nivTierebis gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba ganapirobebs mis arasamedicino mizniT gamoyenebas; socialurs – aseTi gamoyeneba masStaburia da socialur mniSvnelobas iZens; iuridiuls – am nivTierebas oficialurad miakuTvneben kontrols daqvemdebarebul nivTierebaTa jgufs.

es gaxldaT aralegaluri (akrZaluli) narkotikebis samarTlebrivi ganmarteba. Tumca, yvelasaTvis kargad nacnobi alkoholi, Tambaqo, kofeinis Semcveli sasmelebi da zogierTi medikamentic narkotikebs miekuTvneba, magram nebadarTul, legalur narkotikebs.

magaliTad, Tambaqo da alkoholi, miuxedavad maTi legalurobisa, kacobriobisaTvis yvelaze ufro saSiS narkotikebad iTvleba, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Zalian gavrcelebulni arian da bevrad meti adamianisaTvis SeuZliaT zianis motana.

narkotikebi sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedeben adamianze da maTi Tvisebebis

mixedviT sam ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba gaiyos:

yvela narkotikSi, miuxedavad misi legalurobisa, aris damokidebulebis Camoyalibebis garkveuli potenciali da narkotikis legaluroba sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igi naklebad mavnea organizmisaTvis.

narkotikis qveS ki igulisxmeba fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic fsiqikaze misi gansakuTrebuli efeqtebis gamo, gamoiyeneba arasamedicino mizniT (eqimis daniSnulebis gareSe) da aqvs unari, gamoiwvios miCveva.

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1. nivTierebebi, romlebic nervuli sistemis aqtivobas Trgunaven (centraluri nervuli sistemis depresantebi):

amsubuqeben tkivils;

amcireben SfoTvas;

xsnian daZabulobas aseTi Tvisebebis matarebelia, mag., opiumis jgufis preparatebi, saZile da damamSvidebeli saSualebebi, alkoholi, inhalantebi (narkotikulad moqmedi aqroladi gamxsnelebi – benzini, webo da sxv.) da a.S. 2. nivTierebebi, romlebic nervul sistemaze gamaaqtivebel zemoqmedebas axdenen (centraluri nervuli sistemis stimulantebi):

amaRleben (mcire xniT) fizikur da gonebriv aqtivobas;

xsnian daRlilobis grZnobas am jgufs miekuTvneba kokaini, kofeini, nikotini, amfetaminebi, kustarulad damzadebuli amfetaminismagvari narkotikebi (e.w. “vinti”, “jefi”) da sxv. 3. nivTierebebi, romlebic iwveven halucinaciebs:

cvlian aRqmis funqcias;

arRveven realobasTan kavSirs aseTi zemoqmedeba axasiaTebs marixuanas, eqstazis, LSD-s, halucinogenur sokoebs da sxv.

analogiuri movlenaa toqsikomania, romelsac iwveven iseTi nivTierebebi, romlebic ar arian Setanili narkotikuli saSualebebis oficialur nusxaSi (mag.: zogierTi saZile da damamSvidebeli saSualeba, benzinis, acetonis, webos orTqli). daavadebis mimdinareobis TvalsazrisiT toqsikomania narkomaniisagan arafriT gansxvavdeba.

Camoyalibebis procesSi wamalTdamokidebuleba Tanamimdevrulad gaivlis ramodenime stadias – socialurs, fsiqikurs da fizikurs. socialur stadiaze narkotikis moxmarebas epizoduri xasiaTi aqvs. Cinuri andazis mixedviT, “aTi aTasi li sigrZis gza yovelTvis pirveli nabijiT iwyeba”. narkomaniis SemTxvevaSi am nabijs narkotikis pirveli miReba warmoadgens. narkotikis miRebis Sedegad viTardeba narkotikuli Trobis mdgomareoba, romelSic yvelaze STambeWdavi da sasiamovnoa eiforia. eiforia (berZn. euphoria – kargad vitan) aris zeaweuli guneb-ganwyoba udardeli kmayofilebiT, pasiuri sixaruliT, uSfoTveli gancxromiT. es iseTi fsiqikuri mdgomareobaa, romelSic adamiani maqsimalurad dadebiTad afasebs yvelafers, rasac grZnobs, aRiqvams, ixsenebs, fiqrobs da

narkomania – es aris daavadeba, romelic gamowveulia narkotikuli nivTierebebis sistematiuri moxmarebiT da vlindeba am nivTierebebze damokidebulebiT.

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warmoidgens. yoveli narkotikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia eiforiis gansxvavebuli suraTi. erTxel gancdili eiforiis mdgomareoba adamianze Zlier STabeWdilebas axdens da mas narkotikuli nivTierebis ganmeorebiTi miRebis survili uCndeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca Tavs cudad grZnobs an ugunebodaa. rac ufro Zlieria pirveli eiforiuli efeqti, miT ufro swrafad da intensiurad aRmocendeba narkotikis xelmeored miRebis survili.

ganmeorebiTi moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi, narkotikisadmi (ufro sworad, narkotikuli efeqtisadmi) ltolva TandaTan Zlierdeba da ipyrobs fsiqikuri aqtivobis mTel sferos: nel-nela yalibdeba narkotikebis xmarebisadmi dadebiTi ganwyoba, narkotiki mniSvnelovan Rirebulebas iZens; aRmocendeba narkotikuli Trobis mdgomareobis gancdis jer epizoduri da Semdeg mudmivi moTxovnileba, romelic TandaTan aviwrovebs yvela sxva moTxovnilebas da centralur adgils iWers adamianis cnobierebaSi. fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis moxmareba grZeldeba, dabolos, adamiani grZnobs, rom aRar ZaluZs maT gareSe arseboba – uviTardeba fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis sistematiuri miRebis Zlieri survili – akviatebuli swrafva narkotikisaken (fsiqikuri damokidebuleba). adamiani Sepyrobilia am nivTierebaze fiqriT, ganicdis Zlier Sinagan daZabulobas, romlisganac mxolod erTi saSualebiT Tavisufldeba – morigi dozis miRebiT. narkotikis regularuli moxmarebis dawyebidan garkveuli periodis Semdeg adamians uCndeba Cveuli nivTierebis dozis gazrdis moTxovnileba, vinaidan uwindeli doza sasurvel efeqts aRar iZleva. saqme imaSia, rom rac ar unda aucilebeli da mimzidveli iyos adamianis fsiqikisaTvis narkotiki, organizmi masze, rogorc Sxamze, ise reagirebs da axdens damcvelobiTi sistemebis mobilizebas. Sedegad, am Sxamis daSla organizmSi TandaTan ufro swrafad xdeba, amitom, sasurveli fsiqologiuri efeqtis misaRebad, narkotikebis mzardi dozebia saWiro. es, Tavisi bunebiT damcvelobiTi, magram narkomanisaTvis damatebiTi problemebis momtani, biologiuri meqanizmi tolerantobis (anu amtanobis) matebis saxeliTaa cnobili. narkotikebis sistematiuri moxmarebis dawyebidan met-naklebi drois gasvlis Semdeg, adamiani SemTxveviT aRmoaCens, rom Cveuli narkotikis xmarebis uecari Sewyveta iwvevs Zlier fizikur aSlilobas, romelic morigi dozis miRebisTanave qreba. es aSliloba _ aRkveTis mdgomareoba, anu abstinenturi sindromi, fizikuri da fsiqikuri simptomebis kompleqss warmoadgens da imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamians Camouyalibda narkotikze fizikuri damokidebuleba. rom arsebodes amqveyniuri samoTxe da jojoxeTi, narkomans isini eiforiisa da aRkveTis sindromis saxiT moevlineboda. misi mdgomareoba mudmivad meryeobs “eniT auwerel gancxromas”, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi aucileblad qreba da autanel tanjvas Soris, romlis intensivobac TandaTanobiT matulobs.

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fizikuri damokidebulebis stadiaze narkotikis specifikuri efeqti fermkrTaldeba da misi moxmareba grZeldeba ara imdenad eiforiis gancdis, ramdenadac abstinenturi movlenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.

qceviTi damokidebuleba, anu “narkomania narkotikebis gareSe”

siamovnebis miReba, problemebisagan gaqceva da sakuTari emociebis marTva SeiZleba ara mxolod "qimiuri gziT", aramed bevri sxva saSualebiT – kompiuteriT, televizoriT, yoveldRiuri sensaciuri presiT, tkbileuliTa da sakvebiT, azartuli TamaSebiT da a.S. nebismierma am saSualebaTagan SeiZleba narkotikis funqcia Seasrulos, Tuki maTze damokidebulni gavxdebiT. yvelafer amas SeiZleba vuwodoT "narkotikebi farTo gagebiT".

am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs qceviT damokidebulebasTan, romelic damokidebulebis araqimiuri tipia. wamalTdamokidebulebisagan qceviTi damokidebuleba gansxvavdeba mxolod imiT, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi damokidebulebis obieq

narkotikebis moxmarebisa da aiv infeqciis saswavlo kursi ......da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis...

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