nationalism and psychology of masses · nationalism and modernism. a critical survey of recent...

Nationalism and Psychology of Masses

Cizí jazyk – Angličtina II vyučující: PhDr. Peter Jan Kosmály, PhD.

AMAK 3. 4. 2013

- do konce semestru odevzdat písemné podklady nebo písemný projev podle vybraného žánru (článek, mozaika, prezentace, referát, příspěvek do diskuse, rozhovor, esej, životopis, úřední dopis, neformální dopis...)

- ústní zkouška: podmínkou účasti na zkoušce je splnění předchozího úkolu

- zkouška bude probíhat formou projevu na vybrané téma a diskuse s vyučujícím, resp. ve skupině formou kolokvia


• Nations, States, Cultures and Nationalism

• Good and Bad Nationalism?

• Colonialism, Imperialism, Globalization

• Civic and Ethnic Nationalism

• Psychology and/of Masses: crowd, mass, public

• Media and Masses

• Media and Nationalism

• Reading activities


Nations, States, Cultures and Nationalism

• We know today´s nations – Czechs, Slovaks, Americans, Brits, Russians... but how did they emerge?


source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ckSPWAWWZEA/TqAZc5ibLGI/AAAAAAAABJ0/ekEWKS_r7gs/s1600/fred%2Brose%2Bmap.jpg

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ckSPWAWWZEA/TqAZc5ibLGI/AAAAAAAABJ0/ekEWKS_r7gs/s1600/fred%2Brose%2Bmap.jpg




The 18th-19th Century Renaissence – the break-up of colonies

Fights for national sovereignty, development of sciences (automation, apparates, machines, gadgetry, etnographic research and literature served nationalism: Grimm Brothers, Pavol Dobšinský, Božena Němcová, etc.)

Please, read a book from this period and try to find as many traces for this claim as possible!


source: http://allahcentric.wordpress.com/2010/10/01/book-review-of-nationalism-and-modernism-by-anthony-smith/

http://allahcentric.wordpress.com/2010/10/01/book-review-of-nationalism-and-modernism-by-anthony-smith/



















Many nations have gained sovereignty since then, many nations have their own language and if this would be a fight of humanity for its self-dependance, it would continue untill the last nations gains its sovereignty. But:

- Did wars disappear at all? What about NATO Alliance which protects the „good“ ones before the „bad“ ones?

- If you tell people that NOW they have FREEDOM, they stop for a while trying to reach it, they stop fighting for it!


Adjusted from: http://www.un.org/

http://www.un.org/

http://www.un.org/


What does this mean?

UN OFFICIAL


Adjusted from: http://www.un.org/ Sources: http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/maplib/flag.htm

http://www.un.org/

http://www.un.org/

http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/maplib/flag.htm



What does this mean?

Question: Skeptics forum under David Icke´s name

answers:

33 is the number of Jesus, and the Satanists have

occupied this number and uses it as a "powernumber" in many of their institutions, rituals and ceremonies. Like everything of Beelzebub, they copy the truth, then obscurs it and turns it on its head...

Yes absolutely. The emanating lines represent the Zodiac, and you can see the grid is composed of 33 segments, with 33 being a number of significance to the Illuminati. (33 degrees of Freemasonry, 33 circles of hell in Dante's Inferno, and many other places). The olive branches are Freemasonic symbolism, as you can see the branches in a similar way in the Freemasonry emblem...


Sources: http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/maplib/flag.htm; http://www.davidicke.com/forum/showthread.php?t=92647




http://www.davidicke.com/forum/showthread.php?t=92647




A task for critical reading and critical thinking:

Compare concrete previous statements and arguments with the

article A Short History of the United Nations Logo written by

Henry Woodbury published on January 5, 2009

For example: „The symbol of the globe was also slightly different in the original design, he said: “We had originally based it on what’s called an azimuthal north polar projection of the world, so that all the countries of the world were spun around this concentric circle, and we had limited it in the Southern sector to a parallel that cut off Argentina because Argentina was not to be a member of the United Nations. We centered the symbol on the United States as the host country. Subsequently, in England our design was adapted as the official symbol of the United Nations, centered on Europe as more the epicenter, I guess, of the East-West world, and took into account the whole Earth, including Antarctica. By then, of course, Argentina had been made a member.”


Sources: http://dd.dynamicdiagrams.com/2009/01/the-expanding-earth-in-the-united-nations-logo/

http://dd.dynamicdiagrams.com/2009/01/the-expanding-earth-in-the-united-nations-logo/
















Nationalism:

- a nation's wish and attempt

to be politically independent

- a great or too great love of your

own country; + patriotism,

– chauvinism

ethnic nationalism;

civic nationalism;

proud, honesty, symbols


Sources: http://dd.dynamicdiagrams.com/2009/01/the-expanding-earth-in-the-united-nations-logo/

















I. Civic nationalism

1. Nationhood is defined by common citizenship – a civic nation

consists of all those who subscribe to its political creed.

--regardless of ethnicity, race, color, religion, gender, language

or the civic nation is in principle a community

--of equal, rights-bearing citizens, united in patriotic attachment to a

shared set of political practices and values.

e.g. legitimacy of 1960s civil rights movement in USA

or a civic nation is “democratic” in the sense that it vests sovereignty

in all of the people (all citizens); a civic nation-state claims

self-governing rights and rights for its citizens vis a vis other nation-

states


Hill, Richard Child. Sociology 161 - Problems in International Development. [online] Spring 2003. Available at: https://www.msu.edu/user/hillrr/soc161.htm

https://www.msu.edu/user/hillrr/soc161.htm

https://www.msu.edu/user/hillrr/soc161.htm

I. Civic nationalism

or the civic nationalism is exemplified by creation of British nation-

state in the late 18th century; out of the English, the Welsh, the Scots,

and the Irish; united by a civic rather than an ethnic definition of

belonging & by attachment to civic institutions like Parliament & the

rule of law

or the civic nationalism is also exemplified by the French and

American revolutions which created the French and American

republics ("we hold these truths to be self-evident…..„)

II. Ethnic nationalism

1. Nationhood is defined by language, religion, customs & traditions

2. According to ethnic nationalists, it is not the state that creates the

nation but the nation that creates the state


Hill, Richard Child. Sociology 161 - Problems in International Development. [online] Spring 2003.

II. Ethnic nationalism

Examples

European ethnic nationalism is exemplified by Germany's reaction to

Napoleon’s invasion in 1806, and Germany's "Romantic" reaction

against the French ideal of the nation-state

The German ideal of ethnic nationalism appealed to the peoples of

19th century Europe who were under imperial domination;Poles &

Baltic peoples under the Russian Empire; Serbs under Turkish rule

(Ottoman Empire); Croats under the Habsburgs (Austro-Hungarian

Empire)...



III. Some contrasts between civic & ethnic nationalism

Civic Nationalists Ethnic Nationalists

emphasize emphasize Examples

Law Common roots ("blood") Citizenship

Choice Inheritance "born into"

Rational attachment Emotional attachment supreme court, flag

Unity by consent Unity by ascription town hall, tribe

Democratic pluralism Ethnic majority rules CA, Singapore

Liberty Fraternity ALCU, homeland

Individual creates nation Nation creates individual founding myths



Nationalism:

Primordialism refers to the paradigm that attempts to account

for nationalism’s amazing ability to mobilize the masses by

examining the “primordial attributes of basic social and cultural

phenomena like language, religion, territory, and especially

kinship.”

Perennialism posits that nations exist through long periods of

history either temporally continuously or recurrently and focus

on ethnic ties, myths of origin, and symbols as the source of

nationalism’s vitality throughout the ages. source: Smith, Anthony. Nationalism and Modernism. A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. New York & London: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 978-0415063418 p. 223.


Nationalism:

Ethno-symbolism takes on an anthropological approach towards

understanding nationalism by scrutinizing the role of symbols,

myths, memories, values, and traditions within ethnic groups and

how they give rise to nationalistic movements that utilize notions

of sacred territory, collective destiny, a golden age, and group

myths in their quest for autonomy.

source: Smith, Anthony. Nationalism and Modernism. A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and

Nationalism. New York & London: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 978-0415063418 p. 223.


Good and Bad Nationalism?

Negative nationalism assumes that the world is a zero-sum game

where our gains come at another nation's expense, and theirs

come at our's. Positive nationalism assumes that when our

people are better off they're more willing and better able to add

to the world's well being.

source: Reich, Robert. Good and Bad Nationalism. [online], December 19, 2001. Available at:

http://prospect.org/article/good-and-bad-nationalism









Colonialism, Imperialism, Globalization

further readings and courses:

Nobles, Melissa. Nationalism. [online] USA: MIT, 2004. Available at: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-524-nationalism-fall-2004/index.htm

Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. Ethnicity versus nationalism.

[online] In Journal of Peace Research, vol. 28, no. 3, 1991. Available at: http://folk.uio.no/geirthe/Ethnnat.html

Orwell, George. Notes on Nationalism. First published in London:

Polemic, 1945. Available at: http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat

Household stories from the collection of the bros. Grimm: tr. from the

German by Lucy Crane; and done into pictures by Walter Crane.

London, Macmillan, 1882. http://openlibrary.org/books/OL14013824M/Household_stories


http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-524-nationalism-fall-2004/index.htm












http://folk.uio.no/geirthe/Ethnnat.html

http://folk.uio.no/geirthe/Ethnnat.html

http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat

http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat

http://openlibrary.org/books/OL14013824M/Household_stories



Psychology and/of Masses: crowd, mass, public

From Basics of Communication

Sociology of communication

• 1923: Max Weber, Sociology of the print

• 1923: Edward Bernays, father of Public Relations

• 1922: Walter Lippmann, Stereotypes and Pseudoenvironment, media is a beam of light, a reflector: „We do not first see, and then define, we define first and then see.“

• Gustave LeBon, the originator of Crowd Psychology

• 1939: Herbert Blummer, difference between the mass and the crowd – mass culture, mass media, later the theory of symbolic interactionism

Media and Masses

Media and Nationalism

Reading activities



G. Tarde (1834 – 1904), a French Philosopher, sociologist, criminologist dealing with collective behavior (behavior of the crowd), is considered to be one of the founders of social psychology. In his most famous work Laws of Imitation (1890) he shows that the society follows certain laws of nature. He tries to explain social processes by imitation, which is understood as a psychological process through which there is a repetition of ideas and their gradual spread in the society. Each new "invention" is subjected to the law of Imitation. This new phenomenon of imitation becomes the first element of the internal struggle between an individual desires, beliefs, ideas, etc. The result is a victory for one or the other (or a combination of both in a new "invention"). This conflict occurs first inside individuals, then gradually throughout the society. Each new wave of imitation enters a particular environment that is sometimes more and sometimes less willing to accept it. This process is by Tarde explained as social change, fashions, customs, history, different religions and different types of social behavior.



One of the important sources of social psychology is usually considered to be the psychology of nations and crowd psychology.

Gustav LeBon (1841 - 1931) and his „Psychologie de foules“ (crowd psychology) published in 1895 reflect the dynamics of social and political developments in Europe in the second half of the 19th st., characteristic especially industrialization, increasing particle concentration in the growing urban population and the increasing frequency of crowd phenomena.

The ideological environment of the author was characterized by the defense of freedom of thought, crowds defense against tyranny and dictators, defending freedom against threats to personal development, etc. G. LeBon stated that the man in the crowd completely changes the subject into irrationality and primitivism (the spiral of silence by Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann).



Gustav LeBon „Psychologie de foules“:

For the soul of the crowd, there is typical ″that people in the crowd tend to equalize their mental levels ″ (LeBon, 1994, p. 131)

In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) has founded in Leipzig the first laboratory of experimental psychology.

His psychology is as a natural science, an area of the human psyche explained by physiology: the psychology and physiology is combined into a "Physiological psychology". He notes that the psyche of the individual develops itself according to the society, which exerts its effect in the areas of language, morality, religion, art, law, etc.

This is related to Ethnopsychology, which was known in Germany marked as "nations Psychology" and "Psychology of Nations" (Völkerpsychologie) since 1860 with its own magazine ("Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie").



Wundt elaborated this theme in his work "Völkerpsychologie: ein Untersuchung Entvicklungsgesetzte von der Sprache, Mythos und Sitte" (Psychology of Nations: Exploring the evolution of speech patterns, myths and customs).

The crowd was an issue of psychology, among others in r. 1921 by S. Freud's work "Massenpsychologie Analyse und Ich" (Mass Psychology Analysis and I). It was based on the existence of the soul crowd. Vertical relationships (leader - the crowd participants) and horizontal relationships among participants he explained using the basic concepts of his approach (e.g. Verdichtung - concentration, a psychological phenomenon affecting attention and interpretation of symbolical/media object).


Finally

Thank You for Your attention See You next week... Please, study texts and prepare for the next lesson

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