ndysr únd. tallh reyqk úyajúohd,h - dceu ruhuna 2016 sl 1.2.pdf · 1 ndysr únd. tallh – reyqk...
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ndysr úNd. tAllh – reyqK úYajúoHd,h úIh m%;sfmdaIK iïuka;%K ud,dj 2016' 09' 24
isxm% 1'2 idys;H mßph uydpd¾h chka; wurisxy
wruqK úpdr mQ¾jl Ñka;kh" mq¿,a f,dal oDIaáh" Ôjk Odß;dj mD:q, lsÍu yd riúkaokh hk
wruqKq fmr±ßj ks¾ÈIag lD;s wOHhkh'
idys;Hh hkq l=ula o@
ñksid úiska ish mßl,amk Yla;sh fhdojd NdIdj udOHh lr f.k ks¾udKh lrkq ,nkakls"
idys;Hh' tfia ks¾udKh flfrk idys;Hh mdGlhd fyj;a iyDohdf.a weiqrg meñKSfuks
ks¾udK l%shdj,sh mßiuia; jkqfha' tfyhska idys;Hh udkj ye`.Sï" w;a±lSï" wfmalaId
mqoa.,hl=f.ka mqoa.,hl=g" hq.hlska hq.hlg" foaYhlska foaYhlg" mrmqrlska mrmqrlg
iïfm%aIKh lrkakdjQ ud¾.hla o fjhs' ñksid Ôj;a jk flá Ôú; ld,h iy iSñ; wjldYh
mßl,amkd;aulj ;rKh l< yels tl u ud¾.h idys;H fiajkh hs' idys;H fiajkfha b;d
jeo.;a wx.hla jkafka ñksidf.a wdOHd;añl Ôú;h wdVH;ajhg m;a lsßu hs' Wiia idys;H
lD;sh Bg ixfõ§ iyDohd iDcq f,i wu;hs' tu idys;H lD;sfha tk pß;j, wOHd;au
ksrEmKh iyDohdg iajlSh Ôú;fha tf;la fkdú`È" fkdÿgq h:d¾:hla uqK .iajhs' tu.ska
iyDohdf.a f,dal oDIaáh yd Ôjk Odß;dj mq¿,a fjhs'
'l,dlrejd mjik foh l,dj hk kdu m%{ma;sh ,eîug fhda.H jkqfha wka lsisjl= úiska fmr
lsisodl fkdÿgq úrE mila fkdl< úrE úkaokh fkdl< úrE lsisjla Tyq úiska lshk ,o fyd;a
muK h' ,sfhda fgd,aiafgdahs'
´kEu l,d ks¾udKhl Ôjh r`od mj;afka tys l,d;aul nj u; h' l,d;aul nj hkq
ks¾udKfha iuia; wx.hkays taldnoaO;dj fya;= fldg f.k WmÈkakls' l,d;aul nj l,d
lD;sfha wx. úÉfþokh lsÍfuka y`ÿkd .; fkdyelsh'
2
idys;H m%j¾.
idys;H ks¾udK úúO m%j¾.j,g fn§ hhs'
kjl;d
flál;d
pß;dLHdk
ldjH
pïmq ldjH
kdgH yd iskud ;sr kdgl fm<
kjl;dj
kjl;dj hkq 'udkj Ôú;h újrKh flfrk .µuh l,ams; wdLHdkh'ls w¾kiaÜ ta' fíl¾
kjl;dj 18 jeks ishjfia ìys jQ wNskj idys;Hdx.hls' Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" ix.S; ks¾udK" ldjH wdÈ
fjkia l,d ks¾udK fuka fkdj kjl;dfjka iudc-Ôú; újrKh isÿ fjhs'
merKs .µ ks¾udKj, wka;¾.; jQfha fmdÿ ñksia O¾u;djka h' merKs ldjH ks¾udKj,ska
j¾Ks; jQfha m%N+kaf.a Ôú; hs'
kjl;dlrejdf.a wjOdkh fhduq jkafka idudkH ñksiqkaf.a tÈfkod Ôú;fha ixlS¾K .eg¿
flfrys h'
kjl:dlrejd lrkafka mqoa., pß; úYaf,aIKhls'
"kjl:d" idys;Hfha jHdcfhka ±lafjk wi;Hhhs lsj yels kuqÿ fndfyda úg tajd wi;H
rEmfhka fmkS isák i;Hh hs o lsj yelsh' kjl:dlrejd isÿ jQ oE yd isÿ fkdjQ oE o f.k
tlg lj,ï fldg ish,a, u isÿ jQjla fia lshhs' Tyqf.a lD;sh" i;Hfha yd wi;Hfha o wmQre
ixl,khls' iEu kjl;djl u i;Hhla .eí ù ke;akï tys jákdlula ke;af;a h' th
iïmQ¾Kfhka u i;H m%jD;a;shla kï kj l:djla fkdjkafka h' 'l,dj jkdys i;Hh yd
wi;Hh o hk fï folg w;r mgq isudfjys msysáhls'' th i;Hh' tfy;a th i;H o fkdfõ'
rih ;sfnkafka fï fol u w;r h hkq Ñlu;aiq kï cmka kdgHlrejd mjik w.kd
lshukls' " tÈßùr irÉpkaø
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fma%ufha i;H l;dj
kjl;dj kue;s idys;Hdx.h ms<sn`o uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu'
,dxflah kjl;d úldYkfha úúO ikaêia:dk ms<sn`o meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd
.ekSu'
tu úldYkfha úúO wjia:dj, îc jQ kjl;d udÈ,s ms<sn`o wjfndaOh'
,dxflah iudc b;sydifha ksYaÑ; jljdkqjla miqìï fldg rÑ; fm%aufha i;H
l;dj kjl;dj mQ¾K jYfhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu'
oywg jk Y;j¾Ifha uq,a Nd.fha muK isg hqfrdamfha tf;la mej;s wdLHdkj,g fndfyda
fia fjkia kj wdLHdk úfYaIhla ks¾udKh úh' veksfh,a äf*da ^1659-1731& úiska rÑ;
frdìkaika lDDfida" lms;dka isx.,agka" fud,a *a,ekav¾ia" frdlaidkd hk lD;s o ieuqfj,a ßpâika
^1689- 1731& úiska rÑ; mefu,d" la,eßid hk lD;s fol o fykaß *S,aäx ^1707-1754& úiska rÑ;
fcdaima wekavDDia" fgdï fcdakaia" weñ,shd hk lD;s o m%nkaO idys;Hfha kj lvbula i,l=Kq l<
ks¾udK f,i ms<s.efka' fï ks¾udK Bg fmr ,shejqKq m%nkaO l;dj,ska fjkalr y÷kd.ekSfuys
,d fya;=ldrl jQ m%Odk ,laIKh jQfha zh:d¾:j;aNdjhZ nj úpdrlfhda mji;s' fuhska meyeÈ,s
jkafka h:d¾: ksrEmKh kjl:djl jeo.;a ld¾hhla njhs'
h:d¾: ksrEmKh hkafkka woyia flfrkafka mj;akd ish¨ ;;= mj;akd whqßka ksrEmKh
lsÍu fkdfõ' Y+r kjl;dlrejd wmf.a idudkH ne,aug yiq fkdjk" oDYHudkfhka Tífnys ieÕù
;sfnk h:d¾:h úúO l,d;aul Wml%u wkqidrfhka mdGlhd fj; f.k yer olajhs'
zmßl,amkfhka f;dr ñksia is;=ú,a, ks¾udK ld¾hfha § ksIam, tlls' tfia u h:d¾:fhka
f;dr mßl,amkh o w¾: Y+kHh'Z- fldkaiagkagehska mjqia;õls
kj;dj wd;au fldg .;a kjl;d wOHhkfha § yd úpdrfha § wdlD;sfhys iy
wka;¾.;fhys úfYaI ,laIK mokï fldg f.k úúO j¾.SlrKhkag ,la flfrhs' tfy;a we;eï
kjl;dlrejka kjl;dj tn÷ j¾.SlrKhkag ,la lsÍu wkqÑ; nj mjid we;' ziudcjd§h
kjl;dj" iudc ksrEmK kjl;dj" ;d;aúl kjl;dj" mrdð; pß;" ÿ¾j, pß;" wid¾:l pß;
hk joka kjl;d úfõpkfhka neyer l< hq;= hZ hs ud¾áka úl%uisxy m%ldYlr ;sfí'
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kjl;dfõ h:d¾: ksrEmKh ms<sn| ú.%yhl fhfok tA' ù' iqrùr olajd we;s woyila my;
±lafõ'
zkjl;dfõ wksjd¾h ,laIKh jk h:d¾:h iïmQ¾K ùu i|yd th i;Hhla fia
fmfkk l,ams;hla ùu u m%udKj;a fkdjkafkah' h:d¾:h kï ñksid fyj;a ñksiqkaf.ka
ieÿKq iudcfha h:d w¾:hhs' fï wkqj h:d¾: ks¾udKhl wka;¾.;h w;sYhska jeo.;a
jkafka h'iudc keUqrejlska fyda iudc iïnkaO;djkaf.ka fyda f;dr ufkdauQ, lD;sh
Ys,amSh w;ska fld;rï id¾:l jqj h:d¾: ks¾udKhla kï fkdjkafka h'Z zf,aLl;d we;eï
úg ienE isoaê iy ienE mqoa.,hka ms<sn| ;;= iajlSh ks¾udK i|yd weiqre lsÍug
fm<fUkqfha iudch ms<sn| h:d w¾:h bÈßm;a lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjks' tA w;r u Wiia
ks¾udKhlska id¾j;%sl;ajh fyj;a úYajidOdrK;ajho wfmalaId flf¾' fï id¾j;s%l;aj
ixl,amfhka uq<d jk we;eï f,aLlhka iudc iïnkaO;djkf.ka wE;a ù" h:d¾:h hgm;a
lsÍug o fm<fUk nj o fmfka' zldjH i;HhZ iy zft;sydisl i;HhZ hk úIh hgf;a
weßiafgdag,a úiska olajk ,o woyia fuys ,d i,ld ne,Su jà' zlúhdf.a ld¾hh jkafka
we;a; jYfhka isÿ jQ oE úia;r lsÍu fkdj isÿ fj;ehs ie,lsh yels tkï ta tA wjia:dj
wkqj isÿ úh yels fyda isÿ jqj ukd oE bÈßm;a lsßuhs''' ldjHfhka id¾j;%sl i;Hh m%ldY
jk w;r b;sydih olajkafka ksh; isoaê ms<sn| lreKq h' id¾j;%sl i;Hh hkafkka woyia
flfrkqfha hï kshñ; wjia:djl hul= úiska tA wjia:dfõ È wfmalaId l< yels mßÈ
mjikq ,nk fyda lrkq ,nk oE hs'Z
,dxflah h:d¾:jd§ idys;Hfha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i wújdofhka ms<s.efkk lD;sh
.ïfmr,sh hs' .ïfmr,shg miq j rpkd jQ úrd.h iy fyjke,a, hk kjl;d mdGlhka iy
úpdrlhka úiska f;areï .kakd ,oafoa mrdð; pß; flakaø fldg .;a mqoa.,jd§ wd;aóh kjl;d
f,isks' lS¾;s nd,iQßh iy iqpß; .ï,;a úiska lrk ,o my; ±lafjk úfõpkfhka th ;yjqre
fjhs'
zúl%uisxyf.a fuu kjl;d yereKq úg 1960 .Kkaj,§ ,shejqKq fndfyda kjl;d
Okjdoh úiska ksmojkq ,nk mqoa.,jdofha uyd¾>;ajh jkaokd lrkq ms‚i;a Okjdofhka
ksIamdÈ; Ôú;h mruhla f,i i,ld wkqu; lrkq i|yd;a rÑ; fnd<| jD;a;dka; iuQyhla
úh' isß .=kisxyf.a fyjke,a," .=KÞi wurfialrf.a h<s Wmkafkï yd fomd fkd,oafoda"
irÉpkaøf.a u<.sh we;af;da yd u<jqkaf.a wjqreÿ Þ fïjd w;=frka lemS fmfkk lD;s úh'Z
i;H jYfhka u fuys i|yka kjl;dlrejka úiska ksrEmKh lrk ,o l,d;aul iudc
h:d¾: ksrEmKh ms<sn| wo olajd u ne?reï idys;H úpdrhla isÿ fkdùu fya;= fldg f.k miq
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ld,Skj iudc h:d¾:fhka ÿria jQ kjl;d ìysùfï m%jK;djla we;s úh' u<.sh we;af;da"
u<jqkaf.a wjqreÿ Þ" h<s Wmkafkñ" fomd fkd,oafoda" mrdð;fhda" fyjke,s weo ñksiaiq" f.d¿
yoj; jeks kjl;d tn÷ wd;aóh kjl;dj,g ksoiqka h'
fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h flakaøfldg f.k mej;s idys;H yd úpdr u;jdo neyer lrñka miq
lf,l .=KÞi wurfialr mqoa.,jd§ wd;aóh kjl;d fjkqjg h:d¾jd§ idys;H iïm%Þhl
wjYH;dj fmkajd ÿkafka h' tfia h:d¾:jd§ idys;Hh fjkqfjka fmkS isá wurfialr ye;a;Ej
oYlfha muK isg rpkd l< kjl;d iy flál;d u.ska ,dxflah iudcfha wdNHka;ßl ;;= ukd
l,d;aul mßiudma;shlska hq;= j ;;a idys;H lD;sj,ska ksrEmKh lf<a h' by; l;=jreka fofmd<
l,amkdf,dajdoh idys;Hl,d yd udlaiajdoh kue;s lD;sfhys ,d tu lreK fufia ú.%y lrhs'
z1971 ;reK ke.sàu wurfialr o fjk;a l,dlrejka o ii, l< m%uqL isoaêh úh'
'''tla gefuka fmdf<djg" tlu l;dj" l;dmyla" wi;H l;djla yd fm%aufha i;H l;dj
;=< uE; Nd.fha ,shejqKq fyd| u ks¾udKd;aul l;d ud,djla .eí fjhs' fuu lD;sj, §
wurfialr úfYaIfhka u .eñ ck;dj w;r lelEfrk ler,sldß;ajh ;=<g ls|d nisñka
k.rfha lïlre jHdmdrh o mer‚ lïlre mlaI o fuu f.dú ck fkdikaiqka;d o w;r
wka;¾ in|;d .%yKfhys ksr; fjhs''' wurfialrf.a fï l;dj, jeo.;alu mj;skafka Tyq
;reKhka w;r lelEfrk ler,sldß;ajh uysu;ajhg kxjk ksid fkdfõ' Tjqkaf.a
;l;srelï yd fnd,|lï ks¾oh úfõpkhg ,lalsÍu i|yd Tyq tu ler,sldß;ajh wkkH
ù isák ieá fuys È ±lsh yels h' mer‚ lïlre mlaI nxfldf,d;a ùfuka fuu
;reKhkag kdhl;ajh ke;s ù .sh ieá Tyq fmkajhs' iuiudc kdhlhka Okm;s yjq,a
wdKavqj yryd tla w;lska iS' whs' tA ldrhka njg mßj¾;kh fjoa§ Tjqkaf.ka ;j;a
fldgila nK Ndjkdjg yd wNsO¾uhg ixl%uKh fjñka f.or ;snQ udlaiajd§ fmd; m;
f.hs miai me;a;g úis lr ouoa§" ;reKhka ish¨ w.;Skaf.ka yd ñ;Hdjkaf.ka hq;=j u
ke.sák wdldrh yd md,lhkaf.ka myr ld Bg m%;s m%ydr§u i|yd ;ukg u. fmkajd
.ekqug .=reyrelï fidhñka mer‚ jHdmdrh l< hï fyda ix.%yhla ;sfí kï th veye
.ekSug h<s h,s;a ;e;a lrk wdldrh fuu lD;sj, ;Sj%;r wd;;sfhka hqla;j Ñ;%Kh
flf¾' Z
.=KÞi wurfialrf.a wi;H l;dj yd fm%aufha i;H l;dj hk kjl;d hq.,h ishqï
ùuxikhlska f;drj lshjk l,ays tys u;=msg Èiajkafka mqoa.,hl=f.a fÄojdplhla fyda
wkqfõokSh fm%au jD;a;dka;hla fia fmfkk f;audjls' tfy;a tA jD;a;dka;fha há fm<g msúis
l, u;=msáka fmfkk jD;a;dka;fha ìhlre h:d¾:h wkdjrKh fjhs' fm%aufha i;H l;dj
.=Kodi wurfialr úiska Bg fmr rÑ; wi;H l;djla kue;s kjl:dfõ fojeks Nd.h f,i
ks¾udKh jQjls'
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isxy, h:d¾:jd§ kjl:dfõ ikaêia:dkhla f,i fï lD;sh jeo.;ajkafka flfia ±hs úuid
ne,sh hq;= h' u;=msáka ksire fmï mqj;la fia È. yefrk wdLHdkfhys há fm< ixlS¾K
iudc i;a:djla wkdjrKh lrhs' tys ,d l;=jrhd úiska Wmhqla; wdLHdk Í;sh úfYaI
jeo.;alula Wiq,hs'
zfuu Wiia kjl;dj jHdc ú×khla f;aud lr .ekSu ksid wi;H l;djla jk nj;a"
tu jHdc ú×kh yqÿ udkislhla fyda *ekagishla f,i fkdj iudc h:d¾:hla jYfhka yd
ienE ck fldgilf.a ufkdaNdj yd ufkda.;s ksrEmKhla jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍu ksid
h:d¾:jd§ jk nj;a l,amkd lsÍu jeo.;a h'
jHdc ú×khg m%úIag jk ñksidg ;ud ienúka u ljfrl=± hs wu;l fjhs' túg
Tyqf.a iudc in|;d cd,h ;=< h:d¾:j;a jkafka tu jHdc ú×kh hs' Tyq iudÔh ñksil=
njg m;a jkafka o ;u ú×k ;,h u; § neúka tu jHdcfhka ksoyia ùu iudÔh jYfhka
ish Èú kid .ekSula fjhs' fidauùr uqyqK fok wf;darh o fuhhs' th l=i,dl=i,
ú×khl ;SrK jeo.;a jk fydardjla fkdj tA lsisjlg wjirhla ke;s hlaIhdf.a
fydardjls' ''
ñksia Ôú;h úmÍ; lrñka o" th l=l=fia yd wl¾ukHNdjfha m%md;hg fy,ñka o"
w¾nqofhka w¾nqohg .uka .kakd j;auka iudch bÈßfha isxy, idys;Hlrejka o tjeks
^h:d¾:jd§& ud¾. lrd wj;S¾K fjñka ldjHuhNdjh fidhd mdÞ .kakd ieá .=KÞi
wurfialr úiska rÑ; wi;H l;dfjka yd fm%aufha i;H l;dfjka fy<s fõ'Z
tßla b,hmawdrÉÑ" l,d;aul ×kh iy ienE f,dalh( ±fjk m%Yak&
kdgHh
kdgHh hkq p;=¾úO wNskh wkqidrfhka fm%alaIlhd fj; muqKqjk ks¾udKhls' úúO l,d
ks¾udK /il ixfhda.fhks kdgHhla ks¾udKh jkafka' kdgHh hkq rx..; jk idys;Hh
hkqfjka o ye`Èkafjhs' thska .uHudk jkafka rx..; jk kdgH fmf<ys we;s jeo.;alu hs'
rx..; lsÍu wruqKq fldg rpkd flfrk idys;H ks¾udKh kdgH fm< hkqfjka ye`Èkafjhs'
kdgHh hkq rx..; jk fm< hs' kdgH fm<l .eíúh hq;= m%Odk idys;Huh ,laIKh jkafka
ldjHuh .=Kh hs' fojekqj tys wdLHdkhla fyj;a l;d mqj;la wka;¾.; úh hq;= h' l;d mqj;la
ks¾udKh jkafka isÿùï fm<la ukd f,i .e,mSuks' tfia isoaê .e,mSuka we;s jk jHQyh l;d
úkHdih hkqfjka ye`Èkafjhs' l;d úkHdihl my; ±lafjk wdldrfha rgdjla ±lsh yels h'
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z1' wkdjrKh
l;dj wdrïNfha isoaëka ;=<ska hï lsis .eg¿jla bÈßm;a ùu' tu .eg¿j jgyd §u i`oyd
wjYH uQ,sl lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu' wjia:d" miqìu iy m%Odk pß; y`ÿkajd §u wksjrKh
kñka ye`Èkafõ' .eg¿j yl=¿jd ;nk fyhska thg zwdjrKhZ fyda zwdl=,SlrKhZ hehe o
fhÈh yels h'
2' j¾Okh
l;dkaorfha isoaê ud,dj ikaêia:dkhla lrd úldYkh ùu' ixialD; kdgHfha fuh h;ak
hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ' fuys l;dkdhlhd we;s lr.;a mruf¾:h uqÿkam;a lr .ekSu i`oyd
l%shdfõ fh§ isà'
3' m%;Hdj¾;kh
l;dkaorfha ikaêia:dkfha isg isoaê ud,dj fjk;a w;lg yefrk ia:dkh'
4' M,d.uh
M%;Hdj¾;k wjia:dfõ isg" .eg¿ ,sfyñka" ksrdlrKh fjñka" wjidkhla lrd isoaê ud,dj
úldYkh ùu' fuh ksrdjrKg kñka o ye`Èkaúh yels h'
5' m%;HNs{dkh
.eg¿j ,syS ish¨ m%Yak meyeÈ,s ùu" f;audj fy,sorõ ùu'
ukfï kdglh
rx. ffY,sh
wka;¾.;h
hk wxY fol ms<sn`o uQ,sl wjfndaOhla wfmalaIs; h'
kdgHh hkq l=ula o@
wNskh ud¾.fhka l:djla lSu
wNskh isõ jeoEreï h
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f,dal O¾ó ^iajdNdúl&
kdgH O¾ó ^ffY,s.;&
hkqfjka kdgH iïm%odh fojeoEreï h'
kdgH lrejd Ñrd.; kdgH wdlD;sh wkq.ukh lr ;sîu'
ukfï kdglh ksIamdokh jkafka foaYSh kdgH l,djla ìys lr .ekSu i`oyd irÉpkaø ±rE
mßY%ufha m%;sM,hla jYfhks' ta mßY%ufha § wmrÈ. kdgH iïm%odhka fuka u wdishd;sl rgj,
mej;s kdgH iïm%odhka ms<sn`o wOHhkhl fhÿKq irÉpkaø ta ish¨ iïm%odhkays idrh Wrd .ksñka
,dxflah ixialD;sl wkkH;djla iys; iqidê; kdgH iïm%odhla ìys lsÍug wÈgka l< nj
fmfkhs'
ukfï kdgHfha wka;¾.;h mjd yqfola cd;l l;dj u; muKla mokï fkdù c.;a l,d
ks¾udK weiqßka ilid .;a;la nj irÉpkaø msx we;s iriú jrula fokafka kue;s lD;sfhys ,d
fufia mjihs'
zukfï l;dj iskaÿ kdv.ulg wdY%h fldg .; yelsh hk woyi uf.a isf;ys
ms<sis`o .;af;a cmdkfha§ fyda wußldfjys § wlsrd l=frdij úiska wOHlaIKh lrk ,o
zrfIdfudkaZ kï Ñ;%máh ne,Sfuka miqh' zrfIdfudkaZ Ñ;%máh wdY%h lrk ,oafoa wl=;.j
kï l;=jrhdf.a l:djls' fï l:dj idrdxYfhka .;a úg wfma pq,a,Okq.a.y cd;lhg;a
ukfï .eñ l;djg;a iudkh' tla;rd ro<fhla ;u ;reK ìß`o wiq msg kxjdf.k le,hla
ueÈka hk úg fidr fogqfjl=g yiq ù Tyq úiska ia;%shg n,y;aldrlula fldg mqreIhd urd
ouk ,§' fï uQ,sl isoaêh mia fofkla mia úÈhlg úia;r lr;s' m<uqjekakd lef,a or
lmkafklah' lef,a m`ÿrla wiafia ñh .sh ;eke;a;df.a ñksh Wvqne,s w;g ndjd ;snqKq nj
o Tyqf.a mmqj lvqmyrlska midre fldg ;snqKq nj o <`.md; ;K fld< fmdä ù ;snqKq
ksid ñksid uefrkag biair fmdr nokag we;ehs ;ud is;k nj o Tyq lshhs' ñh f.dia we;s
ro<hd y`ÿkd.kakd fn!oaO NslaIqjla" Tyq rEu;a .eyekshl ;ud msgq miska ys`ÿjdf.k
wYajfhl= msáka le,Ej ;rKh lrkq ;ud ÿgq nj mjihs' fidr fogqjd w;a wvx.=jg .;a
fmd,sia Ngfhl= lshkafka Tyq m%isoaO ux myrkafkl= nj;a Tyq w,ajkakg ;ud lSm jrla
jEhï l< kuq;a neß jQ nj;ah' ñh .sh ;eke;a;d b;d uDÿ" lreKd¾ø yoj;la we;s
flfkl= nj Tyqf.a ìß`of.a uy¨ uj lshhs' fidr fogqjdf.a idlaIsh jeo.;a fõ' ;ud ia;%sh
±l wE flfrys rdf.dakau;a; jQ njla mqreIhd urd fyda weh yd iuyï iqjh ú`Èkakg is;+
nj;a lshk fidr fogqjd ieñhd fkdurd ;u wNsm%dh bgq lr .;af;d;a jvd uekjhs ;SrKh
9
fldg" Tjqka fofokd rjgd ;ks fmfoilg f.k f.dia mqreIhd .il ne`o ;nd Tyq n,d
isáoa§ ia;%sh n,y;aldrfhka f,daliajdohg fhdod .;a nj mjihs' tfy;a weh wjk; lsÍug
fmr ieñhd .il ne`o isákq ÿgq weh fnfyúka fldamdúIag ù <`. ;snQ lsßÉÑhla weo ;ud
urkakg ;e;a l< nj;a Tyq mjihs' ;udf.a ldudYdj ixis`ÿjd.;a miq fidrd .eyeksh oud
hkag ierfia' tfy;a wE Tyqf.a wef`.a t,a,S" ztlafld udj ke;a;x uf.a ieñhdj urkakZ hs
wheo isà' zñksiaiq fokafkla ±kf.k Ôj;a fjkjg jvd uefrk tl fyd`ohsZ lsh, wE
lsõj' zfokakf.ka" Ôj;a fjk ldf. yß ìß`o fjkak uu leu;shs'Z
ia;%shf.a ieñhd urd weh ìß`o lr .kakg ;udg is;=fka tfjf,a hhs fidr fogqjd
lshhs' tneúka ta mqreIhd uqojd Tyqg ;ud yd igkg t<öug wNsfhda. l< nj;a" igkska
;ud ch .;a nj;a Tyq lshhs' tfy;a ia;%shf.a iajdñ mqreIhd urd wjg n,k úg .eyeksh
t;kska m,d f.dia nj Tyqg fmfka'
ia;%sh tla;rd foajia:dkhlg f.dia ;udf.a l:dj fufia lshhs( fidr fogqjd ud
¥IKh fldg .sh miq uu uf.a iajdñhd foig .shd' tfy;a Tyqf.a uqyqfKa ;=nQ fmkqu
bjikakg neß jqKd' lfÜ fld, msÍ ;snqKq ksid Tyqg l;d lrkag neß jqKdg Tyqf.a
ne,afuka ug fmkqKd Tyqf.a isf;a ;snqfKa fldamh j;a B¾IHdjj;a fkdj ms<sl=< njhs'
Tyqf.a weia j,ska lshjqfKa zudj urmka udj urmka Zlsh,hs' z±ka isoaO jqKq foa yeáhg ug
Tn iu`. ;j;a Ôj;a fjkak nE' uu;a uefrkak ´k" Tn;a uefrkak ´k'Z zudj urmkaZ
lshd Tyqf.a ms<sl=,a ne,afuka È.gu lshjqKd' uu lsßÉÑh f.k Tyq wek uerejd'
wjidk úia;rh flfrkafka ro<hdf.a u< .sh fm%a; wd;auh úisks' zfidr fogqjd
uf.a ìß`o ¥IKh fldg" wEg fufia lSjd( zTfí m;sj; ì`ÿKdg miq Tng ieñhd iu`. ;j;a
Ôj;a fjkag nE' Tn ud iu`. tkag ´k'Z ìß`o Bg tl`. ù fidrd iu`. u`ola ÿr f.dia yeÍ
n,d udj urkag hhs fidr fogqjdg wdhdpkd l<d' fidrd weh flfrys fldam ù weh urkag
ieriqKd' tfy;a wE mek .shd' uu lvqj weo Èú kid .;a;d'Z
fï l:dj ukfï l;djg jvd fnfyúka ixlS¾K nj ldg jqj o fmfkkq we;'
tfy;a thska ug" ukfï l;dfjys fkdlshjqKq fndfyda foa wjfndaO úh' jeÈrcqf.a pß;h
ueùug thska ug ,enqKq b`.sh jeo.;a hhs lsj hq;=h'
;j;a w;lska ug zrfIdfudkaZ l:dfjka wdo¾Yhla .; yels úh' uq,a cd;lfhys yd
.eñ kdglfhys kï ìijf.a pß;h olajd we;af;a m;s fødays jQ .eyekshlf.a fukah' ug
jqjukd flf<a tys ksrEms; isoaêh fjkia whqrlska újrKh lsÍugh' jkdka;rh ueÈka hk
úg" ;u iajdñhd fl;rï olaI Okq Ys,amsfhl= jqj o" Tyq flfrys wef.a úYajdih u`ola ii,
10
fõ' jkfha wúksYaÑ; w;=re wdka;rdj,ska ;ud wdrlaId lsÍug Tyqg yels fõ±hs wE ;=<
ielhla Wm§' ta fj,dfjys" jkfha m%;suQ¾;shla n`ÿ jQ jeÈ rc flfkla fldfyka foda
m%dÿ¾N+; fõ' Tyq ±lsfuka wef.a is; wiajefia' Tyq ueÍug ;u ieñhdg ;u ieñhdg lvqj
fokakg wE melsf<kafka fï fyhsks' tfy;a Tyq ureuqjg m;a jQ miq wE jeÈ rcqg lshkafka
Tyq ÿgq ú.i ;u is; Tyq flfrys we¨Kq nj h'
zrfIdfudkaysZ fuka i;Hh wúksYaÑ;j ;eîug uu woyia flf<ñ' tA l:dfjys
fuka ukfï kdglfhys o isÿ jQfha l=ula ±hs fm%alaIlhdg ;ud leu;s whqßka is;d.ekaug
bv ;sfí' ìij jeÈ rcqg tfia lSfõ iajlSh wdrlaIdj i`oyd o@ ish ieñhdf.a ur‚ka miq
jkdka;rfhys wEg lsisfjl=f.a ms<sirKla ke;" jeÈ rcqf.a ñi' wef.a ienE is; fy<s
jkafka iajdñhd u< ú.i wE jeÈ rcqg fpdaokd lrk fudfydf;ys o@
flfia fj;;a" jeÈ rcq uqK .efik wjia:dj ixlS¾K tlls' cd;l l:dfjys kï wE
tl fy<d jeÈ rcqg lvqj fohs" iajdñhd ueÍu ms‚i' tys ìijf.a is; ú.%y fldg
;sfnkafka ir, whqßks' ia;%shf.a pß;h ms<sn`o iq,n" .;dkq.;sl wdl,amhla wkqjh'Z
fiiq flaj, l,d ks¾udK fuka fkd j kdgHh jq l,s l,d udOH lsysmhl ixfhda.fhka ìys
jkakls' kdgHlrejdf.a ks¾udK m%h;akh id¾:l ùu Wfoid rx.kh" k¾;kh" fjia fudaia;r
ks¾udKh" wx. rpkh" ix.S;h" wdf,dallrKh" fõÈldj hkd§ mßjdr wx. /ila WmldÍ fjhs'
irÉpkaø ukfï kdgHh ksmojk jljdkqfõ kdgHhg wkqnoaO hg lS mßjdr l,d lafIa;% o
idfmalaI j¾OkSh ;;ajhlg m;a j ;sìK' kdgH l,dj ms<sn| irÉpkaø úiska lrk ,o §¾>
w;ayÞne,Sï Þuh ksid f,dalfha úúO kdgH iïm%Þhka ms<sn| j iy foaYSh kdgH iïm%Þhka ms<sn|j
o Tyqg ukd jegySula ;sìK' fï miqìu ;=< mdrïmßl l,d ú×kh msßmyÿ fldg Bg kjdx.
tl;= fldg kQ;k reÑl;ajhg iß,k wNskj l,d lD;shla ìys lsÍug irÉpkaø iu;a úh'
z.eñhka w;r l;djla jifhkq;a" lú kdv.ula jifhkq;a" flda,ï l;djla
jifhkq;a rÕ ±lajQ fuu kdglh uq,ajrg kdv.ï iïm%Þhg wkql+, jk wkaoñka lrk ,o
uq,a u ksIameokh hs' kdv.ï kï foaYSh kdgl iïm%Þfhka j¾;udk fm%laIlhdg yiNd.s
úh yels" kdfgHdaÈ; wjia:dj ÈhqKq lsÍug Woõ úh yels wx. ,laIK muKla f;dard f.k
lrk ,o fuu ksIamdokh isxh, kdgl b;sydifha iaudrlhla f,i úpdrlfhda woy;s'
kdgHhla hkq l;djla yÕmEu fkdj kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:djla bÈßm;a lsÍu h hkak
fm%alaIlhdg m%;HlaI jQfha ukfu kdglh ksid h' .S; yd kegqï wdÈh tA tA pß;j,g WÑ;
f,i kdgH rih jeä lrkjdh hkak jegyqfka o fï ksid h'we÷ï me<÷ï wdÈh Ndú; l<
hq;af;a ñksiqkaf.a weia rejàug fkdj kdgl rih Woa§mkh úh yels f,isks'Z^;siai
ldßhjiï&
11
kdv.ï rx. iïm%Þh Ôjudkj mj;ajd f.k wd mrmqrlg wh;a wïfm pd,aia .=Kisxy
.=rekakdkafiaf.a Wmfoia yd uÕ fmkaùu ukfï kdgHfha id¾:l;ajhg fya;=ldrl jQ nj
irÉpkaø msx we;s iriú jrula fokafk a kue;s lD;sfha olajd ;sfí'
zud ukfï kdglfha msgm; ,shoa§;a" ksIamdokh lroa§;a" pd,aia .=Kisxy
.=rekakdkafia ud <`. Wkafkah' ta ojiaj, Tyq wfma f.or jdih flf<ah' lsishï wjia:djla
ksrEmKh lsÍug wij,a úÈfha ;kqjla jqjukd hhs ud lSúg Tyq iskaÿ lSmhla .dhkd fldg
olajhs' uu tajdhska ug wNsu; ;kqjla f;dard .ksñ'
ukfï l=udrhd ;u ÈhKshg újdy lr fok wjia:dfjys Èidmdfudla wdpdÍka lshk
wdYs¾jdoh fndfyda kdv.ïj, mdúÉÑ lrk fmdÿ tlla hhs .=rekakdkafia lS neúka uu th
ta iajrEmfhka u uf.a kdgH ;=<g nyd,Sñ' th kï"
i;a yg fi;a fok f,dal Èjdlr N.j;a wm uqks÷ka irKd
m;afu uqreka jk úIaKq l;r.u iuka úNSIK foõ irKd
w;a ne`o fokafkñ fofokd Ñrdl,a iõ iem;ska jikd f,iskd
m;a jk ÿla ieu ÿr yer f,da iem w;a fõjd fofokg fhfykd
zukfïZ rpkdj uu fo;=kajrla ixfYdaOkh flf<ñ' tla msgm;l" l=udrhd;a
l=ußh;a Whfkys § yuq ù Wkqka yd fmï nia yqjudre lr .ks;s' miqj ta cjksldj
wkjYHhs is;d lmd yeßfhñ'
zukfïZ rpkd lrk úg" idïm%odhsl kdv.ïj, tk NdId ffY,sh wkq.ukh
lrkakg jEhï flf<ñ' ta i`oyd uu merKs kdv.ï lSmhla mßY%ufhka yeoEÍñ' ms,smamq
isf[[d jeks wdÈ kdv.ïlrejkaf.a ni kï wm%N%Iagh' tfy;a Bg fudífnys kdv.ï
rpkd l< wh t<siu" wkqm%di wdÈfhka hq;a ldjHuh nila Wmfhda.S fldg.;ay'
kdv.ïj, tk ùr rih" wkqm%di wdÈ Yíod,xldrj,ska fmdaIKh jk neúka uu o fï
nia jyr fh§ñ' tfy;a rx.h i`oyd mek k.sk wjYH;d fya;= fldgf.k we;eï ;ekl
§ jHdlrK Í;s W,a,x>kh lrkakg isÿfõ' fï nj fkdo;a we;eï m`äjrfhla ukfï
kdglfha nia jyf¾ jHdlrK fodia fmkajd tl, mqj;am;lg ,smshla ,shqfõh'
.=Kisxy .=rekakdkafiag idys;Hh ms<sn`o ±kqula fkd;snqK o Tyq ckY%e;sfhys yi<
nqoaêuf;la úh' ud lrk ld¾hh Tyq wjfndaO lrf.k Bg wkql+, jk mßÈ ug Wmfoia
ÿkafkah' kdv.ï rx. ffY,sh ms<sn`oj jqj o ud hï hï foa m%;slafIam l< úg Tyq Bg
úreoaO jQfha ke;' Ñrd.; iïm%odhla jqj o fï ld,hg wjYH whqßka ilia lr .; hq;=
nj Tyq ms<s.;af;a h'
12
zukfïZ ksIamdokhg w,xldrhla yd úfYaI;ajhla ,enqfKa isß .=Kisxyf.a fjia
ks¾udKfhka yd wx. rpkfhkah' úpdrlhkaf.a wjOdkhg ta wxYh fhduq fkdjQ kuq;a
isxy, kdgH l,dfõ fjia me,ÿï fudaia;rh ukfï kdglfhka w¨;a w;lg keUqre ùu
.ek uydpd¾h .=Kisxyg kdgH rislhka lD;{ úh hq;=h' zmndj;SZ iïnkaOfhka uxcqY%S
l<d fia .=Kisxy o Ndr;Sh yd ,dxflah m%;sud Ys,amfhka wdNdih ,nkakg ;e;a lf<ah'
tfy;a uxcqY%Sg fuka fkdj" rx.hg WÑ; jk mßÈ tajd ilia lsÍug isß .=Kisxyg yels
úh'
zukfïZ ksIamdokfhys § ug iydh jQ ;j;a Ys,amsfhla kï jika; l=udr uy;dh'
jeoaokaf.a kegqu o l=udrhd yd jeÈ rcq w;r jQ igk ß;auhdkql+, wdx.sld Nskfhka
ksrEmKh lsÍug fhdod.;a kegqu o Tyqf.a ks¾udK úh' jika; l=udr uy;d lvd jeo"
;udf.a isf;ys jQ hula kdgH ;=<g wdfrdamKh lrkakg ;e;a flf<a ke;' Tyq
kdgHfha iuia; ffY,sh n,d" Bg WÑ; jk mßÈ ir, kegqula idod ÿkafkah' Tyqf.a
wjfndaOh ksid ta kegqï" ukfï kdglhg wdfõKsl jQ wjhj fia ñi neyeßka
f.keú;a mQÜgq lrk ,o wx. fia fkdfmkq‚'
wx. rpkh o fnhsðx Tmrd" lnqls" l:l,s wd§ ffY,S.; kdgH fjfiiaj, fhdok
l%uh wdo¾Y fldgf.k idod .; hq;=hhs uf.a woyi úh' jeÈ rcqg fjia uqyqKlg
iudk wx. rpkdjla oukakg fhÿfKa fï ixl,amh wkq.ukh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla
jifhks' /jq,a wdÈh o uqyqKg w,jd iajdNdúl /jq,a fia fmfkkag fkdj" ta
wjia:dfjys fjia j<d.;a k¿jd úiska folkska t,af,k f,i ,d .kag i,iajd ;snqKs'
hfidaordj;
ck lúh hkq l=ula o@
ck lúfha ±lsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK lsysmhls'
ck Ôú;fha ftkaøSh wx.hla ùu'
ksYaÑ; l;=jrhl= fkdue;s ùu'
ksrdhdi .=Kh'
ir, nj'
ixlaIsma; nj'
wjHdc;ajh'
ixhuh'
WmudrEml Ndú;fha kejqï nj yd T!Ñ;Hh'
13
úh;a lúfha wkqo;a fodaI we;eï úg wjia:dkqrEmj ck lúhdg N+IKhla ùu'
NdId jHjydrfha iqúfYaI;d
we;eï ck lúj, ft;sydisl;ajh ksYaph l< yels w;r we;eï lúj, ft;sydisl;ajh ksYaph
l< fkdyel'
wdLHdk ck lú
úúO f;aud hgf;a ck lú wdLHdk rpkd ù we;;a fmdÿ ckhd w;r nyq, jYfhka m%p,s;
ù we;af;a fn!oaOd.ñl f;aud /.;a ck ldjH ks¾udK h' ta w;ßksÿ m%uqL jkafka hfidaordj;
iy fjiaika;r cd;l ldjHh hk ldjH wdLHdk fol h' Bg fya;= ljf¾ o@
kQ;k isxy, idys;Hhg mq¾j ld, jljdkqfys rÑ; moH idys;H lD;s úo.aO ldjH iïm%Þh iy
ck ldjH iïm%Þh jYfhka fofldgilg j¾. l< yels h' úo.aO idys;Hh iïnkaOfhka §¾>
ld,hla ;siafia tk úpdr iïm%Þhla mj;sk w;r ;;a iïm%Þhg wh;a ldjH ks¾udK rpkd ù
;sfnkafka tlS iïm%Þhg fndfyda fihska wkq.; j h' fï idys;H ks¾udK fiajkh l< msßi o
iqúfYaIS m%N+ l=,lhla nj fmfka' iudcjdiSkaf.ka w;suy;a nyq;rhlg fï úo.aO idys;Hh
fiajkh lsÍug yelshdjla fyda wjldYhla fkdjQ neúka Tjqkaf.a reÑl;ajhg iß,k ck idys;H
iïm%Þhla Tjqka w;ßka u j¾Okh jQfha h' fmdÿ ckhdf.a Ôjk jHjydr yd w;Hka; ióm f,i
noaO ù mej;s fï ck idys;Hhg wÞ< iïm%Þhla mej;s w;r tu iïm%Þh §¾> ld,hla ;siafia .,d
wdfõ wÈis m%jdyhla f,isks' tneúka ;;a iïm%Þhg wod< oDV kS;s Í;s moaO;shla fkd;sîfï
fya;=fjka úo.aO ldjH iïm%Þhg fjkia" thg u wdfõ‚l iajdëk ud¾.hl ck ldjH iïm%Þh
j¾Okh fjñka mej; wd nj fmfkhs'
zY%S ,xldfõ isxy, pQ, iïm%Þhsl ck ldjH hkq úo.aO ldjH iïm%Þfhys fyda nfiys fyda
fkd yi< kuqÿ tAjdfha w;Hka; f,aYud;% fiahdj wdrxÑ ud;%fhka ,o nj fmfkk
lùkaf.a rpkd fõ' tfia fyhska wmN%Iag NdIdj" ¥Is; mo" mÞkql%uh yd úßf;ys ud;%d
úkHdih úlD; ùu" ßoauh yd h;sh ì£u" úßf;ys ud;%d W!k;ajh fyda wêl;ajh" úhrK
fÞia Wla;dkqla; iïnkaOh ì£u" m| in| f,yS hdu hkdÈ isxy, ck ldjHj, olakg
,efnk wúo.aO ,laIK hfidaordjf;ys o fkd u|j olakg ,efí'Z ^iqpß; .ï,;a"
hfidaordj;&
14
ziEu l,d ld;shla u ksYaÑ; tAllhls' th wka ish,af,ka u fjkia jQjls' bÈka
fldgiaj,g fn¥ l,ays tA fldgia o mQ¾K l,d lD;s njg m;a fõ kï tjeks úNckhlg l,d
lD;sh Ndck l< yels fkdfõ' iuia;hg ydks fkdjk fia thska lsisÿ fldgila bj;a l<
fkdyels h' fldgila iuia;fhka fjka l< l,ays tys jeo.;alu o fnfyúka úkdY fõ' iuia;h
tys ish¨ u fldgia wfmalaId lrhs' fldgiaj, Ôú;h;a l%shdldß;ajh;a m%Kh;a r|d mj;afka
iuia;h we;=<; h' tAldnoaO;dj hkq úúO;ajfhys tAldnoaO;dj hs' úúO;ajh jkdys
tAldnoaO;dfjys úYaf,aIKfhka my< fjhs' úúO;ajfhys jákdlu tAldnoaO;dfjys jákdlug
iudk fjhs' l=ula fyhska o h;a tAldnoaO;dj u;=j l%shd;aul jkafka úúO fldgia md,kh
lsÍfuka fyhsks' l,d lD;sfhys tAldnoaO;dj ukqIH YÍrfhys tAldnoaO;djg iudk lsÍu b;du;a u
fhda.H fõ' l,d lD;shla fuka u ukqYH YÍrh o iajhxYla;s iïmkak ;ks iuia;hls' tys
tAldnoaO Ôjh r|d mj;afka úúO bkaøshkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh u; h' tA bkaøsfhda iuia;fhka fjka
l< l,ays m%kIag fj;a'Z ^ã' úÜ tÉ mdl¾" Wmqgd .ekSu" lõis¿ñ‚ úksi" iqpß; .ï,;a&
zl,d lD;sh kue;s wmQ¾j jia;=j my< jkafka tys wx.hka w;r mj;akd wfkHdakH
tAldnoaO Ndjh fya;= fldg f.k h' tys tla wx.hla wka ish¨ wx. iu. tlg ne£ mj;S'
fl;rï ishqï f,i ne£ mj;S o h; fyd;a" tu wx.h fjkia l< fyd;a wksl=;a wx.
lsysmhlska o l,d lD;sh fjkia l< hq;= fjhs' tfia ke;fyd;a tu lD;sfhys lsishï
wNsfm%a;d¾:hla Nx. fjhs'
ldjHfhys im%dK bkaøsh iys; ukqYH YÍrhg iudk nj we;s lrkafka tys yeu
wx.hla u fufia iuia; ldjH rgdj iuÕ mj;akd wfkalúO ne£u úisks' iÔj YÍrhla
fuka u l,d lD;sh o leäh fkdyels tAllhls' tys fldgia fjka lrkq uekú' tl,ays tA
fldgia tfia fjka lsÍug fmr ;snQ ;;ajfhys fkd mj;S: iïmQ¾K ldjH ixl,am rEmh u
Nx. fõ' ^iqidka fla' ,ex.¾" Wmqgd .ekSu" lõis¿ñ‚ úksi" iqpß; .ï,;a&
zY%S ,xldfõ isxy, pQ, iïm%Þhsl ck ldjH hkq úo.aO ldjH iïm%Þfhys fyda nfiys fyda
fkd yi< kuqÿ tAjdfha w;Hka; f,aYud;% fiahdj wdrxÑ ud;%fhka ,o nj fmfkk
lùkaf.a rpkd fõ' tfia fyhska wmN%Iag NdIdj" ¥Is; mo" mÞkql%uh yd úßf;ys ud;%d
úkHdih úlD; ùu" ßoauh yd h;sh ì£u" úßf;ys ud;%d W!k;ajh fyda wêl;ajh" úhrK
fÞia Wla;dkqla; iïnkaOh ì£u" m| in| f,yS hdu hkdÈ isxy, ck ldjHj, olakg
,efnk wúo.aO ,laIK hfidaordjf;ys o fkd u|j olakg ,efí'Z ^iqpß; .ï,;a"
hfidaordj;&
15
weiqre l< ukd .%ka:
1' wurfialr" .=KÞi 2008" fkdfijqKd levm;" fndr,eia.uqj( úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda'
2' b,hmawdrÉÑ" tßla 2000" l,d;aul ×kh iy ienE f,dalh( ±fjk m%Yak" uq,af,aßhdj( úfÊiQßh .%ka:
flakaøh'
3' nd,iQßh" lS¾;s iy .ï,;a iqpß; 1986" l,amkdf,daljdoh idys;H l,d yd udlaiajdoh" fld<U( tia'
f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
4' .ï,;a iqpß; 1995" hfidaordj;" fld<U( tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
4' irÉpkaø" tÈßùr 1986" msx we;s iriú jrula fokafka" fld<U( ohdjxi chfldä iy iud.u
5' - 1961" l,amkd f,dalh" uyr.u( iuka m%ldYlfhda
6' iqrùr" tA' ú' 1991 kjl;d ks¾udKh yd wjfndaOh" ^kj ixialrKh& fld<U( m%§m m%ldYlfhda'
7' Hawthorn, Jeremy 1993, Studying the Novel, London: Edward Arnold