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12

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B03MOJKHO, 6oJiee BaJKna.s:i: ,ll;JIH 6y.n;yru;ero MHpOBOM 3KOHOMHKH,

l.leM .n;ettbrn (Clouse, 1987).

J\MTEPA TYP A

Business Week (December 14, 1992). Move over boomer, the busters are here -and they angry.

Clouse R. W. ( 1992). Entrepreneurship education for a global economy in the 21st century. Paper presented at 10th Annual International Enterpreneurship Education Forum, Lake Tahoe, Nevada.

Clouse R. W. ( 1993). Technology Based Distance Learning. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Conference of the Assoccation of Private Enterprise Education, Washington, D.C.

Clouse R. W. (Fall, 1985). The next corporate crisis. Corporate Learning Institute Newsletter. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University.

Clouse R. W. ( 1993). Entrepreneurship in education: views from educators and business executives. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Conference of the Assoccation of Private Enterprise Education, Washington, D.C.

Drucker P. ( 1950). The practice of management. New York: Harper & Row.

13

Pa3Aen 1 . 06ll.(~e npo6neMbl

Garret L., Garetij., Clause R. Wilburn (1987). Beyond evaluation: planned organizational response to change. Organization Development Journal.

Maynard H.B., Mehrtens S.E. ( 1994). The fourth wave: Business in the 21st century. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

Toffler A. (1980). The third wave. New York: Morrow. Wheatley M. (1994). Leadership and the new science. San Francisco: Berrett

Koehler Publishers.

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18

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19

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20

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21

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B ocymecTBJieHHH caMOH Ba)KHOH COCTaBJI51IOmeti: ll,e5ITeJibHOCTH m1nepa: ,

coTpy.n;ttH'leCTBa c JIIO,ll;bMH.

TPAHC<l>OPMAQMOHHOE AMAEPCTBO

l{.M. l{aii.Jl, !{:>IC.II. KaHaJICeMu,

K.l{:>IC. KoBaJibCKu

lIH,n:epCTBO YHHBepcaJibHO. f.n:e 6bI HH IIOHBHJH:ICb JIIO!(H, cpe.n:u HHX eCTb JIH.n;epbI. He 6b1JI0 o6Hapy:>KeHo HH o,n:Ho:iI rpynnhI, B KOTopo:iI 6bI noJIHo

CThIO orcytcTBOBaJIO JIH.ZJ:epcTBO. XoTH JIH,n:epcTBo HB.rrneTCR: .n:peBHHM cpeHOMe HOM, HHTeHCHBHhie e ro lICCJJ.e ,n:oB ainHI H a '!aJJHCh Bce ro IIe CKOJIT,-.

KO .n:ec5InrneTHH Ha3a,l(. Cpe.n;H pa6oT no 3TOH TeMe MO:>KHO OTMeTHTb H3Y'leHHe HOBOfO JIH,nepcrna, TeOpHIO JIH,n:epcrna 1976 r. , aTp116yTHBHYIO

Teopmo xapH3MbI, ,l(yXOBHOfO JIHJ.lepcrna (Bass, 1997). B KOHUC 1970-x fO!(OB IIOHBHJICH HOBbIH TepMHH - mpaucrjJopMau,uomwe Jluaepcmeo. BHa'IaJie ero ttsyqem1eM saHttMaJICH ,ll)1<e:i1:Mc MaK-fperop Eepnc, orrpe.n:eJIHBilllfM Tpa,n:HI.(HOHHOe JIHJJ:epcTBO KaK mpa1l3aKU,U01l1lOe Il rrpoTHBO

IIOCTaBlfBlliHH ero TpaHc¢opMaUHOHHOMY JIH.n:epcrny, HanpaBJieHJ-IOMY Ha y.n;oBJieTBopeHIIe B03HHKaIOIUIIX y IlOCJie.n;oBateJI5! rrorpe6HOCTeil 6o

Jiee Bhrcorwro ypoBHH B ttepapx1m Mac.iloy. Cornactto ll:JK. Eepttcy,

JIH,n:epCTBO 6brnaet mpa1l3GKU,U01l1lblM JIH6o mpm-1crjJopMaU,U01l1lblM,

HO 1le o6oUMU O!(HOBpeMeHHO. EoJiee Il03.ZJ:HHe IICCJieLl,OBamrn ITOKa3aJIII, 'ITO B HeKOTOpbIX acrreKtax OHH Mory T cocymectBOBaTb. Jl)K. EepHC (Burns, 1978) orrpe.neJIII.iI tpattc¢opMaUHOHHOe JIII.ZJ:epCTBO KaK <i:Upouecc, HarrpaBJieHHbIR Ha L(OCTHJK:eHIIe KOJI.ileKTHBHbIX ue11eH: qepe3 B3a

HMHOe HCIIOJib30Bam1e MOTHBOB )J;OCTH:>Kemrn IIJiaHu pyeMoro H3MeHeHII51, HMeromuxcH y 1rnaepa II rroc11e.noBaTe11e:H:>7 (Pa w ar, Eastman, 1997, p. 82 ). B TClJCHHe ,l(Byx ,l(CCHTHJICTMM MCCJIC,l(OHaHM>f JIJ1,l(epcrna, UCHOBatllfble

Ha paHHeM orrpe.neJieHIIH )l:>K. EepHca, BeJIIICb B UeHTpe no Msy'Iemno mmepcrna focyaapcTBeHHoro yttttBepcuTeTa Hh10-VIopKa B EttHrX3MIITOHe rro.n: pyKoBoL(CTBOM Eepttap.na Eacca. EoJibIIIHHCTBo rroJiyL£eHHhIX pe3yJibTaTOB CBHL(eTeJibCTByeT 0 no3UmU81lOM u npoay1anU81lOMXapaKmepe rnpaHcrjJopMau,u01-i1-tow ;zuaepcm8a. Xorn: Heo6xoattMhI HHTeHCIIB

Hhie ,ll;aJibHeHUHie IICCJieL(OBaHHH, y:>Ke IIOJiy'leHHbi e l{aHHbi e II03BOJIHIOT

23

Pa31J,e11 l . 06ll.\Me npo611eMbl

npHHTH K HeCKOJibKHM orrpe,D,eJieHHbIM BbIBO,n:aM: TpaHc<}:>opMaUHOHHOe

JIH,n:epcTBO MQ)KeT 6bITb BbHl.BJieHO, 0110 6 1wp11e Om.JlUt/110 om mpa113a'Ku,uo1111ozo, rro,n:,n:aeTC5I mott110My U3Mepe11wo, y!lyttwaem Jl106y10 opza11u3au,u10, o6Hapy)KHBaeTC5I no6C10ay, 11a 6Cex ypo611.H.X, MO)K€T 6bITb CJie,n:cT

BlleM y11ac!leao6a1111btx me11ae11u,uu, eMy MO)KHO 11ayttumbc.H., otto MO)KeT

6bITb C6.H.3Q110 C 'K011meKcmoM; llYt/UlUU npaKmutteC'KUU pe3y!lbmam aaem cottema11ue mpa11cpopMau,uo11H.ozo u mpa113aicu,uo11H.ozo Jluaepcm6a.

0TIPEAEJ\EHI1E TPAHC<DOPMAIJ;l10HH0f0 J\I1AEPCTBA

JIH,n:epcrno BhIClliero ypoBH.s:I - Tpattc<}:>opMaUHOHttoe mr,n:epcrno - HMe

eT MeCTo, Kor,n:a ;m,n:ep pacnmp5IeT llHTepeCbl IIO,ll'-UIHeHHbIX, KOr,n:a OH

no6y)K,n:aeT HX K OC03HaHHOMY npHH5ITHIO u;eJieH M 3a,n:aq rpyrrnhI, KOfJ].a

OH rrpo6y)K,UaeT B HHX CTpeMJieHHe BbIXO,UllTb 3a npe,n:eJibl co6CTBeHHbIX

HHTepecoB pa,n:11 6Jiara Bceil rpynnhI (Bass, 1990, p. 21). Jin,n:epbr MoryT ,n:ocTHfHYTh aToro HeCI<OJihKHMH crroco6aMM. TpaHc

¢opMau;uottnoe JIH,ll;epcTBO MO:IKeT 6bITb onpe.n;eJieHO IIO neCKOJibKHM

ocHOBHhIM H HeKOTOpbIM BTopocTerreHHhIM rrpH3HaI<aM. PaccMoTpHM oc

HOBHbie npH3HaKH.

TpaHc<}:>opMaUMOHHbie 1rn,n:epbr 06Jra.n:a10T xapu3Mou. OHM .n:a10T noa

'IHHeHHhIM IIOHHMaHMe ueJIH, B036y:1K,n:aIOT B HHX rop,UOCTb, BbI3bIBaIOT

yBa)KeHtte H ,n:oBepne K ce6e (Bass, 1990). Ta1<tte Jiu.n:epbr rrpoBH.11:.R:T 6y.uy

ruee, IIOKa3bIBaIOT, KaK OHO MO)J(eT 6bITb ,UOCTMfHYTO, rro,n:aIOT npttMep,

ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT BbICOKHe CTaH,n:apTbl, ,l],eMOHCTpupyIOT yBepeHHOCTb B ce6e

H pennIMOCTb. 0HII IICTO'!aIOT OIITIIMII3M II oHTY3IIa3M, 060.n;pRIOT IIO,ll;'lll~

HeHHhIX. Xaptt3Ma TPYJ.l.HO TIOJJ.,l],aeTrn onpe,l],eJreHMIO, o,n:HaI<o Ha,n:eJieHHhre

eIO JIH.Zl:epbl xapaI<TepH3YIOTC5I 3Heprn:eil, yBepeHHOCTbIO B ce6e, peIIIHTeJib

HOCTbIO, HHTeJIJieKTOM, opaTOpCKHM HCKYCCTBOM H Bbipa)KeHHbIMH JIHq

HOCTHbIMH M,l],eaJiaMH (Bass, 1990). OHM rrpe,UIIO'IHTaIOT Jill'IHOe o6m;eHHe

M rrpo.s:IBJI.s:IIOT roTOBHOCTh .n:eJIHTbC.s:I IIOJIHOMO'IH.s:IMM. E . Eacc rrpoBO.UMT

':leTKYIO rpattHUY Me:>KJ.l.Y HacTo.s:Irue:H H JIO)J(HOH xaptt3MOH. OH Ha3bIBaeT

He3peJioro, CKJIOHHOfO K caMOBOCXBaJieHHIO rrpeTeH,UeHTa Ha o6JiaJJ;aHMe

xapll3MOH nceaaompa11crjJopMau,uo1111btM JIH.Zl:epoM. TaKOH JIM,llep MO)l{eT

Ka3aTbCJI BLJ:OXHOBJIJIIO!UHM, o,n:HaKO Ha caMOM .n:eJie OH O'IeHb CBOeKOpbIC

TeH u HeHa.n:e)J(eH. Borrpoc o TOM, I<aKtte HMeHHO 3TH'IeCI<He H MopaJibHbie

cpaKTOpbI o6ycJIOBJIHBaIOT pa3Jill'Ill5I Me)J(,lJ,y HCTHHHOH H JIO)J(HOH xapH3-

MOM, Tpe6yeT ,n:aJibHeiIIIIero H3J'IeHH5I.

Xaptt3Ma, HecoMHeHHO, Hatt6oJiee Heorrpe,n:eJieHHhIH TepMHH H3 Bcex,

CB5I3aHHhIX c TpaHccpopMa.UMOHHhIM JIH,lJ,epcTBOM. Kar< OTMeqaeT

<D . .l{:>K. 5IMMapHHO, rnaBHOe paCXO)J(,lJ,eHHe BO MHeHH5IX Ha6JIIO,l],aeTCH

24

T paHccpopM01.11-10HHoe n1-1AepcTBo

no Bonpocy o TOM, 5JBJUieTC5J JUI xapII3Ma no 6oJihllleil: qacTH pe3yJihTaToM

CBOHCTB JIM.nepa, ycJIOBMH CIITyaIIHM MJIM BJIII>IHMeM rrpouecca B3aIIMO,[leH

CTBH5I Me)K.ny JIII,LlepoM M ITOCJie,[(OBaTeJieM. 3To pacXO)K,[leHHe HarroMH

HaeT pa3JIJiqa10mIIeC5J ITO,[(XO,[lhI K rrpo6JieMe JIII,LlepcTBa, BCTpeqa10mIIeC5J

B JIHTepaType. CqJITaeTc5I, qTo xapM3Ma 5IBJI5JeTC5J cJie.ncTBIIeM BocrrpII5I

TM5J IIOCJie;:J:OBaTeJieM KaqecTB M IIOBe.neHII5J JIII,Llepa. Ha BOCIIpII5ITIIe BJII1-

5JeT KOHTeKCT CIITyau1111 JIII,LlepcTBa H lIH,[(HBH,LlyaJibHbie Ii KOJIJieKTHBHbie

II0Tpe6HOCTH IIOCJie,[(OBaTeJI5I (Yammarino, 1994, p. 796). TpaHccpopMaIIHOHHhie 1n1.nepbr 06ecrre'-!11BaIOT Boo.nyUieBJieHHe.

0HI1 rrepe.naIOT CBOIIM IIOCJie,[(OBaTeJI5JM BhICOKHe 0)KH,[laHH5I, MCilOJih3y

IOT CHMBOJihI ,[(JI5J cocpe.noTO'-IeHI15J YCHJIHH, Bbipa)KaIOT Ba)KHbie IIeJIH rro

H5JTHO M ,[(OXO,ll'-IHBO (Bass, 1990). TpaHccpopMaIIHOHHhie JI11.nephI 06ecrre'!1rna10T HHTeJIJieKTyaJihHYlO

CTI1MYJI5IIJ;I1IO. OHM IIOOJUp5IIOT HHTeJIJIMfeHTHOCTh, paIIHOHaJihHOCTh, TIUa

TeJibHOe pellleHHe 3a.na'I (Bass, 1990). TaKHe JIM.nepbI crroco6crnyIOT pa3-

BHTHIO y IIOCJie,[(OBaTeJieil: KpeaTMBHOCTH M CKJIOHHOCTH K HHHOBaIIH5JM.

0HH IIO,[(BepraIOT COMHeHHIO CTapbie B3fJI5J,[lhI H CTapbie rrapa,n:MfMbI, rro

OJUp5IIOT C03,[laHMe HOBhIX rrepcrreKTMB M crroco6oB .neil:CTBM5I, B03HHKHO

BeHHe HOBbIX H.n;eH:.

TpattccpopMau110HHbIM JIH.nepaM cBoilcrnetteH HH.llHBH.llYaJibHbIH rro.n

xo.n. OHM o6maroTc5I Ha JIH'-IHOM ypoBHe, BocrrpttHMMaIOT Ka)K.noro

CJiy)Karu;ero lIH;:J:lIBlIIJ:YaJibHO, cJiyrnaIOT BHMMaTeJibHO, HacraBJI5IIOT, COBe

TYIOT, yqaT (Bass, 1990). OHM .na10T 3a,n:aHI15J, paccqHraHHbie Ha JIH'IHOCT

HhIH pocr.

HecMoTp5I Ha 3TH qeTh1pe acrrer<Ta, o6mne ,[(JI5I TpaHccpopMaIIMOHHhIX

Jitt.nepoB, HX rrepcoHaJihHhre CTHJIM Moryr CMJihHO pa3JIM'-IaThC5I. Tar<Me ;rn.ne

pbr - He o65I3aTeJihHO 5IpKMe JIH'-IHOCTM. TpaHccpopMaIIMOHHOe Jitt.n:epcrno -

Hero )Ke caMoe, '-ITO .neMoKpaTH.5!. TpaHc<):>opMau;noHHbie JI11.n;epb1MoryT6bITh

KaK aBTOKpaTM'!HbI, TaK Ii ,lleMOKpaTH'!HbI; OHH Moryr rrp11.nep)KHBaTbC5J

pyKoBO.il5Iru;ero crHJI5I HJIII yqacTBoBaTb BO Bcex ttaq11ttamrnx - rrpII ycJio

BHII, qro co6JIIO,llaIOTC5I OCTaJibHbie OCHOBHbie rrpIIHIIHIIhI; OHM qacro rrpo

.5JBJI.5JIOT 3JieMeHThI KaK pyKoBOL\5IJUero, raK H yqacrByiomero crHJI5I B pa3"

HbIX CJIYl.J:a5IX I1 npH pa3HhIX o6cT05JTeJibCTBax.

B .norroJIHeHHe K qerbipeM rnaBHhIM acrreKraM, nepe'-IHCJieHHhIM BhIIIIe,

ecrh 11 HeCKOJibKO .Meuee 31ta'lumello1lotx CBOHCTB, np11cym11x rpattccpop

MaIIHOHHbIM JIH.nepaM. Ei. Eiacc, ccbIJia5Icb Ha pa6ory Xayca 11 IllaM11pa

(House, Shamir, 1993), IIIIIIIer, qro rpaHccpopMaU:IIOHHhie 1rn;:i:epbI pa3BII

Baror B cBoMx nocJie,n:oBaTeJI.5JX cJie,n:yiomne Ka'-!ecrBa:

«fJiaBeHCTBO KOJIJieKTMBHOH I1,lleHTJ1qHOCTII B caMOBOCIIpII.5ITIIII; qyB

CTBO cornacoBaHHOCTII Me)K,lly caMOBOCIIpII5ITHeM II .ueil:cTBM.5JMH Ha IIOJih3Y

m1.nepy H KOJIJieKnIBy; 6oJiee BbICOKIIM ypoBeHb caMoyBa)KeHlrn II qyBcT

Ba co6crBeHHOH IIeHHOCTH; CXO,[(CTBO caMOBOCIIpH5ITH5I M BOCIIpM.5ITH5I

25

Pa3Aen 1. 06LUMe npo6neMbl

Jrnnepa; 'IYBCTBO KOJIJieKTHBHOH 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH; 'IYBCTBO 3Ha'IHMOCTI1 CBOett pa6oTbI H )Kl13HH» (Bass, 1999b, p. 23).

Ilo Mnenmo E. Eacca, BaiKneilrna51 CB513h MeTu:ny xaptt3ManPiecKHM

rroBenentteM Jittnepa H caMoBocrrpH51THeM H caMoyBaTu:eHHeM nocJienona

TeJI51 6bIJia oTMe'leHa yiKe naBno. ToJihKO xapH3MaTH'lecKoe pyKoBOJJ:CTBO MOJI<eT nonnepTu:HBaTb BhICOKYIO npOH3BOnHTeJibHOCTh B ycJIOBH51X HH3-

KHX HOpM Bhipa6oTKH (Bass, 1999b ). Heo6xoaUMo o6paw,ambCJl x ttyBcmBY co6cmBe1mou u,emwcmu TIOCJie,n:oBaTeJI51 - 3TO 51BJI51eTC51 oartUM U3 CUJlbrtei1umx cpeacmB co3aauua y rtew MomuBau,uu, BbixonJIIIIeH: 3a npeneJibI KpanwBpeMeHHbIX JilP.IHbIX HHTepecoB. ,lXJI5I IIOCJie,n:oBaTeJI5I CTaHOBHTC.sI BaTu:HhIM cneJiaTb TO, 'ITO npa8UJlb1lO:

IlpoABHJI<entte 3a npeneJihI co6crneHnoro mnepeca cooTBeTcrnyeT

:uepapx:u:u Marnoy, H HCcJieJJ:OBaTeJIM naBHo HlllYT RCHYIO CBR3h MeTu:ny 3THMH JlBYMR IIOKa3aTeJI.sIMH. TpanccpopMau:11onnoe JIH,n:epcrno, HecoMHeHHO, rromrnMaeT nocJienoBaTeJiett Ha BhICillHe ypoBHH ttepapXHH MacJioy. O,n:naKo E. Eacc OTMe'IaeT, 'ITO ,UJI<. Eepnc (1978) H X:mLJ:H (1994) npe.n:IIOJIOJI<HJIH neo6xoLJ:HMOCTh pacrn11peHHR ttepapxMH MacJioy 3a C'leT .n:o-6aBJieHH5I eIIIe onnoro ypoBH.sI, 'IT06b1 y'IeCTh TpattccpopMau:uonttoe JIH,n:epcTBo. B cxeMe MacJioy Kar< BepxHIIH ypoBeHb paccMaTpHBaeTc.sI caMoaKTyaJitt3aui-rn: (Bass, 1999b ). l{iK. EepHc H X3HJJ:H, KaK H neKoTopbie ii:pyrne, cirnTaIOT, 'ITO nomKHa cymecrnoBaTh cTanm:i: 3a npeneJiaMH ca

Mopeam13au:tt11 - crn.zuu:r nnea.1nI3au1rn, cTpeMJiemrn: K :unee MJIH K uem1, KOTOpbie 6oJibIIIC, 'ICM JIH'lHOCTh. 11MeHHO 3Ta nonOJIHHTeJibHaR CTa)];H.Sl Il03BOJIHT CM5ff'll1Tb 3rou:eHTpH'IHbIH TOH TeOpHH MacJioy, KOTOpbIH, XOTh

11 npencTaBJrneTC51, COrJJaCHO OIIhITy, o6ocHOBaHHbIM, OCTaBJI.sieT JJ:OBOJibHO ropbKHH npHBKYC (Bass, 1999b, p.12).

,l{JK. Eepnc, paccMaTpttBa51 3TOT Bonpoc, onttchrnaJI TpaHccpopMaU:HOHHhIX JIHJJ:epoB KaK JIIOJJ:ett, 3aCTaBJI51IOUlHX CBOHX IIOCJienoBaTeJieM

BhIHTH 3a npe.l{eJihI co6crneHHhIX IIHTepecoB H, TeM caMbIM, 3a npeneJihI

caMopeaJIH3al.(HH. C. KoBH oIIpe.l{emi:eT TpanccpopMau::umrnoe Jittnepcrno KaK 06ecrre

'IHBaIOrnee neo6xonHMbie H3MeHeHH51 B MOMeHT B03HHKHOBeHH5I HOBhIX TeH}!eHU:HM B 3KOHOMHKe, TeXHHKe, COI.(HOKYJibTYPHhIX cpaI<TOpax. «PacumpeHHOe npenCTaBJienue o 'leJI0Beqec1<ott npttpone 3aCTaBJI51eT anneTh poJib Meuen111:epa ttnoii: ne repoa, a areHTa pa3BHTH.sr, He KoMaH,n:IIpa, a KOHCYJibTaHTa, He OT)l.aJ:Ull.(ero np11Ka3bI pyKoBo,n:HTemr, a BocnnTaTc

Jrn:, ne npHHHMa10mero peweHH5I HallaJibHHKa, a JIH,n:epa, ,n:e.rra10mero ueJih

Jicno:H, rro,n:aIOIIJero npttMep. MenenJI<ep HOBoro nrna OTKa3bIBaeTc51

OT KompponTaIJ;HOHHbIX .z:urnJioroB B Il0.7Ib3Y 3MITaTH'lecrrnx, OT CTpeMJieHH51 cocpe,ll,OTO'lHTh BJiaCTh B CBOlIX pyKax B IlOJih3Y pacrrpe.n:eJieHirn BJiaCTHbIX ITOJIHOMO'!MH, OT npOTHBOCT051Hl151 B IlOJih3Y COTpynHH'!eCTBa, ocHoBamrnro Ha 06m11x HHTepecax. MoJI<Ho paccMaTpHBaTb aTy rrepe-

26

T paHc¢opMOL\~OHHoe ll~JJ.epcrBo

Metty napa.n:HrMbl B TepMHHax KOHTHHyyMa, Ha O)lHOM 113 IlOJIIOCOB KOTO

poro HaXO)lHTC5I BHellIHHH, a Ha .n:pyroM - BHyTpeHHMH KOHTpOJib, npH

H5ITMe ueJIH; nepexo.n: MO:>KHO BH)leTb B OTKa3e OT IlOBepXHOCTHbIX KOH

TaKTOB B IlOJib3Y IlOJIHOfO HCilOJib30BaHH5I qeJIOBe'-IeCKMX pecypcOB»

(Covey, 1992, p. 284). P . .l{eHTOH onpe.n:e;rner rpattc¢opMaUMOHHoe JIM.n:epcrno KaK o6Jia.n:a

IOIUee Il5ITbIO CBOHCTBaMH: KpeaTHBHOCTbIO, MHTepaKTHBHOCTbIO, BH)leHH

eM ueJIH, cnoco6ttocTbIO npw.n:asaTb CHJihI, cTpacTHOCTbIO. IlepBbie TPH

Ka'IeCTBa 6oJiee HJIH Mettee cooTBeTCTBYIDT ToMy, 'ITO E. Eacc HMettyeT

xaptt3MOH HJIM BJ(OXHOBeHHeM. Crroco6ttocTh rrpttnaBaTh CHJihI H cTpacT

HOCTb COBrra.n:aIOT c IIOJIO:>KeHH5IMH MH)lHBI-tnYaJIH3HpOBaHHOfO rro.n:xo.n:a

(Denton, 1996).

0TJ\.:VFU151 TPAHC<DOPMAlll10HHOro AI1AEPCTBA OT TPAH3AKLI;I10HHOro

TpattccpopMaunomioe JittnepcTBO MO)KeT 6bITh Hatt6oJiee TO'IHO orrpe.n:e

Jietto npH rrponrnorrocTaBJieHHH ero TpaH3aKUHOHHOMY JIH.n:epcrny. Tpatt3-

aKUMOHHbIH JIM)lep B3aMMO)leHcTByer c IlO)l'IHHeHHbIMH HJIH IIOCJie.n:oBa

TeJI5IMI1 rryreM. rrpe.n:rr11caHHH 11 KOHTpOJI5I 3a HX BbIIIOJIHeHHeM. Ott .n:aer

H BbIIIOJIH5IeT o6emaHM5I IIpM3HaHM5I, OIIJiaThl MJIM rrpo,n:BH:>KeHM5I B o6MeH

tta xopornyio pa6oTy, o6emamrn HaKa3amrn - 3a pa6oTy rnmxyIO. TaKoi1

BH,n JIH.n:epcrBa MO:>KeT 6bITb 3¢cpeKTHBHhIM, o.n:ttaKo E. Eacc OTMe'IaeT,

'-ITO «TpaH3aKUMOHHOe JIH.n:epCTBO - yneJI nocpe.n:cTBeHHOCTH» (Bass,

1990). TpaHccpopMau11ottttoe JIH,nepcrno rrpe.ncraBJI5IeT co6oi1: cotietaHMe

HeCKOJibKHX 6a30BbIX, YHHBepCaJibHblX BHJl:OB IIOBe.n:emrn, B TO BpeM5I Kai<

Tpatt3aKUHOHHOe JIH.n:epCTBO Mo:IKHO ocymecTBJI5ITbC5I Ha '-IeTbipex ypoB

H5IX, sepxttHH H3 KOTopbIX - .n:oBOJibHO a¢¢eKTHBttoe py1<oso.n:crno, a HH:>K

HHH Mo:>KeT np1rnecTH K Karncrpoc.pe.

Haw6oJiee 3¢¢eKTHBHa5I ¢opMa Tpatt3aKUHOHttoro JIH.n:epcrna MO)J(eT

6hITb Ha3Batta nponopu,uoua.Jlb1tbtM noow,peuueM . .l{o rrocJie.n:ttero speMe

HH, Kor.n:a 6oJibllia5I qacTb ttccJienosaHHH cocpenoTO'IHJiacb Ha Tpattccpop

MaUHOHHOM JIH.ZiepCTBe, TaK:uI cpopMa MOrJia C'IMTaTbC51 xopornMM pyKo

BOJ(CTBOM. Jlu:nep IlOOIUpfleT ycnJIHH, xopornym pa6ory, ,ll,OCTIDKCHJUI.

qaCTO TaKOH nyTb OKa3hIBaeTC51 KOHCTPYKTHBHhIM H naeT IlOJIO:>KHTeJib

Hbie pe3yJibTaTbl. I1ono6ttbie JIH.n:epbI 51CHO IlOKa3bIBaIOT, qero CJie.n:yeT

OT HHX Q)l<HJ(aTb, .n:aIOT 06emamu1 H rrpenoCTaBJI5IIOT pecypcbI B o6MeH

Ha IlOi'J.i'l,ep:>KKY H ycnellIHO 3aKJIIO'IaIOT corJiallieHH5I H KOHTpaKThl.

CJie.n:yromuH: yposetth Tpatt3aKUHOHttoro ;rn.n:epcTBa - mcmueuoe ynpaBJleuue MemoOOM UC10l101le1tU.R., Kor.n:a JIII)lep BhIIIOJIH.SieT ¢YHKIIHH

27

P03Aefl l . 06ll.(V1e npo6neMbl

KOHTpoJiepa KaqecTBa, cTopo:>KeBoro rrca, aBapMHHOH cJiy:>K6bI. TaKon

pyK0Bo,11;ineJib BHHMaTeJibHO cJie.ZJ:HT 3a Ka<JecTBOM pa6oTbI IIO.ZJ:'IIIHeHHbIX

II npIIHIIMaeT MepbI B CJiy<Jae Heo6XO.ZJ:IIMOCTII, o6ecrre'IHBaeT BbIIIOJIHe

HIIe npaBIIJI, OTCJie:>KIIBaeT H IICIIpaBJI5leT mo6oe OTKJIOHeHHe OT HOpM.

Eme 6oJiee HH3KIIH yposeHb - naccu81we ynpaBJteuue MemoaoM uc'K.1l101leuuJt, Kor.z:i:a pyKoBO.ZJ:HTeJib OTCJie:>KIIBaeT HeKaqecTBeHHYIO mm MO

rymyro npH'IHHHTb Bpe.n. pa6oTy IIO,Z:\'IHHeHHbIX. IlaCCHBHOCTb JIH)l.epa

Bbipa:>KaeTC5l B TOM, 'ITO OH :>KL(eT, IIOKa ero BHHMaHHe He IIpHBJieKyT Heno

Jia.[IKII, BMeCTO TOfO 'IT06br aKTHBHO IICKaTb Tpe6yIOlllHe pa3peweHII5l npo-

6JieMbI, H He BMellIHBaeTC5l, IIOKa .n:eJIO He rrpttMeT cepbe3HbIH o6opOT. Ta

KHe pyKOBO.ll.HTeJIH owII6o<JHO C'IIfTaIOT, 'ITO ecJIH no.n.o:>K.n.aTb, npo6JieMhI

pa3pewaTrn caMH co6oH: HJIH soo6me ttcqe3HYT (Cangemi, Kowalski, Khan,

1999). HaKoHeu, JtuaepcmBo-ueBMewameJtocmBo Ha caMOM L(eJie He 5lBJI5leTc5l

JIH.n.epcTBOM BoBce. TaKoH: pyKoBOJ.IHTeJib cTapaeTcJI He 6paTb Ha ce6J1

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, He npHHHMaTb peweHHH, He COBeprnaTb .n.enCTBHH.

Ero .neBH3: «Pa3 HHtJ:ero He CJIOMaJIOCb, HetJ:ero II tJ:IIHHTh» . IloL106Horo JIII

.z:i:epa o6bI'IHO He y.z:i:aeTCJI 3acTaTb Ha MecTe, OH He npo>IBJI>IeT IIHTepeca

K ,ZleJiy (Bass, 1997). «TpaHccpopMal.{HOHHOe JIH.ZJ:epcrno - COBCeM He TO :>Ke caMoe, 'ITO TpaH-

3aKI.{HOHHOe. IlepBoe B OCHOBHOM 03Ha'!aeT CTpeMJiemie I13MeHHTb cyllle

crnyroruyro peaJibHOCTb TaK, qT06h1 Otta Jiyqllle COOTBeTCTBOBaJia HMeIOil.{HM

C5l ueHHOCT5lM H tt.n.eaJiaM. BTopoe cocpe.n.oTotJ:eHo Ha acpcpeKTHBHOM

B3aHMo.ne:ncTBHH c H3MeHJIIOIIIeHCJI peaJibHOCTbIO. TpaHccpopMaUMOHHbIH

JIH,nep CTpeMHTC5l K .[IOCTH:>KeHHIO " nepsoro MeCTa B CIIMCKe" M CToaBHT BO rJia

BY yrJrn rrpHHUIIII. TpaH3aKI.J,HOHHbIII JIH.ZJ:ep roTOB y.z:i:osJieTBOpHThC>I

"rrocJie.ZJ:HllM MeCTOM B CIIHCKe" II CTaBHT BO fJiaBy yrJia co6bITHe» (Covey,

1992, p. 285).

TPAHC<DOPMAll;I10HHOE J\1-fAEPCTBO KAK CPEACTBO Y J\ YYIUEHI15I 0 Pr AHI13AIJ;I1l1

Kor.n.a JIH,uep no6y)K.z:i:aeT IIO.ll.'IHHeHHhIX II nocJie.n.osaTeJiett BbIHTH 3a npe

,11;eJibI co6cTBeHHbIX IIHTepecoB, pocT npOII3BOJJ:HTeJibHOCTH, H KOJIH'Ie

CTBeHHblll, .IA Kal!eCTBeHHblll, 6bIBaeT Ol!eHb 3aMeTHbIM H l!aCTO HeMe.n.

JieHHbIM. 0.n.HaKo Jiro6a5l opraHtt3aI.J,H5l BhIHfpbrnaeT H no .n.pyrHM

napaMeTpaM. KoMIIaHH5l, MMeroma>I Mnornx TpaHccpopMaI.J,HOHHhIX JIM

,11;epos Ha pa3HbIX ypoBH>IX, o6.7Ia.n.aeT ropa3.z:i:o JIY':!IIIHM KopnopaTHBHbIM

HMH)l,:>KeM H B o6ruecTBe, H B .n.eJIOBOM MHpe. «<DHpMa, IIpOHH3aHHa5l

TpaHccpopMaI.J,HOHHbIM JIH.l(epCTBOM CHII3Y ,ll;OBepxy, IIOKa3bIBaeT CBOeMy

28

TpaHc<jiopMau1-10HHoe n1-1Aepcrno

nepcottaJiy, paBHO KaK H KJIHeHTaM, IIOCTaBI.U:HKaM, BKJiall,qHKaM H o6me

CTBY B neJIOM, qTo CMOTpHT B 6ynymee, yBepeHa B ce6e, o6JianaeT UITa

TOM, o6benJIHHBlllHMC5I ll,JI5I ll,OCTH)J(eHM5I o6mero 6Jiara, IIOOlllp5IeT HH

TeJIJieKTYaJibHbie nocTtt)J(eHM5I, nr6KoCTh, pa3BHTHe cBoHx coTpynttMKOB~ (Bass, 1990, p. 25).

KoMIIattmi:, B KOTopoi1: MMeeT MeCTo Tpattc¢opManttoHHoe Jittnepcrno,

no611BaeTrn ropa3no 6oJiblllero ycIIexa B IIpirnJieqeHHH caMbIX KBaJIHcpH

nnpoBaHHhIX coTpynttHKOB, 3acTaBJI5I.si: Mx KOHKypttpoBaTh Me)J(ny co6oi1:.

«KattnttnaToB IIplIBJieKaeT opratttt3an1rn, pyKoBOlJ.HTeJ'IlI KOTopoii 5IBJI5IIOT

c5I Tpattc¢opMan110HHhIMH nn.nepaMn, ee HMlI,Z{)J( B rna3ax o6mecrna xapaK

Tep1I3yeTC5I yBepeHHOCTbIO B ce6e, ycIIelUHOCTbIO, OIITlIMlI3MOM, ll,HHaMnq

Hb!M pyKoBOlJ.CTBOM. KpoMe Toro, ycIIex HHTepBbIO c Katt.nttnaTaMlI

IIOBhIUiaeTC5I 6naro.nap5I Mtt.nlIBHlJ.YaJihHoMy IIonxony. Ha ttatt6oJiee HHTeJI

JIHreHTHhIX COlICKaTeJiei1: ClIJibHOe BIIe'laTJieHHe IIpOH3BO,l{HT IIepcIIeKTlIBa

lIHTeJIJieKTYaJibHOro CTIIMYJIHpOBaHirni> (Bass, 1990, p. 25-26).

TPAHC<POP~MOHHOE AMAEPCTBO B PA3AW·IHbIX C<PEPAX

BoIIpeKH pacxo:>KeMy MHemno, TpaHccpopMannoHHoe Jitt.n;epcTBO pacIIpo

cTpatteHo IIOBceMecTHO. E. Eacc (Bass, 1997) BhI,a:eJIJieT namb 06w,uxnoJ10J1Ce11uu, KOTOpbie, KaK OH cqnTaeT, BepHbI ,nJIJI Bcero Mttpa. IIepeoe H3 HlIX

npoCTo KOHCTaTnpyeT, 'ITO JIH,a:epcTBO cymeCTByeT. KaK TOJihKO rpyIIna

JIIOll,eM o6belJ.HH5IeTC5I ll,JI5I KaKOfO-TO neJia, Bcerna II05IBJI5IeTC5I JIH,nep.

3To noJIO)J(etttte He MeH5IeTC5I co BpeMetteM. McToptt'IeCKHH aHaJilI3 .Zle5I

TeJibHOCTlI JIH.l(epoB ,a:peBHOCTlI H lICCJie,Z{OBaHH5I COBpeMeHHh!X JilI,Z{epoB

noKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO HM IIpttcymn O.l(HH H Te )J(e xapaKTepttcTHKlI. Bmopoe IIOJIO)J(eHtte, Kaca10meec5I pa3Hoo6pa3M5I ¢opM, yTBep)J(,a:aeT, 'ITO ,a:1rn Bcex

KYJihTYP lI opraHH3aIJHH HMeIOT MecTo oIIpe,a:eJieHHhie 3aKOHoMepnocTH

nn.nepcTBa. BoJiblllHHCTBO opraHH3aIJHM JI106oro Tttna B03rJiaBJI5IIOTC5I

enttncrneHHhIM py1<0BOll.HTeJieM, KOTOpbIM .newcrnyeT qepe3 HH)J(ecToJI

llllIX. Tpembe IIOJIO)l(emre yrnep)J(naeT, qyo Me)J(.ny pa3JIHqHhIMH IIepeMeH

HhIMH cymecrnyeT oIIpenenenHa>I CB>I3h. IIpMMepoM 3TOro MOJI<eT cny)KHTh JTH)\epcTBO-HeBMeUiaTeJibCTBO, npl1BO)l;.fllllee K Heo¢¢eKTHBIIOCTH.

Ka1< rrpaBJIJio, TaI<He JIH.nepbI oTpHIJaTeJibHO xapaKTepn3y10Tc>I rro.nqn

HeHHhIMH H IfeH3MeHHO II03BOJI5IIOT CBOlIM opraHH3aIJM5IM lI,Z{TlI KO ll,Hy.

l-Jemeepmoe rroJio)J(eHne, Kaca10meec5I pa3Hoo6pa3H5I ¢opM ¢YHI<U:lIOHII

poBamrn, fOBOplIT 0 IIOJIO)l(JITeJibHOH KoppeJI5IU:HII MeJK.ny xapH3MOM JilI

.Zlepa II y.noBJiernopennocTbIO cJiy)l(amnx. E. ABOJIHO, E. Eacc H Ll. IOnr

(Avolio, Bass, Jung, 1996) HalllJIH e.nttncrnennoe HCKJIIO'leHI:1e H3 3Toro

29

Pa3Aen 1. 06U1~e npo6neMbl

npaBirna npH H3yT.J:eHHH pa6oTaIOIIJ.HX Ha rrpaBIHeJihCTBO 3KOHOMHCTOB.

Ihtmoe ITOJIO)KeHHe, Kacaiow.eec5I CHCTeMHh!X CBOHCTB ITOBe,n:eHH5I,

ycTaHaBJIHBaeT rrpHT.J:HHHO-CJie,n:crneHHh!e CB5I3H B JIHL{epcrne rrpMMeHH

TeJihHO K pa3JIHT.J:HhIM KYJihTypaM H opraHH3au;mIM (Bass, 1997). 3TH yttH

BepcaJihHhre I10JIO)KeHH5I fOBOp5IT 0 TOM, T.J:TO OCHOBHbie KOHU:eTIU:HM JIM

.n:epcrna npHMeHHMhl BCIO,n:y.

Kor,n:a 6hr H B Kar<oii 6h1 CTpatte JIIO.UH HH pa3MhilllJI5IJIH o JIH,n:epcrne, HX

H,UeaJihI OCTaIOTC5I O,UHHMH H TeMH )Ke. IloJIHOMac111Ta61rn.a rrporpaMMa pa3-

BHTH5I JIH,n:epCTBa, ueJihIO KOTOpoii 5IBJI5IeTC5I C03,UaHHe yT.J:e6Horo Kypca,

OXBaTHJia TblC5IT.J:H Yl.J:aCTHHKOB H3 pa3HhlX CTpaH H opraHH:3aUHH: HM npen

JiafaJIOCb OITHCaTh H,UeaJihHOfO JIH,n:epa. 0TBeTbl B 6oJiblllMHCTBe CBOeM OKa-

3aJIHCh Hl{eHTHT.J:HhIMM: HCIThITyeMbie ITOT.J:TH Bcer.n:a rrepeT.J:HCJI5IJIH xapaKTe

pHCTHKH Tpattc¢opMaU:HOHHOfO JIM,n:epa. 13. l3acc cyMMHpOBaJI pe3yJihTaThl v I

HCCJie,n:oBaHHH B pa3HhIX CTpaHax H Ha pa3HhlX KOHTM.HeHTaX.

XoT5I octtoBorroJiara10w.11e CBOHCTBa JIH,n:epcTBa rrpe,n:cTaBJI5IIOTC5I yttH

BepcaJihHhIMH, crreu:11¢11T.J:eCKHe ¢opMhI rroBe,n:eHM5I mi:,n:epa MeH5IIOTC5I

OT KYJihTYPhI K KYJihType HOT opraHH3aU:HH K opraHH3attHH. Bo-rrepBhlX,

Tpattc¢opMaUHOHHOe JIH,n:epCTBO, coxpaH5I5I CBOH OCHOBHhie xapaKTepHC

THKH, MO)l(eT O'IeHb CMJlhHO pa3HHTbC5I no cpopMe - OT ,n:eMOKpanm )];O )];HK

TaTa HOT ,a;npe1<THB .no Yl.J:aCTHH B o6w.ell: pa6oTe. Bo-BTOphrx, B03MO)l(HO,

'ITO B a31·IaTCKMX CTpaHax TpaHccpopMaIJ;MOHHOe JIM)];CpCTBO pacnpocTpaHe

HO 6oJiee, 'IeM Ha 3ana)];e. «XOTH HCXO,UHM TeopmI, MO)];CJib M H3MepeHH5I

B03HMKJIM B HH)];MBH)];YaJIHCTM'IecKHX Coe,n:HHeHHbIX llITaTax, npe)];cTaBJIR

eTC5I, 'ITO OHH He Mettee, ecJIM He 6oJiee, npnMeHJIMbI B KOJIJieKTHBHCTCKHX

o6w.ecTBax A3HM. KoJIJieKTHBHCTCI<He KYJihTYPhI ,n:aIOT JIH,n:epaM roToByIO

B03MO:>KHOCTh cTaTh Tpattc¢opMau;110HHhIMM JIM,n:epaMM. Tpattc¢opMau;110H

Hoe JIMl{epcTBO 3l{eCh no.n:nep)KMBaeTC5I u:eHTpaJihHh!M IlOJIO:>KeHMeM pa6o

Tbl B )KH3HH JIIO,n:eii H Bb!COKHM ypoBHeM opHeHTamm Ha rpyrrrry cpentt no

CJie,n:oBaTeJieM» (Bass, 1999b, p. 16). KaK E. Eacc, E. ABOJIHO H ATyoTep (1996), TaI< JI C . Pocc H JI. 0¢

¢epMaH (Ross, Offerman, 1997) ttaxo,n:RT, T.J:TO )l(eHIIJ.HHhI 6oJiee CKJIOH

Hbl rrpH)];ep)l(MBaThC5I TpattccpopMaUJIOHHOfO CTHJIR B JIH,n:epCTBe,

T.J:eM MY)l(T.J:HHhI. 3¢¢eKTHBHOCTb pa6oTbr )KeHIIJ.HH-pyKOBO.UHTeJihHMU:,

a TaK:>Ke co6crneHHa.s:i ynoBJiernopeHHOCTh coTpynttttT.J:ecrnoM c HHMH

ou:ett11BaJiacb 11x rro,n:1mtteHHhIMH, KaK :>KeHIIJ.HHaMH, TaK 11 MY)l(T.J:MHaMH

(Bass, 1999b). HerwTopore nccJie,n:onaTeJIH C':!HTUIOT, ':ITO )Kcnw.mmr

,n:OJI)l{HhI cyw.ecrnetttto npeBoc xo,llMTh MY)KT.J:HH, T.J:T06hr npeonoJieTb rrpe

,n:y6e)J(,n:emrn H 3aH5ITb TO )Ke rroJIO)KeHHe, T.J:TO H MY)J(T.J:MHhl. C. KapJiecc

(Carless, 1998), npoBe,n:R 6oJibIIIOe 06cJie,n:oBam1e aBcTpaJIHHCKHX )J(eH

IIJ.HH-pyKoBO.UHTeJibHHU:, ITOJIJ'IHJia HeCKOJibKO HHbie pe3JJibTaTbl. Ilo ee

,n:aHHhIM, ttaT.J:aJihHHKH ou:emrnaJIM )KeHIIJ.MH-Mene,n:)KepoB KaK 6oJiee

Tpattc¢opMaU:HOHHblX, T.J:eM MeHe,U)KepoB-MY)KT.J:HH, )KeHIIJ.HHhI-MeHe)l)Ke-

30

T poHccpopMoUVIOHHoe nviAepcrno

pbl TaK:1Ke C'HITamr cefoi: 60.rree CKJIOHHbIMH K IIOBe)leHHIO B CTHJie TpaHC

cpopMaU,HOHHOro Jittnepa, '!eM MeHe)l)l<epbI-MY)K'IHHbI. OnttaKo rrowrn

HeHHbie oueHHBaJIH CBOHX Ha'IaJibHHKOB - )KeHID,HH H MY)K'IHH - OL{H

HaKOBO. tITo6br pa3peIIIHTb B03HHKIIIHe rrpOTHBOpe'IH5I, Tpe6yIOTC5I

L{OIIOJIHHTeJibHbie HCCJie.n.oBaHH5I B opraHH3au,1rnx, r.n.e )KeHID,HHbI COCTaB

Jl5IIOT 3Ha'IHTeJibHYIO 'IaCTb rrepcottaJia.

TPAHC<DOPMAI.J;MOHHOE AMAEPCTBO HA PA3AW-IHbIX YPOBH.TIX OPfAHI13AI.J;Ml1

E. Eacc rrptt3Haer, 'ITO BHa'IaJie OH C'IHTaJI, 'ITO TpaHccpopMal(HOlrnoe JIH

,n;epcrno cBoM:crneHHO JIHIIIb rrpencTaBttTeJI.sIM Bhrcrnnx 3IIIeJIOHOB py1w

Boncrna. Ilo::>rnMy, tta'IaB B 1980 r. c6op naHHbIX, OH orpaHH'IHBaJIC.sI py

KOBOLlHTeJI.sIMH opraHtt3aU,HH II oqrnuepaMH BbICOKoro pattra. OnttaKo

K 1985 r. OH o6ttapy)KHJI, 'ITO cpeHOMeH ropa3JJ;O 6oJiee YHHBepcaJieHH MO

)l(eT 6bITb o6Hapy)KeH KaK cpe.n.11 pyKoBOJJ;HTeJiei1: cpe.n.ttero H HH3illero

3Betta, TaK H cpe.n;tt o6mecrneHHO aKTHBHhIX noMOX035IeK. E. Eacc UHTH

pyeT pa60Ty, Bbl5IBHBIIIYIO 'IepTbl TpattccpopMaU,HOHHOro JIH.ll.epcrna y 3a

KJIIO'IeHHbIX, o6cJiy)KttBaBIJlHX TIOpeMHYIO JiaBKy! 3a IIOCJie.n.mre ,ll.Ba ne

C5!THJieTH5! .n.aHHbie lICCJie,ll.OBaHHH IIOKa3aJIH, 'ITO TpaHccpopMaUHOHHOe

JIH,ll.epcTBO HMeeT MecTo B MaJibIX rpyrrrrax, B pyKoBO,ll.CTBe KpyrrHhIX op

raHtt3aUHM, cpe.n.u pyKoBo,ll.ttTeJieH: ,ll.BH)Ketttti'r H o6ruecTB.

XoT5! rrpH3HaKH TpattccpopMau,HoHHoro mr.n.epcrBa o6napy)KHBaroTC5!

Ha BCeX ypoBH5!X, 01lU aoJlJIC1lbl C1ia1/,QJta npoJlBUmbCJl 11a Ca.MOM Bepxy, 'IT0-

6bI opraHH3aU,H5! MorJia ,ll.BHHYThC5! B HY)l(HOM narrpaBJieHHH. qTo6br op

raHH3aIJ;H5I B u;eJioM o6peJia TpaHccpopMaU:HOHHhIM xapaKTep, Ha'IaTb rre

peMeHhI .n;OJI)KHO BblCIIIee pyKoBo.n;cTBO. PoJieBbie Mo.n.e.JIH B03HIIKaIOT

HaBepxy lI pa3BHBaIOTC5! Ha Ka)K.l(OM HH)KeJie)l(aID,eM ypoBHe.

TPAHC<DOPMAI.J;MOHHOE AI1AEPCTBO KAK PE3YAbTAT YHACAEAOBAHHbIX TEHAEHI...l;I1.I1

0,n;HHM ll3 rnaBHbIX BOIIpOCOB, 3a,n;aBaeMbIX B OTHOIIIeHHH ;rn.n;epcrna,

H B oco6eHHOCTH rpattcq)OpMaU,MOHHOro JIH.l(epcTBa: JIH,UepaMII p0)f(,UaIOT

C5I HJIH craHOB5ITC5I7 3ro eII1e o.n;Ha Bapttau;H.sI Borrpoca o rrpeo6Jia,n;aHHH

BpO)l()leHHbIX lIJilI IIOJiy'IeHHbIX BCJieJ{CTBHe BOCHHTaHJrn CBOHCTB. KaK

HM Y.ll.HBHTeJibHO, HMeIOTC.5! .l(aHHb!e 0 TOM, 'ITO HeI<OTOpbie JIIO,ll.ll OT pO)K

,lleHH.fl o6Jia,Z\aIOT 6oJiee TpattccpopMaIUIOHHbIM CTHJieM JIH,U"epcrBa,

31

P03ne11 l . 06ll.(vie npo 611eMbt

LieM llpyrne. B 1995 r. Poy3 npoBeJI o6cJiellOBamre 100 rrap MOH03MrOTHbIX

lI 1llI3lffOTHbIX 6JIH3HCU:OB. I1o llaHHbIM 3anoJIHeHHbIX HMII onpoCHHKOB,

MOH03lffOTHbie 6JIII3HCU:bl npmrnmIJIII 6oJibllle CXOllCTBa B CKJIOHHOCTII

K TpaHccpopMaU:IIOHHOMY CTIIJIIO pyKoBOllCTBa, 'ICM 1llI3IIfOTHbie. 3To HaBo

llIIT Ha MbICJib 0 TOM, 'ITO HCKOTOpbIC acneKTbI IIOBC1lCHII5I JllillepoB HOC5IT

rettenrL£ec1rnH: xapaKTep. HacJiellCTBeHHOCTb orneTcTBeHHa 3a 40% pa3-

JIIILIIIH. CKJJOHHOCTb K aKTHBHOMY HJJH naccHBHOMY ynpaBJJeHHIO MeTo

LJ:OM HCKJJIO'ICHII5I, a TaK:>Ke JJHllepcTBy-HeBMelllaTeJJbCTBY nepe,11,aeTC5I no

HacJJellCTBy. JlIIlllb npIIMeHl!TeJibHO J( nponopu:IIOHaJibHOMY noompeHIIIO

He 6bIJIO Bbl5IBJICHO CTaTHCTII'IeCKII 3Ha'IIIMOH HaCJICllYCMOCTH (Bass,

1997).

HecKOJihKO IICC.JieJJ:OBamriI, rrpoBeJJ:eHHhIX B 1990-x roJ];ax, noKa3hI

BaIOT, 'ITO TpaHccpopMaU:IIOHHbie JIII,11,epbl o6ttapy:>KIIBaIOT cneu:Hcpl!'Iec

KHe JJlHHOCTHbie xapar<TepHCTHKH. C. Pocc H JI. Ocpcj:>epMaH (Ross,

Offerman, 1997) rroKa3aJin, 'ITO BhICOKHil ypoBeHb TpattccpopMau:noHttoro

JIH,ll;epcTBa accou:1rnpyeTC5I c TaKHMlI JllI'IHOCTHhIMH LiepTaMn, KaK npar

MaTII3M, BOCIIHTaHHOCTb, yBepeHHOCTh B ce6e, HH3KlIH ypoBCHh KpH

TH'IHOCTII H arpecc1rn (Vanderberghe, 1999) . .l(:>K. Xoy:=rnJI HE. ABOJIMO

(Howell, Avolio, 1993) coo6ma10T o CB5I3H Me:>KJJ:Y BocnpH5ITHeM JJIIllep

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52

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ei1, qepe3 KOTopyro OH npoXO.ll.MT, a TaK.IKe xapaKTepHCTMKaMM pa6oqero

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53

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54

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55

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60

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61

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62

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AATEPATYPA

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Erikson E.H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. Jeter K. ( 1990). Kings and scapegoats in twentieth century families and

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71

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72

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73

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TsepAble CTOPOHHHKH YMepeHHble CTOpOHHHKH BbDKHAatOU\He npornBHHKH H3MeHeHH~ H3MeHeHH~ H3MeHeHH~

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74

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75

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76

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J\.HTEPA TYP A

Carkhuff R.R. (1984). The exemplar. Amherst, Massachusetts: Human Resource Development Press.

Gibb j .R. ( 1978). Trust: A new view of personal and organizational development. LaJolla, CA: Omicron Press.

Lipitt G. ( 1982). Organizational renewal: A holistic approach to organization development, 2nd ed.

Miller R.R., Cangemi]. (1987). Developing trust in international corporations. Paper presented at The Seventh Organization Development World Congress, September4-10, 1987, USSR.

AOBEPHE HA MAAOM IlPEAIIPHHTllll

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82

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KOTOpbIX rrpHBJieKaeT Heo6bIKHOBeHHa5! JllI'IHOCTh lI KOTOpbie Bep5!T,

'ITO BO)K,llb Harrp5!MYIO CB5!3aH c TpaHC1IeH,UeHTHh!MlI CHJiaMH; (5) IIOJ]_

rnep)KJ]_eHHe 3KCTpaopJ].HHapHOH OJ].apeHHOCTH JIHJ].epa lI ero TpaHCIIeH

J].eHTHhIX B03MO)KHOCTei1 IIOBTOp>IIOIIIHMHC>I ycrrexaMH (Trice, Beyer, 1986, p. 118-119). 3TH aBTOpbI paccMaTpirnaIOT xapH3MaTH'IeCKOe JIHJ].epcrno

KaK COIIHOJIOrH'IeCKHH cpeHOMeH, B03HHKaIOIIIHH npH B3aHMO,UelkTBHH

3THX II>ITH aJieMeHTOB, 11 yTBepJKAaIOT, 'ITO AJJ>I ero B03HHKHOBeH11>1 Heo6-

XOAHMo HaJIH'IHe HX Bcex B TOH HJIH HHOH cpopMe.

,ll)K.M. Ee.Hep rroti;qepKHBaeT, 'ITO opraHH3aUHOHHbie TeopHH xapH3MhI

HrHOPHPYIOT pOJlh KpH3HCa KaK ycJJOBH5!, ueo6xoJ].HMOro J].J15! ee B03HHK

HOBeHH5!. XoT>I cTopoHHHKH opraHH3aU:HOHHoro 6HxeBHOpH3Ma yTBep

)K.ZJ:aIOT, 'ITO HaJIH'IHe rrpHBJieKaTeJJhHOH u:emr Heo6xo.n:HMO t(J15! xapH3Ma

TH'IeCKOro mu~epcTBa, OHH ynycI<aIOT 113 BM.Uy, 'ITO u:eJib 2!0Jl)KHa HOCHTb

pa,n:HKaJihHhIH xapar<Tep. Hac1<0JihKO pammaJJbHa>I u:eJib H KpH3HC >1BJ15!

IOTC5! Heo6xo,n:HMhIMH ycJIOBH5!MH JJ:JJ5! II05!BJieHH5! xapH3MaTH'!eCKOfO

JIH,nepa lI ero ycrreIIIHhIX .n:ettCTBHH - 3TO rrpaKTH'IeCKHH BOIIpOC, eIIIe O)KH

,uaIOIIIHH cBoero pa3pernettmr. HecoMHeHHo, o,n:na1<0, 'ITO Ta HJIH HHa5!

cpopMa Bhrpa)KeHHoi1 yrpo3hI HJIH cTpecca, rrepeJK11BaeMoro rrocJie,n:oBaTe

JI>IMH, crroco6cTBYeT II05!BJieHHIO xapH3MaTH'Iec1<oro JIH,n:epa 11 ero ycrre

xy B opramI3aU:HH (House, 1977). CTopoHHHKH opraHH3aU:HOHHoro 611xeB11op113Ma op11eHTHpoBaHhI

Ha IICHXOJIOfH'IeCKHH rro.n:xo.n: H orrpe,n:eJI>IIOT xapH3MaTH'IeCKOe JIH,n:epcT

BO KaK: 1) OTHOIIIeHH5! Me)K,n:y HHJJ:HBHJJ:OM (Jrn,n:epoM) H APYflIMH JIHU:aMH

(rrocJie,n:oBaTeJI5!MH), OCHOBaHHbie Ha pa3,n:eJI5!eMbIX rny601<0 y1<opeHHB

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IlOCTaBJieHHbIX HM u:eJieH H B HHTepecax B03rJiaBJI5!eMoro HM KOJIJieI\TIIBa;

3) KOMII1IeKCHb!H Ha6op JIII'-IHOCTHbIX xapaKTepIICTIIK II/IIJIII nose,ueH'Ie

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u::ucp:uqecKIIe xapaKTepIICTHKH H IIOBe.n:eHHe xapH3MaTH'IeCKOfO JIH,n:epa,

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pbIX He 5!BJI5!eTC5! HeCOBMeCTHMhIM c .upyrHMH.

94

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noe BHHMamre y,n:eJI5leT xapaKTepHCTHKaM Jrn,n:epa. OpraHH3aQHOHHa5l xa

ptt3Ma KaK 3KCTpaop,n:HHapHbie OTHOIIIeHH5l Me:>K,n:y HH.lJ:HBII,n:OM (m1.n:epoM)

H .n:pyrnMH JIHQaMH (nocJie,n:oBaTeJI5:1MH) OCHOBbIBaeTC5:1 Ha pa3,n:eJI5:1eMbIX

rny6oKo yKopeHHBIIIHXC5l 11,n:eoJiorn1:1eCI<HX ycrpeMJieHH5lX; HCXO.ll:OM TaI<HX

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0,11,HaKo 3TlI'IHOCTb ero IlOBe.n:eHH5:1 Bbl3bIBaeT COMHeHH5:1. Ilo3Hl(H.II «rrn6e

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1. Ha6JII0.n:em1e 3a TeM, Ka!( JIH)J;ep IIOJ!b3YeTC5! BJ!aCTbIO:

• He3TWIHbIH m1.n:ep CTpeM11TC5! K )J;OMHrIHpoBaHHIO;

• y 3TlI'IHOro JIH)J;epa Ha rrepBOM MeCTe CJIY)KCHHe.

2. Ha6mo.n:em:ie 3a CTHJJeM 061..QCIIHJJ:

• HC3TlI'IHb!H JIH)lep IIOJ!b3YCTC5! O)J;HOHarrpaBJICHHb!M 061..QerI11eM;

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• HC3TlI'fHbIH JIHl(ep Tpe6yeT BblIIOJIHCHU5! CBOIIX pacrrop5DKe

HHH 6e3 B03pa)KeHHI1;

95

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MH pa3JIJ1qHblX B3fJl.sI,ll,OB.

4. Ha6mo.neH11e Ja MOpaJihHhIMH CTaH.napTaMH:

• He3TJ1qHbIH JIH,ll,ep CJie.nyeT MOpaJibHbIM CTaHt{apTaM TOJlhKO

B TOM CJ!yqae, eCJIH OHH COOTBeTCTBYIOT ero JIJ1qHbIM 11HTe

pecaM;

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crrpaBe,ll,J111BocTbJO u ueJ10CTHOCThJO xapaKTepa (no: Howell,

1995).

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96

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Hlle pa.nn .nocTH)!(etm.si: JIM'IHhIX ueJ1ei1;

npHMeH.si:eT ueH3YPY K Kpl1Tllqec1<11M BbICKaJb!BaHH.sIM llJ!ll MHe

HJ1.sIM, OTJlllqHbIM OT ero;

Tpe6yeT, qT06b1 ero pewemrn ne no.nBepraJIRCh coMHenn10;

HCnOJlh3YeT O,ll,HOHarrpaBJleHHOe 06IUem1e;

HeqyBCTBHTeJleH K IIOTpe6HOCT.sIM CBOllX IlOCJJe,[\OBaTeJieli;

noJ1araeTc.si: Ha y.no6Hbie eMy BHelllnue cTan.napThI, qTo6hr o6oc

HOBaTh co6cTBenHoe m:'rne.nemi:e;

np116eraeT K paUHOHaJil!3aUllll Toro, qTo OH llCnOJih3YeT .npy

rnx pa.nH AOCTH)!(eHJI.sI co6CTBeHHbIX ueJieH.

3THqHbIH xapM3MaTMqecKHH JIH,Uep:

11c110Jih3YeT BJiaCTh Ha 6Jiaro .npyrux;

COOTHOCHT uen11 c noTpe6HOCTllMl1 l1 B3rJI.sI.l(aMH CBOHX IlOCJie

.noaaTeJieli;

yq11TC.sI, HCnOJib3Y.sI KpHTHKY B CBOH a.npec;

ITOOUlplleT He3aBHCHMOe MbIIIIJiem1e CBOHX nocJle,l],OBaTeJleH

ll 11X COMHeHHll B npaBHJlbHOCTH ero MHeHmI;

~rnm1eTC.sI CTOpOHHllKOM OTKpb!TOro .D.BYXCTOpon11ero o6meHRll;

yq11T H no.n.nep)!(HBaeT CBOHX IIOCJle,ll,OBaTeJleH, .neJIHT !Ip113Ha

HJ1e c .npyrnMR; IIOJiaraeTC.sI Ha BHyTpeHHHe CTaH.napTbI )(Jill orrpe.ueJieHllll MO

paJibHhIX nOCTYIIKOB;

llBJI.sieTC.sI poJleBOH MO.l(eJiblO Bb!COKHX MopaJibHbIX CTaH.napTOB

(no: Howell, 1995).

Kw TOKO~ xop1'13MOH14eCKl'1~ n1-1Aep?

J\.MTEPA TYP A

Beyer J.M. (1999). Taming and promoting charisma to change organizations// Leadership Quarterly. 10. P. 307-330.

House Rj. (1977). A 1976 theory of charismatic leadership. Leadership: The cutting edge. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. P. 189-207.

Howell]. (1995). Charismatic leadership: submission or liberation// Business Quarterly. 60. P. 63-69.

Trice H.M., Beyer J.M. (1986). Charisma and its routinization in two social movement organizations. Research in organizational behavior. Greenwich, CT:JAI Press. P. 113-164.

Weber M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.

4 fiCHXOJIOrlfll

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98

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JiaTb To, 'ITO neo6xo.n11Mo opran113au1111, nomoAty t1,mo oHu npuUlJlU K pewenwo, t1,mo xom.flm 3mo de;zamb,- B npoTHBOIIOJIOJK

HOCTb CTpaxy rrepe.n nocJie,llCTBH5IMH B cJiy1rne HeBblIIO,'IHeHmI

33.ll3Hmr ttJI11 rrp11ny11<aeHHIO II Ma1rnrry JI!ll.\HH.

Bn1 MO)J(eTe caMH c,n:eJiaTn BnIBO,ll;nI o TOM, on11cnrna10T JIM npHBe,n:ett

Hnie BhIIIIe xapaKTepHCTHKH HCTHHHOe JIH,ll;epcTBO, npoaHaJIH3HpoBaB CJie

J{YIOIU;He npIIMepnI.

Bbl, B03MOll<HO, H36JIIO,ll3JIH HCTHHHOe JIH,llepcTBO B p360'!llX

rpyrrrr3x (llen3pTaMeHT3X, OT,lle.13x, ceKUH5IX, coBMecnw ocyme

CTBJrn1011111x onpe.neJieHHhIH .[leJioBoil npouecc - o6cJiy:>KHB3HHe

KJJHeHTOB, BhIIlYCK rrpo.nyKuHH, 3aKynKy TOBapoB, ynpaBJICHIIe

'!eJioBe'!ecKHMH pecypcaMH). ITotITH B KaJK.llOH TaKOII rpyrrne ecTh

'!CJIOBCK, 33 KOTOpb!M CJie,llyIOT OCTaJJbHbie. 3TOT '!eJIOBCK BJIH!leT

Ha pyKoBOt\CTBO rpynrroil II rrp11op11TeT11b1e H3rrp3BJieHH!l ]le.srTeJibHOCTH 6oJibllie, '-!eM .n:pyrHe. Ou rrpo.srn;rn:eT HHHU:Hanrny

B pa3perneHHl1 rrpo6JieM, rrp11 pa3pa6oTKe rrpoeKTOB, B cJiyqae tteo6xo.nHMhIX H3MeHeHHH. TaKou tte;waeK, o<JnaKo, ne 06J1adaem aJ1acmb10 Hao caoUMu KOJ/JlelaMU - ou mollbKO OKG3bteaem BllU.flHue. M3pTllH JI10Tep KHHr·MJI3JllllHil HMeJI MHJIJIHOHhI rrocJICJlOBa

TeJieil cpeAtt aMepHKattues. HuKmwu aJ1acmb10 on ne nollb30aaJtcR, HO JIIO,'(H 3a HHM IIIJIH.

MaxaTMa faH.llH B I1ttmm 11e UMell 11uKa1<ozl. B!lacmu, Kori:i:a B03-

rnasttJI 6opb6y 3a OCB06011<.neaue I1H.ill111 OT 6pHTaHCKOro BJia

,llbI'lCCTBa. CKOJihKO MHJIJIHOI!OB nocJie.nosaJio 3a HttM?

TaK :1Ke, KaK Bee MhI MO:JKeM OTJII!'IHTh xopoIIIo np11roTOBJieHHy10 nmuy

OT IlJIOXO rrplffOTOBJieHHOH, Mbl MO:IKeM 3aMeTIITb pa3HHllY Me:JK,n:y xo

pOilIHM pyKoBo,n:cTBOM H rrJIOXHM. 0,n:HaKo notITH Bee MhI, oKa3aBilIHCh

Ha pyK0Bo,n:.m11di: ,ll;OJI)J{HOCTH, He HMCJIH B03MmKHOCTH IT03HaKOMHTnC.H

c «peuenTOM~ - yMeHH.HMH, ueo6xo.11.HMnIMH .11.JI.H ycneumoro mr.11.epcrna.

MnI CMO:JKeM pyKoB0.11.HTh TaK, qrn6n1 3TO 6nrno «rrptt.HTHO Ha BKyc~, H TeM ca.MbIM MaKCHMH3HpOBaTb llOCTlDKeHH.H CBoe:i:\: rpynrrhI, TOJ!bKO eCJIH

3aTpaTHM )lOCTaTO'IHO BpeMeHH H ycHJIHH Ha TO, l-J:T06n1:

100

Y3HaTh, '-!TO co6oil rrpe,ncTaBJIJieT nacTO!IUiee ;rn.nepcTBo.

03H3KOMHTbC!l c rrpHHunrraMII, rrpaBHJI3MH, rrpoueccaMII HC

TJ1HHOro JIHL{epcrna, Hay'lHTbCH OTJIH'laTb Bel.UH, KOTOpbre .zie

Jl3Th Heo6xo.nIIMO, OT Tex, I<OTOpbl X CJIC,llyeT H36eraTb.

Bb1pa60TaTb n ce6e cneum:j:>11tJecKHe HaBhIKH py1wsomnemr.

Yro 0 611\ero y rivtAe pcrna vt na30Hbvt?

BorrpeKH pacrrpocrpaHeHHOMY MHeHHIO, HCTHHHOe JIH,Uepcrno He B03-

HI1KaeT ecrecrBeHHhIM rryreM. Xoni: He1<0ropb1e JIIOJJ.H o6JiaJJ,aIOT rrpttpo:>K

JJ,eHHhIM JIH'-IHOCTHbIM CTHJieM, crroco6crny10ru:HM xoporneMy JIJIJJ,epcrny,

BCeM ero •rnHrpeJJ,JieHTaM» H HaBbIKaM MO:>KHO Hay'IJITbC5l. l1mpopMaU:I15l

o TOM, 'ITO Heo6xoJJ,HMO JJ.JI5l ycrrernHoro pyKoBOJJ.CTBa, JJ,ocryrrHa H3 MHO

r11x MCTO'IHHI<OB. EcJIH Bbl xor11re cJJ,eJiaTh MCTMHHoe JIJIJJ.epcrBo rJiaBHOH

COCTaBHOH qaCTb!O Barnett yrrpaBJieH'!eCKOH JJ,e5lTeJibHOCTJI, caMOe rpy JJ.

HOe - oTO 3aCTaBHTb ce6R M3MeHI1Tb crroco6 JJ,eHCTBHH.

IloMHHTe 0 TOM, '!TO BarnH rro,n:quHeHHhie TOqHo 3HaIOT, KaKOBO Ha BKYC

Barne py1<0BOJJ.CTBO. A 3Haere JIM aro Bbl caM11?

CTPEMAEHME K BMCTM KAK MOTHB IlPI1HHTI1H PEIIIEHHH

B OPf AHI13AIJ;l10HHOH AEHTEAhHOCTM

C.E. Xei1tt6ax

0,n:HMM M3 Ba:iKHbIX MeponpmITMM, ,n:oCTaTO'IHO qacTO ocymeCTBJHieMbIX PYKOBO.li:MTeJI.HMM rrpe.n:rrpM.HTMM B ttaurn: .n:HM, .HBJI.HeTc.H ttcnoJib30BaHne ycJiyr BHeil!HMX no OTHOUieHMIO K ,n:aHHOMY rrpe.n:rrpM.HTMIO CTPYKTYP ,n:JIR BhIIIOJIHeHM.H Tex HJIH HHhIX pa6oT. Btteurn:ue opraHH3aUMM cero,n:H.H :uc

IIOJib3YIOTC.H MHa'Ie, 'IeM B rrpoUIJIOM. Tpa.n::uuttotttto rrpe.n:rrpH.HTM.H MCIIOJII>-30BaJIM BHeil!HMe HCTO'IHHKH Cblpb51 H MaTepHaJIOB ,ZJ:JI.H co6crneHHOfO npoM3BO,ZJ:CTBa H o6ecneqettM.H cBoero cpyHKUHOHIIpoBaHII.H. Cero,n:H.H npe.n:npII.HTM.H Bee qame 3aKJIIO'IaIOT TaK:>Ke KOHTpaKTbI Ha ycJiyrII, .HBJI.HIOIIIHeC.H qacTbIO MX co6crnetttto:H: ,n:e.HTeJibHOCTH (Cowan, 1989; DeHoog, 1984; Donahue, 1989; Drucker 1968, 1989; Handy, 1990; Heinbuch, 1993, 1994; Osborne, Gaebler, 1992; Prager, 1992; Quinn, Doorley, Paquette,

1991). HarrpMMep, KoMnaHHH rrpMBJieKaIOT H3BHe opramI3aUMM ,n:JI.H BbInoJIHeHH.H TaKMX orrepauu:H:, KaK BbI,n:aqa 3aprrJiaTbI COTpy,n:HHKaM, c6op

nJiaTeJKeiI MJIII Be,n:em1e cqeToB. HeKoTopbie npe.n:npmITM.H ncnoJib3YIOT BHeUIHMe opraHII3aUHH KaK cpe,n:CTBO pacurnpeHH5I rrpe.n:ocTaBJI5IeMbIX HMM ycJiyr: Hanp:uMep, rocnnTaJib 6epeT Ha ce65I ynpaBJieHIIe H o6cJiyJKttBaHMe .n:oMa ,ZJ:JI5I BbI3,n:opaBJIHBaIOIIIMX. IlpM 3TOM COKpamaeTC.H BpeM5I npe-6brnaHM5I 6oJibHbIX B rocmnaJie, KOTOpbie onJia'IMBaIOT rocnMTaJIIO M CBOe npe6brBamte B ,ll.OMe ,ll.JI5I Bbl3,ll.OpaBJU1BaIOIUMX (Heinbuch, 1993).

KaK KpaHHHH cJiyqa:i1: B03MO)J(Ha nepe.uaqa IIocrnpottHe:i1: oprattu3a

UMH a,n:MMHMcTpaTttBHbIX cpyHKUMH B IIpnrnarnaiomeM IIpe.uIIpH5ITHH. TaI<a5I IIpaKTHKa, qame Bcero BCTpeqa10ma.Hc5I B HayKoeMKOH MH.llYCTpllll, rrpttBeJia K Il05IBJieHHIO TepMHHOB «BllPTYaJibHa.H KopnopaUH.H~ (Byrne, 1993), «BttpTyaJibHOe pyKoBo.n.crno~ (Huey, 1994). HoBbre opraHtt3aUHOHHbie peaJibHOCTH 3acTaBJI5IIOT HCCJie,n:oBaTeJieM 3a,n:aTbC5I BOIIpOCOM:

102

CrpeM11eH 1-1 e K s11acr1-1 KOK MOTM B npMH~rn~ p eweHMW B ae~TellbHOCTV1

KaKHM cTaHeT rrpeJJ.rrpmnHe 3aBTpanrnero Jl.H5I? CKJiaJJ.bIBaeTC5I HOBoe

npe,ll,CTaBJieHHe 0 cpyHKUH5IX JIH,ll,epa KaK opraHH3aTopa BHelllHHX ycJiyr

Ha cBoeM npeJJ.rrptt5ITHII (Handy, 1990; Heinbuch, 1994). I1crroJib30BaHIIe BHeUIHIIX opraHH3aUHH ,ll,aeT npe,ll,ITpH5ITHIO MHO)Ke

CTBO npaKTH'leCKHX BbirOJJ.. MMHHIICTpaTOpbI II rrpeJJ.CTaBIITeJIH pyKOBOJJ.

ctBa noJiy'la!Ot IIIHpOKHe B03MO:>KHOCTH 3KOHOMHH, IIOJIJ"Ia5I npH 3TOM

6oJiee KBamicpIIUHpOBaHHOe II crreu:HaJIH3IIpoBaHHOe o6cJiy:>KHBaHHe,

'leM rrpH HCITOJib30BaHHH pecypcoB TOJibKO co6CTBeHHOro y'lpe:>K,ll,eHH5I

(Kanter, 1989; Quinn, Doorley, Paquette, 1991). TaKHM o6pa3oM, 3cpcpeK

THBHOCTb opraHH3aUHH MO:>KeT 6bITb nopon MHOroKpaTHO yBeJIH'leHa.

I1AP.AAOKC BAACTI1

PauHoHaJibHo MbICJI5IIUHH pyKoBOJJ.HTeJib npH ttcnoJib30BaHHII ycnyr

BHeUIHIIX opraHH3aUIIH CTaJIKHBaeTC5I c MHOrQ'IIICJieHHbIMH npaKTH'leC

KHMH npo6JieMaMH.

KaKOBbI, HarrpttMep, 6y,n:yr CHIOMHHYTHbie HJIH Jl.OJiroBpeMeHHbre BhI

rOJJ.bI HJIH flOTeptt B pa6o'leH CIIJie, cpHHaHcax, I<a'leCTBe OKa3bJBaeMbIX yc

Jiyr, ecJIH OT ycJiyr BHernHeH opraHH3aU:HH npu,ll,eTC5I OTKa3aTbC5I? KaK OT

pa3HTC5l HCIIOJib30BaHHe BHellIHHX ycJiyr Ha 3aH5ITOCTH coteH H TbIC5llf

JIIOJJ.ett? KaK K 3TOMY OTHecyTc5I npocpcoI03bI? KaK B cJiy'rne OTKa3a

OT BHelllHHX opraHH3a[(HH BOCCTaHOBHTb ueJIOCTHOCTb npe,ll,ITpH5ITH5I HJIH

ero OTJJ.eJia, KaK 3anycrHTb cHoBa rocyJJ.apCTBeHHYIO nporpaMMy, ec.JIH

Ha 3TO IIOTpe6y10TC5I MHOfHe MeC5IU:bl pa6oTbl 11 6oJibIIIIIe ,ll,eHe:>KHbie

3aTpaTb1?

I1cnoJib30BaHHe BHeIIIHHX IIJIH BHyTpeHHHX HCTO'IHHKOB ycJiyr TaK

:>Ke npHBOJl.HT K rro.HBJieHHIO npo6JieMbI BJiaCTH. Bo3HHKaer rrapaJJ.OKc: CHH

m:eHue crerreHH KOHTpOJI5I rrpH HCIIOJib30BaHHH BHeIIIHHX opraHH3a[(HH

BcTyrraeT B rrpOTHBOpe'IHe c poCTOM rrpOH3BO,ll,HTeJibHOCTII H Bbl:>KHBaHH

eM KOMrramm KaK TaKOBOH (Heinbuch, 1994). C OJI.HOM cTOpoHbI, pyKo

BOJJ.CTBO B 60.JibUieH Mepe KOHTpOJIHpyeT CHTya:U:HIO, Kor.na IIO,ll,pa3,n:eJie

HII5I rrpe,n:rrpH5ITH5I caMH OKa3bIBaIOT Heo6xo,n:HMbie ycJiyrH. IlpH 3TOM,

o,n:HaKO, OTBJie'IeHHe COTpy,n:HHKOB Ha HX BblflOJIHeHHe HJIH OTCYTCTBHe

y HHx ,n:omKHoli KBaJin¢nKan:nn MO/Ket rrp11Becrn K cmvKeHMRJ rrpOM3HO

,n:HTeJibHOCTH. c JJ.pyro:H CTOpOHbl, HCIIOJib30BaHHe ycJiyr BHelllHHX opra

HH3al{HH 03Ha'!aeT MeHblllIIH KOHTpOJib PYKOBOJJ:CTBa rrpe,n:rrptt5ITH5I 3a TeM,

KaK COOTBeTCTBYIOIUa5I pa6ora BblIIOJIH5IeTC5I, rrpH 3TOM OTCYTCTBHe

opraHH3a[(HOHHbIX 3atpy,n:HeHHH, Bpo,n:e COBMecnueJibCTBa COTpy,n:HHKOB

HJIH Heo6XO.l(HMOCTH 3aKJIIO'leHH5I KOJIJieKTHBHbIX ,n:oroBopoB, rrpHBO,UHT

K TOMy, 'ITO IIpOII3BO,UIITeJibHOCTb pacTeT.

103

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0,ZJ,HHM H3 rJiaBHblX npeHMyrn;ecTB HCTIOJib30BaHml BHeIIIHHX opraHH-

3aUIIH 5IBJI5IeTCR TO, qTo opraHH3aUHR TIJiaTHT 3a BbITIOJIHeHHYIO pa6oTy,

a He 3a pa6oqee MeCTo, Heo6xo,ZJ,HMoe ;1:;rn ee BbIIIOJIHemrn. C!>ttpMa MOJKeT

B JII06oli: MOMeHT OTKa3aTbC.s:I OT ycJiyrH ( eCJIII Ta OKa3bIBaeTCR Hey,ZJ,OBJie

TBOpI-ITeJibHOH) H He OKa3bIBaeTCR OTRrorn;ena COTPYAHHKaMH, KOTOpbie,

,ZJ,eMOHCTpHpyR CTapaHHe, He ,ll,OCTHraIOT npH 3TOM ,ll,OJIJKHbIX pe3yJibTaTOB.

CTeneHb, B KOTopoli pyKoBO,ZJ,HTeJI11 B ,ZJ,e:i1.crnHTeJihHOCTH nptt6eraroT

K ycJiyraM BHelllHHX opraHH3aUHH, BeCbMa IlOKa3aTeJibHa c TOqKH 3peHHR

ou;eHKH HX yMeHml HCTIOJI.b30BaTb IlOTeHIJ;HaJI HOBOH opraHH3aQHOHHOH

cpopMbl.

flPOEAEMA

K coJKaJieHHIO, HeK0Topb1e pyKoBo,ZJ,ttTeJIII OTKa3bIBaIOTC5I OT IICTIOJib30Ba

HIIR BHeIIJHIIX HCTOqHIIKOB, ,ZJ,a:lKe KOr,ZJ,a HMeIOTC51 BeCKHe OCHOBaHII51 cqH

TaTb, qTo :3TO 6bIJIO 6br BeCbMa paQIIOHaJibHblM opraHII3aQIIOHHblM peme

HlleM; .n:pyrue )f(e, Hao6opoT, yrrp.SIMO rrpu6era10T K HeMy, .ZJ:a)f(e Kor.n:a .SICHO,

qyo 3TO MOJKeT npHBeCTH K cepbe3Hb!M OTpttuaTeJibHbIM TIOCJie.n:cTBHRM.

Kar< noHRTh 3TII BHeIIIHe ttepaQIIOHaJihHbie pemeHIIR, T.e. r<ar<oBa MOTIIBa

QH51 JI.HU:, IIX npIIHHMarorn;Hx? IJoqeMy O,ZJ,HII JIII,ZJ,epbl CKJIOHHbl IICIIOJib30-

BaTb BHeIIIHIIe IICTOqHJIKII, a .npyrne - HeT?

OrneTbI Ha 3TH Bonpocbr MoryT 6bITb na:i1.,ZJ,eHbI B JIHTepaType no opra

HII3aQIIOHHbIM TeopHHM, KOTOpbie OXBaTbIBaIOT c¢epbl OT 3KOHOMHKH,

r.ne qmpMa paccMaTpHBaeTC51 r<aI< aKTHBHblH areHT, CTpeM5IIIJ;HHC51 K MaI<

CHMaJIH3aQHII .ZJ:OXO,ZJ,a (David, 1988; Donahue, 1989; Downs, Larkey, 1986; Eisenhardt, 1985, 1989; Rehfuss, 1989; Savas, 1987; Scott, 1987; Williamson, 197 5, 1981 ), ,ZJ,o coQIIOJIOrHH, r.ne ¢ttpMa paccMaTpHBaeTc51

r<ar< aKTHBHhIH CTPYKTYPHhIH no6o'IHbIH rrpo.nyr<T 6oJiee KpynHhIX o6rn;e

crneHHbIX cIIJI (Covaleski, Dirsmith, 1988; DiMaggio, Powell, 1991; Mick,

Conrad, 1988; Meyer, Rowan, 1991; Meyer, Scott, 1983; Oliver, 1991; Scott, 1987; Tolbert, Zucker, 1983; Zucker, 1991). B nepBoM cJiyqae IIMe

eT MeCTO IIMilJUIUllTHOe nonyrn;eHHe paUHOHaJibHOCTH rrpllHHMaeMbIX py

KOBOJJ:IITeJUIMH opraHll3aUHH perneHHM, BO BTOpOM - Mera¢opa xaoca:

JllO)lH paccMaTpIIBaIOTC>I KaK 6ecnoMOIIJ;Hbie Mapnottenrn BO BJH\CTH Bm:;w

HIIX HeKOHTpoJIHpyeMbIX HMM CHJI. Tar<He o6oRCHeHII51 rrpnyMeHhIIJaIOT

poJib qeJIOBe'IeCKHX H IlCilXOJIOrII'leCKHX cpaKTOpOB rrpH rrpHH.HTHH peIIIe

HHH 06 HCilOJib30BaHHll BHeIIIHHX HCTOlfHHKOB.

B HacToRrn;ee BpeM51 JIHTepaTypa, B r<ornpoli: paccMaTpHBaJIHCh 6hr

HMeHHO 3TII acner<ThI, npar<THqecr<II OTCYTCTByeT. HacT0Rrn;a51 cTaTMI

HMeeT CBOeit ueJibIO npHBJielJb BHHMaHHe I< Heo6xo,n;HMOCTM 113yqeHII5I

104

CrpeMneH1-1e K Bnocrn KOK MOrnB np1-1H~rn~ peweH1-1i:1 B Ae~renbHocrn

perneHHH 06 llCTIOJib30BaHHI1 BHeurnero HCTO'lHHKa KaK np051BJieHI1H oco-

3HaHHOH HJIH tteoco3HattttoH: 03a6o'leHHOCTI1 pyKOBO.UHTemr 06peTeH11-

eM n coxpattett11eM BJiacTH. Oco6oe 3Ha'leH11e B .uaHHOM o6cy:>K.ueHHH np11-

06peraeT TICI1XOJIOfI1'leCKI1 a.u.UHKTHBHbIH xapaKTep BJiaCTH, KOTOpbIH

MO}KeT .uo TaKOH CTeneHH BJIH.s!Tb Ha npou;ecc npHH.s!Tll.sI perneHHH,

'ITO TIOCJie.UHHe OKa3bIBaIOTC.sI Bpe.uoHOCHbI .UJI5I opraHH3aUHH, ee COTpy.u

HHKOB H o6ruecrna B ueJIOM.

AMHKTl1BHOCTb1 K BJ\ACTI1 l1 I1Pl1Hl1MAEMblE PYKOBOAHTEAEM PEllIEHl151 OE l1CI10Ab30BAHI1l1 BHEllIHl1X l1CTO'YHI1KOB

M. KeTc L{e Bpnec (Kets de Vries, 1991) npe.unoJIO}KHJI, •no mi.uepbI qac

TO CTaHOB51TC.sI a.u.unKTaMH K BJiaCTll no npH'IHHaM KaK OC03HaHHbIM,

TaK 11 6ecco3HaTeJibHbIM. B pe3yJihTaTe HX BocnpHHM'lHBOCTb K 3TOMY co-

6Jia:my npo.sIBJIJ!eTCJI B naTOJIOfH'leCKOM IlOBe.UeHHH. 0cHOBbIBa51Cb Ha .uaH

HOM rrocTyJiaTe, .Ue Bpttec YTBep:>K.zi;aeT, 'ITO 3TH co3HaTeJihHhie H 6ecco3Ha

TeJibHbie no6y}K.ll:eHI15l onpe.ueJI5lIOT npI1H5lTHe perneHHH 06 HCIIOJib30BaHHH

BHellIHHX HCTO'IHHKOB: OHH MOryT 6bITb HHTepnpeTHpOBaHbI KaK He}KeJia

HHe .ueJIHTbC5l BJiaCTbIO HJIH cTpeMJiettHe ee np1106peCT11. Htt)Ke KpaTKO pac

cMoTpettbr IICHXOJIOfH'leCKHe KOHUeIIUHH c IIO.UTBep}K.uaroruHMH HX npHMe

paMH, npe.uJiararorune 060J1cttemrn Toro, KaK pyKoBO.UHTeJIH cTattoB5lTC51

a.u.ll:llKTaMH K BJiaCTH H KaK 3TO CB5l3aHO c IIpI1H5lTHeM pemeHHH 06 HCTIOJib-

30BaHHll BHeilIHHX lICTO'lHHKOB, a TaK:>Ke KaK IIOBe.ueHHe KOJIJier MO)J(eT ycn

JIHBaTb HX a.u.um<THBHOCTb.

Hapu,uccuJM. Pa3BHTHe K0Huenum1 Hapm:icCH3Ma B ncIIxo110rnII yxomn KopH51MH B TeopHIO no6y)J(.uettHH: 3. <Dpeti:.ua (Freud, 1957) II ca

Mo-ncHxoJiornro r. Koxyra (Kohut, 1971, 1977). B .uaHHOM CJiyqae Hap

IJ;MCCM3M ITOHHMaeTC51 KaK COBOKYIIHOCTb cj:>opM cocpe,nOTO'leHirn HHTe

peca Ha ce6e (Kets de Vries, 1991; Meissner, 1981). CyruecrnyroT ,nBa

OCHOBHbIX npo.si:BJieHH5l ttapQI1CCll3Ma, KOTOpbre MoryT o6cy:>K.n;aTbC51 npn

MeHIUeJibHO K pyKoBo.n;nTeJIJIM n npHH5lTHK> HMH pernettnii 06 ncnoJib-

3oBaHHH BHellJHHX HCTO'IHHKOB - KOHCTPYKTHBHOe Jl .n;ecTpyKTHBHOe.

E,nBa JIH Mom:tto oTpnu;aTb cyruecTBettttoe, ecJI11 tte pemaioruee ;ma':lenne,

KOTopoe MHorne Hapu11cc11qec1<ne CBOHCTBa HMeIOT .UJI5l a¢¢eKTHBHOfO

AlllUIKTHBHOCTb - npMBbTKam1e, 3aBMCMMOCTh OT KaKoro-1rn60 <j>aKTopa; TepMHH

n epBOHa'laJJbHO HCUOJib30BaJICH npHMeHHTeJibHO K HapKOMaHHH. CoOTBeTCTBeHHO,

allllMKT - HH,!UiBH,!\, HCilblTbIBaIOll.(HH 3aBHCHMOCTb OT naHHOfO cpaKTOpa.

105

PmAen 3. flviYHOCTHble oco6eHHocrn nviAepa

H ycnerrrnoro ;rn.zi:epcTBa (Levinson, 1992). 0HH MoryT 6bITh OTHeceHhI

K KOHCTPYKTHBHoMy Hapu;wccM3My. HanpttMep, H3BeCTHO, tJ:To l(o6wsum

ec.H ycnexa JIH.Uepbl OTJIHtJ:aIOTC.H aM6HU:H03HOCThIO, fOTOBHOCThIO H.UTH

Ha pHCK, :rneprMtJ:HOCThIO, CTpeMJieHMeM K o6rn:eCTBeHHOMY npM3Hamno

(npH 3TOM JierKO nepeHOC.H HenpH.HTHe ), OHH tJ:YBCTBYIOT ce6.H KOMcpopT

HO, KOHTpOJIHPY.H JIIOl(ett H c1nyau;HH M ynpaBJI5I5I MMH (Bennis, Nanus,

1985; Kotter, 1988, 1990; Levinson, 1992; Pfeffer, 1992). Bee 3TH oco-

6eHHOcTM PYKOBOl(HTeJI5I COOTBeTCTBYIOT COBpeMeHHhIM TICMXOJIOfH'Iec

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c pau;IIOHaJibHbIM aHaJIH30M B03MO:>KHOCTeH, KOTOpbie naeT 11CTIOJib30Ba

HHe BHeIIJHHX IICTOtJ:HHKOB, TI03BOJI51IOT npHHIIMaTb KOHCTPYKTIIBHbie pe

IIIeHH51 H HCTIOJib30BaTb RX Ha 6Jiaro opraml3al\HH.

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I.\HCCH3Ma B JJ:ecTpyKTHBHbIH, T.e. B «al(JJ:HKTHBHbie cpopMbI, Bbipa:>KaIOII(M

ec5I B CTpeMJieHHH yl(ep:>KaTb BJiaCTh BO 'ITO 6bI TO HH CTaJIO» (Kets de Vries,

1991) H Heo6octtoBaHHhIX npeTeH3H.HX Ha BJiacTh. He:>KeJiaHne HCTIOJih3o

BaTh BHeIIIHHe HCTOtJ:HHKH, KOr,Z\a pau110HaJibHbIH JIOfHtJ:eCKHH aHaJIH3 ro

BOpHT, 'ITO TaKoe peIIIemre 6bIJIO 6bI JIY'IIIIHM .UJI5I opraHM3aUHH, 5IBJI5IeTC5I

npmrnJieHMeM nepBOfO H3 Ha3BaHHbIX CHMTITOMOB; HCTIOJih30BaHRe BHeIII

HHX HCTOtJ:HHKOB, tJ:To6br H36aBMThCH oT conepHHKOB BHYTPM opraHM3a

I.\MH (,n;JIR 3TOfO MOIKHO ynpa3.UHHTb onpe.n:eJieHHbIH OT.UeJI) HJIH 'IT06br

.n:o6HThCR l(oBepH51 H JIOHJihHOCTH,- BToporo. AtteK,Z\OTH'IeCKHe npttMepbI

TaKoro pol(a BcTpeTMJIHch aBTopy nptt tt3y'IeHirn npouecca nplIHRTMH pe

IIIeHHH PYKOBO.UHTeJI5IMH. 0 .llIIH H3 MeHen1KepoB, HMeBIIIHX neJIO c ynpaB

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JI51IOIUHM peIIIeHH5I 3aKJIIOtJ:lITb c HMM KOHTpaKT ChlrpaJIO TO, 'ITO TOMY

HpaBlIJIOCb ynoMHHaHMe ero IIMeHM B BhrnycKaeMOM MeHel(II<epoM e:>Ke

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6bIJIH npMH>IThI 6e3 .n:ocTaTOtJ:HbIX (c TO'IKH 3peHH5I HHTepecoB fOCTIHTa

JI5I) OCHOBaHHH.

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CT51MH H HeonpeneJieHHOCT.HMH TeKymeii pa60TbI, He :>KepTBY5I npH 3TOM

CBOHMH ueJI51MH, npe.Ub5IBJI51eT BbICOKHe Tpe6oBaHH51 K 3aIUHTe, Heo6-

XO}l1IMOH .UJIR caMocoxpaHeHirn» (Ke ts de Vries, 1980 ). ArpeccHR, M3Be

crHa5I TaK)J(e KaK HMTIYJibc «cpa:>KaTbC>I HJIH 6e:>KaTh», xapaKTeptt3yeT

HacTynaTeJibHhie CKJIOHHOCTH JIH'IHOCTH (Levinson, 1986), npo.HBJI.HIO

ll(HeC5I B caMocoxpaHeHHH H CTpeMJiemm K y BeJIH'IeHHIO CBOeH BJiaCTH

106

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(Kets de Vries, 1980). Otta 51BJI51eTc51 BHeUIHHM npoHBJieHHeM cocT051-

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BaHbI C 3THX TI03HU:HH.

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BHellIHHX HCTO'IHHKOB, KOTOpbie paccMaTpHBaIOTCH HMM KaK cnoco6 6bIC

Tpo H y,n:o6tto ,ll;JI51 ce651 nepeCTpyKTypnpoBaTb BJiaCTHbie OTHOUieHH51

11 o6ecne'IHTb JIOHJibHOCTb BHYTPH oprattn3aU:HH, npn aTOM TIUaTeJibHbIH

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TpaKTOB (Ha HCTIOJib30BaHHe BHeUIHHX HCTO'IHHKOB) ynpaBJI51IOIUHMH He

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BHeUIHHX HCTO'IHHKOB» (Heinbuch, 1994, p. 103). EoJiee Toro, otta o6ttapy)J(ttJia, 'ITO pyKoBo,n:JITeJIH cpa3y rrocJie 3aH51TH51

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107

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K BHelllHHM HCTO'IHHKaM. Kopoqe roBopH, XOT5l CTpeMJieHHe K BJiaCTH He

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5IX pyKoBOJJ.MTeJI5I JJ.OJI)KeHa 6bITb ttanpaBJietta Ha yBeJIH'IeHue 3cpcpeKTHB

HocTM opramrnaUIIM.

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Hli5I MoryT 6bITb noH5ITbI B TepMIIHax CTpeMJieHirn pyKoBOJJ.IITemr K BJiac

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,ZJ.HT He B BaKyyMe, H Ha Hero oKa3bIBaIOT BJIH5IHIIe JJ.pyrHe JIIO,ZJ.II. KaKHM

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OHII crroco6crny10T II05IBJieHIIIO y pyKOBOJJ:HTeJI5I mnarorue:i1. caMy ce65I

108

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a,zmHKTHBHOCTH K BJiaCTH, CBO,ll5IIUelI npHH5ITHe pernemrn K HeKpllTH'IHOMY

CJie,UoBaHHIO COBeTaM optteHTllPYIOIUHXC5I B CHTyaI(llll JIIO,Ueii.

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o6xo,n:HMbIM 3aIUHTHbIM MeXaHJ13MOM, Kor.ua qeJIOBeK OI<a3bIBaeTC5I rrepe.u

JIHUOM Heo6xot1,HMOCTH npttH5ITb pememi:e, ,ll,JI5I Kornporo He cymecrnyeT

aJibTepHaTHBbI (Levinson, 1986): Harrp11Mep, Kort1,a qeJioBeK Y3HaeT o CBoeii

HeH3Jie'IHMoii 6oJie3HH. Ot1,Ha1<0, He 06cy:>Kt1,a5I pemeHH5I py1<0Bot1,ttTeJI5I

06 HCITOJib30BaHHH BHern1rnx IICTO'IHHKOB, c0Tpyt1,HIIKH rro3BOJI5IIOT rrpo-

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MOM 11 arpeccHBHOCTbIO. B p e3yJibTaTe pyKOBO.llIITeJib rrptt6eraeT K Ka3aJIOCh

6bI o6ocHOBaHHOMY at1,annrnH0My OTpttuaHHIO, KaK B cny•rne HepaUHOHaJib

HOfO pernemrn 06 HCITOJib30BaHI·UI BHellIHIIX HCTO'IHHKOB, fIOCKOJibKY H3-3a

CJieilOTbl BJiaCTH He BH.llHT t1,pyroii B03MO:>KHOCTH.

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ycnyr fIOCTOpOHHHX opraHH3aI(HH, crroco6cTBYeT HX pacCMOTpeHHe

Ha JIH'IHOCTHOM ypoBtte. B aTOM KOHTeKcTe OKa3bIBaIOTC5I Ba:>KHbI uneH

II TeopIIII, lICCJiet1,yIOII(He IlCIIXOJIOfII'IeCKHe cj:>aKTOpbl rrpHH5ITII5I pemeHHM

py1<0BOt1.IITeJieM.

B cj:>IIJiococj:>HII naBHO 06cy:>Kt1,aJiocb pa3Bpamaromee BJIH5IHIIe oco3HaH

HhIX II 6ecC03HaTeJibHbIX fICIIXOJIOfH'IeCKHX ycTpeMJieHHH, CB5I3aHHbIX

c BJiaCTbIO (Kets de Vries, 1991 ). Em,e B Ji:peBHOCTH ITnaToH rrpeJi:JIO:>KHJI

KoHuerrumo H.lleaJibHoro o6m,ecTBa - o6m,ecTBa, B03rJiaBJI5IeMoro uapeM

cj:>unococpoM, MY.llPhIM, CKJIOHHbIM K pecpneKcHH, HIUYIUHM coBeToB H rrpn

cnynrnBaIOII(IIMC5I K HHM (Plato, 1955). HeJib35I He oTnaTb .llOJI:>KHoe rrpo-

3peHHIO H rrpet!,OCTepe:>KeHIIIO, 3aKJIIO'IeHHbIM B BbICKa3bIBaHIIII JIOp.lla

3KTOHa: «BJiaCTb pa3BpamaeT, a a6coJIIOTHa5I BJiacTh pa3BpamaeT a6co

JIIOTHOi> (Kets de Vries, 1991). Ilo3/Ke B TICHXOJIOrMH 6brno ocymeCTBJieHO IlJIOtl,OTBOpHoe pa3BHTHe

qmnococpcKHX B033peHIIH, HarrpaBJieHHOe Ha HCCJie,n:oBam1e HeOC03HaH

Horo CTpeMJieHmI K BJiaCTII KaK rro6ymneJibHOH rrpH'IHHbl qeJIOBe'!eCKoro

IlOBe)leHmI rrpII rrpHH5ITHH peIUeHHH. Ho 3TOT Ba:>KHbIH acrreKT IICHXOJIO

nrn He,ll,OCTaTO'IHO HCilOJib3YeTC5I ,ll,JI5I IlOHHMamrn npouecca npHH5ITH5I

pyKoBO.llHTeJieM perneHHH o rrpHBJielfeHHH nocrnpoHHHX opraHH3aUHM.

109

POJ.o.en 3. Jl1--1YHOCTHb1e oco6eHHocrn n1--1.o.epa

Bp5IZJ. Jrn CTOHT ocnapttBaTb TOT cj:>aKT, 'ITO cnoco6ttocTb 'leJioBeKa K o6peTemno M ynep:arnmno BJiacTH tteo6xo,r1JrMa ZJ,JI5I oueHKH )KI13HeHHO

Ba)l(HblX pecypcoB cj:>yHKUHOHHpOBaHH5I opraHtt3aUHH I1 no6y)KZJ,eHH5I non

'lHHeHHblX K pa6oTe (Pfeffer, 1992). HeMHorne TaKJKe cTaHyT OTpHUaTb

pa3yMHbie TIOJIO)KeHH5I, H3JiaraeMbie B COBpeMeHHOH JIHTepaType no opra

HH3aUHOHHOH ZJ,e5ITeJibHOCTH I1 n0Mora10iutte TIOH5ITb MeXaHH3M npHH5I~

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rnero noHHMaHH5I 3Toro npouecca tteo6xonttMhI HCCJieZJ,oBamrn n0Benett115I

PYKOBOZJ.HTeJI.H c y'IeToM Tairnro TICHXOJIOrH'IecKoro cpaKTopa, KaK CTpeMJieHHe K BJiaCTH.

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rmo YJIY'IIIIemuo JKH3HH JIIoneH: 1:1 pa3BHTHIO o6mecrna, HCITOJib-

3Y.sI JJ:Jl.H 3Toro Bee 11Me10m11ec.H Bero pacnop5I)Kett1111 pecypcbI.

20. lfyecmeo 10Mopa. HaH60JibIIIero ycrrexa nofornaIOTCH pyK0Bon1:1-

TeJI11, o6Jiana10m11e 'lYBCTBOM IOMopa. 01rn cnoco6Hbl BH.ll:eTb JOMO

pHCTH'IeCKYIO CTOpOHY TaM, r;:i:e npyrne BHMT TOJ!bKO Tpare.11:1110.

0HH He II03BOJIHIOT Hey,na'IaM ymeTaTb ce6H, crroco6HbI HaHTH

B c11ryau:vm 'ITO-TO 3a6aBHOe. 0HH JierKO HaxOJJ:.HT pa3Hoo6pa3Hble

B03MO:>KHOCTH. C;:i:eJiaB OlllH6Ky, OHH rrpH3HaJOT ee 11 roTOBhI no

CMeHThCJI Hait co6oil:, a He B3BaJIHBa!OT BHHY Ha .n:pyni:x.

21. /JellbHOCmb JlU'IJHOCmHOW UOefl.Jla. JlH):(ep XOpOIIIO rrpe,llCTaBJIH

eT ce6e, KaKOB OH, K 'leMy CTpeMHTC.H, KaK )KHBeT - BO Bcex OTHO

rneHH5IX. OH IIOCJie):(oBaTeJieH H ITOCTOHHHO rrpennpHHHMaeT

ycHJIHH ,l\JIH Toro, 'IT06b! ero CJIOBa He paCXO,l\HJIHCb c ):(eJIOM,

'IT06b! COOTBeTCTBOBaTb CBOeMy JIH'IHOCTHOMY H):(eaJly. CJ1e,n

CTBHeM COBila,nemrn 9TOI'O Haea.na H q>aI<TH'IeCKOfO IlOBe,lleHHJi:

HBJIHeTCH TO, 'ITO Jil1itep )KHBeT B MHpe c caMHM co6o:i1, c HHM

JlerKo o6maTbCH, OKpy)J(a!Oll!He 'IYBCTBYIOT ce6.sI c HHM HenpH

HY)K,lleHHO, He3aBHCHMO OT HX ,[(OJDKHOCTH HJIH o6urecTBeHHOro

IIOJIO)J(eHHH . .7IIO,nH He HCIIb!TbIBaIOT CTpaxa H OXOTHO TIOBep.sI

IOT eMy CBOH ropeCTH H 3a6oTbI; TOJ!bKO JIH'lHOCTHa.H u:eJlbHOCTb

JIH,nepa ):(eJlaeT 3TO B03MO)J(HbIM.

117

Pa3Aen 3. Jh14HOCTHble oco6eHHocrn m1Aepa

IlepetrncJieHHbie xapaKTepttCTMKM, o6Hapy)KeHHbie HaMM y pyKOBO

,ll;MTeJieM BhICIIIero 3BeHa Kopnopa~1111 <«DopTyHa 1 OOi> B xone rrpo

Benettttoro 11ccJienoBaHtt5l, naIOT rrm~y .ZJ:JI51 pa3MhIIIIJieHtti1. OHM rrpe

nocTaBJI51IOT B03MO)KHOCTb cpaBHMTb peaJibHOe lI M,ZJ;eaJibHOe IIOBe,ZJ;eHtte

JIM,ZJ;epa, IIOMOfa51 TeM caMbIM JIMKBM.ZJ:MpOBaTb pa3JIM'Ill51 Me)Kny TeM

11 npyrnM.

PA3AEJ1 4 CT~n~PYKOBOACTBA

HEOBXOAHMOCTb PA3AHqHbIX CTHAEM MEHEA)KMEHTA

I'.Y. 8KXapam

B .naHHOH cTaTbe npe,ncTaBJrn:eTc51 ofoop cnmeii Mette.Z:i::>KMeHTa H npe,nJiara

eTc51 pa3,l(eJieHHe MeHe.l(:iKepoB Ha TpH OCHOBHbie KaTeropHH: HHHOBaTopoB,

coxpaHHTeJieH H npHHY.UHTeJieH. 11HHOBaTOpbI CKJIOHHbI K HCilOJib30BaHIIIO ryMaHMCTH'Ie CKMX IlO,l(XO,l(OB, npHBJieKaK>T IlO,l('IMIIeHHhlX K peweHHIO n po-

6JieM H noowpRIOT Hx yqaCTHe, JII0651T npo6oBaTb HOBbie MeTO.l(bI. Coxpa

HHTeJIH plirH.l(HbI, c Il0.l(03peHHeM OTHOC51TC51 K HOBbIM H,Zle51M, nepeMeHaM

H BCeMy, qTQ MO)KeT HapywHTb status quo. IlpHHY.ZlHTeJIH oqettb aBTOpH

TapHbl, .na)Ke aBTOKpaTH'IHbI, HCilOJib3YIOT MaHHJIYJI51THBHbie TeXHHKH

H rrpeycrreBaIOT B ycJIOBH51X KOHq)JIHJCTa, KOHKypemurn H IlOTeHUHaJibHbIX

yJiyqweHHH. r.Y. 3Kxap.l(T npH3HaeT Heo6xo)J;HMOCTb cymecTBOBaHH51 pa3-

Jllf':IHbIX cTpaTernH: Mette,Zl)l(MeHTa. Cornactto ero MHemno, cTHJib ynpaBJie

HHR OCTaeTC51 OTHOCHTeJibHO HeH3MeHHbIM. B ycJIOBH51X yrp03bl CTHJib MO

)KeT H3MeHHTbC51, HO IIOTOM MeHe,nJKep B03BpawaeTC51 K TOMY CTHJIIO,

KOTOpbIH eMy Hatt6oJiee y.uo6eH. Xorn HMeeTC51 MHOro q:nrnococpcKHX IlO,ZJ;

XO)J;OB K npo6JieMaM pyKoBO.l(CTBa, aBTop Haxo.l(HT, qTo ryMaHII3M cTaHo

BHTC51 OCHOBOH JII06oii xopoweii ynpaBJieHqecIWH CTpaTerHH.

Pa3BHTHe KpyIIHbIX KoprropauH:ti: CBH,nereJibCTByeT 0 Bee 6oJiee Bbipa

JKeHHOH noTpe6ttocTH B xoporrmx MeHe.l(:iK~pax. HecMoTp51 Ha cymecrno

Bam1e MHornx rnnoB xopownx pyKoBO.l(HTeJieii, aBTop noJiaraeT, qTo 11x

MO)l(HO pa3,neJIHTb Ha TPH OCHOBHbie KareropHH.

Hnnooumopoi. Ilpe,ncralH1TeJ1eit 3TOfO nma, I10)J(aJiyU, rpy.zi:Hee BCero HaHTH. 3To Te JllO.l(H, KOTOpbie He 6o51TC51 npttMeH51Tb HOBbie IlO.l(XO.l(bl.

0HH IlOJib3YIOTC51 BJiaCTbIO, npeycneBaIOT TaM, r.ue Tpe6yIOTC51 nepeMeHbI,

11 H3JiyqaIOT no3HTHBHbie 3MOUHH. Mx H)J;eH ryMaHHCTHqHbI, OHM no-

01:up.1noT yqacTIIe no.uqHtteHttbIX B ynpaBJiemrn. Ycneurno ,neifcrBy-

10w11ii HHHOBaTop IlOJIHOCTbIO HfHOpttpyeT co6CTBeHHOe IIOJIO)KeHMe

B KOMnaHIIH. Ero ueJib - no6y.l(HTb KOMIIaHHIO npMHRTb ero nporpaMMY

121

Po3Aen 4. Crnn1-1 pyKo BOACTBO

u cJieJJ.OBaTb et'1 6Jiaronap5I y'!aCTMIO rrepcottaJia - no TaKoft CTenemi:,

'ITO ero co6cTBeHHOe IIpHCYTCTBHe CTaHOBHTC5I yJKe HeayJKHbIM.

CoxpmmmeJZu. MetteLl,JKephr, cTpeM5Ill1ttec5I coxpamITh status quo,

COCTaBJI5IIOT 6oJiblllIIHCTBO. 0HH IIOJiy'l!a!OT y,n:oBOJlbCTBHe OT Toro,

'ITO rronnepJKHBa10r cymecrny10mn:i1: nop5IJWK Bemet'1. 0Htt 5IBJI5IIOT co6o:i1:

cpyH.naMeHT KopnopaunH. TaKtte MeHe,n:JKepbr o6bI'l!HO pHrtt.l\HbI, orop

'!aIOTC5I B cJiy'lae nepeMeH, c II01{03peHHeM OTHOC5ITC5I K HOBbIM H,l(e.sIM,

HCilOJib3YIOT HeraTHBHble caHKUHH, 'l!To6br y.uepJKaTb IlOA'l!HHCHHbIX B paM

Kax npeJJ,rrn:caHHoro pa3pernettHoro rroBeJJ,emui:. CoxpaHHTeJIH optteHTH

poBaHbI Ha HHTepeCbI JIIO,lleft, HO TOJ!bKO COCTaBJI5IIOII1HX 6oJibllIHHCTBO.

0HH BbICJIYllIHBaIOT KOHcpJIHKTYIOII1HC MHeHH5I H o6bI'lHO ,l(eJiaIOT TO,

'!TO «Jiy'l!rne Bcero" .llJI5I Bcex y'l!aCTHHKOB. CoxpamneJih He mo6ttT Me

H.sITh MeCTo pa6oTbI H IIpORBJI5IeT ce65I c Jiy'lrneft CTOpOHbI B CHTyaUH5IX,

He npeJJ,noJiararomttx H3MeHeHtt:i1:.

IlpunyiJumeJtu. IlpencTaBHTeJie:ti: ::iroro Tttrra TaK)Ke rpyJJ.tto tta:ti:TH,

HO eme TPYJJ.Hee Bb!HeCTH l{OJiroe BpeM5I. Ifa Bcex MeHeJJ,:>r<epoB IIplIHYJJ.lI

TeJIH B HaHMeHbIIIeM Mepe OTJIH'IaIOTC5I ryMaHHCTH'l!eCI<OM optteHTautteft.

I1x o6pametttte c JIIOJJ.hMH pann pa3perneHH5I rrpo6JieM rrpeJJ.CTaBJI5IeT co-

6oi1: MarrnnyJrnpoBatttte. Otttt o6b!'IHO aBrop11rapttbI 11 rpe6y10r YBaJKe

HH5I K ce6e. O;i:Ha 6oJie3HeHHa5I peaKUH.sI nputtyil11re.ri5I Ha B03HttKrny10

rpyJJ.HOCTb MOJKeT pa3pyruttTb .n:o6pb1e OTHOllleHH5I MeJKny COTPYAHHKa

MH, C03JJ.aBaBIIIHec5I Mernn;aMH. ITp1rnyJJ.11TeJI11 xoporno tfYBCTBYIOT ce6.si:

B aTMoccpepe KOl:IcpJIHKTa H BbI30Ba, OHH npo.HBJI.HIOT JKeJiattue Bee yJiy'l

IIIaTb. I1x Jiro6ttMhIM cnoco6 pa3perneHH5I npo6JieM - 3aMel:IJITb JIIOJJ.eM

MaunrHaMH. IlpHHy,n;i1TeJIH TpanIT Ml!Oro BpeMeHH Ha TO, 'lT06bI IlOHMaTb

JIIOl{CM Ha HapyrneHH5IX H YJIH'IHTb B HHX. l1x H3JII06JieHHbIM MCTO)J, 3all(H

Tbl - arpeccJIBHOe HananeHtte. Y513BHMOCTb HX HCIIOKOJie6HMOCTH 6brna

eT H3BCCTHa JIHillb HeMHOfHM.

Terrepb, 03HaKOMHBIIIHCb c pa3JIH'!HhIMH TttrraMM Mette,n:)Kepos, 'IHTa

TeJib Mor 6b1 3aJJ,aTb Bonpoc: HY)l{HbI JIH Koprropauim rrpe.nctaBHTeJIH Bcex

THIIOB H KaKoBa HX UCHHOCTb ,UJI5I I<OMilaHmI? OnttaKO l{Jl5I TOro, 'IT06bI

Bbl)KlITb B COBpeMeHHOM MMpe, opraHM3aUIHI Tpe6yeTC5I CMeCb pa3HbIX cplI

JIOCO¢HM Mette,U)KMettTa. B cocT05IIUHX H3 pa3HhIX no,n:pa3.n:eJieHHM 1<0pno

pan;m1x HHHOBaTOpbI HY)KHbI ,UJI51 pocTa, II05IBJICHHR HOBhIX H,n:eft, IIOCT0-

5IHHOro y'!acrmr B optteHTMpOBaHHhIX Ha JIIOJJ,eH nporpaMMaX. I1Hl:IOBaTOpl:>I

npHHOCRT c COUOH II03HTHBHYIO aTMOCcj:>epy, K KOTOpoti crpeM.si:rc.si: 11 B KO

TOpOM Hy)K.ZJ:aIOTC5I JIIOZIH. 0HH o6Jia,n:aIOT cnoco6ttocTbIO BbI3bIBaTb H3Me

Hemrn B OTHOllleHH5IX, C03,l(aBaTh KJIHMaT 3a60Tbl H 3aHHTepecoBaHHOCTH,

npeBpamaTb KOHcpJIHKTHbie CHTyauHH B II03HTHBHh!M OIIb!T. CoxpaHHTe

JIH o6ecne'lttBaIOT crn6ttJihHOCTh 1<0pnopauttH. Ta1<0i1: MeHe,llJI<ep 5IBJI5IeT co-

6oi1 o6pa3eu, KOTopoMy coTpy,n:HHKH Moryr rro.upaJKaTb. CoxpaHHTeJib ocra

erc.si: Ha CBOeM Mecre H B xopornHe, H B TPY.llHbie apeMeHa. MeHe,n:JI<ep raKoro

122

Heo6xoA1-1MoCTb po3nw-1HblX crnnei:i MeHeA>KMeHTO

TMIIa BhIIIOJIH5IeT IIJiaHbl ITO M3MeHeHM5IM M o6ecrre'IMBaeT BbIIIOJIHeHMe pa-

60Tbl. llp1rny,ri:MTeJib Heo6xo,ri:MM Ji:JI51 Toro, 'IT06bI BbI,ri:ep)l(aTb Kypc B cJiy

tiae B03HMKHOBeHM5I corrpoTMBJieHM51 rrepeMeHaM. OH 6brnaeT oco6eHHO

rroJie3eH rnrna, Korna 6oJiee M5IrKHe MeTO,ri:bI He rrpHHOCHT pe3yJihTarn.11pM

HYJJ:MTeJih o6bI'IHO OI<a3bIBaeTC51 IIOCJieJJ:HMM cpe,ri:CTBOM: HJUI eMy ynaeTC51

nepeJIOMHTb CMTyau:mo, MJIM rrpenrrpH51Tl'Je 3aKpbIBaeTC5I. fJiaBHOH npo-

6JieMOH rrpMBJietieHM51 MeHe)l,:>KepoB TaI<OfO TMna 5IBJI5IeTC51 HeB03MO)l(HOCTb

)l,OJifO MCIIOJib30BaTb MX Ha OJJ:HOM M TOM :>Ke MeCTe. 11ocT05IHHbIH IIOMCK

rrepeMeH, KOH<jJJIMKTHOCTb M 6ecnoKOHCTBO .n;eJiaIOT TaKoro 'IeJIOBeKa no

Jie3HbIM TOJihKO B Koprropan:irnx, COCT051In:IIX lI3 MHOfMX IlO)].pa.3)],eJieHIIH.

MoryT JIM Mette,ri::>KepbI MeH51TbC51 H 5IBJI5IIOTC5I JIM HX CTIIJIM B3aMM03a

MeH5IeMbIMII? llo 6oJibUiei1 'Iacn1 CTIIJib Mette,ri:)l(epa He Memi:eTCJI Ha ,npy

roi1 no rrpII'IIIHe pa3JIH'IM51 BHyTpeHHHX no6y)K,l{eHHH, onpe.n.eJIJIIOID:lIX TOT

MJIM MHOH CTMJlb. llpM B03HHKHOBemrn Tpy,ri:HOH CHTyan:ww Ka)l(Ji:bIH Me

He,ri::>Kep npM6eraeT K MeTo,ri:aM, KOTOpb1e ,ri:aJOT eMy HaM60JibIIIee. oin:yin:e

HHe KOM<jJopTa. EcTecrneHHO, HOBbIH OilbIT MeHJieT HJIH pacrnHp51eT B3fJI51-

tJ;bI pyKoBOJJ:IITeJIR, H TaKoii npon:ecc MO)l(eT IIHorna BpeMeHHO 3acTaBIITb

MeHe,l{)l(epa MCITOJib30BaTb ,ri:pyrofi CTHJib.

llporpecCIIBHa51 KOMilaHIU:I MCTIOJib3YeT Bee CTMJIM PYKOBO}l;CTBa, HO BbI

)l(MTb eii: IlOMOryT TOJibKO CTMJIH, MMeJOin:IIe ryMaHMCTM'Ieceyro opMeHTau;mo.

r. dKXap,ri:T yrnep)l(,naeT, 'ITO 6oJibllIMHCTBO xopOUIMX PYKOBOJJ:HTeJieH

npMtta.n;Jie)l(MT K rpeM OCHOBHbIM KaTeropM51¥: HHHOBaTopaM, coxpaHHTe

JI5IM M rrpMHy.n;MTeJI5IM. CpaBHMTeJihHbie xapainepMCTMKM 3TMX KaTeropIIi1

rrpencrnBJieHbI B rn6JIMU:e 1.

Modus operandi

XapaKTep11crn Kl-1

Ta6;rnu;a 1 CpaBHHTeJibHbie xapaKTep11cT11K11 Tpex KaTeropnii: py1<0BOJlMTe11eii:

11HHOBaTOpbl CoxpaH11TeJ11<1 Opl1H'fA11Tel111

ryMaHl1CTl146CKl-1'1 Status quo AsTOpl1TaPHblH

CTpeMll8Hl1e np118JleYb CnieM11eH11e Ae11aTb ro, 4TO MaH11ny1mpoeam10 K Y4aCTl1IO COTPYAH11KOB •11Y4WB• AllR BCex Y4aCTH11KOB lllOAbMl1 HOBble nOAXOAbl noA03Pl1TellbHOCTb K OTHO- CrpeMll0Hl10 YMem1e paapewalb npo611eMbl weHl111 HOBblX 11AeH Ky11y<1weH1<1S1M no311rnsHbl~ no.nxo.u 11cno11b3osaH11e HerarnBHblX CK110HHOCTbKy11114eH11~

OA06pem1e nepeMeH caHKL\11" AllSI noMeplKl!Hl1SI B HapyweHl1SIX ru1UHHOClb 11p1<1HH1b ,Q11Cl.lllnl111Hbl KOH~nt-1KTHOCTb OTBSTCTBeHHOCTb P11r11AHOCTb 11 6ecnoKo'1cmo ny<1w11'1 cnoco6 31llJ\l1-B c11y4ae nepeMeH B cnY4ae nepeMeH Tbl - Hana,neH11e

Ha11ny4wee cj>yHK4110H11posa-Hl1e 8 Hel13MeHHblX CITT)'al\llSIX

noAXO.llHU\11'1 rnn Kopnopa~ll c MHOrl1Ml1 Kopnopau1111 Kopnopau1111 co MHOrl1Ml1 opraH113al(m1 noAPa3AeneH11RM1<1 nOAP3JA011eHSIMl1

123

Pa3Aen 4. Crnn1-1 pyKoBOACTBO

Ta6;rnu;a 1 ( OKOH'-!aHHe)

1-lHHOBaTOpbl CoxpaH11Te1111 np11HyA11Te1111

Modus operandi ryMaH11CTl>NeCKl1~ Status quo ABTOp~napHbl~

YAoe11eTsopS1- Poer opraH11:ia41111 OpraH11:ia4110HHaS1 cra61111b- CoxpaHeH11e Bb16paHHOro eMble norpe6Ho- npoABl1)1(eH11e HOBblX 11Aej;l HOCTb KYPca np11 conpo111s11e-cm opraH113at11111 Op11eHra411S1 Ha HYJKAbl 1110Ae~ JlOllllbHOCTb opraHl13al\1111 Hl-111 113MeHeH11SIM

06ecneYeH11e Bblno11HeH11S1 }.l,oc111)1(eH11e 4e1111, KOrAa pa60Tbl APYrl-10 MeTOAbl OKa3a-

1111Cb 6e3pe3yllbTaTHblMl1 • nocneAHee Cp!lJICTBO• AJlll peweH11S1 opraH11:ia-l\110HHblX npo611eM

B03MO)l(HOCTb TPYAHO Halim Ha116011ee pacnpocTpaHeH- TPYAHO Halim, HO e1J.1e Hblj;lnm TPYAHee YAep)l(aTb

Ha OAHOM Mecre 113·3a OOCTOSIHHOro 6ecnOKOHCTBa

r. 9Kxapti;T IlOJiaraeT, 'ITO H3MeHeHIIe CTHJIH PYKOBOtl;CTBa 3aTpyn

HHTeJibHO H3·3a pa3JIH'-IH5I BHyTpeHHHX rro6y)l(ti;eHHll B Ka)l(ti;OM CJiy1.iae.

ITp.11 B03HHKHOBeHim TPYtJ:HbIX c.11Tyau;.11i1 Metteti;)l(epb1 rrpH6eraIOT K HaH-

6oJiee yti;o6HOMY t];JIH HHX CTHJIIO. ABTOp ti;eJiaeT BbIBOtl; 0 TOM, 'ITO B 6yti;y-

1UeM Ha.1160JibllIHH lliaHC Ha Bbl)l(HBamre HMeeT CTHJib, xapaKTep113yroru;.11t'1-

c.si: ryMaHHCTH'leCKOM opHeHTD;HeH.

MCI10Ah30BAHME AMAEPOM BAACTM AMqHoro ABTOPMTETA AMBO BAACTM

3AKOHHhIX 110AHOMOqMI1:

Jl.:>1e.II. KaH0:>1eeMu

Ha rrponr)KettHH rrocJie,D.HHX 30 JieT Mtte noc1:1acTJIHBHJIOCh pa6oTaTh H o6-

m.aTbC5I co MHOrl'l'.MH pyKOBO.l(HTeJI5IMH 6H3Heca II IIPOH3BO.D:CTBa B pa3JII.PI -

HhIX qacni:x CBeTa. 51 BHHMaTeJibHO tta6JIIO,llaJI 3a OTHMH JIH,llepaMH, tJ:T06bI

co6paTb ,D.aHHbie 06 HX IlOBe.l(eHHH, KOTOpb!e MO)KHO 6b!JIO 6b! HCil0Jlb30-

BaTb B 6y.n:ymeM .l(JI5I rroMoI.U;H .n:pyrnM pyKoBOJJ:HTeJIRM 6tt3tteca HJIH rrpo

H3BO.D:CTBa.

0,D.HO H3 Han6oJiee llHTepeCHhIX ll IIOBTOp5IIOI.U;lIXC5I B TetieHIIe

MHOfl1X JieT o6meHM5I c 3TMMM pyKOBOJJ.MTeJHIMII Ha6JIIO,lleHHH 1rncaeT

C5I cymecTBOBaHM5I .D.BYX BH,llOB BJiaCTH: a) noJiyqaeMOH B CB5I3H c 3aHM

MaeMbIM IlOCTOM BJiaCTH-IlOJIHOMO'!H5I, H 6) B03HHKarorn:e:H II3 JIH'IHhIX

B03MOJKHOCTe:H BJiacT11-aBTop1nera. 06a IIOH5ITII5I - BJiaCTb-ITOJIHO

MOtJ:MJI ll BJiaCTb-aBTOpIITeT - umpoKO HCITOJib3YIOTC5I B JIMTepaType

B pa3JIWIHbIX 3Ha'!etttt.ax (Batten, 1989; Cohen, Bradford, 1990; Conger, Kanungo, 1988; Kouzes, Posner, 1989; McClelland, Burnham,

1983; Minzbwerg, 1983; Schein, 1980; Steers, 1981; Kanter, 1983; Kotter, 1983).

B cooTBeTCTBHH c MOHMII rrp5IMhIMH tta6Jiro.n:ettH5IMH, BJiacTb-IIOJIHO

MO'IH5I rrpennoJiaraeT 3aKOHHoe rrpaBo pyKoBOllHTeJI5I no6y:>K.D.aTb, na:>I<e

npHHY:>KllaTb 11pyrttx 71eJJaTb TO, 'ITO C.'IHTaeTc51 Ba:>I<HbIM. BJiaCTb-TIOJIHo-

MO'IH5I naeT JIH,llepy rrpaBo rrp1rnyJKnaTh, HaKa3bIBaTb HJIII noomp5ITh MH

.n:nsn.n:os ,n:JI.a .n:ocTH)KeHH5I rrocTaBJieHHbIX u;eJieH:. KJIIO'!eBoe IIOH5I

THe 3.l(eCb - <13aKOHHOe rrpaBo~, OHO oq:mIUiaJibHO .n:aeTC5I PYKOBO.l(HTeJIIO opraHH3aune:il: HJIH rpyrrrro.H, II03BOJI$:[.$J eMy BeCTH ce6.a TaK, 'ITOObI .n:o

CTHraTh ueJietl: opraml3aUIU,I. )lpyro:H B3fJI5I,ll Ha BJiaCTb-IlOJIHOMO'IH5I co

CTOHT B TOM, '!TO Otta MO:>I<eT 6b!Tb B35ITa HJIH IIpHCBOetta, KaK B cJiyqae

125

Po3Aen 4. Crnn111 pyKoBOACTBO

c reHepa.rroM, KOTOpbIH BpbrnaeTC5! B ropo.u, IIO.U'IHH5!eT ero ce6e H 3aTeM

ti;eJiaeT ce6.5I 3aKOHHbIM rnaBOH rocyti;apCTBa.

,UJI.5! MeH.5! OCHOBHOe OTJIH'IIIe BJiaCTH-IlOJIHOMO'IH.5! OT BJiaCTH-aBTO

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127

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Schein E.H. ( 1980). Organizational psychology. Emglewood Cliffs, NJ.: PrenticeHall.

Steers R.M. (1981). Introduction to organizational behavior. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing Co. •

Uhlig G.E. ( 1991 ). Personal correspondence recieved by the author from Dr. Uhlig.

CTl1Ab PYKOBOACTBA: 3AOPOBhIM B IlPOTHBOBEC HE3AOPOBOMY

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136

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cTopoHy» (Goleman, 1990, p. F25). P. XoraH c coaBTopaMH OTMeqaIOT,

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(Howell, Avolio, 1992, p. 44). ·

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«Xopolllero MeHeL(2Kepa JierKo orroattaTb,- yTBep:tK.uaeT .ll. foyJIMeH.

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OH o6Jia.n.aeT orpoMHbIM m apMOM u 3Heprnei1» (Goleman , 1990, p. F25).

137

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138

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(Cangemi, 1998; Cangemi, 1992). Iloll1lOMO'IJUJt nopo:J1Coa10m o6Jt3a1l1locmu. B1tacmb eeoem K pa3eumwo npueepJ1Cem-wcmu.

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pbie crroco6cTBYIOT ero JIHqHbIM .l(OCTII:>KeHII5IM, qacTO B yUiep6 ti.pyrIIM.

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IIX IIOJIO:>KIITeJibHOMY caMOBOCI1pII5ITIIIO» (Conger, 1989, p. 147).

139

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K HlIM» (Howell, Avolio, 1992, p. 47). 3TO MHeHHe rronnep:>KlIBaIOT

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Be':IeCKOro IIOBeJ];eHH5I . .n:. CaHKOBCKII OIIIICbIBaeT HapU,IICCil3M KaK Jlll':I

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CTBeHHOH Ba)l(HOCTM, yBJie':IeHHOCTM cpaHTa3M5IMH HeorpaHIIY:eHHoro

ycnexa, BJ!aCTH HJIH JII06BM, corrpOBQ)l(J{aIOmeeC5l 3KCfl.ffo:!UMOHHCTCKOM

optteHTaune:i1» (Sankowsky, 1995, p. 57-71). CTpana10m11e Hapu11ccII3-

MOM JIHUa BeJJ;yT ce65I TaK, CJIOBHO IIMeIOT npaBo Ha ycJiyrII OKpy1KaIO

Ill,IIX, II OTJIII':IaIOTC51 CKJIOHHOCTblO K 3KCIIJiyaTaU,IIIl I1 MaHilIIYJIIlpOBa

HI1IO . .n:. CattKOBCKH BhIJJ;eJI5IeT THII xapH3MaTH'fecI<oro JIMJJ;epa,

OTJIIl':IaIOmeroc.II ttapUHCCH3MOM: OH HMeeT MeCTO npll COY:eTaHHH xapH3-

Mbl c JIIltJ:HOCTHOH naToJiorneti B ¢opMe Hapuncctt3Ma. Ta1rne HHJJ;HBH.l(bI

BhIJ];BllraIOT u,eJIH, OTpa:>r<aIOill,He llX omymeHHe co6cTBeHHOfO BeJIJ1l.!I15l,

a ne peaJinttyro cnTyaii;:mo; 6Jiaronap5! xapl13Me OHM HOO/WllleBJI5IIOT CBO

HX nocJieJJ,oBaTeJiett H ITOJJ.tJ:HtteHHhIX. TaKHe pyKOBOJJ.HTeJIH 6epyrc.II 3a

,ZJ.eJIO co CJillllIKOM BbICOKilM caMOMHeHHeM, KOpeH5Illl,IlMC5I B rraTOJIOrHH,

a He B nettCTBHTeJibHOM IIOJIOIKeHHil Belll,eH, IlMeIOill,ettC.II IlH¢opMaUilll

HJIII 5ICHOCTH B3rJI5I)la. TaKoro )Ke MHeHH5I rrp11.n.ep)KHBaJOTC5I ,ll:>r<. A. KoH

,ZJ.:>r<ep II P.H. Kattyttho: «B cHJry orrpe.n.eJieHHbIX rropoI<oB xapar<repa MO

ryr B03Hl1KHYTh npaMaTM':IeCKHe rrpo6JieMhI. XapH3Man1qecKHe JIHJJ;epbr

140

Crnnb pyKo BOACTBa: 3AopoBbl~ B npornBoBec He3AopoBoMy

npeJJ:paCIIOJIO}f(eHbI K qpe3Bbl'IaHHOMY Hapll)1CCH3My, BCJieJJ:CTBHe qero

OHM npecJieJJ:yIOT BecbMa ::1ro11cTw-1ecK11e 11 rpaHJJ:M03Hhie rreJIM>-> (Conger,

Kanungo, 1998, p. 211). KaK CJieJJ:CTBHe, JJ:ettCTBH51 pyKOBOJJ:MTeJI51 MO

ryT OKa3aTbC51 Heal(eI<BaTHbIMH CHTyarr1111 H3-3a yTepH HM KOHTaKTa c pe

aJibHOH }f(ll3HbIO opraHII3aIIIIH HJIH ero CTpeMJieHH51 K JIH'IHOH BbirOJJ:e.

3To MO:>KeT HeraTHBHO OTpa3HTbC5l Ha IIOCJieJJ:OBaTeJl.S'IX TaKOro JIIIJJ:epa I1

B KOHIIe KOHIIOB Ha opraHH3aIII1H B rreJIOM.

P. XoraH c coaBTopaMH TIOJJ:'lepKHBaIOT II51Tb oco6eHHOCTei:l:, CB513bIBaro-

1UHX Haprr11ccH3M c caMOJII06HeM. Bo-nepBbIX, '!eJioBeK, OTJIH'!a10mIIi\:c51

Haprr11ccH3MOM, He rrpIIeMJieT rrpeJJ:JIO)!(eHHH JJ:pyroro JIHIIa. B rrpoTIIBHOM

CJIY'!ae OH Mor 6bI IIOKa3aTbC51 CJia6bIM, IIOCKOJibKY «CaMoyBepeHHOCTb -

OCHOBHOH crroco6 CaMOB03BbIIIIeHH51, KOTOpoe O'!eHb MHOfO 3Ha'!HT JJ:JIR Ta

KOro '!eJioBeKa, II03TOMY JJ:aBaTb eMy coBeTbI 'Ipe3BbI'laJtHo TPYJJ:HO>-> (Hogan

et al., 1990, p. 351 ). EoJiee Toro, JIHIIa, cTpaJJ:a10m11e HapIIHCCI13MOM, 06b1'!

HO HaCTOJibKO CaMoyBepeHHbI, 'ITO npocmo He 6ep5lm 8 mo, 1Jffl0 opyzue JllOOU Mozym c1<a3amb UM 1Jmo-mo 6a:J1atoe. Bo-BTOphrx, TaKHe JIIOJJ:H HMeIOT TeH

JJ:eHIIHIO 3aBhIIIIaTb CBOIO pOJib B .D:OCTH)!(eHHH ycrrexa. B-TpeTbHX, OHM CTa

paIOTCR He 6paTb Ha ce651 ITOJIHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a OIIIH6KH H Hey,n:a'IM.

B-'!eTBepTbIX, OTJIH'laIOm11ecsi: Hapu11cctt3MOM JIIO.D:H 06b1'!Ho BbICKa3bIBa

IOT cy:>KJJ:eHHR c 6oJibIIIeH KaTeroptt'lHOCTbIO, '!eM JJ:pyrIIe. IlocKOJlbKY OHH

BbICKa3bIBaIOTCSI c IIOJJ:06HblM aIIJIOM60M, OKpy:>KaIOIUHe 6bIBaIOT CKJIOHHbl

HM BepttTb. KaK OTMe'!aIOT P. XoraH c coaBTOpaMII, «OTJIII'laIOIUIIec51 Hap

IIHCCH3MOM JIHUa OKa3bIBaIOT Henporropu110HaJibHO 6oJibIIIOe BJIHJIHHe

Ha rpyrrrroBbre peIIIeHHR» (Hogan et al., 1990, p. 351 ). HaKotteu, H3-3a cBo

ei1 caMoyBepeHHOCTM M ClIJibHOH IIOTpe6HOCTH B rrpH3HaHMH JIIOJJ:M, xapaK

TepII3YIOIUMeC51 HapUI1CCH3MOM, rrpORBJIRIOT CTpeMJieHJie JJ:OMHHHpOBaTb

II 6bJBaIOT «CaMOHa3Ha'!eHIIaMH». ,l(pyrMMH CJIOBaMM, eCJlU B zpynne WlU oplQHU3au,uu UMeemcR 6a'IW1lCU5l pyKo6ooumeJl5l, maKoii 1JeJ106eK, 6eCbMa 6epoRm110, npwio:J/Cum 6Ce ycWLU5l, 1Jm06bt ee 3all5lmb.

Xaptt3Ma H Hapu11ccII3M npeKpacHo cotJeTaIOTC5l, KaK yrnep:>KJJ:aeT

X. KoxyT (no: Sankowsky, 1995). Haprrncrn'!eCKHe xapH3MaTH'leCKHe JIH

JJ:epbI o6Jial(aIOT CBepxbeCTeCTBeHHOH crroco6HOCTbIO 3KCIIJiyaTIIpOBaTb,

,n:<DKe He Bcer.n:a oco3HaBa5I 9TO, rro.n:co3HaTeJibHbre rrpe,n:cTaBJieHH5I rro.n:

'lHHeHHhIX. KaK OTMetJaeT ,l(. CaHKOBCKH, rrpH 3TOM no,n:'lHHeHHhie MoryT

rrpHH5ITh Ha Bepy «BCeMorymecTBO» JIHJJ:epa, KOTOpblH BOCIIpHHHMaeTC51

KaI< '!eJIOBeK, crroco6Hb!H BbIIIOJIHHTb TO, Ha 'ITO Ha)'.leIOTC51 3aBHC51IUHe

OT Hero JIIOJJ:H. Hapu11cc113M 3acTaBJI5IeT TaKHX pyKoBO.D:MTeJieil cTaBHTh

rpaHl'(H03Hbie ueJIM II COBepIIIaTb pIICKOBaHHbie JJ:eHCTBM51, B03Jiara51 BHHY

3a ttey.n;a'!H Ha .n:pyr11x. IIocJie.n;oBaTeJIH IIOJJ:JJ:aIOTC51 BJIHJIHHIO JIIIJJ:epa

H rrpHHHMaIOT Ha Bepy rrpH3hIBbl H o6b51CHeHH51, KOTOpbie B HOpMaJihHOM

c11Tyarrmr co'!JIH 6br rrpeyBeJIH'leHHhIMH 11 aroHcTH'!HbIMH. B TaKHX cJiy

l!MX rroBel(e:irne pyr<oBOJJ:HTeJI51 pacuemrnaeTc51 He KaK 3JioyrroTpe6JieHIIe,

141

Pa3Aen 4. Crnn1-1 pyKoBOACTBO

a KaK onpaB.z:i:attttoe .ueilcTBMe. 3To1' npouecc MO)KeT 3aXO.l(IITh eme .naJib

rne: .na)Ke Kor.z:i:a pyKoBo,n:IITeJib He npIIBOJJ:IITy6e.nIITeJibHhIX 06M1ctteHIIi1,

nom:i:ep)KIIBaIOmIIe ero CTOpOHHIIKM caMII rrpMJJ:YMbIBalOT paUMOHaJIMCTM-

. 'IeCKMe o6b5ICHeHM.sI.

K C'IaCTblO, KaK OTMe'IaeT n. CaHKOBCKM, He Bee nocJie,n:oBaTeJIM noJI

HOCTblO OKa3bIBaIOTC5I no.n TaKMM B03,n:ettCTBHeM. j{a)Ke CaMbie xapl13Ma

TM'IeCKMe JIM,n:epbl He cnoco6Hbl npMBJie'Ib Ha CBOIO CTOpoHy a6cOJIIOTHO

Bcex. 0.nttaKo OHH MoryT rrpIIBeCTH K noJI5Ipl13au1rn no3MIJ,HH c0Tpy.ntt11-

KOB: .npyrHMM CJIOBaMH, Te, KTO noMep)KHBaeT JIH,n:epa, .uemuoT 3TO no JIH'I

HOMY y6e)KL(eHMIO M B pe3yJihTaTe rrpouecca n.nettTmpMKaUMM, a Te,

KTO rrpOTIIB.sITC5I, yxo,n:.sIT no co6CTBeHHOMY )KeJiaHMIO MJIM no MHMUMaTMBe

. Ha'IaJibCTBa. 3To, B CBOIO O'Iepe,n:b, TOJibKO ycMJIMBaeT B03,n:ei1cTBMe Ha TeX,

KTO OCTaeTC.sI. d1poMCXO.l(I1T acpcpeKTHBHa.sI caMO-CeJieKUH.sI no npmttaKy

BOCTipl111M'II1BOCTI1 K BJII15IHIIIO JIH.D:epa~ (Sankowsky, 1995, p. 57-71),-0TMe'IaeT n. CaHKOBCKH.

Eme OJJ:HIIM Ba)KHhIM pa3JIM'IMeM Me)KJJ:Y 3TM'IHhIMM M HeaTH'IHhIMM xa"

pH3MaTll'IeCKHMM JIML(epaMM n)K.M. XoyaJIJI M E.l()K, ABOJIMO C'IMTalOT TOT

cnoco6, KOTOpbIM OHM ocymeCTBJI5IIOT MHTeJIJieKTYaJibHYIO CTMMYJI.sIUMIO

CBOMX rrocJie.n;oBaTeJieii.. He:nM'IHhie xapM3MaTIPieCKMe pyKoBO.ll:MTeJIH

He np11BeTCTBYIOT MHTeJIJieKTYaJibHbIM rrporpecc CBOMX nOL('IMHeHHbIX.

KaK OTMe'IaeT J{)K. KaHL()KeMH, qacTo MMeeT MeCTo MHKpoyrrpaBJieHMe HMM

(Cangemi, 1999). J{pyrnMH cJI0BaM11, TaKHe pyK0Bo,u11TeJI11 «mK11,uaroT 11 .na

)Ke Tpe6yroT, 'IT06br MX perneHM.sI o.z:i:o6p5IJIMCh 6e3oroBopo'IHO~ (Howell,

Avolio, 1992, p. 47). CxoL(HhIM o6pa30M aTM'IHbie M He3TM'IHhie JIM,n:epbI pa3-

JIII'IaIOTC5I CBOMM OTHOIIIeHHeM K npocpecCMOHaJibHOMY pocTy nOL('IMHeH

HbIX. HeaTH'IHbie xap113MaT11'IecK11e pyKOBOJJ:MTeJIM, KaK y)Ke OTMe'IaJIOCb

BbIIIIe, npoCTO He C'IHTaIOT Heo6xo.u11Mb!M o6ecne'IHBaTb pa3BMTMe COTpy.u

HHKOB. «OHM He'IyBCTBHTeJibHbI K HY)K,UaM H ycTpeMJieHI15IM CBOHX TIOCJie

L(OBaTeJieM M He OTKJIHKaIOTC.sI Ha HMX~ (Howell, Avolio, 1992, p. 47). KaK OTMeqaeT n)K.A. Kott,[()Kep, OTCYTCTBMe npocpeccMOHaJibHOro poc

Ta noL('IMHeHHhIX co3.z:i:aeT npo6JieMy npeeMCTBeHHOCTM pyKoBo.n;cTBa.

Xaptt3MaTH'IeCKHM JIHJ:i:ep - c11JibHa5I Jill'IHOCTh, rrpo5IBJI5IIOI.I.(a5I CKJIOH

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MHeHHO, .[(JI.fl coTpy.n;HMKOB opraH113au1rn: co crroco6HocT5IMH K pyKoBo.U

cTBY IIO'ITH HeB03MO)KH0 rrp05IBHTh ce65I. l(JI5I eme OL(HOH CMJihHOH

JIH'IHOCTH He oKa3brnaeTCJf MeCTa. XapH3MaTI1'ICCKMi1 JIH,n:ep rroJiylfaeT

CJIMIIIKOM 60JibIIIOe HaCJia)KL(eHHe OT BJiaCTH, 'IT06bl L(eJIHTbC.sI ero c .upy

rMMM. Kor.n:a TaKa.sI JIH'IHOCTh ttaKoHeU rroK11,n:aeT opraHH3aIJ,mo (KaKOBa

6bI HH 6bIJia npH'IHHa 3TOro ), «C03L(aeTC5f BaKyyM Ha pyKOBOL(5Ill(I1X ,UOJI)!(

HOCT5IX~ (Conger, 1989, p. 158). CKopee Bcero, He ttai1.z:i:eTc5f HHKoro, .uocTa

TO'IHO yMeJioro H 3Haromero, KTO Mor 6br a<J:>cj:>eKTHBHO ocymeCTBJI5fTb

a.n;MHHHCTpaTHBHbie cpyttKU:HH.

142

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KaK yKa3bIBaIOT ll)K.M. Xoy3JIJI H B.ll1K. ABOJIHO, xapH3MaTIP.IecKHe

JIH,n:epbI pa3JIH'IaIOTC51 He TOJibKO Ka'IeCTBOM cBoero pyKoBOJlCTBa,

HO H 3TH'IeCKOH TI03HI!HeH. 11x MOpaJibHbie YCTOH BJIH5IIOT Ha rrpe,n:cTaB

Jiemui o TOM, 'ITO npaBIIJibHo, a 'ITO - HeT. He3TH'IHhie xapH3MaTH'IeCKIIe

JIH,n:epbl npHcnoca6JIHBaIOT CBOH B3fJI5I)J:bI K KOHKpeTHOH CHTyal!HlI.

11x CHIOMHHYTHbie 3roHCTH'IeCKHe HHTepecbI llOJI)KHbI y'IHTbIBaTbC5I B nep

BYIO O'Iepe,n:b. 0HH - MaCTepa npOH3BO.ll:lITb BIIe'IaTJieHHe. 0HH yMeJIO co-

3,n:aIOT npe,n:cTaBJieHHe 0 TOM, 'ITO «HX ,n:eHCTBlI.$1 COOTBeTCTBYIOT TOMy,

'ITO .n.pyrHe C'IHTaIOT npaBHJihHbIM» (Howell, Avolio, 1992, p. 49). CBoH

BeJIHKOJieTIHbie crroco6HOCTII K o6meHHIO OHH HCIIOJib3YIOT .Zl:Jl51 MaHHny

JIHpOBaHH5I ,n:pyrHMH, 3acTaBJI5I5I HX npHH5ITb co6CTBeHHbie CKpbITbie IIeJIH.

ll)K.A. KoH)J:)Kep rroJiaraeT, 'ITO xapH3MaTHKII rro,n:sepra10Tc5I oco6o

MY pHCKY B CHJIY Toro, 'ITO CJIHIIIKOM TIOJiaraIOTC5I Ha CBOe yMeHHe npo

l13BO.ll,HTb BIIe'IaTJieHHe rrpH o6meHHH. )lpyrHMH CJIOBaMH, «CaMOOIIHCa

HH5I MoryT ycneIIIHO o6MaHbIBaTb He TOJibKO CJiyIIIaTeJieH, HO H caMoro

fOBOp.sIIIIero - oco6eHHO KOr.n:a ay)l.HTOpH5I o.n:o6p.sieT rrpe,n:CTaBJieHHblH

eH: o6pa3» (Konger, 1989, p. 150). B pe3yJihTaTe TaKOH 'IeJioBeK MOJKeT

IIOBepHTb B TO, 'ITO OH TaK Bemrn, KaK YTBepJK,n:aeT. ilo.n:o6HbIH npo!IeCC

caMoo6Matta HMeeT, OJJ;HaKo, orpamftieHHJ:I. Te JIH.ll,epbI, IWTOpbie oco6eH

HO pa3,n:yBaIOT npe,n:cTaBJieHHe 0 ce6e, He CKJJOHHhl HHTepHaJIII3HpOBaTh

caMoBocxBaJieHH5I. B cJiy'Iae )Ke yMepeHHhIX npeyBeJJWieHHM TaKaJ:I IIH

TepHaJIII3a!IH5I npOHCXOJlHT, H 'IeJIOBeK BepHT ToMy, Ha 'ITO rrpeTeH.n:yeT.

XapH3MaTH'IeCKHe JIH.n:epbI MoryT CHJibHO oTJIII'IaTbC5I .n:pyr OT .n:pyra,

KaK ronopHJIOCb BbIIIIe, B crroco6ax HCIIOJib30Bamrn BJiaCTH, orrpe.n:eJie

Hllll IIeJieH, o6meHIIII, TepIIHMOCTll K OTJIH'IHbIM OT IIX co6cTBeHHbIX

B3rJI.sI)J:aM, 'IYBCTBHTeJibHOCTlI K IIOTpe6HOCT5IM llpyrHX ll MOpaJibHbIX

cTaH)J:apTax.

KaK OTMe'!aeT JI. XIIpIIIxopH, He3TII'IHbie xapH3MaTII'!ec1rne JIII.n;epbI

MOryT npHHeCTil CBOIIM opraHII3al(II5IM BeCbMa KPYIIHbie HerrpH5ITHOCTH

(no: Goleman, 1990). He3¢cpeKTHBHbie Hap!IHCCH'!ecKHe pyK0Bo,n:11TeJIH

MoryT c¢opM11pOBaTb y IIOll'IHHeHHbIX He:>KeJiaTeJibHbie IIOBe)J:eH'IeCKIIe

'IepTbI: npII rpynrroBOM pernemm BOIIpOCOB COTpy,n:HHKII Ha'IIIHaIOT npH-

6eraTb K BHyTpeHHeii: IIeH3ype, IIOTOMY 'ITO 6o5ITC5I rrpOTIIBOpe'IHTb 6occy

(Cangemi, 1998). n paBna MCKa)KaeTrn: IIOi'l:'IHHeHHbie HCIIbITbIBaIOT CHJib

HOe HCKyIIIeHHe rro,n:roH5ITb HHcpopMa!IHIO TaK, KaK 3TO )KeJiaTeJibHO Ha'IaJib

Hl'II<Y llJJll B COOTBeTCTBllll c cro MHCHHCM. IlocTOJIHHO omyu1aeTCJI ttanpJI

)Kemi:e, o6maR aTMOCcpepa OTJIII'IaeTC5I Mpa'IHOCTbIO, KOHTaKTbI c 6occoM

orpaHJ1lIIIBaIOTC5I npo¢ecCHOHaJibHbIMII BorrpocaMII, 6e3 JJll'IHhIX B3aIIMO

OTHOIIIeHIIH. HIIKTO He II03BOJI5IeT ce6e lliYTIITb. 11, HaKOH€II, IIMeeT MeCTO

CJieIIa5I rrpe.n;aHHOCTb. JlII,n:ep Tpe6yer OT IIOll'IHHeHHbIX a6COJIIOTHOH JI0-

5IJibHOCTH. 0Ha rrpe,n:noJiaraeT OTKa3 OT o6MeHa HHcpopMa!IH€H, Kornpa51

Morna 6b1 ttattecTH ymep6 or,n:eJiy HJIH JIH'IHO pyKoBO.ll:HTeJIIO, c llPYrHMII

143

Pa3Aefl 4. Crnn~ pyKOBOACTBo

no.upa3.UeJieHIUIMII. - TeM caMbIM JI05lJibHOCTb rnecpy CTaBil.TC5l Bblllle 11.HTe

pecoB opraH113arr1111.

XapM3MaTM'IecKoe JIM.UepcTBO MO)KeT 6hITb 06010.uoocTpbIM MeqoM,

qrn, KaK OTMeqaroT .ll)K.M. Xoy3JIJI H E.,ll)K. AsoJI110, oneTJIIl.BO BM.UHO

ITO ero BJIH5IHMIO Ha no.uq11HeHHbIX. 3TJ1l.IHbie xapH3Manl.Kl1 rrpespaura

IOT cso11x rrocJienosaTeJiet'r B mi.uepoB. He3TMqHbre xapH3MaTMKII. no.u

XO.U5IT K .ueJiy 11.Ha'Ie. 0Hll. HJIII. BbI611.paIOT MJIII. BOCTIHTbIBaIOT rrocJiyru

HbIX, 3aB,11Cl1MbIX, co BCeM cornarnarour11.xc5111.H.Ull.BH.UOB (Cangemi, 1999). 0HII rro.uaBJI51IOT 11.X MOTil.BaI!HIO H crroco6HOCTb 6pocll.Tb Bbl30B status

quo, CTpeMJieHIIe K caMopa3Bll.THIO, K He3aBMCil.MOMY MbIIIIJieHMIO. ,ll. foY JIMeH yKa3bIBaeT Ha To, qTo qJieHbI opraHH3auHH 6o51TC5l BbICKa3bIBaTb

co6crneHHOe MHeHHe II. B pe3yJibTaTe Tep5IIOT cnoco6HOCTb MbICJIIl.Tb.

HaKoHeu, KaK yKa3bIBaIOT .ll)K.M. Xoy3JIJI 11. E .,ll)K. AsoJIHO, caMoorreHKa

ITO.U'IHHeHHbIX Ha'IrrnaeT 3aBIICeTb OT MHeHM5l JIMJJ:epa. CaMoyBa)KeHIIe

OKa3bIBaeTC51 <lCB5l3aHO c rronnep)KKOH ocyurecTBJieHil.51 rreJieH, ITOCTaB

JieHHbIX mmepoM» (Howell, Avolio, 1992, p. 49). B Tex cJiy'Ia5lx, Kor.ua

pyKOBO.UMTeJib rrp116eraeT K He3TJ1qHbIM cpe.ucrnaM .uocTH)KeHM5l co6CT

BeHHbIX ueJieH, ITOJJ:'Ill.HeHHbie 6bIBaIOT He CKJIOHHbl COMHeBaTbC51 B rrpa

BOMepHOCTH ero ne:HcTBHH. BoT rrp11.Mep TaKoil c1ITyarr1rn. PyKOBOJlCTBO

KOMrraHMII. <iDil.'-I HaT <Dy.u» o.uo6p11.JI0 yBeJI11.'IeH11.e co.uep)Kamrn BO.Ubl

B 516JIO'-IHOM mope .UJI>I neTeH pam1 yBeJIIl.'IeHil.51 rrp11.6bIJII1, II. TIO.Ul.JHHeH

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Bll.II 6brna ymPieHa B Hapyrnett11.11. 11 ornTpacpoBaHa rrpaBIITeJibCTBOM

CllIA (Cangemi, 1998). IlocKOJibKY JIII.Uep 3anaeT MopaJibHbre CTaHnap

TbI, ero noclleaoeameJtu O'/W3btBmomca cnoco611bt 11aumu onpaeaa11ue .ua)Ke

BeCbMa HenpIIrJI>I.UHbIM noCTynKaM.

KaK OTMe'IaeT ,ll. CaHKOBCKH, ncwxoJiom'IeCKMe nocJie.UCTBM>I nono6-

HOH cwryarrww .UJI>I no.U'IHHeHHbIX HecoMHeHHbI. HaprrwccwreCKHe xapH3-

MaTII'-lecKHe JIIl.JJ:epbl MoryT He BITOJII-Ie OT)laBaTb ce6e OTl.JeT B CBOMX 3JIO

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11.X caMoyBepeHHbIMII. .uettCTBil.5lMII., II. o6MaHbIBaIOT ce651 KacaTeJibHO CBOeit

poJIM B Hey.n:a'Iax. Kor.ua pyKOBO.U11TeJib cKpbrnaeT CBOII orn11.6K11., rrp11.Be.u

urne K HerrpH5ITHOCT5lM, ero ITOCJieL{OBaTeJIH rrpo>IBJI5IIOT TeH.n:emrHIO

He TOJibKO no.u.uep)KHBaTb ero, HO H 6pamb 8U1iY 1lQ ce6a. OHM OXOTHO co

rnarnaIOTC>I c Bep.n:11.KTOM 6occa H BHH>IT ce6>I. EoJiee Toro, Kor.ua pyKoso

.UHTeJib o6BHH5IeT B Hey,na'fe Btterntt11e cMJibI, no.u'I1rneHHbie eme reettee crnra

'Ill.BaIOTC5I BOKpyr Hero. Ecmr Beeb MHp rrpOTHB HHX, eCJIH OH BHHOBaT B 11.X

HerrpH51THOCT>IX, TO K KOMY )Ke eure HM o6paTHTbC5I, KaK He K CBOeMy JIIl..Ue

py? B pe3yJibTaTe rrcuxo110rHqecKoe 6JiarorroJiy'IHe rpyrrrrb1 CMJibHO cTpa

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Hey.uoBJieTBOpll.TeJibHbie pe3yJI&TaTbI ne>ITeJibHOCTH IIOCJieL{HHX OTCYTCTBH

eM crroco6HocTei1 HJIH cTapaHII>I. KaK rrpaBH.no, ycIIJIII>I c HX crnpoHbI 6br-

144

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BaIOT ,l(OCTaTO'!HblMil, HO CJIIIlllKOM qaCTO HM npeL(OCTaBJI5IeTC5l C'lIITaTb,

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K HecqacTbIO, coTpy,n:HIIKII Ha'-IIIHaIOT BepHTb B TO, 'ITO OHII OT rrpIIpOD.bI

yII1ep6HbI, Il Tep5IIOT Ha,l(e)KL(y Ha ycrrex B 6yL(yIIIHX Ha'!HHaHI15IX, aaJ/Ce K02-aa Jtuaep npeKpaw,aem aaaamb UM ompuu,amellbHbte ou,emcu. Pe3yJibTaTOM

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(Sankowsky, 1995, p. 57-71). KaK OTMe'!aIOT ,ll)K.M. XoyaJIJI II B.,ll)K. ABoJIIIo, BJIII5IHIIe, KOTopoe

xapII3MaTII'leCKIIe JIIIL(epbl OKa3bIBaIOT Ha IIO,l('-IIIHeHHhIX, CTaHOBIITC5I

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OTIIpaBHOH TO'IKOH IlJIII cpyHL(aMeHTOM BJiaCTII HeaTil'lHOro xapll3MaTII-

. Ka, KaK yJKe OTMe'!aJIOCb Bblllle. IlpHMepaMH MoryT 5IBJI5ITbC5I o6peTeHile

BJIII5IHII5l Il II03.UHettlllllH rrpIIxo.u K BJiaCTII MyccomrnH Il fHTJiepa. KpII-

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JIOBaTeJieit Ilo.QtIIIHeHHble OXOTHO neJiaIOTC5I 3aBI1CHMbl OT JIII)lepa, KOTO

pb!H IIOI<a3bIBaer 5ICHbIH nyTb, L(aeT yKa3aHII5I, KOTOpbIM MO)KHO CJie,llO

BaTb. KaK 5l3BIITeJihHO 3aMe1.faIOT H.K. Po6epTc II P.T. l3pa.UJIII, Bepa

IIO,l('-IIIHeHHbIX B xapII3MaTil'IeCKOf0 JIII,l(epa TaK CIIJlbHa, '-ITO OHII rrpo5IB

JI5IIOT IIOJIHOe ,l(OBepIIe, Bpy'la5l eMy CBOIO cy.uh6y. KaK 3TO HII rre'-faJibHO,

IlMeHHO TaK MO:IKHO o6b5ICHilTb Tpare,l(IIIO, BilHOBHIIKOM KOTOpo:i1: 6bIJI

rrperroL(o6tthlH ,l{JKIIM )lJKottc B fBuatte, I0JKHa5l AMepuKa. Ero rrocJie.uo

BaTeJIH 6bIJIIl CJIOBHO 3afllIIHOTII3IlpOBaHbI. «0Hll rrpo5IBJ15IJIIl IIOI<Op

HOCTb, nocJiylllaHIIe, BOCTOpr Il 6bIJIIl CJieIIbl B CBOeH a6coJIIOTHOH npe

.uaHHOCTII» (Roberts, Bradley, 1988, p. 256). C03naeTC5I Bne'!aTJiemre,

'ITO BJiaCTb TaKoro m1.uepa 6e3rpaHH'!Ha. EoJiee Toro, 1<aK yKa3bIBaIOT

)lJK.M. XoyaJIJI H E.)lJK. ABoJrno, rrocJie Toro KaK KpH3HC H.UCT Ha crra.u

IlJIIl 3aKaH'!IlBaeTOI, IIO,lJ;'lllHeHHhie Ha'IHHaIOT eIIIe CilJibHee ny:>IC,ri;aThC51

B yKa3aHil51X JIIl)J,epa. c Te'!eHueM BpeMeHII JIIO,ll;II BCe 6oJihllie yTpa'III

BaIOT Bepy B ce65I II, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, He 110,l(BepraroT 6oJibllle COMHe

HIIIO pellleHI15I JIH,Uepa, TeM caMb!M IlX 3aBHCI1MOCTb OT BO:>KL(5l erl.(e 6oJibrne yneJIH'IIrnaeTcH.

Tio MHeHHIO )l. CattKOBCKH, rrocJie,uoBaTeJIH 6brnaroT roTOBhI OTKa-

3aThC5l OT 06ecrre'-IIIBaIOII1ero IIX caM03aIIIIITY CKeIITI1UI13Ma, IIOCKOJibKY

xapII3MaTI1'leCKI1H JIIIL(ep paccMaTpIIBaeTC.H IIMII KaK 3aCJIY)KI1BaIOIUIIH

a6coJIIOTHOfO }lOBep1rn. 0HII Ha'UIHaIOT BepIITh, '-ITO BO)K}lb llOBe}leT HX

II o6ecrre'!IIT IlM npouBeTaHHe: OH TO'IHO 3HaeT, Ky.ua IID.TI1, 3HaeT nee

OTBeTbl (KaK MeCCII5I) , MO:JKeT CBepHyTh ropbl (Ka K repoil), 'IHCT .n:yxoM.

145

Pa31J,e11 4. Crn11111 pyKoBOACTBO

Boo6me «JIWIHbie KaqecTBa, 3HaHH5l u }l,e:ti:cTBMJI JIH}l,epa BocnpuHHMaIOT

cJI HCKJIIOquTeJibHO B TI03HTHBHOM CBeTei.> (Sankowsky, 1995, p. 57-71). «KaK nepBhIM npell.TIOJIO)KHJI KaMHJIJIO KaByp, a ccpopMyJiupoBaJI Jiop.n:

3KTOH, a6coJIIOTHaJI BJiaCTh pa3Bparu.aeT a6coJIIOTHO» (Howell, Avolio,

1992, p . SO). 3anaJJ:H5l, O:>KIIJJ:aIOII(aJI ~o6uB!llHXC5l ycnexa xaptt3MaTIIKOB,

qacTII'IHO M 3aKJIIOqaeTC5l B npH3HaHHM, conpoBO:>K.D:aIOII(eM HX JJ:OCTH:>Ke

HH5l. CJIM!llKOM 6oJih!llHe rroxBaJihI Mory-r c.n:eJiaTh JIIIJJ:epa YJI3BIIMbIM JJ:JIJI

3a6Jiy:>KJJ:eHIIH no IlOBOJJ:Y co6crneHHOH Herro6eJJ:IIMOCTH 11 BeJiuq1rn. BMe

CTo Toro, qTo6bI cocpei'I,OTO'IlITh BHlIMaHIIe Ha CJie.n:yroru.eiI 3ai'J,aqe II B03-

MO:>KHhIX orracHocTJIX, O)KHi'J,aIOII(HX BrrepeJJ:M, TaKue pyKoBOi'J,HTeJIII,

rro rrpeIIMymecTBy, 3a6oTJITC5I o coxpaHeHHH ayphI He 3Ha10mero Hey}l,a'I

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pIIpyIOT IIi'J,eH, po:>K}laIOli(IIeCH 3a rrpei'I,eJiaMII IIX opraHtt3aUHII, oco6eHHO

B nepHoi'J,hI :7KOHOMJiqecKIIX TPYi'l.HOcTeH., JierKo MoryT rronacTh B JioBylll

KY pa3Bparu.eHHH MHoroqucJieHHhIMH ycrrexaMH. KJiroqeBhIM MOMeHTOM

JJ:JI5l JIIIJJ:epa 5IBJI5leTC5l coxpaHeHIIe CI<POMHOCTM, peaJIM3Ma M rrparMaTII3-

Ma, He3aBMCMMO OT Toro, HaCKOJihKO BeJIMI<II 6bIJIH .D:OCTMfHYTbie ycrrexM.

CoTPYi'l.HMKM opraHII3auM:n JJ:OJI)J(HhI rrocT05IHHO 6bITh HaqeKy M i'l.YMaTh

0 TOM, «qTo OHM MoryT Ci'J,eJiaTb i'J,JI5l IIOCT05IHHOro rrporpecca CBOeH opra

HI13aUIIII, Bcer.n:a rroi'J,BepraTh coMHeHMIO rrpJiqJIHhI ycrrexa» (Howell,

Avolio, 1992, p. 51 ). JlM.n:ephI, KOTOpbie He :>KeJiaIOT HMqero MeHJITh, rrocTo

JIHHO CTpeM5III(HeC5l K IlOJJ:i'I,ep'.lKaHIIIO status quo, IIp05IBJI5IIOT 5IBHhie CIIMII

TOMhl rrapaJIMqa pyKOBOi'J,CTBa.

KaK cq1ITaeT ,[{:>K.A. KoHZPKep, B MIIpe Kopnopauni1 xapII3MaTnqecKIIe

JIIIi'I,epbI 5IBJI5IIOT co6o:ti: napaJJ:OKC. Mx cww 0011.oepeMem-10 Jl8JL5lemc5l u ux cJLa6ocmo10. CKJia;:i:hrnaeTCJI BrreqaTJiem1e, qTo «MhI He Mo:>KeM :>KMTh 6e3

HHX, HO He MO)!(eM )KHTh Mc HHMM. OHM o6ecrreqJIBaIOT HaM H caMbie Jiyq

llIHe, 11 ca!Vme XYJJ:llIHe HCXOJJ:bI» (Conger, 1989, p. 159). HecoMHeHHO, TeM

Ha>I cTopoHa cymecTByeT, no ecTh crroco6bI i'I,ep:>KaTh ee noJJ: KOHTpoJieM.

YMemrn xapH3ManrqecKoro JIHi'I,epa B ccpepe o6memrn, MOTIIBaumr, MHHO

Bau:ni1 CJIII!llKOM )KM3HeHHO Ba)KHbI, qTo6hI OT HMX OTKa3aTbC5I. MttorMe

COBep!llHB!lllle peBOJIIOUMIO npo.n:yr<Tbl CTaJIH KOMMepqecKOH peaJibHOCThIO

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HOCTh, Hai'J,e:>K.n;y M C<iMOYBa%eHue MHOfHM CBOIIM ITO.D:'IIIHeHHbIM. KaKOBbl

6b! OHH HH 6bIJIH, OHH OCTaBMJIM ueHHOe HaCJiell.CTBO. He TIOll.Jie:>KIIT CO

MHeHIIIO, 'ITO xapH3MaTnqecKJie JIH.ZJ:epbl II HX yMeHirn «CJIII!llKOM Ba:>KHbl,

'!T06bI IIX MO:>KHO 6bIJIO HrHOpHpOBaTb. II pH Bcex HX He,n:OCTaTKax Mb! B HIIX

Hy:>K,n:aeMC5l» (Conger, 1989, p. 160).

146

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TeMH071 cropoHa xap1113Mbl 111 3TV1KO

TeMHaJI cTopoHa xapH3ManPiecKoro JIH.UepcTBa MoEeT paccMaTpHBaTbC51

KaK He::nwrna5I. PyKoBO.UHTeJIH, xapaKTepH3YIOIUHeC5I e10, H36eraIOT rro

orup5ITb U:eHHeti:rnee 'leJIOBe'leCKOe Ka'leCTBO - He3aBHCHMOe MhlllIJieHIIe -

y CBOHX IIO.U'IHHeHHbIX. KaK OTMeqaeT P.JI. l1oxaHtteceH, «YHHKaJibHhie

qeJIOBe'leCKHe Ka'leCTBa .UOJI)l(Hhl rro.u.uep1KHBaTbC5I, TeM caMbIM o6ecrre

'IHBaJI rrpo5IBJieHHe MaKCHMaJibHOro IIOTeHU:HaJia HH.UHBH.Ua» 0 ohannesen,

1996, p. 46), HarrpHMep, B IIJiaHe ryMaHHOCTH H .UOCTOHHCTBa. c TO'lKH

3peHH5I qeJIOBe'leCKOll rrpHpO.UhI, ne:ikTBH5I JIIO,Uell orrpe,neJI5IIOTC51 OC03HaH

HhIM H no6poBoJibHhIM peIIIeHHeM nx coBeprnHTh. KaK yEe roBopIIJiocb

BbIIIIe, xapH3MaTII'leCKHH JIH,l(ep He IIOOIUp5IeT pa3BHTHe paU:HOHaJibHhIX

IIO,llXO,llOB II cnoco6HOCTH npHHHMaTb perneHH5I, a CKOpee rrpe1rnrcrnyeT

eMy. XapH3MaTII'leCKIIe JIII,nephr He o.uo6p.si:roT caMocro5ITeJibHoro Mhilll

JieHII.SI IIO.U'lHHeHHbIX. MbICJIHTeJIH H B.UOXHOBHTeJIH - OHH caMH, a rro

cJie.n;oBaTeJIH .UOJI)l(Hbl BbIIIOJIH.SITb npHKa3bl H He II03BOJI.Sl:Tb ce6e KpHTH

KH 11 COMHeHHH. DOJiee Toro, He3TWIHbIH xapH3MaTH'leCKHH JIH,llep

rrpoTHBo.n;eti:cTByeT JIM'lHOCTHOMY pocTy CBOMX IIO,l('lMHeHHhrx. XapH3Ma

TMKH CKJIOHHhI rrpo.11.BttraTh 3aBHCHMhIX COTPY.11.HMKOB, npeKJIOH5norn:Hxc51

rrepe.n: HHMH (Cangemi, 1998). XapH3MaTffY:eCKHH JIHµ,ep npemucTByeT npo.HBJieHHIO KOMMYHHKaTHB

HhIX yMeHMM COTPY.11.HHKOB, «¢YHKU:Hett KOTOpbIX .HBJI.HeTc.H ycTaHOBJieHHe

B3aHMOIIOHI1MaHM.H, o6MeH 3HaHH.HMH, B3aMMHOe ,l(OBepHe, Me)l(JIM'lHOCT

Hbie KOHTaKThI» Oohannesen, 1996, p. 53). EoJiee rnro, KaK rro,n:qepKHBaeT

P.JI. l1oxaHHeceH, H.UeaJibHOM CHTyau;Hell o6rueHH.SI MJIH « CHCTeMOM, B KO

Topou KOMMymmau;H5I CBo6o.n;Ha OT orpaHH'leHMM II MCKa:>KeHHH», 51BJI51eT

C5I CMTyau;M51, Kor.ua Ka:JI<,l(bIH J'laCTHMK o6Jia,naeT «paBHbIMM B03MO)f(HOC

T51MM MHMU:IIHpOBaTb HJIH IIpO.ZJ:OJDKaTb KOMMYHIII<aTHBHblH aKT, paBHblMH

B03MOJKHOCT.SIMM rrpMB0.11.MTb apryMeHTbl, npe.n:JiaraTb o6n51CHeHM.SI M HHTep

rrpeTaU:HH (HHKaKHe 3Ha'lMMbie BapttaHTbl He .n:omKHbI HCKJIIO'laTbC51

H3 o6cyE,n:eHM5I) M paBHbIMH B03MOJKHOCT5IMH OTKpOBeHHO BbICKa3bIBaTb

JIII'IHbie HaMepeHM51, 'lyBcrna II OTHorneHM.H» Qohannesen, 1996, p. 53). KaK yKa3bIBaJIOCh BhIIIIe, He::iTII'lHbIM xapH3MaTII'leCKIIiI JIH.Uep He nptt.n:ep

)f(HBaeTc51 3THX rrpaBH.71 M CTaH.n:apTOB, Il03TOMY HMeHHO 3TOT KpHTepHiI Il03-

BOJI51eT OTHeCTH xapH3MaTM'leCI<OfO JIM.n;epa K HeoTM'lHbIM.

TeMH071 CTopoHa x ap1113Mbl V1 ypoKV1, Koropb1e MO>KHO V13 Hee V13Blle'-lb

IlpIIBe.n;eHHbie BbIIIIe .11.aHHbie roaop.HT 0 TOM, 'ITO xapH3Ma MOJKeT HeCTHB ce-

6e onacHOCTb M MMeTb BeCbMa OTpHU:aTeJibHble ITOCJie.UCTBI15I, eCJIM o6Jia,na

IOlll;lIH e10 1m,n;ep HCIIOJih3yeT ee He3TH'lHO. XapII3Ma pyKOBO.ZVITeJI.SI - 060-

ronoocrpbIH Me'-r. KaK noJiaraer ,l1)K.A. KoH,l(Eep, xapH3MaTH'leCKHe

147

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xapaKTepHCTHKH o6Jial(aIOT H IT03HTHBHo:i1:, 11 HeraTHBHOM cTopoHaMH. TaKHM

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11 JlJI>I ITO.il'IHHeiIHbIX, 11 L(JI>I opran113au1111, a BpeMeHaMn 11 L(JI>I o6ruecTBa

B ueJIOM. KaK C'IHTaIOT H.K. Po6epTC I1 P.T. bp3)lJIH, «KaK TpaHccpopMnpy

IOIUa>I CliJia, xapH3Ma 3ap>I)KeHa B3pbIB'!aTbIM, Henpe)lCKa3yeMbIM ITOTeHUH

aJIOM, KOTOpbIM, KaK .lJ:)KHHH, BhmyrueHHbIM H3 6yTbIJIKH, OKa3bIBaeTC.sI BHe

Harrrero KOHTpOJI.sI» (Roberts, Bradley, 1988, p. 273) . .z:i:)K.M. Xoy3JIJI H B.,U)K. ABoJino OTMe'!aIOT, '!TO ,n:JI.sI BbICIIIHX .n:om1rno

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qeJIOBeKa Ha pyKOBO.ll:.sIIUYIO .ilOJI)l(HOCTb. IlpoclfeTbI TaKOro JIH,ll;epa MOryT

oKa3aTbC5I KaTacTpo¢wiecKHMH ,n:JI5I opraHH3aunn 11 .ilJl5I ee coTPYLIHHKOB,

a B CaMOM xy.n:rrreM CJiyqae OKOH1IHTbC5I ITOTepeM: 3aHHMaeMoro KOMIIaHHCM

ITOJIO)KeHH5I.

XapH3MaTH'IecKtte JI11,zi;epb1, KaK IIOJiaraeT .z:i:)K.A. KoH,n:)Kep, L(OJI)KHbI

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•no6br pyKoBOJJ.IITeJib oco3HaBaJI rroTerruttaJibHYIO onacHOCTb raKMX B3a

HMOOTHOillCHHii c IIO,IJ,'IHHCHHbIMII. Hx 3aBIICIIMOCTb OT Hero JlhCTHT ca

MOJII06HIO JIH,ll;epa H ycttmrnaeT oruymeHHe co6CTBeHHOH Ba)l(HOCTH,

TeM caMbIM JJ,eJia5I o6e cTopoHhI rroTeHunaJihHO Y>I3BHMhIMH. PyKOBOL(H

TeJI>IM He CJieJJ,yeT eme 6oJibIIIe yKpeITJI.sITb rro.zi;o6HyIO 3aBHCHMOCTb pa,llH

IIOBbIIIIeHJrn caMoyBaJI<emrn. IItt.n.ep ,IJ,OJI)KeH BIIL(eTb CKpbITYIO orraCHOCTb

Toro, 'ITO MO)KeT nerKO OKa3aTbC5I o6MaHyTbIM BOCXIIIUeHHeM IIOL('IHHeH-

148

Crnnb pyKoBOACTBa: 3AOpOBbli:1 B npornsosec He3AOposoMy

HbIX n COBepllIHTb ITOCTYITKH, 0 KOTOpbIX BITOCJie)lCTBHH IlO)KaJieeT.

MopaJib :non ncTopnn rrpocTa: xapH3MaTw1ecKne pyKoBO)lHTeJin TO)Ke

Jl10)ll1.

Xap113MaTw1ec1rnii JIH)lep >IBJI5leT co6oii BeJI11KoJierrny10 .ll,Bl1)l(Yll1YIO

c11Jiy rrp11 rrepeMeHax 11 MO)KeT 6bITb o<J:eHb ueHeH .D:JI>I opraH113a

u1111. Kar< OTMeqaeT n)K.A. KoHl()Kep, OH OJllIUeTBOp5IeT Hal(e)Kny Ha TO,

qTo H3 Tl1XOH 3aBonn 1<0MrraH11>I BbIH.D:eT B Mope rrepeMeH. Ott o6Jia,n:aeT

11,J:(e>IMH 11 :rneprneli, KOTOpOH TaK He XBaTaeT opraHII3aUHH, 'IT06bI BHOBb

3aropeTbC51. BbICKa3bIBamrn JI11nepa BOJIHYIOT, a ero «cnoco6nocTb co-

3,J:(aTb MOTlIBau1110 11 BOOl(yllieBHTb pa6oTHl1KOB CBepx BC5IK11X 0)l(Hl(aHl1H

BrreqaTJI5len (Conger, 1989, p. 176). TeM He Mettee, KaK OTMe'IaJIOCb

BbIIDe, c xaptt3MaTnqecKHMH JIH.UepaMn CB>I3aHa )lHJieMMa. OHM 6poca

IOT BbI30B rrpe)J(HeMy rroJio)J(eHmo BerueH. OHM qacTo rrpo>IBJI>IIDT HeTep

rreHIIe II Tpe6y10T 3Ha'IIITeJibttoi1: aBTOHOMIIII. O,uttaKo ne Bcerna MO)J(HO

6bITb yBepeHHbIM B ueHHOCTll 11,J:(ett xapII3MaT11Ka lI ero rrpel(JIO)Keimtt.

)lo KaKOH CTerreHII MOJKHO rronnepJKIIBaTb HX rrpoeKTbI - oco6eHHO eCJIH

OHH He cpa3y rrpIInoc>IT ycrrex? HecoMHeHHO, rrepen opraHII3autteI1, py

K0Bon11Moii: xapII3MaTII'IeCKlIM JIH,UepOM, BCTaIOT )llIJieMMbI...

)l:>K.A. KoH.z:i;:>Kep npe.z:i;ocTeperaeT: opra1u13a~1u1 - 3TO OTHOCHTCR

npe:>Kne Bcero K KOJIJieraM lI Ha'IaJibHIIKaM xapH3MaTH'IeCKOH Jlll'IHOCTll -

.ll,OJI:>I<Ha 6bITb roToBa K np5IMOH KOHcppoHTaUllll c TaKHM COTPY.ll.HIIKOM

B TOM cJiy<J:ae, eCJill ero .ll,eHCTBHR CTaHOBRTC.11 CKatti{allbHbIMH HJIH rrpn

HOC5IT Bpe.ll, . .ll::>K.A. KoH.ll,:>Kep peKoMett.n:yeT roBopnTh c Hl1M OTKpoBettno,

HO lIHOr.ll,a ycTyrraTb eMy lI «CTapaTbC51 He BCTynaTb B ccopbI no MeJIO'IaM.

TaK11e MeJIKl1e rro6e)lbI MoryT 6b!Tb tteo6xon11MhI .UJI>I ero aroi> (Conger,

1989, p. 176). IlpH TaKOM o6pa3e nettCTBlIM xapII3MaTHK ITOJIY'IHT MeHb

Ule rnattcoB norp513HYTb B cnopax BHYTPII opraHII3aUIIII II cKopee cocpe

.UOTO'IHTC>I Ha BHeUIHIIX rrpo6JieMax. Xap113MaTIIK Hy)[(naeTC5l B orrpene

JieHHOH CBo6one .n:ettCTBlIH, HO H OH l(OJI)KeH 6bITb IIOl(OT'IeTeH B TOM,

'ITO r<acaeTc5l B3aIIMHbIX noroBopettttocTeH o ue;rnx H cpoKax. CoBepllleH

HO Heo6xo.n:nMO, 'IT06bI TaKOM COTpy){HHK BOBpeM51 coo6maJI 0 B03HHKaIO

IUHX rrpo6JieMax ll ITOl(BOXax B opraHn3aUIIll lIJil1 rrpnMeHIITeJibHO K rro

CTaBJieHHbIM MM ueJI>IM. EoJiee Toro, ecJIII neil:cTBH5l xapn3MaTIIKa

pa3npaJKaIOT ero KOJIJier, He CJie.ll,yeT I103BOJI5!Tb HeraTHBHbIM 'IYBCTBaM .

yKopeHIITbC>I. HyJKHO cTpeMIITbC5l KaK pa3 I< o6paTHOMy. KpIITHI<a JJ:OJIJK

tta 6nITb oTKpbnoH: n 1rnncrpyrn1rnttoH:. XapnaManrnaM rrpocru tteo6xo.ll.HMo y.ll,eJI5ITb oco6oe BHHMam1e. fJiaBHbIM 3.n:ecb 5IBJI5leTC5l BOIIpoc 0 TOM,

«CTOJIT JIM OHM oco6oro BHIIMaHII>I, a l1HOr.ll,a II roJioattoi1: 60JI11?i> (Conger,

1989, p. 176). Heo6xo.n:11Mo rroMHIITh: Mttoma rrepeMeHbI .l{OJI)l(HhI corrpo

BO)KtJ:aTbC5I BCTp5ICKOH.

149

Po3Aefl 4 . Crnn1-1 pyKoBOACTBO

Pa3BV1BOIOu.\V1ec~ n111,o.epb1

,ll)K.A. KoH,n:)Kep yrnep)K.n:aeT, 'ITO ,n:Jrn MHpa Koprropauuli: cepbe3HOH rrpo-

6JieMoii: 5IBJI5IeTc5I orcyTcrnue JIH,n:epcrna. Xopomue pyxoBoaurnellu peaxu. :Vfa ::noro cJie,n:yer, 'ITO ::icpcpeKTHBHOe pyKoBo,n:cTBO - 3TO tte'ITO, Ha 'ITO crroco6Hbl JIHIIIb HeMHOrne. 0.n:HaKO IIOTeHUHaJI ycrreIIIHOro yrr

paBJieHH5I opram13auueli: 3aJio)KeH BO MHor11x JIH,n:epax. ,ll)K.A. KoH,n:)Kep 51CHO yKa3bIBaeT Ha To, 'ITO <1yMeH.11e pyKOBO,l(HTb - 3TO He HeKM MaruqecKa.H crroco6ttocTb, .n:apoBaHHM tteMHOrHM. Crroco6HocTb H )KeJiatt.11e

BeCT.H 3a co6oli: Tep5IIOTC5I CKOpee H3-3a OTCYTCTBH5I B03MO)KHOCTeii: H MaJlb!X BJIO)KeH.HH B rrpouecc, a TaK)Ke tte.n:ocTaTO'IHoro rro01upeHH5I, crro

co6crny10xuero pocry~ (Conger, 1989, p. 161). 3ro Borrpoc Bbl5IBJieHH5I, pa3BHTH5I 11 rroorupeHmI JiaTeHTHhrx crroco6HocTeii:. O'Iettb MHorue KOMrraHHH, O,l(HaKO, ,l(eJiaIOT IIp5IMO IIpOTHBOIIOJIO)KHOe: OH.H aKTnUB'liO noaaeJl5l10m JluJepcxue cnoco6uocrnu pa.n:11 coxpattett.H5I status quo. 11.etta, KO

Topy10 OHH IIJiaT5IT 3a rrpeHe6pe:tKeHHe K pa3BHTMIO JIM,n:epcrna,- IIOTep5I IIOTeHUHaJibHbIX PYKOBO,l(HTeJieli: .H, KaK CJie,l(CTBHe, CHH:tKeHHe ::icpcpeKTHBHOCTH opraHM3aUMH.

B Hacrosu~ee BpeM.si caMow cym;ecrBeHHOH rrpo6JieMoi1, KaK cquraer

,l{JK.A. Kott,n::tKep, 51BJI5IeTC5I TO, 'ITO MHorue r<0Mrran1111 orpattwrnBa10Tc5I

rrpoBe,l(eHtteM rpeHttHroB. <1Ilpei:i:rroJiaraerc5I, 'ITO 3aH5ITM5I B reqenue ne,n:eJiu rrpeBpaT51T qeJIOBeKa B Jrn,n:epa. 3To, KOHe'IHO, HOHCeHC. ,ll;JI51 Toro 'IT06br pa3BHTh crroco6ttocTH pyKOBO,l(J.ITeJia, Tpe6yeTc5I He'ITO 6011hIIIee,

'IeM rpeHMHr. 3ro, KOHe'IHO, Ba:tKHbIH Illar, HO JIHIIIb O,l(HH M3 MHOrMX. KoMnaHH5IM CJie,n:yeT Ha'IHHaTb pa3BHT.He JIH,n:epa B MOMeHT IIpHeMa qeJIOBeKa Ha pa6ory~ (Conger, 1989, p. 162). OrrbIT pa6oTbI, noorupeHM5I, KYJihrypa H CTPYKTypa opraHH3aUHH B CO'IeTaimM c TpeHMHfOM .llOJI:tKHbI B KOMIIJieKce CTHMYJIHpoBaTb pa3BMTHe HaBbIKOB JIH,l(epcrBa. 3ai:i:aqa KOMrraHHM - cno

co6crBOBaTb coorBeTCTBYIOIUHM .n:eii:cTBH51M H rroBe,l(eHMIO. EcJIH oprattH-

3aUM5I xoqer BocrroJib30BaTbrn noreHuttaJioM 6yi:i:yxuux pyKoBO.D:HTeJieii:,

OHa ,llOJI:tKHa CTpeMHTbC5I K 6oJiee HHTerpupoBaHHOMy, ,l(OJiroBpeMeHHOMY rro.n:xo,n:y.

3AOPOBOE Al1AEPCTBO

CBu,n:eTeJibcTBa rroTpe6ttocTH B 3.zi:opoBoM, ::icpcpeKTHBHOM m1.n:epcTBe cyruecrnyroT .n:aBHO (Cangemi, Guttschalk, 1980). B ,n;eJIOBOM MHpe 3,n;opoBoe JIH,l(epcrBo BCTpeqaerc5I pe.n:Ko. HeMttorue pyKoBO.UHTeJIH crroco6ttbI pa3BHTb B ce6e Ka'IeCTBa, Heo6xo.n:HMbie ,llJI51 MaKCHMaJibHOro rrpORBJieHH51 co6CTBeHHOro IIOTeHUHaJia, He roBOp5I yJKe 0 pa3BHTHH CBOHX IIO,ll'IH-

150

C rnnb pyKoBOACTBa: 3AOpOBbl i::i B npornBoBec H83AopoBoMy

HeHHbIX. KaK OTMe'IaeT Y.A. KoxeH, «JIH;:i:epcrno o6Jia;:i:aeT Heo6bIKHoBeH

HOM CHJIOM. OT Hero MO)KeT 3aB11ceTb ycrrex HJIH rropa)KeH11e B Barn:rrx co6-

CTBeHHbIX ;:i:eJiax MJIM B ;:i:eJiax rpyIIIIbl, K KOTopoi\: Bbl rrp:rrHa;:i:Jie)KHTe

(Cohen, 1990, p. 1). H:rr)Ke rrpHBOJlMTC5I ofoop xapaKTepMCTMK xopornero

m1;:i:epa.

Ilepe;:i:aqa co6cTBeHHOro rrpe;:i:cTaBJieHM5I 0 IJCJIM BITOJIHe MOIKCT paccMaT

pHBaTbC5I KaK caMoe Ba)KHOe ;:i:ei\:cTBHe JIH;:i:epa, KaK OTMe'-IaIOT M.3. XeK

MaH 11 K.3 . .ll,)KOHCOH (Hackman, Johnson, 2000). Ilpe;:i:cTaBJieH11e IJeJIH -

:no 5ICHOe omi:caHHe HarrpaBJieHH5I, B KOTOpOM M;:i:eT opraHH3aU:H5I. IlpH

BJieKaTeJibHM u:eJib ;:i:aeT COTPYJlHMKaM oru:yru:eH:rre u:eJienarrpaBJieHHOCTH

;:i:eikrn11H: 11 crroco6crnyeT HX rrpHBep)KeHHOCTH ee ;:i:ocTH)Kemno. UeJib

JlOJI:iI<Ha 6bITb He TOJibKO BJlOXHOBJI5II01IIeH, HO TaK)Ke )KeJiaTeJibHOM H ;:i:o

CTIDKHMOH. EcJIM u:eJib He BJlOXHOBJUieT JI1160 ee HeB03MmKHO JlOCTM'-Ih,

3TO OKa3bIBaeT .n,eMopaJII13YIOIIIee .n,ei\::CTBHe Ha ITOCJie,D,OBaTeJieu JIM.n,epa.

KJIIO'-IeBbIM cpaKTOpoM acpcpeKTMBHOro JIH.n,epCTBa 5IBJI5IeTC5I crroco6-

HOCTb BHJleTb ,ll,aJibIIIe MMeIOIIIMX MCCTO o6cT05ITeJibCTB. KaK OTMe'!aeT

.ll,)K.A. KoH.n,)Kep, «TOT, KTO He np11eMJieT CMIOMHHYTHhie peaJihHOCTM,

HO BlIJllIT JlaJibllle, CTaHOBHTC5I MacTepoM rrepeMeH. XapH3MaTM'-IeCKHM JIH

.n,ep o6JiaAaeT 3TOM oco6eHHOCTbIO Boo6pa)KeHirn. On crroco6en o6napy

IKHBaTh HelJ:OCTaTKH COBpeMeHHOfO MI1pa II cpopMyJIMpOBaTb QeJIH JlJI5I HX

rrpeo.z:i:oJieHI15I» (Conger, 1989, p. 37). 3rn oco6M crroco6ttocTb rrpe.UBH

.ueTh CTpaTerH'-IeCKHe B03MO)KHOCTH H :rneprwrno rrpHBJICI<aTb K HX pea

JIH3aU:HH .upyrttx - o.utta H3 yHMKaJibHhIX xapaKTepHCTMK xopaIIIHX

pyKOBOJlHTeJie:H.

IlOA06Hoe rrpeACTaBJieHHe 0 u:eJIM MO)KeT 6bITb OIIHCaHO, KaK C'-IHTaeT

.ll,)K.A. KoH)l)Kep, KaK «MhICJieHHhIM o6pa.3, co3)laHHbIH ;rn.z:i:epoM H oTpa

)KaIOIIIHH B BblCIIIeH CTerreHH )KeJiaTeJibHOe 6y;:i:ymee COCT05IHHe opraHH-

3aU:HH» (Conger, 1989, p. 38). Kor.z:i:a .z:i:eJio KacaeTc5I xapH3MaTH'-IecKoro

1rn;:i:epa, rrpe)lCTaBJieHHe o u:eJI:rr o6perneT '-IepTbI H)leaJia HJIH )laJieKofr Me'-I

ThI. Pa3JIM'!He Me:a<:;:i:y 061IIe1I IJeJihIO H o6bI'IHhIMH TaKTM'IeCKHMM 3a.zi;aqa

MH 3aKJIIO'IaeTC5I B TOM, 'ITO nepBa5I OTKpbrnaeT IIIHpOKYIO nepcneKTHBY

pa3BMTH$1 opraHM3aU:Mli. B OTJIM'IHe OT TaKTM'-IeCKHX 3a.n,aq, KOTOpbre qac

To KaCaIOTC5I yneJIM'-ICHM5I )lOXO)la, KOHTpOJI5I 3a 6oJibllieH l.JaCTbIO pbIHKa

MJIM BbIIIYCKa orrpe.z:i:eJieHHOU rrpo.n;yKIIHH, 061IIM IJCJlb cml3aHa c a6cTpaKT

HbIMM )lOCTM)KeHHHMM.

<!>11JIJIHIIC yKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, '-ITO «JIH)lepCTBO - CKOpee BOOJlyIIIeBJieHMe,

'-IeM a,D,MHHHCTpHpOBaHMe. }fa CBoe:i\: IIpH"Y:aCTHOCTM K o6meMy )leJiy JII0,1l;M

H3BJieKaIOT BOOJlyIIIeBJieHHe» (Phillips, 1998, p. 317). HeJih35I 3aCTaBMTh

IIO,ll,'-IMHCHHbIX pear11ponaTb Ha '-ITO-Jrn6o, eCJIM y HMX HeT MOTMBaU:HH.

151

Pa3Aen 4. Crnm1 pyKOBOACTBa

PelllaIOmee 3HaLJ:eHHe HMeeT rrocTO.llHHoe HarroMHHaHHe co cTopottbI pyKo

BO.ll.HTeJI.ll o TOM, 'ITO 6y.z:i;ymee MO)KeT 6bnb JIY'Illle, qeM rrpollIJioe. UeJib

.ll.OJI)KHa BOIIJiomaTb 0.ll.HY H3 OCHOBHbIX qeJIOBe'IeCKHX oco6eHHOCTeH -

CTpeMJieHHe K JiyqllleMy 6y.n;ymeMy. ::ho TOT caMbIH rrpHHU:HIT, KOTOpb!H HC

IIOJib30BaJIH MHOrHe .n;o6HBJlIHeC5I ycrrexa JIH,n;epb!.

JI03yttrn 6brnaIOT Y.ll.HBHTeJibHO rrpocTbI. KaK OTMeqaeT )l)K.A. Kott

.ll.)Kep, «OHH He BKJIIO'IaIOT CJIO)KHbIX Ha6opoB CTpaTer11qec°KHX 3a.z:i;aq

H KOJIH'IecrneHHbIX H3MepeHl1H» (Conger, 1989, p. 40). 0cHOBHa51. u;eJib

cKopee B03HHKaeT KaK rrpocTa5f n.z:i;e5I, rrpeacTaBJI5IIOIIl:a5I co6oll: «CTpaTe

r.11.qecKHH 30HTHK, ITO.ll. KOTOpb!M Bbipa6aTbIBaeTC5I cneu:mpII'IeCKa51. TaK

THKa no Mepe II05IBJieHl15I B03MO)KHOCTeH 11Jil1 nperpaa, XOT5I OI<OH'IaTeJib

Ha51. 3a.z:i;aqa o6bI'IHO 6brnaeT 5ICHa» (Conger, 1989, p. 41). EoJiee rnro,

JI03YHf OT6pacbIBaeT Bee, 'ITO He 5IBJUieTC5I rJiaBHbIM. IloMHMO Toro, 'ITO OH

onpe.n;emi:eT cTpaTerwqecI<oe HanpaBJiett.11.e, Jio3yttr 6brnaeT MOTHBaU:HOH

HO np.11.BJieKaTeJibHbIM H 06ecneq.11.BaeT e,n;HHCTBO Bcex COTPYAHHKOB opra

HII3aU:IIII, o6ne)ll1H5IeT HX B KOMatt.z:i;y. Mo:>KHO np.11.BeCTH rrpHMepbI no.n;o6-

HbIX .11..z:i;efJ::

« qepe3 .l{Ba.QuaTb IUITb JieT ueHTpoM rrpOH3BO.QCTBa qacoB CTaHeT ToKHO» (Cel1Ko).

«B03JII06JieHHa5I o6uurna, B KOTOpoti JllO,l]Ji 6y.QyT )!(JiTb KaK 6paTMI; paBeHCTBO lI B03MO)!(HOCTlI, rrpHBHJienrn lI co6cTBeHHOCTb,

3eMJrn CB060.QHbIX, pO.[IHOH .[IOM CMeJJbIX! )I\H3Hb, CB060Aa lI CTpeM

JieHIIe K cqacTb!O» (MapTIIH JIIOTep KIIHr-MJia.Q11rnJ:i). «Harne iKCJiaHHC II BOJIH, qTo6bI Pei1x iKHJI TblCHqy JieT» (A.n.oJibcp

fHrnep). «PaBeHCTBO II CBo6o.Qa qepe3 HerrpOTIIBJiem1e 3JIY HaCIIJIIIe_M»

(faHAlI).

KaK o6ttapy)KHJIH EeHHHC H Hattyc (Bennis, Nanus, 1997), 6oJib

llIMHCTBO .n;o6HBI1IHXC5I ycnexa JIH,n;epoB O'!eHb MHOfO BpeMeHH IIOCBH

maIOT pa3fOBOpaM C IIO.ll.'IHHeHHbIMH, KJIHeHTaMH lI APYfHMH pyKo

BO.l{HTeJI51MH, rrpe)l(Ae LJ:eM BbI)l;BHHYTb u:eJib )l;JI51 CBOeti: opraHH3aU:HH.

M.3. XeKMaH H K.3. )l:>KOHCOH roBop5IT o TOM, '!To .n;o6.11.BllIHec51 ycne

xa pyKOBO.ll.HTeJIH cttaLJ:aJia H3y'!aIOT npouvwe cBoeti: opraHH3aU:HH, 'IT0-

6br onpe.n;eJIHTb rrpH'IHHbI ycrrexoB .11. ttey.z:i;aq, 3aTeM - Hacmo.R.li'iee c u:e

JibIO Bbl71BJICHH51 CHJibHbIX H CJia6bIX CTOpOH H pecypcoB, IIOCJie ':!ero

OHH oueHHBaIOT 6y.uyruee, Bbl5IBJHI5I TeH)leHI(HH B03MO:>KHblX )lOJifOBpe

MeHHbIX COU:HaJibHbIX, IIOJIHTH'IeCKHX H cpe,n:OBbIX H3MeHeHHM. Ilo OKOH

'!aHHH 3TOfO rrpou:ecca HH¢opMa1vur attaJIH3HpyeTC51 H BbI.ll.BHraeTC.ll

peaJIHCTH'IHa51 u:eJib, IIO.l(XO.l(JIIIJ;a51 .ll.Jl5I opraHH3aU:HI1 H BOO.lCYilleBJI5IIO

ma5I ee COTpy.l{HHKOB.

152

Crnnb pyKoBOACTBa: 3AopoBbli:i B npornBoBec He3AOpOBOMY

HaBblKVI o6ll.(eHVl$l

06JIClll,aTb ueJibIO Hel(OCTaToqHo i'l,JI5I Toro, qTo6bI MOTHBHpOBaTb H BOOi'l,y

IIIeBHTb pa6oqyro c11Jiy. KaK roBopttT ,l{JK.A. KoHnJKep, «HMeHHo cJioBa,

BhI6paHHhie i'l.JI5I onttcamrn uemi, 11 MaHepa o6meHtt5I np11na10T JI03yHry

cm1y1> (Conger, 1989, p. 67). Xaptt3MaT11qec1rne ;rnnepbI np11na10T CMhICJI

npH3bIBaM, OHM cnoco6HbI oueHHTb peaJibHOCTb H C03l(aTb KapTHHY B03-

MOIKHOfO. 0HH HHTepnpeTttpyroT HMeIOIUHeC5I naHHbie H npeo6pa3yIOT HX B o6pa3bl, OI<a3bIBaIOIUHeC5I HeOTpa3HMbIMH. I1x B03l(eHCTBHe Ha IIOl(qH

HeHHhlX HOCHT oqeHb TOHKHH xapaKTep, IIX OIIIICaHII5I y6en11TeJibHhI, H Bee

:no neJiaeTc5I c noMOIUhIO 5I3hIKa, 6JiaronapH ttaBbIKaM o6memrn. «Ilocpe.n:

CTBOM BbI6opa CJIOB, ueHHOCTeH, rrpe.n;CTaBJieHIIH xaptt3MaT11qecKHH JIH

nep CTpOHT HOBYIO peaJibHOCTb, Bbl3bIBaIOIUYIO rrpttBepJKeHHOCTb H yBe

peHHOCTb B nocTIIJKeHttII uem1. PttTopttqecKa5I TeXHHKa - MeTacpopbI,

npttMepbI, IlOBTOpbI H pHTM - noMoraeT y6e.n:1ueJibHO l(OHeCTH 11.n:e101> (Conger, 1989, p. 92- 93). 3TII lllpIIeMbl o6ecne<nrnaIOT llOHHTHOCTb UeJIII, Monrnaunro, soonyrneBJiettne, OHM y6e.n;nTeJihHhI 11 npIIBJieKaTeJibHhI.

ToJibKO ecJIII Jittnep crroco6eH 3acTaBIITh MeqTy Ka3aTbC5I ocymecTBIIMOH,

l10Ka3aTb, 'ITO eli: non CHJIY cne.11aTbC5I 3aBTparntte:tl: peaJibHOCThIO, 3a HIIM

notti'l.YT ero rronq11HeHHb1e. YMeHtte o6maTbC5I )KH3HeHHO Ba/KHO JJ:JI5I py1<0son1ueJiei1 6Jrntteca.

TeM He Meuee, yKa3brnaeT Ll):l(.A. KoH.lPKep, OHO oKa3hIBaeTc51 cpe.llll HaII-

6oJiee qacTo yrrycKaeMbIX 113 BIIXl:Y ttaBbIKoB ;rnnepa. EaJibIIIHHCTBO Mette

l()KepoB ocTpo Hy)l(naeTC5I B 6a3oBoM Kypce oparnpcKoro ttcKyccrna, 6Jia

ronap5I KOTOpOMY OHII OCBOlIJIIl 6bI TeXHIIKY y6e)K.n:eHH5I H pIITOpmcy, 'ITO IlOMOrJIO 611 lIM c,n:eJiaTh CBOII CJIOBa 6oJiee nel\:crneHHblMil.

,D,osepllle

LlocrnBepttocTb 11crnqHttKa, KaK orrpenemIIOT 3TO rroH5ITtte B.Il PIIqMoH.n:

II ,l{JK.K. MaKKpocKII, - 3TO «CTerreHb, B KoTopoii IlCToqu11K C'IIITaeTcH

nocTOHHbIM .n;0Bepm11> (Richmond, McCroskey, 2001, p. 84). EcJIIl qeJio

BeK BOCilpHHIIMaeTC5I KaK l(OCTOHHbIH l(OBepII5I, eMy Bep5IT, H nao6opoT.

Ap11cT0TeJib ua3bIBaJI noBeptte xapa1<repoM (penyrnu11ei1). «,l{oBepl'!e -

cpyttnaMeHT ycneIIIHOro OKa3aHil5l BJIH5IHII5I, IlOCKOJlbKY ycnex IIJIH npoBa.71 ol!pe.n:eJieHHOii CTpaTerllll B KoHue KOHUOB 3aBHCHT OT ,!l;OBepmr K TOMY,

KTO 3TO BJIIl5IHtte OKa3bJBaeT» (Hackman, Johnson, 2000, p . 162). LlocTO

BepHbie ttcToqHIIKH rrpocrn 6oJiee 3cpcpeKTllBHhI. KaK C'IHTa10r M.3. XeK

MaH ll K:3. LlJKOHCOH, Han6oJiee 3Ha'IllMb!Mll 3JieMeHTaMil, HJIII Il3Mepe

HH5IMil ,ll.OBepm1 5IBJI5IIOTC5I KOMIIeTeHTHOCTb, rrpaBl(HBOCTb (penyramrn:)

lI .n.11naMH3M. B.Il P11qMoH.n. 11 ,l{:>K.K. MaKKpocKtt npIIBOXl:5IT uecKOJihKO

nuyro KaTerop1rnauttro, Ha3bIBa5I cJie.n,yrorutte H3Mepemrn noBepII5I:

153

P03Aen 4. Crnn vi pyKOBOACTBO

KOMrreTeHTHOCTb, rrpaBJJ:HBOCTb H .n:o6py10 BOJIIO. OHM mnnyT: «Bee 3TH

H3MepeHH5I CB5I3aHbI Me:>K.n:y co6oi1:, HO Ka:>K.n:oe OTHOCHTC5I K OTJJ:eJibHOM

crnpoHe .n:oBepHH» (Richmond, Mccroskey, 2001, p. 84). KoMneTeHT

HOCTb - 3TO CTerreHb, B KOTOpoi1: qeJIOBeK BOCTipHHHMaeTC5I KaK 3HaIOIIJ,HH

HJIH 3KcnepT B .n:aHHOM o6JiaCTH. CneKTp 3TOM xapaKTepHCTHKH npocTH

paeTcJI OT TIOJIHOM KOMTieTeHTHOCTH .n:o TIOJIHOM HeKOMTieTeHTHOCTH. IlpaB

JJ:HBOCTb, c .n:pyroi1: cTopoHbI, onpe.n:eJI51eTc5I '!ecTHOCTbIO '!eJioBeKa. TyT

Ha KOHY CTOHT penyTaUH51. ,[(o6pa5I BOJI51, B03MO:>KHO, caMoe Ba:>KHOe H3Me

peirne JJ:OCTOBepHOCTH HCToqmma, oco6eHHO B pa6o'!eM OKpy:>KeHHM, KOr

JJ:a JIIOJJ:M e:>KeJJ;HeBHO KOHTaKTMPYIOT JJ:pyr c .n:pyroM. CHHOHHMOM JJ:06poi1:

BOJIM 51BJrnerc.H npo.HBJieHHe 3a6oTbI. Bonpoc cTaBHTC51 TaKHM o6pa3oM:

ttacKOJibKO '!eJioBeKy He6e3pa3JIHqHo Harne 6JiarorroJiy'!He. 3To KaqecTBa

OXBaTbIBaeT «KOHTHHYYM OT oqeHb 6oJiblliOM 3a6oTbI 0 HameM 6Jiarono

JiyqnH .n:o TIOJIHoro 6e3pa3JIH'!H51 K TOMy, :>KHBbl Mb! HJIH yMepJIM»

(Richmond, McCroskey, 2001 , p. 85). KoM.nemeH.mH.ocmb, npaeaueocmb U do6paa 80Jl5l - lJla81lbte 8JleMe1lmbl, popMupy10w,ue aoeepue .

.[(oBepHe K qeJIOBeKy TeCHO CB5I3aHO c ueJibHOCTbIO ero HaTypb!. 3TH

JJ:Ba TIOH5ITH5I JierKo c'!eCTb CHHOHIIMaMII. UeJihHOCTb ttatypbI ,ll:>K.K. MaK

cBeJIJI orrpep;eJI.si:eT KaK "COCTO.s!HHe u:eJIOCTHOCTII, e,ll;HHCTBa» (Maxwell,

1993, p. 35). EcJIH qeJI Bel< o6Jiap;aeT u;eJihHOCThIO ttaTyphI, era cJioBa

H JJ:eJia He pacxoJJ:51TC5l pyr c JJ:pyroM. TaKoi1: '!eJioBeK Bcema octaeTC5I

caMHM co6oi1:, He3aBHCH 0 OT TOro, me OH l1 c KeM, eMy Heqero CKpbIBaTb

M Heqero 6o5ITbC5I. Ero l13Hb - OTKpbITa5I KHHra. «UeJlbH.OCmb H.amypbt

onpeaeJlRemca H.e meM., mo M.bl aeJlaeM, a meM, 1W'/COBbl M.bt; mo, 1W'/C08bl

Mbl, 8 CB010 ottepeab onp ae;rnem mo, 1./.mO M.bt aeJlaeM.» (Maxwell, 1993, p . 36). CttcTeMa ueHHoc ei1: 5IBJI51etC5I 5IJJ:pOM Hamett JIH'IHOCTH. I1MeHHO

3TOH CHCTeMoi1: MbI pyK BOJJ:crnyeMcJI rrpH onpe.n:eJieHMH np11o p11TeToB

CBoe:H: IIOBce.n:HeBHOH )K 3HM - B KOHUe KOHUOB IIMeHHO OHa onpe.neJIJI

eT, q To MhI rrpMeMJieM H TO OTBepraeM. KaK OTMeqaeT ,ll:>K.K. MaKcBeJIJI,

qTo6bI 3apa6oTaTh JJ:OBe He, JIH.n:ep l(OJI:>KeH 6bITb TIOJJ:]UIHHbIM, T.e. no

CT05IHHO np05IBJI51Th ue bHOCTb HaTyphI, ero .n:ei1:CTBH51 He JJ:OJl:>KHbl pac

XOJJ:HTbC5I co CJIOBaMH. Ha'!e roBOp5I, '!eM qarn.e TIOCJiel(OBaTeJIM 5IBJI5I

IOTC5I cmmeTeJI5IMM TOro, qro JIM,llep IIOCJie,llOBaTeJieH B CJIOBaX l1 ,UeJiaX,

TeM BbI IJle MX .llOBep11e M JI051JibHOCTb. OHM TIOHMMaIOT TO, 'ITO CJibIIJlaT,

H Bep5IT TOMy, 'ITO BM,U5IT.

BbmoJIHefrne Toro, qrn o6ern.aHo, Kar< KOHCTaTHPYIOT ,[(.IK. M. Ky3ec

H .6.3. Ilo3Hep, 5IBJrneTC5I KJIIO'!eBhIM MOMeHTOM. IloJih3YIOIIIHeC5I JJ:OBe

pMeM JIM.n:ephI JJ;eJiaioT TO, 'ITO noo 6ern.aJIM. OHM Ha npaKTMKe ocyrn.ecTB

J15IIOT co6crneHHhie npM3blBbI. «I1X .n:eikTBH5I COOTBeTCTBYIOT CJIOBaM. 3TOT

npocrni1: cpaKT onpe.n:eJIJieT npocTyIO peKoMeHJJ:aUHIO no yI<pe1IJieHHIO .n:o

Beptt5I: ii;eJiaiiTe TO, 'ITO Bbipa3IIJIII HaMepeHHe CJJ:eJiaTb. 3TOT npMHIJJm

COCTOHT H3 JJ:BYX Ba:>KHhIX q acTei1:: «CKa3aTb>,} II «Cl(eJiaTh» . .[(oBepMe B03-

154

Crnnb pyKoBOACTsa: 3AOpOBbti1 B npornsosec He3AoposoMy

HHKaeT npH COOTBeTCTBMH CJIOB ,n:eJiaM. JI10,n:H CJibIIIIaT CJIOBa 11 BH.U5IT .n:eJ1:

CTBH5I. OHM oueHHBaIOT Hx coBna.n:em1e~ (Kouzes, Posner, 1993, p. 47). qeJIOBeK BOCTipHHHMaeTC5I KaK .UOCTOHHbIH .UOBepH5I, eCJIH o6e qacTH COB

na.n:aroT - 3TO 11 eCTb ayTeHTH'IHOCTb.

qT06bI TIO.U'IHHeHHbie cJie.UOBaJIM 3a JIH,UepOM, KaK C'IHTaIOT

L{)K.A. KoH,n:)Kep 11 .[{)!{. KaH,U)KeMH, pyKOBO.UHTeJih cHa'laJia .UOJI)KeH 3a

JIO)KHTh ¢YH.UaMeHT B3aHMHOfO ,UOBepH5I. L{a)Ke eCJIH ero HHTepnpeTa

UH5I peaJibHOCTH y6e.n:11TeJibHa, nocJie,n:oBaTeJIH HY)K,UaIOTC5I B oruyTHMbIX

CBH,ll;eTeJibCTBax Toro, 'ITO JIH,n:ep ,ll;OCTaTO'lHO KBaJIH¢HUHpOBaH, 'IT06bI

.n:o6HTbC5I ocymecrnJieHH5I ueJIH. EoJiee Toro, pyK0Bo.n,11TeJI10 Heo6xo,n:n

Mo 3aCJIY)KllTb ,ll;OBep11e 11 npo.n:eMOHCTpttpOBaTb npHBep)f(eHHOCTb CBO

ett Me'ITe. L{pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, B opraHtt3aUHH .n:om1rna 6bITb C03,UaHa aT

Moc¢epa npaB.l(HBOCTH. Bee ycttJIH5I .UOJDKHbI ocHOBbIBaTbC5I Ha .n:oBeptttt

Me)K.uy no.n,'lttHeHHbIMH H pyK0Bo,n:11TeJieM. lIM'lHa5I rrpMBep)J(eHHOCTb JIM

.n:epa ueJIH H fOTOBHOCTb 11,ll,Tll Ha )KepTBbl pa.n:11 Hee ,UOJI)J(HbI OCHOBbI

BaTbC5I Ha HCKpeHHeli Bepe B co6cTBeHHbie Ha'IHHaHH5I. Tar<a5l Jil1'IHa5I

y6e)J(,ll,eHHOCTb BbIJibeTC5I B ecTeCTBeHHOe, TIO,UJIHHHOe Bbipa:1Kem1e npu

Bep)J(eHHOCTH ueJIH.

B ueJIOM cnoco6HocTb pyKoBo,n:HTeJI.SI oKa3bIBaTb BJIHHHHe B O'leHb

6oJibllIOH Mepe 3aBHCHT OT ero npaB.l(HBOCTH. Jlo5IJibHOCTb ce6e JIII.l(ep

.l(OJI)J(eH 3apa60TaTb 6Jiaro.n:ap5I npe.n:hmyru11M ycnexaM 11 ,n:eMottcTpaurrn

onpe,n:eJieHHbIX cneUHaJibHbIX cnoco6HocTeli, a TaK)J(e npe,n:aHHOCTH ,n:eJiy

11 fOTOBHOCTH pHCKOBaTb. I1MeHHO 3TH .n,eiicTBH5I CBH.l(eTeJibCTBYIOT

06 HCTHHHoli rrp1rnep)KettnocT11 ueJIH.

Po3AeneH~enonHOMOY~~

KaK TIHIIIYT EeHHHC H Hattyc (Bennis, Nanus, 1997), ,n:eJIHTbC>I rroJIHo

MO'IH5IMH c .n:pyrnMH 3Ha'lHT npernop51Tb B )J(H3Hb HaMepemrn H .UOKa3bI

BaTb cBoro roTOBHOCTb K 3TOMy. C11Jia (a Ha caMOM .n:eJie - BJiacTb) .UOJI)J(

tta 6bITb pacrrpe,n:eJI5IeMo:H. YcrreIIIHhie m1.n:ephI 6oJihIIIe Bcero .n:o6IrnaioTC51

OT CBOHX TIO.U'IHHeHHbIX, rrpocTO rrepe,uaBa51 MM qacTb IIOJIHOMO'IMH. TaKa51

rrepe.n:aqa 03Ha'laeT B3aHMHoe yc11Jiem1e. KaK roBop5IT, B03HHKaeT .UBOH

Hoe .UBH)J(eH11e: BJiaCTb rrepe.n:aeT 110JIHOMO'IIUI, rrepe,uaqa 110JIHOMO'IHM yK

penJI5leT BJiaCTb. TaKa>I B3aHMHOCTb nopo:iK.l(aeT co6cTBeHHhIM pHTM co-

6hITHH. [JiaBHa5I qacTb 0¢¢e1<THBHOro JIH.l(epCTDa COCTOHT B TOM, 'fT06bI

He TOJIKaTb mo.n:etl: Brrepe.n:, a Becrn MX 3a co6o:ii. 3TO rrpHBO,lU1T K TOMy,

'ITO rro.l('IHHeHHhie 3HeprH'lHO cTpeM51TC5I K 3aMaH'lHBOH ueJI11. Eerrrr11c

11 Harryc rro,n:qepKMBaIOT, qrn TaKOtt CTMJib pyKoBo,ucrna MOTHBHpyeT JIIO

.ueii qepe3 11.n:eHT11¢11Kau1110, a He qepe3 rroorupeHH5111 HaKa3aHirn. ,l(ocTMr

IIIne ycnexa JIII.l(epbl Bbipa)KaIOT 11 OJIHUeTBOp5IIOT H,UeaJibl, K KOTOpbIM

cTpeMHTC>I opraHH3aUH51. OHM rroJIHOCTbio OT,UaIOT ce65I .n:ocTmKeHmo

155

P03Aen 4. Crnn1-1 pyKoBOACTBa

uemr 11 BAOXHOBJUIIOT Ha 3TO ii:pyr11x. 0HH Bep5IT B CBOIO ueJib, B TO,

'ITO JIY'IIIIee 6y,1J,ymee i'J:OCTIDKIIMO H CTOHT ycIIJIHM.

IIocJie Toro KaK cpe,ll,H coTpyAHHKOB yKperrHJIOCb AOBep11e K crroco6-

HOCT5IM pyKoBOAHTeJI5I, mrii:ep AOJI)KeH rrpeTBopHTb rroCTaBJieHHbie 3aii:a

q11 B peaJibHOCTb. 3To, B03MO)J{HO, caMa5I TPY.ll.Ha5I qacTb ero pa6oTbI. PyKo

BomneJib ,ll,OJI)KeH 6bITb MOTHBHpoBaH caM, HO, c .ll.pyroii CTOpOHbI,

OH HY)J(JJ:aeTc5I B rrpeii:aHHOCTH ITO.lJ:'IHHeHHbIX ,UJI5I Toro, ti:To6br ocymeCT

BHTb CBOH Me'!TbI. IlpeKpaCHbie 3aMbICJibI MoryT OCTaTbC5I Bcero JIHIIIb

Meti:Toii, ecJIII JIII,ll,epy He y,1J,aCTC5I MOTIIBIIpoBaTb COTPY.ll.HIIKOB CBoeii op

raHII3aUIIII II pa3,n:eJIHTb c HIIMII ITOJIHOMO'!H5I (Conger, 1989). M.3. XeKMaH H K.3. ,ll,)J{OHCOH (Hackman, Johnson, 2000), a TaK)J{e

,ll,. XoKIIHC (Hawkins, 2001) OTMeti:aIOT, ti:To ii:a)J{e ti:pe3Bbl'IaMHO o,n:apeH

HbIH JIH,Uep Ma.JIO ti:ero CMO)J{eT ii:o6ttTbC5I 6e3 crroco6HbIX ITOCJie,n:oBaTeJieH.

Xoponrne JittnepbI noomp5IIOT yqacTIIe II BOBJieiieHHOCTb B l{eJio no,n:ti:H

HeHHbIX. BeJIIIKHe JIII.Uepbr rroHHMaIOT, ti:To HH.UHBH.UYaJibHbie nocTH)J{e

HII.II - OCHOBa ycrrexa KOMaH,ll,bI. DOJiee Toro: OHH 3HaIOT, KaK 3aCTaBIITb

IIO,U'!IIHeHHbIX ti:yBCTBOBaTb co6CTBeHHbie crroco6HOCTII II ClIJihI, II03BOJI5I

IOT ,ll,pyrIIM rrpHHIIMaTb peUieHH5I II ne HaCTafrnaIOT Ha TOM, 'IT06bI rrpHHH

MaTb Bee pemeHtt.II caMHM.

XopomIIe pyKoBOllHTeJIH crroco6HbI rroBbIIIIaTb MOTHBau1110 cBoeii

KOMaH,n:br. OHM oti:eHb yMeJio BblCB06o)Kna10T rroTeHUMaJI ti:eJioBeKa. TaKa5I

crroco6ttocTb BecbMa Ba)J{tta ,UJI5I l{OCTH)J{eHH5I JIMJJ:epoM ycnexa, nocKOJib

KY ero IIlleII MoryT 6bITb CTOJib IIlleaJIIICTIItiecKIIMH, '-ITO IIX ocymecTBJie

HIIe 3aBIICHT OT qpe3BbI'IaMHhIX ycHJIIIM nocJieAOBaTeJieii (Conger, 1989). Jiwnep ,Il;OJI)KeH IIOCT05IHHO rrpHBJieI<aTh ITO,ll,'IHHeHHhIX K pa6oTe TaKHM

o6pa30M, 'IT06bI OHM '!YBCTBOBaJIH CBOH cnoco6HOCTH ll CHJIY - :3TO 6y,n:eT

crroco6cTBOBaTb no,n:,n:ep)KaHHIO IIX ycIIJIHM H npHBep)J{eHHOCTII ueJIH.

5e3 rrepe.uati:H 'IaCTH rroJIHOMOti:ttM: 6brJio 6br oqeHh TPYAHO ocymecrnttTb

Me'lry pyKosoi.uueJI5L MIO'leBbIM MOMeHTOM 5IBJrnerrn reHepauirn MOTM

BaUIIOHHo:ii :3HeprHH paii:n }:{OCTH)KeHH5I 6y,n:yn~ero )KeJiaTeJibHOro COCT05I

HH5I opramrna1IIIH. M.3. XeKMaH II K.3. ,ll,)J{OHCOH rroJiaraIOT, 'ITO ::icpcpeK

TIIBHbIM JIH,ll,ep CTpaCTHO npe,n:aH CBoeii 1IeJIH. 01-1 JII06IIT CBOe ,ll,eJio

H c CHMTiaTMeii OTHOCHTC5I K JIIO,?J;5IM, c KOTOpbIMH pa6oTaeT. 43Ta CTpaCTb

H JIH'IHbIM :3HTY3Ha3M C03,?J;aIOT y COTpy,n:HHKOB MOTIIBaIIIIIO TaK>Ke pa6o

TaTb c noJittoii OTnaiieii"> (Hackman, Johnson, 2000, p. 111). TaKoii pyKo

Bo,n;nTeJih cnoco6e1-1 MOTIIBIIpoBaTh CBOHX ITO,ll,'IHHeHHhIX D nepny10 0~1c

pe,11,b B CMJIY co6crneHHOM MOTHBal{MH.

Crroco6ttbre no6ttThC5I ycrrexa JIHAepbI, TaKHM o6paaoM, rrepenaIOT

qacTb IIO.IJHOMO'!HM ITO,U'!HHeHHblM, '!T06bI pa3)Keqb oroHb MOTHBall,MOH

HOM ::i1-1epnrn, KaK OTMe'!aeT ,ll,)J{.A. KoH,n:)J{ep. TeM caMbIM OHM ycttmrnaIOT

Bepy IIO,ll,'IHHeHHbIX B CBOIO crroco6ttocTh ocymecTBIITh Me'-ITY py1<0B0,1J,H

TeJI5I. B ueJioM ::iToT npouecc 3aBMCHT oT caMo::icpcpeKTHBHocTM, KOTopa5I

156

Crn11b pyKOBOACTBa: 3AopoBbti:1 s npornsosec He3AoposoMy

Bbipa)KaeTC>I B yBepeHHOCTH qeJIOBeKa B TOM, qTQ OH cnoco6eH )l;06UTbC5I

onpe)l;eJieHHbIX pe3yJibTaTOB. 0TCIO)l;a CJienyeT, qTo pa3.l(eJieHJfe IIOJIHOMO

quJ1 B nepByIO oqepe,nb CJIY)KHT yKpenJieHUIO yBepeHHOCTH COTpy,nHHKOB

B co6cTBeHHOM caMoacpcpeKTHBHOCTH. TaKa>I yBepeHHOCTb >IBJI>IeTC>I pe

rna10mei1 H orrpeneJI>IeT, c KaKOH CTerreHbIO HaCTOHqHBOCTH ITOCJie.l(OBa

TeJIH 6y,nyT BbIIIOJIH>ITb CBOH cpyHKI.Urn, HeCMOTp>I Ha npoTHBO.l(eMCTBHe

H Tpy,n:HOCTH.

Henpepb!BHOe o6pa3osaHV1e V1 pa3BV1rne nV1,o,epcKV1X K04eCTB

3¢cpeKTHBHbie JIH.l(epbl Bep>IT B HenpepbIBHOe o6pa30BaHHe Ha npoT>I)Ke

HHH BCeiI )Kll3HH. «Pa3BHTHe HaBbIKOB o6meHH5I y JIH,nepa - 3TO Henpe

pbIBHbIH rrpouecc: B TOT MOMeHT, Kor.na Mbl HaqHHaeM .llyMaTh, qTQ ,l{OCTlff

JIH BepIUHHbI KaK pyKoBO.l(HTeJIH, Harne pa3BHTHe ocTaHaBJIHBaeTC>I»

(Hackman, Johnson, 2000, p. 358) . .l{e>ITeJibHOCTb JIH,nepa - KOMIIJieKc

HhIH npouecc. TeM He Mettee IIO'ITH KaJK)l;bIH MO/KeT CTaTb yMeJibIM pyKo

BO,ZlHTeJieM. KaK yTBep)K,D,aeT BeHHHc, JIH.ztepaMII cTaHOB>ITCJI, a He poJK.ztaIOTC>I. Jittnep nptto6peTaeT CBOH KatJ:ecrna 6Jiaro,nap>I o6yqeHttIO, OIIbITy,

HaCTaBHll':IeCTBy. Jitt,n,epCTBy, 6e3ycJIOBHO, MO)l(HO HaytJ:HTbC.l'.I. lleJIOBeK

B JII06oM B03pacTe MO)KeT yJiytJ:IIIHTb CBOH crroco6HocTH pyKoBo.l(HTeJI.Sr.

JI10,n,11 ,n:eJ1CTBMTeJibHO ytJ:arc>I, pacTyT M M3MeH>IIOTC>I. O,nttaKo pa3BMTHe

KatJ:eCTB JIH)l;epa - nyTeIIIeCTBHe ,ll,JIHHOM B /KII3Hb. 0,D,HIIM II3 crroco6oB

Y3HaTb otJ:eHb MHoro - oueHuBaTb orrbIT ,n,pyr11x pyKoBo,n,uTeJiefI, KaK .n:o-

6IIBIIIIIXCH, TaK II He .n:o6HBIIIIIXC5I ycrrexa .

.ll)l(.M. Ky3ec II E.3. Ilo3Hep no.n:qepKHBaIOT TOT cpaKT, 'ITO <i:JIM.n:epcT

BO, B KOHil;e KOHil;OB,- :no Ha6op HaBhIKOB. I1 K3:>K.ll:hlM HaBbIK MOJKeT 6hITb

pa3BHT, yKperrJieH, OTTOtJ:eH, ecJIH HMeeTCH Heo6XO,ll,HMM MOTIIBaUHJI H %e

Jiam1e, no.n:KpenJieHHbie npaKTMKOH M o6paTHOH CBJl3bl0, poJieBbIMH MO

,n:emIMII H 06yqem1eMi> (Kouzes, Posner, p. 323). OHM >ICHO yKa3brna10r Ha

To, 'ITO Ka)K,UbIH cnoco6eH cTaTb pyKOBO.llHTeJieM, 'ITO caMoMy o6wrnoMy

tJ:eJioBeKy .n:ocTynHo yMem1e .n:eJiaTb Heo6bn<HoBeHHbie Bemn, a JI1060H:

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170

AHTEPA TYPA

Bennis W. ( 1989). On becoming a leader. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.

Burke W. (1990). Managing change. Pelham, NY: W. Warner Burke Associates, Inc.

Cangemi}., Kowalski C, Claypool}. ( 1985). Poarticipative management. New York: Philosophical Library.

Carkhuff R. (1984). The exemplar. Amhurst, MA: Human Resources Development Press, Inc.

Levinson H. ( 1973). The great jackass fallacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. .

Pritchett P., Pound R. (1992). Team reconstruction. Dallas, TX: Pritchett & Associates.

Scott G. (1990). Resolving conflict. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.

)l(ll3Hb CAHIIIKOM KOPOTKA AMI roro, qronbl TAHQEBATb c YPOAJ\HBbIM

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JlliTEPATYPA

Cangemi}. (2001). Coaching and counseling techniques for improved performance and problem solving. Bowling Green, Kentucky: Institute for Leadership. '

Cangemi]., Miller R., Hollopeter T. (2002, in press). When leadership fails // Organization Development Journal.

Maslow A. (1970). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.

IIOlIEMY HE3<l><l>EKTHBEH IIOCTO.sIHHbIH KOHTPOJ\b 3A KAlIECTBOM PA60Tbl

P. MWUlep, /{:>IC.IT. Km-t.8:J1CeMu

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181

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qecrna pa6oTbI. Jimrrh 6% rrpoH3BO.UCTBeHHbIX npe,n:np1rn;rn:i1: BhrnJia'!ttBa

IOT TOJibKO ,ll,eHe)!(Hhie npeMHH.

Y rIPABAEHlIECKl1E HEY AA lll1

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BI<JIIO'IHTbC5I B ITKK, 5IBJI5IIOTC5I ocHOBHhIM npen5ITCTBHeM ,UJI5l ero BHeA

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Ha3bIBaeTC5I B Ka'!eCTBe npH'Il!HbI Hey,ll,a'! BBe,ll,eHl!5I HOBOM nporpeCCl!B

HOH nporpaMMbI (Schein, 1991 ). lJ:onoJIHttTeJibHbre ,n:aHHbie no 3TOMY Bo

npocy conep:>KaTrn B HOMepe «<l>opTyHhI» OT 18 Ma5I 1992 r .: «IlporpaMMa

IIOBbIIIIeHH5I Kaqecrna pa6oTaeT TOJibKO rnrna, Korna PYKOBOAHTeJib npen

IIpH5ITH5I oneTJIHBO nonnep:>KHBaeT ee. Bee nonbITKH YJIY'IIIIHTh Ka'!eCTBO 6e3 TaKOH OCHOBbl Be,UyT JllIIIIb K HenpH5ITHOCT5IM:? (Tetzeli, 1992, p. 12-13). CornacHo 3TOM ny6mrKal{l!H, npl!'Il!HbI Hey,n;a'IH ITKK no BHHe

BbICIIIero pyKoBo,ncTBa cocT05IT B cJienyroureM:

1. Heynaqu co cTopoHbI pyKoBOJlCTBa B pa6oTe c n epcoHaJIOM ;vrn orrpeneJJeHH.li .liCHOH ueJJH, CTO.li!Uei1 rrepen KOMITaHHei1.

2. HeyMetme ccpoKycuposaTb Meporrprrnnrn no rroBbilllettmo Kaqecrna Ha o6cJiy)KHBaHJrn noTpe6rrTeJieii..

3. CJil1lllKOM 6oJJhllIOi1: yrrop Ha cHm1<eH11e 3aTpaT H Heti;ocTaTO'lHoe BHHMaHJre K o6ecne'!eHHIO Ka'!eCTBeHHOfO o6cJiy)J(HBaHH.li rroTpefonemr.

4. HeyMeHtte no6ynHTb cOTPY.llHHKOB KoMrraHHH rronsepraTb coMHeHHIO Ka)J(,llyro ti;eJIOBYIO onepau1110, KWI<JlYlO wnero, Ka)J(ti;hIH MeTO.ll, HCITOJib30BaBrnHec.11 pat!hIIJe.

185

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BaHH5I ITOTpe611TeJieH.

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186

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4. PyKoBOACTBo qacTo rrpeHe6peraeT pa6oToH c rrepcottaJioM,

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He MMeIOT MOTMBau:i-rn K yqacnno B npou:ecce, KOTOpbIM MO)KeT c,neJiaTb MX 6e3pa6oTHbIMH. Ilo 3TOM npH'Il1He He y,naIOTC51 MHOrMe IlOilbITKH BBeCTH TIKK.

0TCYTCTBl1E 113MEPEH115I 3<D<l>EKTA TIKK

IlporpaMMa TIKK Tpe6yeT lf3MepeHH51 cBOMX pe3yJihTaTOB. X. MeHoH (Menon, 1992, p. 12) OTIHCbIBaeT Te KpaTKOBpeMeHHbie COCTaBJI5IIOII.{He 6oJiblliMHCTBa nporpaMM TIKK, KOTOpbie o6bI'IHO MMeIOT MecTo: BbI,UeJieHHe npo6JieMbI, ee KOJIM'leCTBeHHa51 OIJ,eHKa; BbI,UeJieHMe OCHOBHbIX IIpM'IMH npo6JieMbI; Mepbl no yCTpaHeHMIO npo6JieMhI; KOJIH'leCTBeHHa51 ou:eHKa pe3yJibTaTa rrpMH51TbIX Mep .UJI51 onpe,ueJiemrn Toro, pa3pemetta JIM npo6JieMa; co3.n;attMe CMCTeMbI, rrpe.n;ynpe)l(,na10ru:ei1 B03HMKHOBeHMe TOM )Ke rrpo6JieMbl BHOBb.

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CTO He crrpaBJI5IeTC51 c TaKOBOH H TI03TOMY He MO)KeT npe,UCTaBHTb )J:QKa3aTeJibCTBa ::icpcpeKTMBHOCTM IIKK (Sutton, 1992). ,llJI51 Toro 'IT06b1 BhrnCHHTb, ycnenrna HJIH HeT rrporpaMMa IIKK, Heo6xo.n;HMO ycTaHOBJie

HMe CTaH.n;apTOB H rrpoBe,neHHe KaqecTBeHHbIX OIJ,eHOK rrpo,nyI<U:HH

(Waasdorp, 1991).

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apeMeHHbIX rrepcneKTHBax: IIOMMMO 3HaHH51 cyru:ecTBYIOmei1 CHTyaU:MH, Tpe6yeTrn ueJib, K Kornpo:i:f cJie.nyeT crpeMMTbrn, H cne~m}mlleCKMe crpaTenrn .n;ocTM'1<emu1 aTo:i:f ueJIII .UJIR pa3HbIX rpyrrrr coTpy.n;ttHKOB. 0HH ,ll;OJI)KHbl 6bITb 3acpHKCMpOBaHbl IIMCbMeHHO (Berry, 1991).

XoTR ueJIH H cTpaTerHH .n;omKHhI pacc:MaTpHBaThCR 1<a1< .n;J·IHaMHqecKH MeH.SUOII.{HeCR B 3aBHCMMOCTII OT II3MeHeHIIH pbIHKa II TeXHOJIOfIIH, CTpaTerm1 yJiy"ImeHH51 I<al!ecTBa a:Mep111rnttc10IMH KOMIIaHH5IMII, orrpe,neJieHHhie Mx pyKoBo.ncrnoM, Mett5110TC.H, Ka)KeTcR, BMecre c noro.no:H:.

187

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OTpaCJIH npOMbIIIIJieHHOCTH. HH o,n:Ha I13 KOMIIaHHH He HMeJia qeTKO BbI-

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qTo .n1rn ycnexa TIKK tteo6xo,n:uMa rrocJie,n:onaTeJibHOCTh, ynop51,noqeH

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BorrpocaM:

188

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189

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B TpynttoM rroJio:>KeHHH, cTpeMHThc.si: K rroompemno co cTopoHhI npyrttx,

O/KMi'{aTb .n:o6po:>KeJiaTeJibHOfO K ce6e OTHOIIIeHH5I, /Ki'{aTb OT .n:pymx CIIMna

TlIH H IIOHHMaHH5I BaIIIllX JIHlJHhIX rrpo6JieM, ecJIH Bbl 6oJibHbl llJIH yrHeTeHbl.

,lloMHHHpOBaHHe ( dom) - OTCTaHBaTb CBOH TO'IKY 3peHH51, 6bITh JIH

nepoM B CBOeH rpynrre, BOCIIpHHHMaTbC51 npyn1MH Kai< JIH)l.ep, HarrpaBJI5ITb

,n:pyr11x 11 BJIH5ITh tta tt11x, pa3peruarh cnopbI Me:>Kny npyrttMH, pyKoBo,UHTh

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198

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IIOTpe6HOCTb B HaKa3amrn 3a rrpocTyTIKII, JII06HTb yCTynaTb, 'IYBCTBOBaTh

IIOTpe6HOCTb B TOM, lJT06bI C03HaTbC5I, TyllleBaTbC5I B npIICYTCTBIIII HalJaJib

CTBa, 'IYBCTBOBaTb ce65I HII:>Ke .n:pyrIIX BO MHOflIX OTHOIIIeHII5IX.

3a6oTa (nur) - IIOMOfaTb rrorraBIIIHM B 6e.n:y .n:py3h5IM, IIOMOraTb TeM,

KOMY MeHbIIIe noBe3JIO, np05IBJI5ITb .n:o6poTy I1 CIIMIIaTMIO ITO OTHOIIleHMIO

K OKpy)KaIOIUIIM, rrpomaTb .n:pymx, TIOOIUP5!Tb .n:pyrIIX B TOM, lJT06bI OHM

.n:eJIMJIIICb c BaMM CBOIIMII rrepe:>KIIBaHII5IMII.

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BaTb, BCTpeqaTb HOBbIX JIIO)l,eH, CTpeMI1TbC5I K HOBbIM omyrn:eHII5IM I1 rre

peMeHaM B e:>Ke,z:i:HeBHOM pyTIIHe.

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He 3aKOH'IeHa, 3aBepruaTb n106oe HaY:aToe neno, ynopHo pa66TaTb Ha)].

JII06bIM 3a)l,aHIIeM.

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Om1:

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199

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200

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MHem1e;

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8) He CKJIOHHhl K IIplfiHTaHH>IM 11 :IKaJio6aM - narrpOTHB, OHII ca

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MHOfO .n;py3efi;

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1I1eCTBJJ.s1Th ue11tt opramrnautttt;

6. orpoMHa.H 3Heprtt.H;

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HOBOe (B TOM 'IHCJie rryTeIUeCTBOBaTb);

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TH tpe6osaTb ero OT ce6.H mm oT npyrnx;

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11 HaCTOH'IHBOCTb B HX ocyll1eCTBJieH1111;

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3aBHCHMbIM, Teprrettne, OCHOBaHHOe Ha IKeJiaHHH BbICJiyIIIaTb

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HlIH co crroco6HocTbIO rrpo.HBHTh rnep.n;ocTb B c11yqae ueo6xo

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201

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202

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3Y AeJiy.

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203

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rn COBepmeHHO HeB03MO:>KHOM 3aTeei1:). I1o6y:>K,ZieHIIe JIIO,ZieM ,ZIBIIfaTbrn

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WKana EPPS

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204

Ta6JIHl.(a 3 IIpoqmJih 2: )lHpeKTOp

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J\J1TEPA TYP A

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Miller R., Cangemi]. (1993). Why Total Quality Management Fails: Perspective of Top Management // Journal of Management Development. 12(7). P. 40-50.

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215

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nOH>IJI, 'ITO yBeJIH'IHTb nptt6bIJIH MO:>KHO, ,ll,OITOJIHHB MarepHaJibHOe noorn:

pettHe cnopnIBHOH MOTHBaIIHett.

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3 O'IKa. KoMaH,l],a, tta6paBrna>1 K KOHUY KaMnaH1111 no npo,ll,a:>Ke onpe,neJieH

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B Coe,n11HeHHbIX III rarax KOHKypcbI raKoro r11na oco6eHHo acpcpeKTHBHhI,

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poBoe rrepBeHCTBO, Ky6i<0Bbie MaT'·IH H T.i'J:. (Worman, 1991). Ilpu.Mep 3. «DOJiblIIllHCTBO npo,ll,aBUOB np11Ha,l(Jie:>Kl1T I< nOKJIOHHll

KaM crropra, noCKOJibKY roproBJI>I 5IBJI5IeTC.$l OTBeTOM Ha Bbl30B; noaTOMY

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KaKa51 KOMaHJ.{a CTaJia 'leMnllOHOM no 'lllCJIY npo11.aHHbIX TOBapOB»

(Brookman, 1993). B Coe11.MHeHHbIX Illrarax KoMaH11.a-no6e1J.11TeJibHMI1a

noJiyqaeT 611JieTbI Ha cpyT60JibHbIH llJill TeHHHCHbIH MaT'I B 3aBMCllMOCTll

or pacrni:caHMH 11rp.

KaKaH 6b1 11rpa HH 6brna BbI6paHa, pyKoBo,ll,HTeJib opraHH3au1111 ,ll,OJI

:lKeH noorn:pHTb BCe KOMaH,l],bI, 'IT06bI H36e:>KaTb B03HllKHOBeHll.$l He:>KeJia

TeJibHOM aTMoccpepbI. Hanp11Mep, ecJIH B ¢11pMe HMeeTrn Tp11 KOMaHJ.{bI,

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Boe MeCTO, MO:>KeT IlOJIJ1H1Tb onJiaqeHHYIO rroe3,l{KJ B IlapHiK Ha OTKpbITbIH

'leMnllOHaT <l>paHUllll no TeHHttcy; KOMaH1J.a, 3aH>IBlIIa51 BTOpoe MeCTO -

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IIIM rpeTbe MeCTo - 6IrneTbI Ha 6eik6oJibHhIH MaT'I. TaKMM o6pa30M, '!TO

TO noJiy'IMT KaiK11.a51 KOMaH,na, a JJyqrnaH 6y11.eT B03HarpaiK11.eHa oco6o.

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216

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JlttJ:J:ep IJ:OJDKeH 110/J:YMaTb 0 TOM, 'IT06br IlOOII(pMTb Bcex qJieHOB IW

Ma!-Ill:bl O!J:MHaKOBO. <!:fpyrrrra HCCJielJ:OBaTeJieii 061-Iapy:amJia, L[TQ HCl10Jib-

30BaHHe 80% IlOOII(peHHM rropOBHY Bceii rpyrrrre II OCTaIOII(HXC5I 20% -ll:Jl5I JiyqIJlero pa6oTHHKa rpyrrrrhI rrpIIBOll:IIJIO K 3HaL[IITeJibHO 6oJiee HH3-

KOM rrpoII3BOll:IITeJibHocTII TpyJ:J:a, qeM pacrrpeneJieHIIe Bcex 100% B rpyrr-

. 11e1> (Herrick, 1990). HepaBttoe pacrrpeneJieHIIe ttarpan B KOMattne CHII-

1KaeT ee 6oeBOH nyx II rrpIIBOIJ:IIT K KOHcl>JIIIKTaM MelKll:Y ee qJieHaMII, CHII/Ka.H: TeM CaMbIM HX CllJIOL[eHHOCTb II rrpenaHHOCTb o6II(eH ueJIH.

J\.VITEPA TYPA

Brookman }. ( 1993, June). Signage //The American Salesman. P. 3-6. Herrick N. ( 1990). Joint management and employee participation. San Francisco:

Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers. Kazemek E., Shomaker B. (1990, August) Reducing turnover can bring bottom

line results// Helthcar Financial Management. P. 80. Montebello A., Buzzotta V. (March 1993). Work teams that work// Training and

Development. P. 59-64. Resnick H. (1992,July). Inspiring your workforce// Cellular Business. P. 22-24. Sailors]., Franklin]., Sylvestre]. (1994, March-April). Reduce the cost of

employee turnover// Journal of Compensation and Benefits. P. 32-34. Sepra R. (1991, April). Teamwork starts at the top// Chief Executive. P. 30-33. Worman D. (1991, October). Motivation by stimulation// Telemarketing.

P. 80-83.

f PYTIIlOBOE MhIIIIAEHHE B IlPHH.HTHif PEIIIEHHH PYKOBOAHTEA.HMH OPf AHif3AqHif

I'.E. <Pyicya-MAaauiuu, c. flrujJ<j)w-ic,

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CTBIUI. f pynnoBoe MbilllJJem1e cmrnatto c BttyTp11rpynnoBbIM ,n;aBJJett11eM Il rrpHBO.UHT K CHmKeHHIO IlHTeJIJieKTyaJibHOH ::i¢¢eKTHBHOCTil u anis, 1972, p. 9). CornacHo K. MaKKYJIIl (McCauley, 1'989), rpyrrrroBoe MbIIllJieHIIe - :?TO rrpouecc, rrpll KOTOpOM rpyrrrra CTpeMilTC5I K He3pe.7IOMY KOHcencycy. D:ocTH)KeHile TaKoro Kottcencyca rrpoHcxo,n:ttT pattbllle, "!eM see .uaHHbie 0 paccMaTpHBaeMOH CHTyaumI CTaHOB5!TC5! II3BeCTHhI. ll:. ll::>KOH

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BXO.UIIT rrpHH.sITile peIIIeHIIH, .ZJ:OJI)J(Hbl coxpamITh Herrpe,n:B35ITOCTb, qTo6hI 1rn6e>KaTb CTOJih rropo"!Horo .srBJieHHH, Kar< rpyrrrroBoe MhIIIIJieHtte.

218

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Mann, 1977):

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7) paJtteJI.sieMa.si sceM11 m1JJJOJ11.si emrnonyII111.si;

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219

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Hhie pernemrn: (Janis, 1972, p . 129).

220

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224

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HaM rpynrrhl H IIO'ITH IIOJIHM H30JI5IUH5I HHrpyrrrrhI (Weber-Posner, 1987, p. 119). 0tMe'!aeTc5! TaK:>Ke, 'ITO rpyrrrroBoe MbIIIIJietrne B Manoi1 rpyrme

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226

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227 8*

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co CTOpOHbl '!JieHOB rpyIUibI.

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o6MeHy MHeHH5lMH II OTKpblTOll JJ;HCKYCCHH rpynnosoe MblllIJieHHe MO)l{

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(Bennis, 1993; Cangemi, Kowalski, Claypool, 1985).

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MTEPATYPA

Cangemi}. (2001). Coaching and counseling techniques for improved performance and problem solving. Bowling Green, Kentucky: Institute for Leadership.

Cangemi}., Miller R., Hollopeter T. (2002, in press). When leadership fails // Organization Development Journal.

Maslow A. (1970). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.

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245

Pa3,qen 5. DesnenbHOCTb m1,qepa B opraH"130L\VIV1

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M5I He ycTpamrroTrn \HKphITO OT 3aHHTH5I pyKoBO.U5IIJ.IMX JJ:OJI)KHOCTe:ti:,

KaK 3TO npoHCXO,UHJIO Bcero tteCKOJibKO ,nec5ITHJieTMM Ha3aii:, OHM rroJiy'-IaIOT

B KOMITaHM5IX ITOCTbI, HMeromHe Jllilllh BH,UHMOCTh BJiaCTM H rrpeCTM)Ka.

CTPEAB35ITOE BOCDP115IT11E ./KEHlll;I1H1I

VfcTOptt'IeCKlI CJIO)l<HBlll.HeC5I CTepeOTMilbI, CB513aHHbie C ITOJIOM, OTBO,U5IT

)l<eHIUlfHe TIOJl'IHHeHHyro, o6c.Jiy:>KHBaIOIIlJIO pOJih, B TO BpeM5I KaK My:>K

lJHHhI BOCTip11HHMaIOTC5I KaK rocno,ncTByromwiI, 6oJiee arpeCCMBHbIM ITOJI

249

P03,o,en 6. Jlvi,o,ep vi o6ll.\eCTBO

(Levinson, 1994). KaK rnrmyT ,llJK. Eap.UBHK H E. ,lloyBaH (Bardwick,

Douvan, 1976), HarropHcrne rroBe,neHHe l(eHHTCll BbIIIIe, rrocKOJibKY eMy

I1pHI1HCbIBaIOTC5I TaKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH, KaK o6beKTHBHOCTb, Herrpe.u

B35ITOCTb, opHeHTal(Hll Ha perneHtte rrpo61reMbI. CorJiacHo cTepeoTHIIHO

MY B3rJill.UY Ha MYIK'lHH, orm 6oJiee rrpttro,nHbI .UJill 3aHllTH5! pyKOBO.Ull-

1..l(HX IIOCTOB, 'leM IKeHJ..l(HHbI, B CHJIY rrpHcymero HM CTHJI5! JIH.n:epcrna

(Frieze, 1990). MylK'lHHbI C'lIITaIOTCll 6oJiee CKJIOHHhIMH K .UHpeKTHB

HOMY H aBTOKpaTtttfeCKOMY CTHJIIO, B TO BpeM5! KaK JKeHJ..l(HHbI T5!fOTeIOT

K CTHJIIO, xapaKTep113y10meMyc51 yqacTHeM B o6mei1: pa6oTe (Eagly,

Johnson, 1990). EoJiee .n:eTaJibHOe paccMoTpeHHe cTepeoTHIIHbIX B3fJI5!

JJ:OB Ha pa3JIH'lH5! MeJK.n:y MYIK'lHHaMH H :>KeHJ..l(HHaMH c ITCHXOaHaJIIITH

lJeCKOH TO'lKH 3peHH5! co.n:ep)KHTC5! B CTaTbe H3BeCTHOro KOHCYJibTaHTa

fappH JleBHHCOHa, orry6JIHKOBaHHOH B IKYPHaJie American Psychologist.

Ilo MHeHHIO f. JleBHHCOHa, <:<OpHeHTal(Hll MYIK'lHHbI OITHCbIBaeTCll KaK

IIpOHHKHOBeHHe H Harrop B rrpOTHBOBec IKeHCI<OH opHeHTal(HH Ha o6Bo

JiaKHBaHHe H oKpy'1<eHHe. Bell ncHxoJiorHll Jitt.nepcTBa rrpe,nCTaBJilleT co-

6oil rrpOTHBOIIOCTaBJieHHe arpeCCHBHOH aTaKH H fOCIIO.UCTBa, c O.l(HOH CTO

pOHbI, H 6ecrroMOJ..l(HOCTH, 3aBHCHMOCTH H IKepTBeHHOCTH - c .upyroih>

(Levinson, 1994). ,llHCKpHMHHal(H5! no rrpH3HaKy IIOJia 'laCTO rrpeII5!TCfByeT 3aH5ITHIO

JKeHmHHOH pyKoBOZJ:5!mero rrocrn. CornacHo KYJihTYPHOMY cTepeoTHrry,

MYIK':!HHbI rrpeBOCXO,Z:{5lT /KeHmHH HHTeJIJieI<TYaJihHO, OHH 6oJiee ycTOll'UI

BbI 3MOU:HOHaJibHO, opHeHTHpOBaHbl Ha .l(OCTHIKeHHe pe3yJihTaTa, HaCTOH

'lHBhl. G•rnTaeTcll, 'ITO pyKoBo,n:uTeJIH, .uo6HBIIIHeCll ycrrexa, o6Jia,naroT

MYIKCKHMH 'lepTaMH. CTepeoTHrrHoe MhIIIIJieHHe BJIHlleT He TOJihKO Ha 3a

'Il1CJieHHe H OT6op IKeHJ..l(MH Ha orrpe,neJieHHhie .UOJIIKHOCTM, HOH Ha HX cJiy

:>Ke6Hoe rrpo,UBH:>Kemrn H Ol(eHKY pe3yJihTaTOB HX pa60Tbl B tj:>HpMe (Billing,

Alverson, 1989). Col(HaJibHhie HOpMbI H yKopeHHBnrnern rrpe.n:cTaBJiemrn lfacrn rrpH

so,n:HT K He)l(eJiaHHIO )l(eHJ1lHH 3aHHMaTh pyKoBO.UlllllHe rrocThI B opraHH-

3al(MH. ,ll)l(. Tep6opr (Terborg, 1977) rosopHT o cymecrnosaHHH «Mo.n:eJIH

MY)l('!HHhr-pyKoBO.UHTeJilli>. l1p11 3TOM rrpe,ncTaBJI5!eTCll, 6y.uTo )l(eHmHHhI

He MoryT H ne .UOJI)l(HhI 6bITh xopoIIIHMH pyKoBO.UHTeJIHMM. 3To rrpe,ncTaB

Jiemi:e IIO.UKpeIIJilleT cymecTBYIOlllHe COIJHaJihHhie HOpMbI. Ilo MHeHHIO

roro )Ke aBTopa, )l(eHJ..l(HHbI lfaCTO rro.usepraIOTCll .uaBJieHHIO co CTOpOHbl

KOHCYJibTaHTOB no npo¢op11ettTaIJ11H 11 <J.JiettoB ceMbH, C'i.tITa10m11x, 'ITO

MM He CJie,n:yer CTpeMHTbC>I K uerpa.n:HU:HOHHhIM 3aH.sITH.sIM Bpo,n:e MeHe,U)l(

MeHTa. JI){(. fy,n:e.H:JI H JI. Xo1rn (Goodale, Hall, 1976), myq:u:i cTapIIIeKJiacc

HIU<OB o6oero IIOJia, o6Hapy:>KttJIH, 'ITO HX CTpeMJieHtte K o6yl.JeHHIO B I<OJI

Jie,n:)l(e HJIH I< CJiy)l(e6HOH r<apbepe rro-pa3HOMY IIOOillp>IeTC5! ceMbllMH:

po,n:HTeJIH IOHOIIIeH OI<a3bIBaJIH Ha HHX 6oJibIIIee ,n:aBJieHtte B IIOJib3Y noJiy

lfeHJrn .ll:aJibHeihuero o6pa30BaHM.ll H rrpo.llBJI>IJIH 3Hal.JMMO 6oJibIIIHH HH-

250

« CTeKflS!HHbl~ noTOflOK»

Tepee, lfeM poJJ,1ITe1m JJ,eByrneK. BhirrycKHHIJbI IIIKOJI, KOTOpbIM 6hIJIO OT

Ka3aHo B 3alfIICJiemrn B MeJJ,HIJlIHCKIIH By3, IIOJIYlfaJIII OT KOHCYJibTaHTOB

lIHbie COBeTbI, lfeM BbIIIYCKHIIKII-IOHOIIIII. )leByIIIeK rrpeJJ.yrrpe:>KJJ,aJIII

o TPYJJ.HOCT5IX, corrpK>KeHHhIX c rroIIylfeHIIeM JJ.IIIIIIoMa Bpalfa, IIM peKoMeH

.lJ.OBaJIII opIIeHTIIpOBaTbC5! Ha 6oJiee Tpa,ll.IIIJ,lIOHHbie )KeHCKIIe 3am1TIIe,

HarrpIIMep, npe,n:JiaraJIII CTaTb Me,n:IJIJ,liHCKOH ceCTpoiI. lOHOIIIaM )Ke COBe

TOBaJIII o6panITbC5! B .n.pyme BY3bl IIJIH paCCMOTpeTb B03MO:JKHOCTb IIOJiy

'IeHII5! .ll.lIIIJIOMa B po.n.crneHHOH o6JiaCTII (Weisman et al., 1976). B rrpo

IIIJIOM B CIIIA 78% 3alfIICJI5leMbIX B BY3bI a6IITypueHTOB cocTaBJIRJIH

MY:>KlflIHbI, 'ITO OTpa)Ka.710 6oJiee HII3Ktt:e KBOTbI II 6oJiee BbICOKIIe Tpe6oBa

HH5l, npe,n:'b5lBJI5leMbie K :>KeHIIJ,IIHaM; TIOCJieJJ,HIIe He IlOOIIJ,p5IIIHCb B noJiy

qeHHH 3aOlfHOfO o6pa30BaHII5I, HM OTKa3bIBaJIII B ccy.n.ax Ha o6ylfeHIIe

II CTHileH,ll.lI5IX, K HIIM rrpe,ll.'b5IBJI5IJIII 6oJiee :>KeCTKHe Tpe6oBaHII5I B OTHO

rneHIIII co6mo.n.eHII5! pacnHCaHH5l 3aH5lTIIH II .n.pyrIIX cpopMaJibHOCTeH

(Weisman et al., 1983). Bo3MO:>KHO, O,ll.HOH II3 OCHOBHbIX rrplllfIIH, no KOTOpbIM :>KeHIIJ,lIHbI He 3a

HHMaIOT pyKoBO.lJ.5IIIJ,IIX ,ll.OJI:>KHOCTett, 5IBJI5IeTc5! con;HaJIH3aIJ,H5I rroIIOBhIX

.poIIett. Po,ll.IITeJIH o6bilfHO BOCITIITbIBaIOT JJ,eTeiI TaK, ,-no6bI OHll cooTBeTCT

BOBaJIH COIJHaJibHO O:>KHJJ:aeMbIM poII5IM. E. EapTJICOH H .ll:>K. KaHJJ::>KeMH

(Bartleson, Cangemi, 1983) yrnep:>K.n.aroT, 'ITO H3-3a Tex B3rII5IJJ.OB, KOTO- "

pbIX rrpH.n.ep:>KHBaeTCR o6mecTBO, c MaJiblfIIKaMII o6pamaIOTC5! TaK, 6y.n.rn

OHII rrpeBocxo,n:HT .neBolfeK. Ilo ux MHeHHIO, npe,n:cTaBJieHtte o MY)J(CKOM

rrpeBocxo.n.crne corrpoBO)K,ll.aeT pe6eHKa c po:>K.n.emrn H coxpaHHeTc.SI Ha BCIO

)KII3Hb. CoUIIaJIII3aUH5! pe6ettKa, ocymecrn1rneMa>1 po.n.HTeJI5IMH, HanpaB

JieHa Ha To, lfT06b1 MaJiblfIIKH 6hIJIH arpeccIIBHbI, a JJ,eBolfKH rraccIIBHbI. KaK

rrpaBHJIO, )KeHIIJ,HH OT p0)KJJ,eHH5I npIIylfaIOT lfYBCTBOBaTb ce65! HII3IIIHMII.

)la:>Ke 6eJIJ1eTpIICTIIKa oTpa)KaeT Te TPYJJ.HOCTII, c KOTOpbIMM CTaJIKIIBa

eTc5! :>KeHIUIIHa, ec1m IIhITaeTc5! KOHKypIIpoBaTh c MY:>KlfMHaMH B JJ,eJioBOM

OTHOIIIeHMIIH. Harrpl!Mep, CeJIII5! B poMaHe ApTypa XettJIH «CHJibHO,ll.ett

CTByromee JieKapCTBO», roBOp5I 0 B03MO)J(HOCT5IX CBOero npo,n:BH)J(eHII.SI

B cpapMaueBTIIlfeCKOH KOMIIaHIIII, II3o6pa)KeHHOH B KHIIre, OTMelfaeT: «5I no

H5IJia, 'ITO B CBOeH pa6oTe MHe HeJJ,OCTaTOlfHO 6bITb HapaBHe c MY)KlfIJHaMII.

Mtte HY:>KHO 6brTh IIyqIIIe n:x ... B HacT05IIUIIH MOMeHT .n.eJioBoiI MIIp noxmK

Ha qacTHhIH My:>KcKott KIIy6 ... K KaKIIM TOIIhKO cpe.n.crnaM HM rrpHXO.ll.IITC5!

rrpH6eraTb )KeHIUHHe, lfT06bI rrpo6MTbC.SI~ (Hailey, 1984). M Y*<IHHu-py1<osop;HTeJIH c<IHTaroT, <ITO OHM ,n;e11:cTBYIOT 6oJiee ycnew

HO, lfeM :>KeHIUHHbI, B CHJIY CBOIIX 6oJibllIHX crroco6HoCTett H HHTeJIJieKTy

aJibHOro npeBocxoJJ,CTBa. My:>KlfHHbI-pyKoBo,n:IITeJIII oueHIIBaIOT cBoIO pa-

6ory KaK 6oJiee TPYJl.HYIO no cpaBHemno c :lKeHIIJ,IIHaMII, 3aHIIMaIOIIJ,IIMH

aHaJIOrHlfHbie nocTbI (Pearson et al, 1985). Ilpocpecc1rn, B KOTOpbIX npe

o6IIa,ll.aIOT MY:>KlfIIHhI, oueHIIBaIOTC5! 6oJiee BhICOKo c TOlfKII 3peHII5! rrpe

cTH)Ka KaK MY)KlfIIHaMII, TaK II )KeHIIJ,IIHaMII (Kanekar et al., 1989). KorJJ,a

251

Pa3)J,en 6. flV1Aep V1 o61J..(eCTBO

orrpannrnaeMhIM coo6ll1aeTc.si, 'ITO B orrpeneJieHHOH rrpocpeccIIII 'IIICJIO )KeH

lllIIH pacTeT, oueHKa rrpecTII)KHOCTII rrpocpecCIIII H CTpeMJieHII.sI K Hett 3Ha

'IIIMO CHII)l(aeTC.sI (Touhey, 1974). )lJI.sI TOro 'IT06b1 )KeHllllIHbI CMOfJIII no

CTII'lb ycrrexa B poJIII pyKoBomneJieii, 3TOT MHcp l(OJI)l(eH 6bITh pa3Be5IH .

.>KeHllllIH rrpIIH.sITO C'IIITaTb rrpencTaBIITeJibHIIIIaMH CJia6oro IIOJia,

Hel(OCTaTO'IHO HanopMCTbIMH l(JI5I Toro, 'IT06bI Bbll(ep)l(aTb KOHKypeHUHIO

B yrrpaBJI5IeMoM MY)l('IMHaMM coBeTe cjmpMhI. CyllleCTByeT MHeHHe,

'ITO )l(eHlllHHhI, B OTJIH'IHe OT MY)l('IHH, opHeHTMpOBaHbI Ha Me)l(JIM'IHOCT

Hbie OTHOllieHIIH, a He Ha BbIIIOJIHeHIIe 3al(a'IH (Lewis, 1992). My)l('IHH

06yqa10T pa;musaTb B ce6e ysepeHHOCTh II yMemrn, Heo6xo;:i;HMhie l(JI.sI Toro,

'IT06bI pyKOBOll:HTh (Kamarovsky, 1950). CouttaJIH3aUII.sI )KeHlllHH npH

B0,11.HT K TOMy, 'ITO OHM Bep.sIT B CBOIO HenpHro,UHOCTb K 3aH.sITMIO «My)l(

CKHX» IIOCTOB H MCIIbITbIBaIOT Tpy,n:HOCTM B rrpeo}lOJieHHM COOTBeTCTBYIO

ll{MX KYJihTYPHhIX CTepeonmoB, onacasicb rroKa3aTbC5I «CTpaHHhIMM». KaK

rrpaBIIJIO, )KeHlllHHbI He C'IHTaIOT ce6.si crroco6HbIMH BbIIIOJIHJ'ITb cpyHKIIHH

pyKOBO.UHTeJieH BhICIIIero 3Betta II corJiaIIIaIOTCJ'I c rrpe,n:cTaBJiettneM, co

rJiacHo KOTOpOMY .UOCTH)KeHHJI M )l(CHCTBeHHOCTb HeCOBMeCTHMhI, a no

TOMY H3 'IYBCTBa BHHhI, 6ecIIOKOMCTBa H HeyBepeHHOCTll He IIbITaIOTC5I

.UOCTII'lb BbICOKHX nocTOB (Herkelmann et al., 1993). IloCKOJibK)' )KeHlllHHbI BbIIIOJIH.sIIOT MaTepHHCKHe cpyHKUIIM, HaHMMa

TeJIM C'IMTaIOT, 'ITO, npMHMMa.sI MX Ha pa6oTy, OHM OKa3bIBaIOTC5I B HeBhI

fO,Z{HOH crnyaUMM. 3TO CBJ'I3aHO c rrpo6JieMOH BpeMeHHOro 3aMellleHMJ'I

.UOJI)KHOCTeH, Kor.n:a )KeHlllMHbI 6epyT OTIIYCK B CB5I3M c po.uaMM HJIH yxo

l(OM 3a pe6eHKOM. KyJihTypttasi TpalJ:HIIH5I, corJiacHo KOTopoi1: MecTo )l(eH

lllHHhI - l(OMa, ycyry6mieT B03HHKaIOlllHe Ha pa6oTe HenpmITHOCTH.

l1ccJie,n:oBaHMJI nOI<a3bIBaIOT, T.ITO npM paBHOM KaT.IeCTBe BbIIIOJIHeHHJI

pa6oTbI MY)l('IMHOH II )KeHlllIIHOH pe3yJihTaThI )KeHCKOH pa6oTbI BOcnpH

HHMaIOTC5I KaK xynllitte - no MHeHHIO KaK MY)l('IHH, TaK II )KeHlllHH

(Goldberg, 1968; Paludi, Stayer, 1983). 3rn Tpa.n:HUIIOHHoe OTHOIIIeHIIe

K )KeHlllHHe B cyllleCTBeHHOH Mepe cnoco6cTBYeT .UHCKpIIMHHaIIHII no npII-

3HaKy noJia II B03HlIKHOBeHHIO 3cpcpeKTa «CTeKJI.sIHHOro noTOJIKa» .

.>KEHI.1.l;11HbI-J\.I1AEPbI B CBETE <t>AKTI1lJECKI1X AAHHbIX

JfareparypHbie ,n:aHHbie pMCYIOT HHYIO KapTMHy. BbICKa3bIBaerc.sI MneHHe,

'ITO )J(eHllllIHbI o6Jia,n:aIOT Ka'leCTBaMII, naIOllllIMII HM npeMMyllleCTBO rre

pel( MY)l('IHHaMII (Lair, 1980). B rrpo11ecce pa3BHTH5I MY)KT.JHHbI oKa3bIBa

IOTCJI 6oJiee Y5I3BHMbIMH $H3H'leCKH H 6oJiee 'IYBCTBMTeJibHbIMM K CTpec

cy, KaK B npeHaTaJibHbIM, TaK H B IIOCTHaTaJibHbIH rrepHOl( )J(ll3HH a ackJin,

1989; Renker, 1989) . .>KeHlllHHhI IIMCIOT 6oJihIIIYIO npo,uoJI)KHTeJibHOCTh

252

«CTeKfl~HHb1i1 noronoK•

)IUl3HH, JIY'Illle cnpaBJIHIOTC5I co CTpecCOM, pe)Ke 6oJieIOT, no xapaKTepy

6oJiee OTKpbITbl H 3KCTiaHCHBHbl (Lair, 1980) . .llaHHbie MHOfHX HCCJie,no

BaHHH orrposepraIOT MHeHHe, 6ynTo )KeHlllHHaM CBOHCTBeHHbl xynnme

crroco6HOCTH H yMeHH5I, a TaK)Ke 6oJiee HH3Ka5I MOTHBaUH5I (Stroh, 1992). >KeHCKHtt CTHJib pyKosoncrna OKa3bIBaeTrn 6oJiee r116KHM 11 xapaKTe

p113yeTrn 6oJibIIIett OTKpbITOCThIO, lJeM Tpa.n11u110HHbitt MY)KCKOH CTHJib

(Herkelmann et al., 1993). JKeHlllHHbI-pyKOBO,ZXHTeJIII oueHHBaIOTC5l KaK

6oJiee 06m11TeJibHble 11 6oJiee TeIIJibie B Me)KJIHlJHOCTHblX OTHOllieHirnx rrpll

rrepBOM KOHTaKTe c rronq1rneHHbIMH (Goktepe, Schneier, 1989; Spillman

et al., 1981). >KeHlllHHbr-pyKoso,nHTeJIH 0611a.na10T YHHKaJibHbIMH r<aqe

CTBaMH, KOTOpbIX MY)KlJllHbl JIHIIIeHbI HJIH KOTOpbie HM Tpe6yeTC5I cneu11-

aJibHO pa3BHBaTb. My)K'IHHbI qacTo ysoJibH5IIOTC5I c pyKOBO.U5IlllHX nocToB

H3-3a He,n:ocTaTO'IHOH BOCilpHHMlJHBOCTH B OTHOIIIeHH5IX c no,n:lJHHeHHbI

Mll (McCall, Lombardo, 1983), B TO speM5I KaK )KeHlllHH o6bilJHO XBaJI5IT

3a HX JiyqIIIee B3aHMO,n:ettCTBHe c rrepcoHaJIOM. >KeHlllHHbI-pyKoBO.UHTeJIH

6oJiee 06m11TeJibHbl, ITO,lllJIIHeHHbie JiylJIIIe IIOHHMaIOT HX 6Jiaro,llap5I RC

HOCTII HX no3III!IIII (Pearson et al., 1985). >KeHllllIHbl Ha BblCOKIIX nocrax

He qame, lJeM MY)KlJIIHbI, MeH5IIOT p a6ory (Lewis, 1992), 'ITO MO)KeT 6bITb

OTHeceHO 3a ClJeT Toro, 'ITO OHM npM.n:aIOT 6oJibIIIee no cpaBHeHHIO c npy

fMMM )KeHlllHHaMM 3HalJeHMe CBOett Kapbepe.

«CTEKJ\5IHHbIH ITOTOAOK» - XOPOlllO YKPEITAEHHOE COOPY>KEHHE

Te )!(eHlllHHbI, I<OMY y.llaJIOCb .n:o6HTbOI ycrrexa, IIMeIOT, rro-BII.llHMoMy,

pR.ll o6mIIx qepT. KaK MH.l(MBM.l(bI OHM 0611a.n:a10T xopoIIIHMM cnoco6Hoc

T5IMM, BbICOKOll caMOOUeHKOll M 5ICHbIM rrpe,nCTaBJieHMeM 0 CBOMX uemrx.

OHM npM,n:ep)!(MBaIOTrn JI116epaJibHbIX B3rJIRlf.OB Ha poJib )!(eHlllMHbI B 06-

meCTse. 0HII OC03HaIOT CBOH noTeHI!MaJI M He 'IYBCTBYIOT orpaHHlJeHHH,

HaJiaraeMbIX MX noJIOM (Unger, Crawford, 1992). TaKMe )!(eHlllHHbI MO

ryT 6bITb OIIHCaHbI KaK COlJeTaIOIIIHe B ce6e pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie JIW!HOCT

Hble csoi1:cTsa. OHM 06Jia,n:a10T )KeHCKMMM qepTaMH, ttanpMMep, TenJio

roil: H OTKphITOCThlO, HO TaK:>Ke npo5IBJI5IIOT TaKIH~ ClJIITaIOIIIHec.s:i

MY)KCKMMII KalJecrsa, KaK paccymneJihHOCTh, HanopIIcrocTh H He3aBM

CHMOCTh. 06m11M ,l{JI5I HHX 5IBJI5IeTC.$l BbICOKHH ypoBeHb o6pa30Bamrn,

o6hilJHO c MaTeMan1qecKHM YKJIOHOM. Bbrcor<IIH ypoBeHb o6pa3oBaHM5l

pO,llIITeJiett II HaJIHlJIIe )!(eHCKOM poJieBOH MOL(eJIH TaK)Ke MrparoT llOJIO

)J<J1TeJibHYIO pOJib . .llocTMfIIIHe ycnexa )KeHlllHHbI He CTpeM5ITC5I K 6paKy

II C03)laHIIIO ceMhll, OHH no 6oJihllieH qacTII OCTaIOTC5l He3aMy:>KHHMH

II He HMeIOT (HJIH HMeIOT HeMHon1x) nereii.

253

Pa3.Qen 6. Jl11.oep 11 o6wecrno

B C03AaHHM HJIJII03HH paBeHCTBa rrpnttnMaIOT yqacTne Kar< rrpaBttTeJib

CTBO, TaK ll pa3JIH'lHbie opraHH3aUHH c TeM, 'lT06bI AOKa3aTb: «CTeKJI51HHOfO

ITOTOJIKa» 6oJibllle He cyrueCTByeT. 3aKOH 1963 r. 0 paBHOH orrJiaTe rnaenT,

'ITO OAHHaKOBa51 pa6oTa i'];OJI)KHa O,ZlJ·iHaKOBO orrJia'lHBaTbe.sI, He3aBHelIMO OT

rroJia. 0AttaKo 3TOT 3aKoH Jierno o6ottTH. L(ncr<pttMHttaun.s:i: orrpaBAhIBaeTe.s:i:

TeM, 'ITO MY)K'lJ.IHhI «3aeJiy)KttBaIOT» 6oJihIUeii rrJiaThI, rroToMy 'ITO ott11 Tpa

AMUMOHHO 51BJI51IOTC51 KOpMHJibUaMH ceMbH, Apyroil rryTh - i'];aTb pa3Hbie

Ha3BaHH51 i'];OJI)KHOCT.sIM e Oi'];HHaKOBbIMH cpyHKUH.sIMH lI 3THM orrpaBi'];aTb

pa3JIH'llUI B onJiaTe (Bateman, Zeithaml, 1993). Mttome qrnpMbI ITOABO,ZVIT

ITOA 6oJiee HJ.I3KYIO orrJiaTy TpyAa )KeHIUHH 3KOHOMH'leCKHe o6oeHOBaHH.sI.

Hx AOBOAhI eBOA51Te.sI K cJieAyrorueMy: )KeHIUHHhI rrpopa6oTaIOT B qmpMe

Mettee AOJiro, 'leM MY)K'llIHhI, n 3aTpaThI Ha ux 06y'lett11e tt rroi');roTOBKy, Ta

KHM o6pa3oM, rrpnttecyT cpHpMe MeHhrnyro OTAa'ly (Treiman, Terrell, 1975). )KeHIUHHaM qacTO He rrpei'!;OeTaBJI5leTC51 B03MO)KHOeTH ITOJIY'JlITb TaKyIO )Ke

rronroTOBKY H rrptto6pecTH TaKOH )Ke orrhIT, KaK MY)K'lHHaM, 3aHHMaIOIUJ.IM

aHaJIOfH'lHbie )lOJI)KHOeTH. 3To yMeHbrnaeT HX matte Ha rrponBH)KeHHe no

cJiyJK6e. TaKHM o6pa30M, ueHHOCTh ;1.<eHIUHHhI oKa3bIBaeTc51 Metthrne c Toq

KM 3peH11.s:i: OT,lla'IH, rrporropunoHaJihHOM 3aTpaTaM (Treiman, Terrell, 1975). Hy:arno, o.nHaKo, OTMeTMTh, 'ITO neeJie.noBaHn.s:i: He rro.urnep)K.naroT Te3HC

0 TOM, qTo )KeHIUHHbI paHbllle My)KqHH 3aKaH'lHBaIOT eBOIO CJiy)Ke6HyIO Ka

pbepy HJIH qrn HX ITO,llfOTOBKa o6XOAHTC51 cpHpMe ,llOpO)Ke (East, 1972; Hoffman, Nye, 1974).

L(pyrHM BeCKHM AOKa3aTeJibCTBOM Toro, 'ITO «CTeKJI.sIHHbIH ITOTOJIOK»

rrponoJIJKaeT cyruecTBOBaTb, 51BJI51eTe51 TOT cpaKT, 'ITO 3a ITOCJie)lHHe 50 JieT

pa3pbIB B orrJiaTe TpyAa )K€HIUHH 11 MY)K'IJ.IH He H3MeHHJie51 (Unger,

Crawford, 1992). Kar< rrnIUeT K. CoJioMoH (Solomon, 1990), )KeHIUHHbI,

3aHHMarorutte pyKoBo.u.si:rutte AOJI)KHOCTH epe.uttero ypoBH.sI, rroJiyqaroT

rrpHMepHO Ha TpeTb MeHbllle My)KqllH, BbIITOJIH.sIIOIUHX TaKyIO )Ke pa6oTy.

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CTH)KHbIX H OTHOCHTeJibHO HH3KO ornraq1rnaeMbIX )l0JI)KHOCT51X (Morrison,

Glinow, 1990). Xorn iKeHIUHHbI Bee qarue Bbr6uparoT npocpeecttH, He .sIBJI.sIIOIUHern AJI.sI

HHX Tpa,llHIIHOHHbIMH (Bpa'IH, ropHCThI, ITOJIHI.(eHCKHe ), OHM BCTpelJaIOTC.51

c orpaHH'leHH.sIMH H B OTHOilleHHH eBoero eTaTyca, H B OTHOllleHHH onJia

TbI lIX Tpy.ua. 3aHMMa51 rrpnMepHO Tperb PYKOBO,ll.sIIUHX rroeroB, )KeHIUM

HbI o6hr<rno He paerro11araror TaKott )Ke RJiaCThIO, KaK MYJK'IHHbI (Morrison,

Glinow, 1990). IIpttMepHo .UBe rpern: )KeHIUHH B cpe.uepan:bHhIX opraHax

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ccpepax, rropa3HTeJibHa. Y KttpK HP MeMoKc (Kirk, Maddox, 1988) orMe-

254

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1,7% BbI6opHbIX pyKOBOJI5Ill(HX ,ll;OJI)J(HOCTett (Morrison, Glinow, 1990). IlpH cpaBHeHHII KapbepbI.MY)KqIIH II )KeHil(IIH c OJIIIHaKOBbIM o6pa30Ba

HHeM o6Hapy)J(IIBaeTC5I, qTo OHII qacTO HaqmrnIOT, IIOJiyqa51 OJIIIHaKOBbIM

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(Lewis, 1992; Rix, 1990). Te )KeHil(HHhI, KOTophrM y.n:aeTc5I CTaTh BIIIJ,e

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311.l(eHTbl - My)J(qIIHhI (Morrison, Glinow, 1990). Ha ocHoBamrn npirne

neHHhIX ,UaHHbIX 11CCJieJIOBaTeJIH ,n:eJiaIOT BbIBOJI, qTo «CTeKJI.5IHHhIM

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C,l(eJiaTb, qT06bI 113MeH11Tb ITOJIO)J(eHHe?

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H JiaJibHettweMy o6pa3oBaHHIO, HeocHoBaTeJibHhI (Unger, Crawford, 1992). BhI3hrnaeT TpeBory TOT cpaKT, qTo KaK MY)KqIIHhI, TaK 11 )KeHI1(11HhI npeny-

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cy.n:K11 TPYJIHO npeonoJieTb.

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255

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BO pyKoBO.D:MTeJiett-MY)K'IMH C'IMTaeT .D:JI.sI ce6.s:r HeonpaBL{aHHhIM pJICKOM

no Mora Th JI Y'IJITh npo.n:BHraIOmyiorn no cJiy)Ke6Hoi1 JiecTHttue )KeHJUMHy,

TIOCKOJibKY ::no MOJKeT rro.n:opBaTb ero co6cTBeHHYIO rrpo¢eccHOHaJibHYIO

perryTau:mo II 3aMeL{JIHTh L{OJI)KHOCTHOH poCT. Bee 3TII o6cTo.s:rTeJihCTBa crro

co6cTBYIOT yseJIH'lemno pa3phrna B mrnare Tpy.n:a. Opraml.3aTophr L{OJI)K

HhI . rroH.sITh ueHHOCTh )KeHIUHH B . wepapxHM YlJpe)K.n:eHH.s:r. Ha3Ha'!eHHe

Ha L{OJI)KHOCTM L{OJI)KHO rrpOH3BOL{IITbC5I B COOTBeTCTBMH co crroco6HOCT5I

MM, a He no npH3HaKy fIOJia. B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHHH rrepe.n: )KeHJUHHaMM CTOHT

6oJiee rpy.n:Ha.s:r 3a.z:i:a'la, '!eM rrepe.n MY)K'IHHaMM, rrocKOJihKY ycrrexH )KeH

IUHHhI o6bI'IHO OTHOC5ITC5I 3a C'leT Be3eHH5I, B TO BpeM.s:r KaK L(OCTHJKeHM5I

MY)K'IHH rrpurr11chrnaroTc.s:r HX cnoco6ttocrnM (Deaux, 1976). B CHJIY co

U:MaJIH3au:1111 )KeHIUHHaM He XBaTaeT yBepeHHOCTM B ce6e, He3aBHCHMOCTH,

BbICOKOH CaMooueHKM, B pe3yJihTaTe OHH CKJIOHHbl HeL(OOI.(eHHBaTb co6cT

BeHHhie yMeHM.s:r 11 MHTeJIJieKT - TaK )Ke, KaK M oKpy)KaJOIUHe ( Henkelmann

et al., 1993).

KAK PA3EI1Tb «CTEKNIHHbII1 TIOTOJ\.OK»

L{JI.s:r Toro 'IT06h1 ~cTeKJI.sIHHhIH rroTOJIOK» 6hrn KOr,n:a-tt116y,n:h YHH'ITO)KeH,

HY)KHO M3MeHHTh rrpttBhI'IHYIO couttaJihHYIO optteHTau:11ro ,n:eBo'!eK 11 MaJih

'IMKOB. KaK oTMe'!aeT .Ll. EayMptt.n (Baumrid, 197 4), pomITeJI.s:rM cJie,n:yeT

noomp.s:rTb B L(O'Iep.SIX He3aBHCMMOCTb, CTpeMJieHMe K L(OCTM)KeHM5IM, H36e

raTh 1Ipe3Mepnoi1 oneKM. Te MaTep11, KOTOpb1e cTpeM.SITOI pa3BHTh B ,n:e

BO'!Kax He3aBHCIIMOCTb I1 HanoplICTOCTh, Bb!paCT.SIT JKeHJUHH, He 60.SIJUMX

C.SI KOHKypeHuHM M o6Jia,UaIOIUHX cnoco6HOCTblO H JKeJiaHHeM ,n:o61IThC5I

ycnexa (Baruch, 197 4). Bocnp1I.s:rT1Ie )KeHIUMH H3MeHIITc.s:r, Kor.n:a OHM na

y'laTc.s:r pa3BMBaTb B ce6e caMOCTO..SITeJibHOCTh II fIOJie3Hbie yMeHH5I. )KeH

W:IIHbI He L(OJI)l(Hbl CMOTpeTb Ha CBOIO pOJib B o6mecTBe KaK Ha poJib nac

CMBHOH KOpMHJIHUhI, MecTo KOTopoil ,n:oMa. CooTBeTCTBYIOmee BOCTIHTaHHe

M no.n;.n;ep:>I<Ka po.n;1ueneH: c ,n,eTCTBa ,n,acT )KeHIUHHe paBHhie c MY)Kl!HHOH

B03MO)KHOCTM ,UOCTMl.Jh u:eJm, KOTOpa.s:r paHbIIIe ClJMTaJiaCb L{JI>I JKeHIUHHbl

HeTIO.l(XO,ll,5IIUei1.

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'IJIHaMII MIIpe 6H3Heca, OHa ,UOJI)J(Ha 3HaTb, KaK ,n:eHCTByeT 3Ta CHCTeMa,

6b!Th fOTOBOJI K KOHKypeHU:IIH H TIOHHMaTb, 'ITO pa3JIJI'IH5I B BOC

rrpH5ITMM poJIM Y:eJioBeKa B 3aBHCMMOCTH OT noJia npeo.n;oJieTb rpynuo.

256

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)Kemll,11Hbl ):(OJDKHbI eTpeM11TbeJI npo5IB11Tb ee6JI KaK MOiKHO JiyqIIIe

11 He no,n,naBaTbeJI ,naBJieH11ro no npe11MymeeTBY MYiKCKoro ,neJioBoro

M11pa. )KeHIU11Ha ):(OJI)l(Ha MaKe11MaJibHO 11CTIOJib30BaTb CB011 C11JlbHhie

CTOpOHbI, OC03HaTb CJia6bre 11 IIOCTapaTbCJI 11X HCnpaBI1Tb. IlpH HaJI11-

q1111 eTpeMJieHI15I K Kapbepe 11 roTOBHOeTtt npeo,noJieBaTb npenJITCT

BI15I MHOrHe JKeHIUHHbl CMoryT .no6ttTbCJI ycnexa B KaqecTBe PYKOBO

):(I1TeJieM . IIpe,nnp11tt11MaTeJibeTBO JIBJI}leTcJI TeM nyTeM, KOTOpbIM

II03BOJI}leT :>KeHIUHHaM ):(OCTI1'Ib BbICOKHX noeTOB, qTo Tpy,ntto ocyme

CTBHMO B Tpa.nIIUHOHHO eJIO:>KHBIIIeMCJI CTpyKType Koprropau1111. Co3,n.a

HHe co6eTBeHHOro ,neJia .naeT :>KeHIU11He eBo6o,ny, OHa CTaHOBHTeJI eaMa

ce6e X035IMKOM; 3,neeb HeB03MO)l(Ha .n:11cKpHMHHaUHJI, eymecTByroma}l

B KpyntthIX oprattH3aIIH}lX.

«fIOTOJ\OK» TPECHYJ\, HO BCE EII(E CYII(ECTBYET

CaTTOH H Myp (1985) OTMeqaroT, qTo q11eJio My:>Kq11tt-pyK0Bo,n11TeJieM:,

IlOJIO:lKHTeJib HO OTHOCJIW:HXC51 K PYKOBO)lHTeJIJIM-:lKeHW:HHaM, BblpOCJIO

e 35% B 1965 r . .no 73% B 1985 r. IIo HX .n:attHbIM, JIHIIIb 5% MY)l('IHH-pyKo

BO.ll:HTeJieM paccMaTpHBaIOT ycnex :>KeHIUHHbI B 6H3Hece KaK HeKJiroqeHHe

(no cpaBHeHHIO c 85% B 1965 r.). 3a 3TOT JI<e nepttOf]; ':IHCJIO MYIK':IHH, OTHO

CJIIUHXCJI fIOJio:lKHTeJibHO K CBOHM HaqaJihHHUaM-:IKeHIU11HaM, B03pOCJIO

c 27 no 47%. IIpoIIeHT :>KeHIUHH Ha pyKoBOJJ:JilUHX .l(OJIJI<Hocrnx c 1965 r. no 1985 r. yBeJIH':IHJICJI c 15 .n:o 40 (Linden, 1994), o,nHaKo pa3phIB Bee eme

coxpaH}leTcJI.

KaK rroKa3bIBaIOT rrpHBe,neHHbie BhIIIIe .n:attHhre, «CTeKJI}lHHhIM noTo

JIOK» Bee eme eymecTByeT. XoTJI 6bIJIH c.n:eJiaHbI nonhITKH JIHKBHJJ:IIpo

BaTb pa3pbIB Me)l(.n:y IIOJiaMH B M11pe 6H3Heca, eme ,naJieKO .l(O Toro, 'IT06bI

)l(eHIUHHhI 6bIJIH npII3HaHbI paBHhIM11 MY:>KqHHaM. 0.n:ttaKo cKopocTh, c KO

Topoii :>KeHIUHHhl npOJJ:BHraIOTCJI K BhICIIIHM fIOCTaM, roBOpHT 0 TOM,

'ITO npeII}lTCTBH}l B KOHIIe KOHIIOB 6y,n:yT npeo.n:oJieHbI.

)laJibHeMIIIHe HCeJie.l(OBaHHJI ):(OJI:>KHbl eKOHUeHTpHpoBaTbeJI Ha 113Me

HeHHH poJIH :>KeHIUHHhl B o6mecTBe, paBHO KaK II Ha eBJI3aHHOH e 3THMH

nepeMeHaMH JJ:HHaMHKe, KOTopy10 rrpeTepneBaeT Tpa.nHUHOHHaJI opraHH-

3au;nottttaH ttepapxm1, Bee em:e ll03rJiaBJHICMilJI MY:IK':IHHilMH. 3¢cpeKnrnHOCTb JKeHCKI1X CTHJieH JIHJ],epcrna M MX IIOJIO:JKMTeJibHble CTOpOHbl raK)Ke

Hy)l(,naIOTeJI B 6oJiee ,neTaJibHOM H3y':leHHH. :>KnyT CBOMX MCCJieJl,OBaTeJieM

COUHaJibHbie II nettXOJior11qee1rne eJie,neTBHJI yenexa )l(eHIUHH, CJ],eJiaBIIIHX

Kapbepy He B yw:ep6 eeMeHHOH )l(H3HlI.

9 JlCHXOJ!OrHll 257

PmAen 6 . JlviAep vi o6ll(ecrno

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Weisman C.S., Morlock L.L., Sack D.G., Levine D.M. (1976). Sex differences in response to a blocked career pathway among unaccepted medical scholl applicants. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 3, 187-208.

9*

AOBEPHM, HO IlPOBEPHM: IlOHMMAHME KYAhTYPhl PYCCKOfO BM3HECA

Pocc1rn: - eme He rrpocHym1rni1:c.1I rrocJie crr.1Iq1m Me.n.Be,Ub. CTpaHa o6Jia

.uaeT orpOMHbIMH ecTeCTBeHHbIMH pecypcaMM: Hecl>TbIO, rrpHpO,UHbIM ra-

30M, yrJieM, .upeBeCHHOtt, 30JIOTOM, aJIMa3aMH. HaceJieHtte Pocc1rn BhICO

KO o6paaoBaHO, noKa3aTemr CTaH.n:apTH30BaHHbIX TeCTOB y pyccKHX BbIIIIe,

qeM y aMep1rnaHI1eB. TeppttTopH.lI .ueJiaeT Poccttro cTpaHott HOMep o.n:ttH

B perttoHe. 0Ha o6Jia.uaeT KOCMHqecKOM rrporpaMMOM c ,UaBHIIMH Tpa.uu

I.JJUIMII II BOeHHOH npoMhIII.JJieHHOCTbIO, Kornpa.sI yCTynaeT TOJibKO CIIIA. B KOHIIe 1980-x ro,a;oB Ha Teppttrnpuu 6brnIIIero CoBeTcKoro Co103a rrpo

H30IIIJIH .UpaMaTuqecKtte H3MeHeHH.lI. YHI-IqTo)KeHHe )KeJie3HOro 3aHaBeca

OTKphIJIO 3aMeqaTeJibHbie B03MO)KHOCTH He TOJibKO ,UJI.lI pyccKOfO Hapo;i;a,

HO II .l{JUI npe.unpHHIIMaTeJieit Bcero Mttpa. «HOBOe pocCHHCI<Oe rocy.uap

CTBO 3a.lIBHJIO 0 CBOeiI H,UeHHOH rrpttBep)KeHHOCTH pa3BHTHIO qacTHOH HHH

uuaTHBbI u BcTynu110 Ha nyTh ,a;eMoKpaTttqecKttX u pbIHO'lHhIX pecl>opM»

(Zudin, 2000, p. 15). B pe3yJihTaTe B 1993 r. E. CDpaHKJIHH, B rrpoIIIJIOM

MHHttcTp aKoHOMHKH CIIIA, B cBoei:i pequ «Bo3MO)J(HOCTH aMepm<aHCKO

ro 61I3Heca» OTMeTHJia Ba)KHOCTb «HOBhIX lIHHIIHaTHB, KOTOphie IIOMoryT

CTHMYJIMpOBaTb aMepttKaHCKHe MHBCCTMUMM M yBeJiuqeHtte ToprOBJIM

c PocCIIett» (Franklin, 1993, p. 357). ITo Mepe pa3BHTH.lI poccuii:cKoro rrpe.unpttHIIMaTeJibCTBa rroHttMaHtte

pyccKoii: KYJibTYPhI H cpe.ucrn o6memrn rrp1106peJitt eme 6oJihIIIYIO Ba)K

HOCTh ,UJI.lI ocBoeHM.lI aToro orpoMHoro pbIHKa. Pocctt.lI HaqaJia CBOH tJ.OJI

rnii nyTb OT KOMMYHH3Ma K CB060,UHOM pbrnoqHQM 3KOHOMMKe, HO /].JI.II TeX,

KTO 3aXOTeJI BhIMTH Ha aTOT HOBbIM pb!HOK, 3TO 03HaqaJio 3HaqHTeJibHbie

KYJihTYPHbie TPY.UHOCTM. «B KOHTeKcTe .upaMaTHqecKHX rrepeMeH MeHe,U

)J(CpbI ,D;OJI)l(Hbl OC03HaTb lI IIOH.lITb Te MHoroqucJieHHbie KYJibTYPHbie cl>aK

TOpbI, KOTOpbie BJIH.lIIOT Ha O/KH,llaHHH II OTHOIIIeHMe pyccKHX K pa6oTe»

(Rubens, 1995, p. 70).

260

noHV1MOHV18 KYnbTYPbl pyccKoro 6V13H8CO

0E30P AHTEPATYPbl

CJie.UCTBIUl n.n:eoJion:1qecKHX nepeMeH, npnttecettHhIX .n:eMoKpaTH'!eCKH

MH pbIHOl.JHb!MH pe¢opMaMH, cymecTBeHHO H3MeHHJIH xapaKTep CBJI3ll Pocc1m c 3ana.n:oM. K cepe.n:ntte 1990-x ro.n:oB 1.JHCJIO aMepm<aHCKHX ¢wpM B MocKOBCKOH 06.JiaCTH .n:ocTnrno 116 (Dulworth, 1995). KaK nmueT

P. MapcJiett.n:, «Bcero ttecKOJihKO JieT tta3a.U cIO.n:a KHHYJIHCh Te, KTO noJiaraJI, 'ITO 3.zi:ecb 6y.n:eT Jief'!e c.n:eJiaTh 6hICTpbre .n:ettbrn, 1.JeM r.n:e-Jin6o eme» (Marsland, 2001, p. 33).

0.n:HHM H3 ¢aKTOpOB, orpaHH'IHBllIHX HHTepec 3ana.n:a K poCCHHCKOMY pbIHKy, OKa3aJicJI KpH3HC 1998 r. Ott 6bIJI CBJI3aH c na.n:emieM py6m1 H o6pyrnettHeM KoppynQHOHttoH: nttpaMII.UhL P. MapcJiett.n: yKa3bIBaeT Ha pOJib cpe.n:crn MaCCOBOH IIHcpopMaU:HH B C03L{aHHH tteraTHBHOro o6pa-3a Poccm1 B nepuo.n: KpII3IIca. «fo.UbI ny6JIHKaunii o Tpy.n:ttocrn:x PoccHH c BbITIJiaTOH L{OJiroB JI 0 BblCOKOM ypoBHe npecTyTIHOCTH C03L{a.JIII o6pa3,

M3BecTHhIH KaK "Jinxopa.n:Ka CNN", Kor.n:a B 1998 r. pa3pa3MJICJI KpM3IIC py6JIJI» (Marsland, 2001, p. 33). Ha caMOM .n:eJie na.n:ettHe py6JIJI MmKHO paccMaTpIIBaTh KaK TIOJIO)l(JITeJibHOe co6bITMe, «TIOCKOJibKY OHO IIOJIO)l(llJIO KOHeI.{ IIOTOKY rop.sI'IHX .n:etter H OTHOIIIeHHIO "xBaTaH H 6erH" MHOflIX HHBecrnpoB» (TaM )l(e). KpII3HC no3BOJIHJI TOBapaM pyccKoro npoM3Bo.n:cTBa KOHKypIIpoBaTh c MMIIOpTOM. Ceromrn aKOHOMIIKa pa3BMBaeTCJI TaK, '!To npoII3BOACTBO Ha AYIDY ttaceJiemu1 B MocKBe cpaBHJIJIOCb c noKpH-3IICHhIM ypoBHeM. ,ll:>K. XaMMOH.U, IICTIOJIHIITeJibHbIH .UHpeKTop MOCKOBcKoro OT.UeJieHirn Me:>K.n:yttapo.n:tto:ii IOpMLJ:M'!ecKo:ii qmpMbI «CMS Cameron KcKenna», 3aKJII01.JaeT: «I1HBeCTOpbI Tenepb 6oJiee CKJIOHHhI K .n:oJiroBpeMeHHoMy no.n:xol];y. Ee3yCJIOBHO, 3j:(eCb MO)f(HO j:(eJiaTb j:(8HbfII, HO He CJie.n:yeT O:>KIIL{aTb HeMe.n:JieHHhIX pe3yJibTaTOB» (TaM :>Ke, p. 34).

KJIIOl.JeBbIM MOMeHTOM L{JI51 ycnellIHbIX KOHTaKTOB M 6u3tteca 51BJI51eT

rn IIOHMMaHMe pyccKOH KYJibTYPbI. Ba:>KHO TIOHIIMaTb He TOJibKO TeKymyIO npaKTHKy, HO 11 Jie:>Kamue 3a Hett Jiorn:qecKHe npe.n:nocbIJIKM. K.JI. Hbro

MeH H c . .n:. HoJIJieH (Newman, Nollen, 1996) cornaruaIOTCJI c KOHUenuMeH, corJiaCHO KOTopott KYJibTypa CJIY:>KHT I<paeyroJibHbIM KaMHeM .ll:Jl51 IIOHHMaHMJI coTpy.n:HHKOB H opraHH3aunw B ueJioM. JLM. MttJIHep II ,ll)l(.M. KoJIJIMHC Cl.JHTaIOT, 'ITO «HCCJie.n:oBaHH.sI Xo¢cTe.n:a npe.n:cTaBJI.sIIOT co6oH: rnraHTCKHH npopbIB B C03L{aHHH Teop1m opraHH3aUHH, 0 1.JeM CBHL{eTeJihCTByeT HX BJIH51HHe na Me)KLJ:yHapo.n:1-Jbie HCCJieL{OBaHH.8: B o6JiaCTH 6tt3He

ca» (Milner, Collins, 2000, p. 68). HH)l(e OCHOBHOe BHHMaHHe 6y.n:eT y.n:eJieHO paccMOTpeHHIO pyccKoii ,a:eJioBoii KYJibTYPhI c TO'IKM 3peHHJI TeopHH Xo¢CTe,a:a.

CxeMa r.x. Xo¢cTe,a:a BI<JIIOl.JaeT 1.JeTb!pe napaMeTpa (vI36erattne Heonpe,a:eJieHHOCTH, HH,U:HBH,a:yaJIH3M, MaCKYJIHHHOCTb, y,a:aJieHHOCTb OT BJiaCTH), II03BOJl51IOIIIIIX lICCJie,l(OBaTeJIJIM rJiy6oKO TIOH51Tb ,a:eJIOBYIO

261

Po3Aef1 6. flviAep VI o61J.(ecrso

KYJibTypy. KaK cqHTaeT r.x. XocpcTe)l, «IIOHHMaHHe JllO)leH rrpeAIIOJiaraeT IIOHHMaHHe HX rrpoHCXO)K)leHH.H H JIX rrpournoro, 6Jiaro.n:ap.H KOTOpbIM MO

ryT 6bITb rrpe,llCKa3aHbI HX HaCT05Ill(ee H 6y.n:ymee IIOBe)leHHe» (Hofstede,

1994, p. 1) . .U.P. Cl>epttatt.n:ec c coaBTOpaMH yrnep)K,llaIOT, qrn B PocCHH

rrpOH30IIIJIH cymecTBeHHbie CABHrn H MHorne cpaKTOpbI OKpyJI<a10meii cpe

JJ.bl H3MeHHJIHCb, BCJieJJ.CTBHe qero BaJKHO HCIIOJib30BaTb o6HOBJieHHbie

rrpHHIJHIIbI ucxo.11.ttoro aHaJIH3a XocpCTeAa (Fernandes et al., 1997). H36ezauue ueonpeiJeJleuuocmu ttarrpaBJieHo Ha OIJeHKY Toro,

KaK )leJIOBa5I KYJibTypa rrpeo.11.oJieBaeT He)lOCTaTOK HHcpopMaIJHH H .11.py

rHe acrreKTbI Heorrpe.11.eJieHHOCTH. Ilo f.X. XocpCTe.11.y, Tpe6yeTc5I orrpe.11.e

JIHTb «CTerreHb Toro, HaCKOJibKO HaceJieHHe CTpaHbl rrpem10qHTaeT CTpyK

TypupoBaHHbie CHTyaIJHH B IIpOTHBOBec HeCTPYKTYPHPOBaHHbIM -

OT OTHOCHTeJibHO rn6KHX JJ.O qpe3BbJqaiiHO JI<eCTKHX» (Hofstede, 1994; 13). BHKTop (Victor, 1992) 60J1ee CTporo onpeaemi:er noH.srme «H36e

raHHe HeonpeJJ.eJieHHOCTH» KaK TY creneHb }lBOHCTBeHHOCTH, KOTOpy10

MoJI<eT BbIJJ.epJI<aTb KYJihTypa. CoBpeMeHHa.H pyccKa.H KYJihTypa Tpe6yeT

noHHMaHH.sr ueHHOCTH pe.n:yKUHH tteorrpe.n:eJ1eHHOCTH. KottTaKTbI )lOJI)K

HhI rrpOHCXOJJ.HTb c yqeTOM H3MeHeHHH, rrpOMCXOJJ.5ImMx B IIOJIMTMKe, aKO

HOMHKe H o6mecTBe PoccHH .

.l{aHHbie, KOTOpbie rrpHBOJJ.5IT .l{.P. Cl>epHaH,llec c coaBTOpaMH, CBHJJ.eTeJib

CTBYIOT o TOM, qrn pyccKM KYJibTypa o6Hapy)KHBaeT cHJihHYIO rroTpe6ttocTh

B H36eraHHH Heorrpe,ll,eJieHHOCTH. «lb Bcex CTpaH, rrpeJJ.CTaBJieHHbIX B BbI-

6opKe, Poccm:r xapaKTepM3yeTc.sr caMbIM BbipaJI<eHHhIM M36eraHHeM Heorrpe.n;eJiettttocTH. IlpHH.HTHe pttcKa J:{Jl.H pyccKHX peCIIOHJ:{eHTOB - qy)KJ:{Oe rro

H5ITMe, 'ITO .HBJl5IeTC51, B03MOJKHO, OTpaJI<eHMeM KOMMYHHCTM'leCKOH pa6oqe}i

aTHKH» (Fernandes et al., 1997, p. SO). Te, KTO 3aHHMaeTc.H 6tt3HecoM B PocCMM, JJ.OJI)KHbl OC03HaBaTb cymecTBOBaHHe BeCbMa peaJibHbIX orpaHM'IeHIIH,

HaJiaraeMblX Ha HHX KYJibTypoH, CTOJib ClfJlbHO lfCIIblTbIBaIOmeli IIOTpe6-

HOCTb B M36eraHIIH Heorrpe.11.eJieHHOCTli.

HuiJuouiJyaJ1U3M/KoJ1J1eKmuoU3M. IlomITMe HHJJ.HBI>IJJ.YaJIM3Ma xapaK

TepH3yer ypoBeHb KYJibTYPHbIX CB513eH. 06mecrna 06pa3y10r KOHTHHyyM,

rpaHMUaMM KOTOporo .sIBJI.sIIOTC.sI KpaHHHM HH)lHBH.llYaJIH3M H KpaiIHHM KOJIJieKTHBli3M. A.11. HayMoB H III.M. Ilacpcpep coo6ma10T, qrn «HHJJ.HBHJJ.ya

JIII3M 6oJiee pacrrpoCTpatteH TaM, me Y3bl Me)K)ly liHJJ.HBM,2'.{aMH He3Ha'IMTeJib

Hbl H JllO)lli )lOJl)l(Hbl IIOJiaraTbC51 B OCHOBHOM Ha ce65I If Ha CBOIO ceMbIO»

(Naumov, Puffer, 2000, p . 713). 3TII aBTOpbI TaKJKe OTMeqa10r: «KoJIJieKTH

BH3M xapaKrepH3yerc.sr HHTepeCOM K TeCHO CB513aHHbIM rpyrrnaM, npeao

CTaBJI.sIIOmHM CBOHM qJieHaM 3aIUMTY B3aMeH 6e3yCJIOBHOH npeaaHHOCTH

rpyrrrre» (Naumov, Puffer, 2000, p. 713). To, KaKM H3 .llBYX uettttocTeti: -

HH)lHBHJJ.YaJIH3M HJIH KOJIJieKTHBH3M - .sIBJI.sieTC.sI B o6mecTBe OCHOBHOH,

rrpe.n;cTaBJI.HeT co6o:iI BaJKHbIH KYJihTYPHhIH ¢aKTOp, KOTOpbIH )lOJIJI<eH YtfHTbIBaTb COBpeMeHHbIH rrpe,n:rrpHHHMaTeJib.

262

KoHuerrumi: 11murn11nyaJIII3Ma 3anaeT yHHKaJibHbie paMKH )],JI5I rroHH

MaHIIH pyccKoH: KYJibTYPhI n o6iuettH5I. I1p11 coBeTCKOM pe)l(HMe rrott5ITHe

lIH,ZJ:lIBH,ZJ:yaJIII3Ma HeCJIO OTPHUaTeJibHYIO Harpy3Ky, HO no Mepe Toro,

KaK HOBa5I PocCH5I BXO)],HT B MHpOBOM pbIHOK, OHO rrpno6peTaeT HHOH OT

TeHOI< H 6oJihIIIYIO Ba:lKHOCTh. Bo3HHKJia rrapa.zi:oKCaJibHaH c11TyaQII5I: ecJIH

B rrpomJIOM PoccmI IIOJiaraJiaCb HCKJIIO'II1TeJibHO Ha KOJIJieKTlIBH3M, TO rre

peMeHbI, rrpo11cme.11:i1rne B 1980-x - tta'-IaJie 1990-x ro.zi:oB rrpnBem1 K B03-

HlIKHOBeHHIO HHbIX rrpe.[(cTaBJieHHM. JI. KocoBa coo6n"(aeT: «B MaccoBOM

C03HaHHH Ha'-IaTbie pe¢opMbI OI<a3aJilICb TeCHO CB5I3aHbI c B03MO:lKHOCTbIO .

H3MeHHTb ycJIOBH5I )KH3Hl16Jiaro)],ap5I JIH'-IHbIM ycMJIH5IM, H B rrepBy10 oqe

peL\b -yJIY'-IIJlllTb CBOe MaTepIIaJibHOe IIOJIO)KeHIIe>,> (Kosova, 2001, p. 29).

Y'-IIIThIBa5I rrpIIH5ITbie B poccttH:cr<oM o6iuecTBe ueHHOCTII, 1<aca10iunec51

HH)],llBH,ZJ:yaJIH3Ma lI KOJIJieKTl1BH3Ma, rrpe.zi:npHHHMaTeJib )],OJI)l(eH 6bITb

yMeJibIM «KaHaTOXO)],QeM>->.

II01-mmue ~yiJaJle1l1toCmb om BJlacmu~, BBe)],eHHOe r.x. Xo¢cTe)],OM,

npe)],cTaBJI5IeT co6oH: eiue o.zi:Hy Ba)l(HYIO xapaKTepucTHKY KYJihTYPhI poc

CHMCI<oro o6u"(eCTBa. «Y.zi:a.JieHHOCTb OT BJiaCnI - 3TO Ta Mepa, B KOTOpoH:

HalIMeHee o6Jia)],aIOIUHe BJIH5IHHeM 'IJreHbI o6n"(eCTBa, lIHCTHTYTbI H opra

mrnaQHH OJKH,n:aIOT ttepammro pacrrpeneJieIIHH BJiaCTH>? (Naumov, Puffer,

2000, p. 715). JI.P. 0¢¢epMaH H 11.C. XeJIJIMaH npHB0.1lHT L\pyroe orrpe

neJiemre: <ho ypoBeHb rrpmnnH ttepasttoro pacrrpeneJieHH51 BJiaCTII B 06-

iuecrne>,> (Offermann, Hellmann, 1997, p. 343). CoBeTCKHH pe:lKHM, ttaxon1rnIIIHHC5I y BJiaCTH B PoccHH na npoT51)Ke

HHH IIO'-ITH 80 JieT, CTpOHJIC5I Ha IIOH5ITHH BJiaCTH. XoT51 KOMMYHHCTH'-Ie

CI<a5I ¢11Jioco¢m1 YTBep:>K)],aJia, '-ITO HHI<aI<a5I BJiaCTb cyiuecTBOBaTb

He )lQJI)l(Ha H BCe )],OJI)l(HO orrpeneJI5ITbC5I BOJieM I<OJIJieI<THBa, IlOJIHTH'Ie

CKHe peaJIHH O'-IeHb )laJieKH OT 3TOro H)leaJia. «XOT5I KOMMYHHCTH'-IeCKOe

YlleHHe npOB03rJiaruaJio Bceo6iuee paBeHCTBO, .zi:ettCTBHTeJibHOCTb B CTpa

HaX, rne y BJiaCTH HaXO)lHJIHCb KOMMYHIICTbI, )leMOHCTpHpOBaJia rJiy6o

qaH:mee pa3)],eJieHHe MeJK.1lY BepxyIIII<OH H BCeMH OCTaJibHbIMll>? (Fernan

des et al., 1997, p. 50). Ouemrn HCCJie.[\OBaTeJieM pacXOL\5ITC5I. n.P. <f>epHaH.[\eC c coaBTOpaMH

C'-IHTaIOT, 'ITO pyccKHe HaX0)],5ITC5l Ha BepmHHe paCXO)K.[\eHirn JIIO.[\eM, o6Jia

.zi:aIOIUHX H He o6Jia.n:aroiuMx BJiacTbro, H o'-IeHb CHJihHO oiuyiua10T 3TO. « Y'-IM

ThIBa5I HCTopHro 6bIBIIIero CoBeTcI<oro Coro3a, Hey.n:HBHTeJihHO, 'ITO pyc

CKHe peCilOH)leHTbI IlOJiaraIOT, lffQ Me.IK;:i:y TeJVrn:, KTO o6Jia.n:aer .BJiaCTJJIO,

H TeMH, I<TO eIO He o6Jia,l(aeT, HMeeT Mecrn rny6oKHM pa3pbIB:i> (Fernandes

et al., 1997, p. 50). A.I1. HayMoB H Ill.M. Ilacj:lcpep HaXO.ll.51T, '-ITO pyccKMe

no 3TOMY rrpM3HaKy rrp11Meptto coOTBeTCTBYIOT :>KMTeJI5IM Coe,ZJ:HHeH

HhIX lllTaTOB. )laHHbie, KOTOpbie rrpHBO)l5IT ::JTII aBTOpbI, fOBOp5IT 0 TOM,

'ITO B pyccKo:il: KYJihType Ha'-IaJIHCh nepeMeHhI. «IloI<asaTeJIH, rroJiy'feH

Hbie rrpH HaIIIeM HCCJie.UOBaHHH, MoryT 6bITb OTHeceHbI 3a C'-IeT He.uaBHHX

263

Pa3Aen 6. JlviAep vi 0611.1ecrno

pe¢opM, HanpaBJieHHbIX Ha 3KOHOMIFieCKYIO M IlOJIMTM'IeCKYIO l(e

ueHTpaJitt3aumo M, B03MO:>KHO, OTl(eJieHH5I 3KOHOMM'!eCKOH BJiaCTH, KOTO

poH: o6nal(aeT '!aCTHbIH 6tt3Hec, OT IIOJIHTH'leCKOH BJiacnr ¢e,uepaJibHbIX

H MeCTHbIX BJiaCTeH» (Naumov, Puffer, 2000, p. 715). L(pyroii: cropo

HOH poCCHHCKOH l(eJIOBOH KYJibTYPbI, CB5I3aHHOH c OTHOIIIemIM K KOH

uenUHM y,uaJieHHOCTH OT BJiaCTH, 5IBJI5IeTC5I rny6oKO yKopeHHBIIIa5IC5I rrpH

Bep:>KeHHOCTb K ttepapxtt'!eCKMM opraHH3aUHOHHbIM cTpyKTypaM.

KaK OTMeqaeT 3. XepMaHH, «poccHHCKMe KOMIIaHHH ,ueJI5IT CBOHX co

TPYll:HMKOB Ha pa6o'!ttx, crreuttaJittCTOB H pyKOBOlJ:MTeJieH» (Hermann,

1994, p. 43). MacKyJtumwcmb/peMUHHocmb. BBel(eHHoe f.X. XocpCTe,UoM noH5I

TMe MacKy JIHHHOCTM HrpaeT Ba:>KHYIO pOJib B IlOHHMaHHll pyccKOH ,ueJIOBOH

KYJibTYPhL ,ll,.P. <t>epHaH,uec c coaBTopaMn TaK orrpe,uen5IIOT MacKyJIHHHyro

KYJihTypy: «MacKyJIHHHbre CTpaHbI npe.n:rro'!HTaIOT, qro6br B opraHtt3aum1x

pyK0Bow1rn:tte rrocTbI 3aHHMaJIM MY:>K'IHHDI, a B o6rn:ecTBe MY:>K'lHHhI H :>KeH

rn:ttHbI HrpanH He ,uyaJIHCTH'!ecKyro, a O,UH03Ha'!HO onpe,ueJieHHYIO pOJib»

(Fernandes et al., 1997, p. 51). A.H. HayMoB H lli.M. Ila¢¢ep TaK OIIHCbI

BaIOT cpeMHHHYIO KYJihTypy: «.l(JI5I ee npe,ucraBttTeJieti THntt'lHO noBe,ueHHe,

npH KOTOpOM COI!HaJlbIIb ie poJIH o6ottx IlOJIOB B 3Hal.JHTeJibHOH Mepe nepe

ceKaIOTC5I, KaK MY:>K'lHHbI, TaK H :>KeHIUHHbI yMepeHHbI B CBOeM TIOBe,i:i:eHMH

H ,n:yMaroT He TOJibKO o MaTepttaJibHOM npouBeTaHMH» (Naumov, Puffer, 2000, p. 716).

r.x. Xo¢crea onpe,i:i:eJI5IeT pa3JIH'!Me Me:>K,i:i:y MaCKYJIHHHbIMH H ¢eMHH

HbIMH KYJibTypaMH KaK «CTerreHb, B KOTopoti MaCKYJIHHHbie ueHHOCTH;

TaKHe KaK HanopttCTOCTb, CTpeMJieHtte K )];OCTM:>KeHM5IM H KOHKypeHUH5I,

rrpeo6Jia)];aIOT Ha)]; ¢eMHHHbIMH - Ka'!eCTBOM :>KH3HH, TeIIJibIMH Me:>KJIM'l

HOCTHbIMM OTHOIIIeHM5IMH, ycJiyraMtt, 3a6oTOH M COJitt,i:i:apHOCTbIO»

(Hofstede, 1994, p. 13). 3aH5ITH5I 6tt3HecoM B PoccMH ,ueJiaIOT Heo6xo,i:i:H

MOH oueHKY npHH5ITbIX narrepHOB o6rn;eHH5I.

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HocTtt .H3hIKa oTpa3MJiacb B Hay1IHoi1 JIHTepaType. Ilpocpeccop Cy,n:3yKM

H3 ymrnepenTeTa Keii:o 060.HCH.HeT )l(II3Heenoco6HoeTb 3aKoHa o Hall,HOHaJib

ttocTH 11perro,z:i:aBaTeJieH cymecTBOBaHIIeM y6eJK,z:i:eHII.l1, paerrpocTpaHeHHO

ro, 110 ero MHeHIIIO, cpe,z:i:II .l1110Hll,eB, 'ITO IIHOCTpattll,bl BOBee He IIMeIOT11pa

Ba 110HlIMaTb .l1110HeKHH .l13bIK ( TaM JKe ).

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Ba y .l1110ttll,eB. TaKa.H II03Hll,II.l1 paexo,z:i:IITC.H c eHeTeMOH u.eHHOCTeH B Co

e,n:HHeHHbIX lllTaTax. l.JyBCTBO pacoBOfO 11peBOCXO,Zl;CTBa, 11peBpaIU,eHHOe

B Kpaii:He Hall,IIOHaJIIICTH1IeCKIIe YMOHaCTpoeHII.ll, BXOIJ:lIT B rrpoTHBope1Itte

c peaJibHbIM XO/l:OM HeTOpIUI, lI OCTaeTe.H Hel10H.l1THbIM, KaK .HIIOHll,bl Bee

)Ke Mllp.fITC.fI c HenpIHITHhIMll ,Il;.ll.fI HllX ¢aKTaMH peaJibHOCTH. IlpuMeqa

TeJibHO B 3TOM ITJiaHe HX OTHOIIIeHIIe K CBOeMy 11opa)l(eHIIIO BO BTOpoH:

MIIpoBott BOHHe. B rroeJieBoeHHhre ro,n:bI B .H11otteKHX o6pa3oBaTeJibHbIX

nporpaMMax no COBpeMeHHOll HCTOpHH 6wr IlO'ITH IlOJIHblll npo6eJI B OTHO

IIIeHHH Tex JieT, KOTOpbre 11p1IBeJIH K BOHHe B THXOM OKeaHe ll o6cTO.l1TeJib

CTBaM BOeHHOfO nopa)KeHH515InOHHH B 1945 r. (Miller, 1982). 0 Xttpoctt

Me H HaracaKH y110MHHaJIII KaK 6h1 B HCTOpII1IeCKOM BaKyyMe, BbipbIBa.H

IIX ll3 KOHTeKCTa nplIBeiJ:IIIlIX K HHM co6bITIIM (TaM )Ke). qaCTO fOBOp.HT,

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pmo MOJKeT 11HCaTb no6e)l(,Zl;eHHbIM, eCJIH OH KOHTpomrpyeT CHCTeMy o6-

pa30Bamrn.

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11 pa6oTo,z:i:aTeJieii:. B 5IrrottHM pa6oTa B IIHOCTpattttoii: ¢ttpMe paceMaT

pIIBaeTc.H KaK tte1ITO BbIXO/l:.HIU,ee 3a paMKII 11pIIH.HToro. HecMoTp.H

Ha BeCbMa BblCOKYlO 3ap11JiaTy 0'IeHb HeMHOflie BbICOKOKBaJIIIcpHll,HpO

BaHHbie cneIIHaJIHCTbI fOTOBbI pa6oTaTb B TaKHX cpttpMax. 3To He)l(e

JiaHHe npoHCXO.l(HT, c O.l(HOH CTOpOIIbI, H:l 'iY:BCTlm neynepcHHOCTH :B 6y

.n:ymeM, C ,z:i:pyroiI CTOpOHbl, CB.l13aHO C COIIllaJibHOH 1103lIIIIIeH,

110CKOJibKY K pa60THIIKaM IIHOCTpaHHbIX qrnpM 1IaIU,e Bcero He OTHO

C.HTCji KaK K qaeTH jillOHCKOfO o6mecTBa, a aToro jiIIOHIIbl He MoryT 11e

peHeCTlI (Nakane, 1973).

275

I1AEHTI1 <!> l1KAIJ;l15I C fPYf1f10 I1

Ilpe.n,y6e.1K.n,em1e nponrn cJiy.1K6b1 B HHOCTpaHHhIX qrn:pMax MernaeT pac

npocTpaHeHHIO cpe.n,H 51I10HCKHX pa6oTHHKOB HOBhIX H,IJ,eM, KaK xopOIIIHX,

TaK II nJIOXHX. B co3HaHHH 51IlOHCKHX cJiy.II<aIIJHX caMhIM Ba.II<HhIM oKa3ht

BaeTC51 H,IJ,eHTHcpHKaumi: c rpynnoM: H CTapIIIHHCTBO B rpynne, 6e30THOCH

TeJibHO K KOMileteHTHOCTH.

qeJioBeK oueHHBaetc51 npe.IK,ll,e Bcero no ToMy, K KaKott rpynne OH npw

Ha.n,Jie.IKHT. TaK KaK rpynna nocrpoeHa Ha .II<eCTKOM HepapxwrecKOM nop51.IIKe,

qeJIOBeKy pa3pernaeTC51 BOHTH B Hee TOJihKO c HlI31IIeM CTyneHH nepapxnn:

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H CB513H Me.IK.IIY y.1Ke HaXO.II51IIIHMHC51 B rpynne 'IJieHaMH (Nakane, 1973). Xorn aMepttKaHCKa51 apMH51 n cpe.n,epaJibHa516IOpoKpaTH51 TaK.II<e o6Bn

H51IOTc51 B rro.n.nep.II<Ke CHCTeMbl rrpo.n,BH.II<eHH51 no cJiy.1K6e, OCHOBaHHOH Ha

CTa.II<e pa6oTbl, a He Ha BKJia.n,e 'leJIOBeKa, TaKa51 CHCTeMa HeTHIIH'IHa .IIJ151

AMepHKH. /KecTKa51 crpaTmpnKaUH.SI B 5InoHHH co3.n,aer H .n,pyrne rrpo-

6JieMbI B yrrpaBJieHHH nepcoHaJIOM.

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TeM ,n;aToii rrocTyrrJieHIH! B KOMrranHIO ... B pe3yJihTaTe a,n;MHHHCTpau;H5I

,llOJDKHa IlOBbilllaTb B ,llOJl.IKHOCTH Cpa3y HeCI<OJibKHX CJiy.1KaII1MX 0,IJ,HOro ro.n,a

nocryrrJieHH51, CJie,IJ,51 3a TeM, 'IT06bI Me.IK.IIY HHMH He o6pa30Ba.7I0Ch 3aMeT

HOro pa3pbrna. Orc10na B03HHKaer MHO)Kecrno noMOIUHHKOB H .llOJI)KHOCT

HhIX pa3p51.IIOB B Ka.IK,ll,OM ceKTOpe 51IIOHCKOH 3KOHOMHKH» (Nakane, 1973). fJiy6HHHOH npH'IHHOH Toro, 'ITO CJiy)KaJUHe npHHHMaIOT 3TY CHCTeMy,

RBJI51eTC51 o6ecne'IHBaeMM eIO TBep.n,a.a yBepeHHOCTb B 6y.nyII1eM. JI106oe

OTKJIOHemi:e OT IIpHH51TOH IIOJIHTHKH IIOBbIIIIeHH.SI B ,IJ,OJl'.IKHOCTH MO'.IKeT

pacueHttBaTbC51 Kai< yrpo3a 3TOH yBepeHHOCTH (Rahim, 1989). EcJm q:mp

Ma XO'IeT IIOCTaBHTb Ha BblCOKYIO .IIOJl'.IKHOCTb KaKOfO-HH6y,n;b oco6eHHO

KBaJIHcpm1HpOBaHHOro l.JeJIOBeKa, OHa .IIOJl'.IKHa TaK'.IKe npO.IIBHHYTb ero KOJI

Jier Ha .IIOJI'.IKHOCTH, He o6513aTeJibHO .n,aIOII1He TaKyIO '.IKe BJiaCTb, HO o6ec

nel.JHBaIOIUHe HM TaKYIO JI<e yBepeHHOCTb B 6y,1J,yII1eM. ,llJI51 pa6oTHHKa rpyn

na 51BJI51eTC51 oJim1eTBopeHHeM BJiaCTH. B Ka'-.leCTBe TaKoBoH rpynna

H HCI10Jlb3yeT CBOIO BJiaCTb ,l(Jl51 3aIIJHTbI CBOHX 'IJieHOB.

EcJIH cJiyqaeTC51, '-ITO 'IeJioBeK coBepIIIaeT B pa6oTe ornn6Ky, ero 3a

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onpaB.n;aHH.sI ero .n;ettCTBHH HeT HHKaKHX pa3yMHhIX )J;OBO,IJ,OB, OHH 3aIIIH

T5IT ero rpyIIIIOBOH CHJIOH H C03,IJ,a,n;yT KaKoe-Htt6y,n;b HppaIIROHaJihHOe HJIH

3MOUHOHaJibHOe onpaB,naHHe (Nakane, 1973). Ipynna He MO'.IKeT .11onyctnTh, '-IT06b1 KTO-Jitt6o na ee 'IJieHOB 6bIJI no.n:

BeprHyT HaKa3aHHIO, HCXO,ZJ,5IIUeMy H3 BHeIIIHero HCTO'IHHI<a, TaK KaK 3TO

MOJKeT nonopBaTb rpynny MneHtncpnKauw.s1 c rpynno:ti - HetJ:TO 6oJibIIIee,

'IeM tteo6XO,lllIMOCTh OCTaBaTbC51 B TOM /Ke CTpaTe, 'ITO H ,ZJ,pyrne CJiyJKaIIIHe,

276

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rrocTyrrHBIIlHe B KOMIIaHmo B O.UHH ro.n. OT cJiy)Kamero O)KH.ZJ;aeTc5I, 'ITO OH

6y.n;eT rrpo,n:oJI)KaTb pa6oTaTh y o.nHoro H Toro )Ke pa60TO.n;aTem1. HeJierKo

BepHyThC5I Ha rrpe)KHIOIO pa6oTy ITO rrpollleCTBHH HeCKOJlbKHX JleT. Ilo::no

MY otJeHb TPY.UHO HaHTH tJeJ10BeKa, roToBoro 3aH5ITh .D;OJl)KHOCTh B Me)K.ny

Hapo.nHoii: opraHJ13aunn (Nakane, 1973). Pa3opBaB CB5I3h - .na)Ke ecJIH H3BeCTHO, 'ITO JIHIIlh BpeMeHHO - tJeJio

BeKy Tpy.ntto 3aHoBo BOHTH B rpyrrrry. CtJttTaeTrn, qTO pa3 cJiy)KamIIii: o.nHa

:>K,UhI 3axoTeJI rroKIIHYTh rpyrmy, TO OH c.neJiaeT ::>TO CHOBa. KpoMe Toro, 3a

BpeM5I ero OTCYTCTBH5l rpyrrrra 6oJiee TeCHO CIIJiaqnBaeTC5I. 1IeJioBeK .UOJI

)KeH IIOilbITaTbC5I CJIOMaTb rrperpa.D;bI, B03HHKI11He H3-3a IIpOHCIIle,n:IllHX

H3MeHeHHH, a 3TO rrpaKTH'!eCKH HeB03MO)KHO, oco6eHHO eCJllI rrpno6pe

TeHHbie .nocTH)KeHH5I CBSI3aHbI c pellleHHeM TPY.UHhIX 3a.natI.

TaKHM o6pa30M, pa60THHKY He CJle.n;yeT IIO.D;BepraTb COMHeHmo. status quo, rapaHTHpy10rn;HH rreHCHOHHbie BbffO.UbI H YBa)KeHHe co CTOpOHbl KOJl

Jler. HeJib35I He.nooueHHBaTb ::>TOT IIOCJle.ZJ;HHH MOTIIB. 51rromrn He 5IBJISieTCSI

Mo6IIJibHhIM o6rn;ecTBOM, KaK AMepnI<a. 3a perryTauneii .neTeH H3 onHoro

ceJieHH5I BHHMaTeJihHO CJie.ZJ;5IT BCIO HX )KJ13Hb. B 51rroHHH He Ha'!HHaIOT

)KJ13Hh cHaqaJia. OtieBnnHo, n.neHTHcpirnaunR c rpyrrrroH: 5IBJ15IeTrn rrpo.noJI

:>KettneM CHCTeMbI ceMeHHbIX ueHHOCTeii, KOTOpa.H rro.nqepKHBaeT Ba:>KHOCTb

CTpyKTYPhI ceMblI.

B n.neaJibtto:H Tpa.nnunotttto:H: 5IIIOHCKOH ceMbe ee 'IJieHhI Bcer.na ,n:oJIJK

HhI 6bITb e,UHHOlJ:YlllHbl BO MHeHH.SIX, He3aBHCHMO OT o6cy)K.naeMoro BO

rrpoca. Bhipa)KeHHe MHeHHR, rrpoTHBOIIOJIO)KHoro MHeHHIO rJiaBbI ceMhH,

paccMarpIIBaercsi KaK npo$IBJiem1e HeyMeHH$l ce6$l BecrII (Nakane, 1973). CeMbR RBJIReTrn ncTOtIHHKOM omymemrn Ba)KHOCTH n.nettTHcpHKauim

c rpyrrrro:H: n tteo6xo.nnMOCTH rrpnHa.nJie)KaTb K rpyrrrre. B aMepnKaHCKHX

ceMh5IX HeT TaKoro po.na ueHHOCTeH.

PoJih )l(eHrn;HHhI B 5IIIOHCKOM H aMepnKaHCKOM o6mecTBax coBepllleH

HO He COBrra,n:aIOT. B SIIIOHCKOM o6mecrne )KeHIIl;HHa paccMaTpHBaeTC$l KaK

CBSI3y10masi cnna B ceMbe. Otta pacrroJiaraeT rpoMa,n:tto:H: BJiaCThIO, yrrpaB

JIRR .nette:>KHbIMH pacxo.naMM H rroTpe6JietttteM (Karr, 1991). O.n;ttaKo 40% pa6oTaIOIIl;HX )KeHIIl;HH HarrpaBJrneTC5I Ha BbIIlOJIHeHHe pynrnHhIX H MeJI

KMX 3a.na'l. B 5IIIOHCKOM o6mecTBe rrpe.nrroJiaraeTc5I, 'ITO )KeHmnHa pa6o

TaeT .no 3aMy/KeCTBa, 3aTeM YBOJibH5IeTC5I ,ll;JI5I BOCIIHTaHH5I .neTeH H B03-

BpamaeTC.SI Ha pa6oTy IIOCJie copoKa, H TO JIMIIlb rrpH Heo6xo.nHMOCTH,

Ha HH3Ime ,ll;OJIJI<HOCTH H He na IIOJIHYIO CTaBKy. Ilpn TaKHX Tpa.nnuH5IX

He Y.UHBHTeJibHO, 'ITO RIIOHUbI He BOCIIpHHHMaIOT :>KeHIIl;HHY HH KaK

pa60THHKa, o6JietieHHOrO BJiaCTbIO, HH KaK pa60THHKa, IlpHHHMaIOrn;ero

pellleHHR (Hellriegel, Slocum, 1989). He cJie.nyeT .nyMaTh, 'ITO ::>TOT

y.neJI )KeHIUHHbI rro.no6eH HaCHJihCTBeHHOMY pa6cTBy. B cooTBeTCTBMH

co CTPYKTypo:i1 ueHHOCTeH CTpaHbI TaKOM CTHJib )KfJ3HH 5IBJrneTC.SI .UJI5I JKeH

IIl;HHbI n.neaJIOM.

277

B CBOeM BOCXOiK,l{eHHH K MHpOBOMY JIH,n;epCTBY B rrpOH3BO,l{ttTeJibHO

CTH Tpy,n;a aMepttKaHCKHe yrrpaBJI5IIOI11He HrHOpttpyIOT nee Te aJieMeH~hI,

KOTOpbie 5IIIOHIJ;bl HCilOJib3YIOT c 6oJibllIHM ycrrexoM - .n:yxoBHbie u;eHHOC

TH, yBepeHHOCTh B ce6e, npHcnoco6JieHHOCTh tt c<rncThe (Batten, 1989). KoHetJHo, npJIMoe nepeHJITtte 5IIIOHCKHX rrpttHIJ;HIIOB ynpaBJieHtt5I KaK 'IH

CTOH CYIIIHOCTH HeocymecTBHMO, ecJIH Mhl He XOTHM npHHHMaTb H,l{eH

THtJHYIO CHCTeMy u;eHHOCTeit A OTO cpaKTH'IeCKH HeB03MOiKHO, eCJIH Mhl

He HCilhIThrnaeM Ha ce6e Tex iKe BJIH.HHHH, tJTO H .HITOHUhI. Bo3MO:>KHO, o.n;Ha

Ko, npHH.HTh BbliKHMKY H3 oTHX npHHUHilOB - caMoe cymecTBeHHOe

B HIIOHCKHX npHHIJ;Hnax ynpaBJieHH5I (Lee, Schvendiman, 1982).

Af,A flOAXOAA K OQEHKE 5IflOHCKOfO CU1NI YTIP AB./\EHIDI

EcJIH HIIOHCKHH CTHJih ynpanJieHH.H HMeeT HHhie KYJihTYPHhie KopHH,

'IeM aMepHKaHCKa5I CHCTeMa, TO 03HatJaeT JIH oTO, 'ITO 5IIIOHCKa5I CHCTeMa

6ecnoJie3Ha .n:m1 aMepttKattu;en? lfa-3a KY JihTYPHhIX pa3JIHtJHH aMep1rnaH

UhI HHKOr]la He CMOrJIH 6hI IlOJIHOCThIO npHH5ITh 5IIIOHCKYIO CHCTeMy. 0]lHa-

. KO HeKOTOpbie KOMIIOHeHThl oTOH CHCTeMbI MOfJIH 6hI npHHeCTH IlOJih3Y

aMepHKaHCKHM opraHHJaum1M. II pe]lCTaBMM ]lBa sapHaHTa BhUIBJiemrn: no

Jie3HhIX CTopoH .HIIOHCKOH cHCTeMbI yrrpanJieHH.H: Teopm:i: Z YHJih.HMa YtiH

H TeopH5I CeMH S P. IlaCKaJIJI H A. Arnca. 0HH noxo:>KH .n:pyr Ha ,n;pyra,

HO pa3JIHtJaIOTC5I B HeKOTOpbIX OTHOIIIeHH5IX. lfaJIO)l(emi:e o6eHX TeopHH

II03BOJIHT JIYtIIIIe IlOH5ITh, lJTO MO)KHO H lJTO HeJib35I npttMeH5ITh ,Z(JI5I aMe

pttKaHCKHX opraHH3aIJ;HM.

C noMOlllhIO TeopHH Z YtJH nonhITaJIC.H npttcnocofo.J:Th .HIIOHCKHe

npHHIJ;HIIhI yrrpaBJieHmI K cpe.n:e aMepHKaHcKoro 6tt3Heca. OH Ha3hrnaeT

TpH THna Me)KJIHlJHOCTHbIX CB5I3eH, KOTOpbie 5IBJI5IIOTC5I rJiaBHOH rrpHtJH

HOM ycnexa SIIIOHCKOH c11cTeMbI ynpasJieH11.s1: 3TO .ll:osep11e, YToH'IeHHOCTh,

BmrnocTh.

YtIH IIHIIIeT: «IlepBbIM ypoK Teop1u1 Z - 3TO ycTaHOBJieHHe .n:0Bep1rn.

IlpoH3BO.D:HTeJibHOCTh H .n:oBepHe H.D:YT pyKa 06 pyKy» (Ouchi, 1981). YTOHtieHHOCTb COCTOHT B TOM, 'IT06bI ,Z(OCTaTO'IHO xopOlllO IIOHHMaTb Ba

IIIHX JIIO]leit H HaXO]lHTb HM MeCTO ;:vrn C03.n;aHHJl MaKCHMaJibHO ::icpcpeKTHBHbIX KOJIJieKTHBOB. TepMHH «6JIH30CTh» BhI3hrnaeT ueraTHBH3M y cy

poBhIX H HH,l{HBHJlYaJIHCTHlJHhIX aMepHKaHCKHX yrrpaBJI.HIOlllHX, HO oTO

HerrpaBHJibHO. EJIM30CTh - 3TO He «CIOCIOKaHhe». 3To «3a6oTa, no.zmepiK

Ka H 6ecKOpbICTHe, KOTOpbre ,Z(eJiaIOT B03MO)KHblMH TeCHbie COIJ;liaJibHbie

CBSI3H» (Ouchi, 1981). KoMnJieKc ::iT11x MeiKJIHtIHOCTHhIX CBJI3ei1: 06pa3y

eT no,n;xo.n: K ynpaBJieHHIO co CJ1e,n;y10I11HMH KOMITOHeHTaMM:

278

Oco6eHHocrn ~ noHcKofi CVICTeMbl ynpasne1-1V1~

1. Ilo)l(H3HeHJia5! CJiy:>K6a Ha Ol{HOM MeCTe. 2. Oue1-IKa pa6oTHHKOB If noBbimenne nx B l{OJIEHOCTH.

3. HecneI.(HaJIH3HpoBaHnb1e KapbepHbie rryTH. 4. l1MIIJIHUl1THb!e MexaHH3Mbl KOI-!TpOJI5!.

5. Y'-!acrny10m11i1 rroaxon / rrpnmnae pemeHHH Ha ocHoBc KOHceHcyca.

6. U eJIOCTHa5l 3a6orn o JII0):{5IX.

BhICillHe yrrpaBJieHU:hI B 6oJiblllHHCTBe Koprropau;u:H: C'lHTaroT,

tfTO cJiy:JK6a Ha OlJ:HOM Mee-re Ha rrponDKeHHH BCeH :JKH3HH .n:aeT MHOfO npe

HMyru;ecTB: mraHOBhI H Ha6op H o6ytfeHne rrepcoHaJia, xoporna>I pa6oTa

H 6JiaronpH5ITHbIH MOpaJibHbIH KJIHMaT B KOJIJICKTHBe, YCTOHtfHBbie OTHO

IlleHH5I MeJK.n:y pa60THHKaMH H ynpaBJI5IIOIIJ;HMH (Yoji, 1988). 3Ta xapaK

TepMcnma, B03MOJKHo, HerrpneMJieMa .ZJ:JI5I CIIIA. Ho TaKtte ee acrreKThI,

KaK L(OBepHe, rrpHB5I3aHHOCTb K cjrnpMe H rrpe.n:aHHOCTb pa6oTe, 5IBJI5IIOTC5I

octtoBaHtt5IMII Teoptttt Z H rrpttMeHIIMhI I< aMepHKaHCI<HM opraHH3aiJ.H5IM.

Komi.erru;H>I noJKH3HeHHOH cJiyJK6bI .n:eii:crnttTeJibHO rrocTpoeHa Ha .n:0Be

p1111. K TOMY )Ke 5IIIOHCKoe ynpaBJ1eH11e roToBo HHBecn1poBaTb o6ytfettne

nepcOI-raJia, rroToMy 'ITO He 6oIITc5!, 'ITO cJiy:JKam11e yBoJI.HTC5I H rrepeH:.n:yT

Ha pa6oTy K KOHKypeHTaM (Tereska, 1989). CJiy:JKaIIJ;Hll 3HaeT, tfTO B HJIO

xtte BpcMeHa OH MOJKeT .n:o HeKOTOpoH. CTerremI rrocTpa.n:aTb, IlOCI<OJihKY

ero B03HarpaJK.n:em1e ue 6y.n:eT TaKHM BhICOKHM, KaK o6bI'lHO. Ott TaKJKe

3HaeT, qTo B xopoume L(JI5I qmpMhI BpeMeHa OH 6y.n:eT 3I<OHOM.H'IeCKII B03-

HarpaJK.n:en. IloJKH3HeHHa5I cJiyJK6a CTpOIITC5I TaK)I<e na caMOOTBcp:>KcH

HOM '.IKepTBCHHOM OTHOIIICHHII K opraHII3aIJ;IIII pa.n,II ,ll,OCTH:IKeHII5I .ZJ:OJifO

BpeMeHHbIX I].eJieii: (Flynn, 1982). CJiy)Kauu1x B .s:inoHCKIIX qmpi-.rnx MoryT He paccJo.raTpIIBaTbC5l KaI< ca

MOCT05ITcJihHhIX HH)]JIBH,ZJ;oB, ITOI<a OHH He rrpo6y.n:yT B qmpMe 10 JICT HJIH

60.JihIUe. B TetfeHtte 3TOro rreptto.n:a cJiy:JKalll.IIH rrpocTo >IBJI5leTc.s:i tfaCThIO

rpymihL UeJihIO 5!IlOHCKOH cJiy:JKe6ttoii: cttcTeMhI 5!BJI5!eTc5! cmnKeHtte poJIH

BJiaCTH, pa36HeHHe ee Ha MHOJKeCTBO COCTaBJI5IIOIIJ;HX, pa3,ll.eJI5IcMbIX MeJK

.n:y pa3JIH'lHhIMH JIIO.LJ.hMH (Campbell, Campbell, 1988). B pe3yJihTaTe oT

cyTcTByeT MonrnaIJ.H5! .ZJ:JI5! «rro.n:c1r>KHBaHH5!i.> - rrpo.n:om1<eHH5I cBoeli Ka

pbephr 3a ctieT qy:>1<0H.

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HOCTH K rpynne ... OHa BJII15ICT Ha Halim yCTaHOBKI1, MOTHBau:mo I1 pa6oTy

cHJihttee, tieM KaKoii:-JI1160 .n:pyroH: coUHaJihHhIH ¢eHoMeH ... B 6oJibIIIeH:

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.ZJ:BH:JKeHHe Ha Hallie IIOBe.n:eHHe BJIH5IeT HMcHHO rrp1rna.n:Jie)l(HOCTb K rpyrr

rre ... B raKOM OKpyJKeHHH He HMCIOT 3Ha'lcHl15! HH BHeIIIHHe OI].eHKH, HM B03-

Harpa)K.ZJ:eHII5I; rrepBOCTeneHHYI-O Ba)KHOCTb rrp1106peTaeT rJiy6oKM, TOHKM

279

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B ynpaBJieHHH, OHH JiyqIIIe KOOptl,HHHpyIOT pa3JIH'lHhie onepau1111 B cpttpMe.

::ho TaK)Ke yJiyqUiaeT ropH30HTaJibHYIO KOOptl,HHaUHIO H o6mee IIOHHMa

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o6Hapy)KJIBaeTC5I BO MHOfHX BbICOKO CIIeUHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX BH.UaX rrpOMbI

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aMepHKaHD;bI cneu;HaJIH3ttpyIOTC5I B paMKax KapbepbI, 5IIIOHUbI cneu;HaJIH-

3HPYIOTC.!I B paMKax opramI3aUIIII. B CIIIA MbI B onpeneJJeHHOH cTenem1

nponrnHMC5I o6y'!eHHIO CJiy)KaIIl,HX HaBbIKaM, KOTOpbre IIOBblC5IT cnpoc

Ha HHX Ha pbIHKe Tpy.ua, onaca51Cb, 'ITO OHH yHecyT CBOH HOBbie 3HaHJI5I

B npyry10 cpttpMy. 51rrOHUhl, HanpoTHB, npHBep)KeHbl HenpepbIBHOMY o6yqe

HHIO H paccMaTpHBaIOT IIOCTO.SIHHYIO poTaUHIO pa60'IHX MeCT KaK rro6y.u11-

TeJib tl,JI5I pa3BHTH5I HaBbIKOB H npe,n:aHHOCTH opraHH3all,HH (Kamata, 1982). AMepttKaHcKoe yrrpaBJiemre .UJI5I peUieHH5I KOHKpeTHbIX 3a.Ua'l co3naeT

CHCTeMy KOHTpOJI5I. B 51noHHH CHCTeJViy KOHTpOJI5I C03tJ,aeT KYJibTypa opra

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TeMy KOHTpOJUI, KOT0pa5I, KaK npennoJiaraeTC.Sl, II03BOJrn:T HM BbIIIOJIHHTb

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y6e)K,l(eHHeM OTHOCHTeJlbHO Toro, 1<arwro poaa perneHHR OKamyTCR Ha.H6o

Jiee yna'!HbIMH B ,n:aHHOM BH,l(e npOMbIUIJieHHOCTH HJrn: B ,n:aHHOM cpttpMe.

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H 6oJiee 3cpcpeKTHBHOe HX BbIIIOJIHeirn:e (Morgan, 1989). 51rroHCKa5I CHCTe

Ma H}J;eT HaMHOro ,l(aJibllle C03tJ,aHH5I «KPY)KKOB Ka'leCTBa» 113 6-8 'leJIOBeK,

280

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U:bl Me.UJIHTeJibHbl B BblflOJIHeHHH.

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HII51X H rpyrrnoBhIX cnoco6ttocrnx (Ishikawa, 1985). HoBbre w.uew - ::irn

n.n:ett rpyrrnbI. 51rroHCKOe yrrpaBJiemre CTpeMHTCH K IlOJIHOMY cpH3H'-leCKO

My, HHTeJIJieKTyaJibHOMY H MOpaJibHOMY pa3BHTIIIO CBOIIX CJIY)Kall(HX.

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JIIO.UHM omymeHHe 6oJibllllIX .UOCTII)KeHIIH, rop.uocTII II BblCOKYIO CaMOOU:eH

KY (Yantani, 1989). OpraHII3aU:IIH - 3TO cJiy)KaIUIIii. Y'-III OTMe'-!aeT: «Kor

.n:a 3KOHOMII'-!eCKaH II o6mecTBeHHaH )KII3Hb IIHTerpIIpOBaHbl B e.n:HHOe u:e

JIOe, OTHOllleHIIH Me)K.uy JIIO.ll:hMII cTaHOB51TCH 6JIII3KHMH ... DJIII30CTh,

.UOBepwe H IIOHHMaHIIe pacTyT TaM, r.ne JIIO.UH MHO)KeCTBeHHblMH CBH351MH

coe.uwtteHbI B u:eJIOCTHbie B3aHMOOTHorneHII5I;.> (Ouchi, 1981 ).

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Be rrpttMepa .s:rrrottcKoro yrrpaBJieHtt.s:r B .uewcTBIIH KOMIIaHttIO Mau:ycttra,

281

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ll3BeCTHJIO aMepm<ami:aM no Ha3BaHll5IM National, Quasar, Panasonic mm

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282

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coTpy,n;HHKH yMeIOT ii;eJiaTb xopoIIIo. MacTepcrno ynpaBJI51IOIUero cocTo

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283

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MI04I1 K YCTIEXY >ITIOHCKOfO YTIPABAEHM>I

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Vol. 85. N2 2. P. 196-200.

PSYCHOLOGY OF CONTEMPORARY LEADERSHIP

American researches

Editors:

Dr. J .P. Cangemi Professor Emeritus of Psychology Western Kentucky University Bowling

Green, Kentucky U.S.A.

Dr. CJ. Kowalski Professor of Educational Leadership South Carolina State University

Orangeburg, South Carolina U.S.A.

Dr. T.N. Ushakova Distinguished Professor & Researcher Russian Academy of Sciences,

Institute of Psychology, Moscow, Russia

CONTENTS

J.P. Cangemi, CJ. Kowalski. Preface .............................. ................................... 5

GENERAL PROBLEMS

R. Close. Global leadership for the XXI century ............................................ 9 J.P. Cangemi, R. Apple, Jr. Twelve challenges for corporate and business

Leaders - a Humanistic Perspective .................................................... 15 D. Dile, J.P. Cangemi. Transformational leadership: a brief overview ..... 23 C. Udell. What is leadership? Risk taking in a market economy .............. 38

TRUST IN ORGANIZATION

G. Mathison. Creating and maintaining trust in an organization ............. 47 M. T Loring. The erosion of trust in the workplace .............. ........................ 52 J.P. Cangemi,]. Rice, CJ. Kowalski. The development, decline and

renewal of trust in an organization: some observations .................... 67 E. Payne. Trust in a small work place .................................... .......................... 78

PERSONAL TRAITS OF A LEADER

C. Mayor. Who is a charismatic leader? ......................................................... 91 L. Hollon. What do leadership and lasagna have in common? ................. 98 S. Heinbuch. Beneath the veil of leadership .................. ............................... 102 J.P. Cangemi, C.j. Kowalski. Successful senior level managers - what

are they like? ............................................................................................ 113

STYLES OF MANAGEMENT

G. Eckhart. The need for different management style ............................... 121 J.P. Cangemi. Some observations of successful leaders and their

use of power and authority .............................. ...................................... 125 B. Wafter, J.P. Cangemi, CJ. Kowalski. Leadership and mental health.

Healthy vs. unhealthy leadership ........................................................ 136 J.P. Cangemi. Effective leadership: The mandate for producing greater

productivity and profits . ........................................................................ 162 J.P. Cangemi. Leadership and change ............................................................ 166 T. Hollopeter. Life's too short to dance with ugly men .............................. 172 R. Miller, J.P. Cangemi. Why total quality management fails ................. 181

FORMS OF LEADERS' ACTIVITY IN ORGANIZATIONS

J.P. Cangemi, R. Miller, T. Hollopeter. When leadership fails: lessons learned in the '90s .................................................................................... 197

H. Lazarus,]. Shanahan. American leadership: teams and games ......... 212 H.E. Fuqua, Jr.; S. Chaffins,].P. Cangemi, CJ. Kowalski. Groupthink:

a hindrance to leaders regarding effective decision-making in organization .............................................................................................. 218

WA. Kritsonis. The psychology ofleadership in educational institutions ................................................................................................ 230

S.B. Lundstedt. Commentary on education for leadership at the top ... 239

LEADER AND SOCIETY

S. Chaffins, M. Forbs, H.E. Fuqua, Jr.;J.P. Cangemi. The glass celling in the USA: are women where they should be? ................... 249

C. Mayor. Trust but verify: understanding russian business culture ..... 260 C. Lucier, M. Baucher, ]. White, J.P. Cangemi, CJ. Kowalski.

Exploring values of japanese and american management .............. 271

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