इस्लाम सवर्श्मधावम[ न्पल्� - Nepali - [ يبايل

म

डल.अब्द् मअअजअम �नमादुहा्म �नमइ लु�ामअ् ममउसै्म

अनदसल्कःमअतजकद रवुालनमाो.इ्र� मखलनमाककक

शंोधकःमममादु हा्मइ्र� म ्फकम

2013 - 1435

الين العظيم اإلسالم »ليغة ة ايبايلة «

عاد العز�ز لن �مد لن إلراهيم العو�د.د

मعقيا اغرنن �مد إد�س اي يك :ررجة

�مد إد�س سةف :يراجعة

2013 - 1435

3

حي سم ا الرحن الر म

;j{flwsf/ cg'jfbsdf ;'/lIft 5 .

k':ts kfOg] 7]ufgf –M O:nflds ufO8]G; ;]G6/ slknj:t'

gu/kflnsf Jf=g+= ( dx'jf tf}lnxjf slknj:t' -g]kfn_

;Dks{ g+= ))(&&–(*$&)#)&*) (&@&^$(@#*

O:nflds ufO8]G; ;]G6/ /ajf cn\ l/ofh ;pbL c/aLof

4

cg'jfbssf] ljrf/

cnxDbf] lnNnfx] gxdbf]x' j g:tO{gf]x' j g:tulkm/x' j gpmhf] laNnfx] ldg zf]¿/] cgkmf];]gf j ldg ;O{oft] cfdfn]gf, d}Foxb]lxNnfxf] kmnfdf]lhNnf nx' j d}Fo'hlnn\xf] kmnf xflbof nx' j cz\xbf]cNnfOnfxf ONnNnfxf] j cz\xbf] cGgf df]xDdbg\ cAbx' j /;"nx' . -cDdf ac\b_

x/]s k|sf/sf] k|z+;f cNnfxsf] nflu 5 h;n] ;Dk"{0f a|x\df08nfO{ pTkGg u¥of], / cNnfxsf] zflGt cjtl/t xf];\ clGtd ;+b]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd / pxfFsf] 3/ kl/jf/ / ;fyLx¿ dfly / pgL ;a}x¿ dfly h'g o; O:nfdsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/] / d'xDdbsf] k¢ltnfO{ pQd dfgL p;} dfly lx+8L cfkm\gf] hLjg JotLt u/] .

k|:t't k':ts O:nfd ;j{>]i7 wd{ jf:tjdf ;j{JofkL

wd{ xf], / kfngstf{n] xfd|f] nflu /f]h]sf] wd{ O:nfd g} xf], / of] g} k|To]s ;+b]i6fsf] wd{ lyof] cfbd b]lv d'xDdb ;d]t ;a}sf] wd{ jf:tjdf O:nfd g} xf], / of] wd{ g} ;To wd{ xf], / cNnfx o; afx]s c? wd{nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ 5}gg\ . pk/f]Qmsf o:tf ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ n]vsn] o; k':tsdf k|df0f ;xLt k'li6 ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ .

dnfO{ cfzf 5 ls of] ;fgf] k':tsaf6 tkfO{x¿nfO{

;Tosf] 1fg x'g] 5 . / of] k':ts tkfO{x¿sf] nflu nfek|b l;4 x'g]5 . cNnfx l;t ljGtL 5 ls d]/f] of] ;fgf] k|of;nfO{

5

sa"n u/L d]/f] / d]/f] 3/kl/jf/sf ;d:t ;b:ox¿sf] d'lQmsf] dfWod agfpg\, / ljz]if u/L d]/f] cfdf a'jfnfO{ cfkm\gf] ljz]if s[kfsf] kfq agfpg\ hxfFx¿sf] df]x dfofn] ubf{ g} d o; of]Uo ePsf] 5' ls cNnfxsf] wd{nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f ;Dd k'¥ofpmF / cgle1 Pj+ e|ldt JolQmx¿nfO{ ;'dfu{ b]vfpmF . x] cNnfx xfd|f cfdf a'jf / 3/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ d'lQm k|bfg u/L :ju{df :yfg k|bfg u/ -cfdLg_

cg'jfbs ctLs'/{xdfg df]xDdb Ob/L; vfg dSsL slknj:t' gu/kflnsf jf8{ g=( dx'jf

tf}lnxjf slknj:t' g]kfn df]=g+= ))(&&—(*$&)#)&*) Mob.00977-9847030780

6

O:nfd O{Zj/Lo wd{

o; ;+;f/df ljleGg k|sf/sf wd{x¿ 5g\, To; dWo]

sltko dg'ion] agfPsf ldYof wd{ x'g\, t sltko O{Zj/Lo wd{ . t/ O:nfd ;a}dfly pTs[i6 5 lsgls of] cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf] / dg k/fPsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 wd{ xf], lsg eg] dg'ion] agfPsf] wd{nfO{ ;To eGg ;lsb}g lsgls dg'io q'l6 ug{ ;S5, / To; wd{df cfkm\gf] nflu nfelGjt s'/fx¿ /fVg ;S5, / cfsf]{nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] ;dfu|L /fVg ;S5 . / O:nfd eGbf klxnfsf O{Zj/Lo wd{x¿df To;sf] cg'ofoLx¿n] yk36u/]/ gi6 ul/xfn], cyf{t h; wd{nfO{ cNnfxn] cjtl/t u/]sf lyP Tof] To;} cj:yfdf af‘sL /x]g h'g cj:yfdf cNnfxn] cjtl/t u/]sf lyP . o;} sf/0f of] O:nfd wd{ tL ;a} wd{nfO{ :ylut u/L cfkm\gf] k|sfzaf6 ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ 6Nsfpg - k|sfzdo agfpg_ cjtl/t eof] . O:nfd cfkm\gf] ;d:t lgb{]zg ;d]t O{Zj/Lo xf] . cNnfxn] of] wd{sf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ;[hgf ug'{df s;}nfO{ ;femLx'g cg'dlt k|bfg u/]gg\ rfx] Tof] h'g ;'s} klg xf];\ . cy{ft gaL, jnL, kml/Ztf cflbnfO{ klg To;sf] wd{df s]xL yk36 ug{ cf1f 5}g .

/ cNnfxn] g} o; ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] /rgf u¥of] , / ;Dk"0f{ hLj hGt'nfO{ hGdfof], / ;a}nfO{ cfkm\gf] cg'sDkf k|bfg u¥of] . / ;a}nfO{ lsg pTkGg u/]sf]5 Tof] klg

7

cfkm\gf] kljq s'/cfgdf j0fg{ ul/xfNof] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M d}n] lhGg / dflg;x¿nfO{ o; sf/0f dfq ;[li6 u/]sf] 5' tfls pgLx¿ d]/f] pkf;gf u?g\ . -;"/t'h\ hfl/oft %^_

/ cNnfx pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ hfGb5 / of] klg ls s'g j:t' pgLx¿sf] nflu pQd 5 . cyf{t Tof] kfngstf{ pgLx¿sf] af/]df pgL eGbf w]/} 1fg /fV5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M

cy{ M s] p;n] hfGg] 5}g h;n] ;[li6 u/]sf] 5 < hals pm ;"IdbzL{ / x/]s s'/faf6 cjut klg 5 . -;"/t'n\ d'Ns !$_

/ To; cNnfxnfO{ Tof] ;a} s'/fx¿af/] yfxf 5 h'g pgLx¿sf] nf]s k/nf]ssf] hLjgsf] nflu nfebfos 5g\, o;n]ubf{ ;a} eGbf /fd|f] wd{ ToxL g} xf] h;nfO{ cNnfxn] cljisf/ u/]sf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M / cNnfxsf] /Ë eGbf pQd /Ë s;sf] x'g ;Sb5 < -;"/t'n\ as/M !#* _

/ cNnfxsf] /Ë O:nfd wd{ xf], Tof] ;a} k/f]If ck/f]If lqmofsnfksf] ;fy h;sf] cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] eQmx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 . / of] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 ls tL dflg;x¿sf] nflu o; wd{ eGbf s'g} wd{ /fd|f] 5}g h'g lrGtg dgg\ ug]{ 5g\, / h;nfO{ O:nfd wd{sf] ;Totf / jf:tljstf yfxf eO;s]sf] xf];\ .

8

/ cNNfxsf] c1f / lgb]{zgx¿ h'g lgb]{zgnfO{ cNNffxn] /rgf u/]sf 5g\ tL ;a} p;sf] ;[li6sf] nflu ;j{>]i7 5g\ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M s] logLx¿ km]l/ c1fgtfsf] o'usf lg0f{ox¿ rfxG5g\ <Û O{dfg NofPsfx¿sf lglDt cNnfx afx]s c? s;sf] cfb]z /fd|f] x'g;Sb5 < -;"/t'n\ dfObM %)_

o;} sf/0f cNnfxn] of] wd{ O:nfdnfO{ ;w} afFsL /xg]jfnf zfZjt wd{ agfO{ lbPsf] 5, / s;}nfO{ of] cg'dlt lbPg ls Tof] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ / OR5f cg';f/ s'g} sfo{ p;sf] lj?4 u/f];\ . h:tf] ls cNNfxn] cfkm\gf] clGtd ;Gb]i6fnfO{ o:Tff] dfu{bz{g u¥of] M

cy{ M clg xfdLn] ltdLnfO{ wd{sf] v'nf dfu{df :yflkt u¥of}+, t;y{ To;}sf] cg'z/0f u/ / c1fgLx¿sf OR5fx¿sf] kl5 kl5 gnfUg' . logLx¿ cNnfxsf] ;fd' ltd|f] s'g} sfd cfpg] 5}gg\, cTofrf/Lx¿ Ps csf{sf ldq x'G5g\ / cNnfx ;bfrf/Lx¿sf] ldq xf] . -;"/t'n\ hfl;oM !*,!(_

cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ cfb]z ug'{ eof] ls To; cfb]zsf] kfngf u/ h;sf] cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 To;df enfO{ gLlxt 5, / pxfF / pxfFsf cg'ofoLx¿sf] Tof] g} nfek|b l;4 x'g]5 . / cNnfxn] pxfFnfO{ :jfy{jfg / cfcfkm\gf] OR5fsf] cg'z/0f ug]{x¿af6 afFRg] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5, h'g dfG5]x¿ cfkm\gf] c1fgtfsf] sf/0f cfkm"nfO{ / cfsf]{nfO{ klg xflg k'¥ofpF5g\ .

9

/ gaL ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ cfkm} wd{ agfpg' cyjf o; wd{df yk36 ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g, pgsf] st{Jo s]jn Tof] wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ dfq g} xf], / of] b'tTj g} ;d:t gaLx¿sf] ;Ddfg / >]i7tfsf] nflu k|ofKt 5 . / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd s'g} s'/f cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 ub}{gg\, / s'g} lg0f{o cfkm\gf] OR5f cg';f/ ub}{gg\ a? Tof] ;a} cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 g} x'G5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M tf/fsf] s;d, ha Tof] tn v:5 . ltd|f] ;fyL -d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd_ g t af6f] la;]{sf 5g\ g e|ldt 5g\ . / pgL cfˆgf] OR5fn s]xL eGb}gg\ . Tof] t dfq jx\o xf] h'g -pgLdfly_ k7fOFb} 5 . -;"/t'g\ ghd !,@,#,$_

cyf{tM d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ToxL eG5g\ h'g cfb]z ul/G5, / To;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u5{g\ lagf s'g} yk36, cfkm\gf] cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ To;}sf] cfb]z lbG5g\ h'g pgLdfly cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 jx\o ul/G5 .

/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;'Ggt - k4lt _ Tof] xf] h'g pgL cfkm\gf cg'ofoLx¿ l;t eg]sf 5g\, / of] ;'Ggt klg cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 jx\o - cNnfxsf] k|sfzgf _ g} xf], h;nfO{ cNnfxn] pxfFdfly cjtl/t u/]sf x'g\ oBlk b'j}sf] kl/efiff leGg 5 . ;'Ggt To;nfO{ eG5g\ h;sf] zAb t d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] xf] t/ cy{ pxfFdfly cNnfxåf/f jx\o ul/Psf] xf], clg To;} cy{nfO{ pxFfn] cfkm\gf] zAbdf j0f{g ug'{ eP5 . t/

10

s'/cfgsf] zAb / cy{ b'j} cNnfxs} tkm{af6 xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M cNnfx ltdLnfO{ u|Gy / a'l4dtf k|bfg u¥of] / ltdLnfO{ tL s'/fx¿sf] 1fg lbof] h'gls ltdLnfO{ yfxf lyPg / ltdLdfly cNnfxsf] 7"nf] s[kf 5 . -;"/t'g\ lg;f !!#_

/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] o;sf] ;TotfnfO{ o;/L bzf{pg' eP5 M

cy{ M ;fjwfg Û d dfly s'/cfg cjtl/t ul/Psf] 5, / To;sf] ;fy} To;} h:tf] cfsf]{ klg . - ca" bfpmb lstfa':;'GgM _

o;af6 of] k|i6 / k|dfl0ft x'G5 ls ;'Ggt klg cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 g} lgb]{lzt ul/Psf] 5 . t ha wd{sf] af/]df of] b[li6sf]0f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] nflu 5 ha ls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;d:t k|f0fLx¿df ;j{>]i7 / ;jf]{Rr Pj+ kljq lyP . t c? s;}nfO{ of] 5"6 s;/L lbg ;lsG5 ls pgL cfkm} wd{ agfpg\, a? cNnfxn] ;a}nfO{ cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 s'g} k|sf/sf] yk36 ug'{af6 r]tfjgL lbg' ePsf] 5 .

/ O:nfdLo lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ cNnfxn] cfkm} cljisf/ u/]sf x'gfn] To;sf] eAo / ljzfn nfex¿ 5g\, h;n]ubf{ O:nfd wd{sf] ;jf]{Rrtf ;a}sf] ;dIf k|s6 eOxfN5 .

o; sf/0f of] wd{ ;d:t ;[li6x¿sf] kfngstf{sf] wd{ l;4 x'G5, / To;}sf] cfwf/df ;a}sf] lg0f{o klg

11

ul/G5 . / Tof] ;|i6f cfkm"n] ;[li6 u/]sf ;d:t ;[li6sf] af/]df / pgLsf] cjZostfx¿sf] af/]df clt 1fgjfg 5 . / of] wd{ cNnfxaf6 cjtl/t ul/Psf] 5 o;n]ubf{ dfq Tof] ;|i6f g} k"hf of]Uo 5 .

ha of] wd{ cNnfxsf] wd{ xf] eGg] s'/f l;4 eof] / of] klg l;4 eof] ls o; wd{df s'g} sdL sDhf]/L 5}g, / of] wd{ g} ;a}eGbf pQd wd{ xf] . olb o; wd{nfO{ s'g} dg'ion] cljisf/ u/]sf] x'GYof] eg] o;df sdL sDhf]/L cjZo kfOGYof] / o;df leGgtf klg kfOGYof] h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M s] logLx¿ s'/cfgdf lrGtg dgg\ ub}{gg\ < olb of] cNnfx afx]s c? s;}sf] tkm{af6 ePsf] eP To;df lgM;Gb]x w]/} lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ s'/fx¿ kfpg] lyP . - ;"/t'g\ lg;f *@ _

/ ha O:nfd cfkm\gf] ;d:t lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ dfq cNnfxaf6 cjtl/t ul/Psf] 7fG5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ dg'iosf] k"hfaf6 6f9f u/L s]jn Ps cNNfxsf] k"hftkm{ k|j[Q u5{ . clg ha k|To]s dg'io O:nfdL wd{ cg';f/ k"0f{tM ;dfg eOxfN5 ta pgLx¿ O:nfdLo lgb]{zgx¿ cg';f/ cfkm\gf] hLjg JotLt ug]{ afWo eOxfN5g\, o; 1fgsf] ;fy ls o; wd{df s'g} afFuf]kgf 5}g h:tf] ls c? wd{x¿df b]lvG5 h;nfO{ dg'iox¿n] cfkm\gf] OR5fg';f/ cljisf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

/ o; wd{ O:nfdsf] cwLgdf /xL dg'io dg'iosf] jr{:jaf6 d'Qm eOxfN5 . / To; kfngstf{sf] tkm{

12

bQlrQ /xG5 h;n] ;a}nfO{ ;dfgtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5, km]l/ ;a} Psgf; eOxfN5g\ / dfq Ps hGdbftfsf] s[kf kfpgsf] lglDt To;}tkm{ k|j[Q x'G5g\ .

o:t} of] wd{ O:nfd cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 x'gfn] lagf s'g} ;+sf]r cNnfxsf] c1fsf/L x'g'nfO{ ;/n ub{5, lsgls eQmnfO{ of] yfxf x'G5 ls h;n] xfdLnfO{ cfb]z u/]5 To;}n] g} hGdfPsf] klg 5, / ToxL g} ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] :jfdL klg xf] / k|rfns klg . clg of] s'/f]sf] 1fgn] eQmsf] cf:yf clt ;'b[9 eOxfN5 . cNNffxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M o;y{ ltd|f] /asf] zky lnG5' ls, logLx¿ ha;Dd cfˆgf ;Dk"0f{ ljjfbdf tkfO{nfO{ Og\;fkmstf{ :jLsf/ ub}{gg\ / tkfO{n] u/]sf] lg0f{o k|lt x[bodf s'g} ;+s'lrt ljrf/ g/fvL k|;Ggtfk"j{s To;nfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{gg\, ta;Dd df]ldg x'g ;Sb}gg\ . - ;"/t'g\ lg;f ^%_

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O:nfd ;To wd{

O:nfd g} Tof] ;To wd{ xf] h;nfO{ cNnfxn] ;d:t ;+;f/sf] nflu dg k/fPsf] 5 . o; afx]s c? s'g} wd{ cNnfxsf] xf]Og . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M lgM;Gb]x cNnfxsf] glhs O:nfd g} -;f “rf]_ wd{ xf] / cx\n] lstfan] 1fg k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 cfk;L l/;–/fusf] sf/0f lj/f]w u/]sf x'g\ / h'g dflg;n] cNnfxsf cfoftx¿nfO{ dfg]gg\, cNnfxn] p;sf] zL3| lx;fa lng] 5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !( _

cNnfxn] of] z'e;Gb]z lbP 5g\ ls O:nfd afx]s c? s'g} wd{ p;sf] glhs dfGo 5}g, p;sf] glhs O:nfd wd{ g} dfGotf k|fKt 5 h'g d'xDdb dfly cjtl/t ul/of] .

/ O:nfd d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudg kZrft Tof] ;a} dfu{x¿nfO{ aGb ul/lbof] h'g af6f] cNnfx ;Dd k'upgsf] nflu agfOPsf lyP . cyf{tM d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudg kZrft hf] sf]xLn] klg pxFfsf] af6f] / wd{nfO{ 5f8L s'g} cfsf]{ af6f] Pj+ wd{sf] cg'z/0f u/L cNNffx ;Dd k'Ug] k|of; ug]{5 Tof] xflg laxf]{g]jfnfx¿ dWo] eOxfN5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M h'g dflg; O:nfd afx]s s'g} cGo wd{sf] vf]hL ub{5 eg] p;sf] wd{ :jLsf/ ul/g] 5}g / p;n]

14

cflv/tdf 3f6fdf kg]{ dWo]sf] x'g]5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg *% _

cyf{t h; s;}n] klg cfkm\gf] OR5fg';f/ cyjf O:nfd afx]s s'g} cfsf]{ wd{sf] k4lt adf]lhd cNnfxsf] pkf;gf u5{ eg] Tof] cNnfx ;dLk dfGo x'Fb}g, lsgls O:nfd afx]s ;a} wd{x¿ ldYof / lg/fwf/ 5g\ .

/ O:nfd wd{ g} ;To Pj+ ;fFrf] wd{ xf] h;nfO{ cNnfxn] xfdL ;a}sf] nflu dgk/fPsf 5g\, / xfd|f] pkf;gf c/fwgf To;} O:nfdsf lgb]{zgx¿ adf]lhd g} :jLsfo{ x'g]5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M cfh xfdLn] ltd|f] lglDt ltd|f] wd{nfO{ k"0f{ ul/;s]sf 5f}+ / ltd|f] nflu cfˆgf s[kfx¿ k"/f ul/;s]sf 5f}+ / ltd|f] nflu O:nfd wd{ /f]Hof} . -;"/t'n\ dfObM #_

cyf{t M cNnfxsf] :jLs[lt O:nfd wd{nfO{ k|fKt 5 To; afx]s c? s'g} wd{ d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudg jZrft :jLsfo{ 5}g .

jf:tjdf jf:tljs ;To wd{ O:nfd g} xf], h;nfO{ s'/cfg, xbL;, / ;d:t ;Gb]i6fx¿n] k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf 5g\ . / d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudgaf/] eljiojf0fL ul/;s]sf 5g\ . / cfcfkm\gf ;d'bfo / cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ of] z'e ;dfrf/ ;'gfO;s]sf 5g\ . xh/t O{;f cn}lx:;nfdsf] af/]df j0f{g ub}{ cNnfxsf] syg 5 M

cy{ M / ha dl/odsf] 5f]/f O{;f-cn}lx:;nfd_n] eg]M ls x] d]/f] sÞf}d . agL O;|fO{n Û d ltdL ;a}sf] nflu cNnfxaf6 k7fOPsf] /;"n x"F . d eGbf klxn]sf] lstfa

15

tf}/ftsf] d k|dfl0ft ug]{jfnf 5' / d kl5 cfpg] Pp6f ;+b]i6f h;sf] gfd cxdb x'g]5, pgsf] z'efudgsf] z'e–;Gb]z ;'gfpF5' . clg ha pgL ltgLx¿sf] kf;df :ki6 lgzfgLx¿ lnP/ cfP, ta ltgLx¿n] eGg yfn] ls of] t :ki6 hfb" xf] . - ;"/t':;km ^ _

km]l/ O{;f cn}lx:;nfd h:tf] ls OGhLndf pNn]v 5 ls O;|fO{nsf] ;+tlttkm{ cfJxfgstf{ ag]/ cfP, / ;a}nfO{ Ps cNnfxsf] k"hf ug'{sf] ;+b]z / clGtd ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] lgs6 eljiodf cfudgaf/] z'e ;Gb]z ;'gfP . / OGhLn h:t} d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudgaf/] eljiojf0fL tf}/ftdf klg ldN5 h:tf] ls ox"bLx¿ cfkm\gf] u|Gy tf}/ftsf] dfWodaf6 d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ cfkm\gf ;Gtfg h:t} lrGb5g\ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M h'g dflg;x¿n] o:tf /;"n, gaL pDdL -lg/If/_ sf] cg'z/0f u5{g\, h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] cfkm'sxfF tf}/ft / OGhLndf n]lvPsf] kfpF5g\ . pgn] pgLx¿nfO{ c;n s'/fsf] cfb]z ub{5g\ / g/fd|f s'/fx¿af6 dgfxL ub{5g\ / :jR5 s'/fnfO{ xnfn -:jLsfo{_ atfpF5g\ / ckljq s'/fnfO{ x/fd -jlh{t_ atfpF5g\ / ltgLxL? dflyaf6 Tof] af]em ptfb{5g\ h'g clxn];Dd pgLx¿dfly nflbPsf lyP aGwgx¿nfO{ km'Ssf ub{5g\ h;df pgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP . ct M hf] dflg;x¿ To; gaLdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ / pgsf] ;dy{g ub{5g\ / pgsf] ;xfotf ub{5g\, / To; k|sfznfO{ dfGb5g\ hf] pgsf] ;fydf k7fOPsf]

16

5 . o:tf dflg;x¿ k"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{jfnf 5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ cc\/fkm !%& _

a? d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd eGbf cl3sf ;a} ;Gb]i6fx¿sf] cg'ofoLx¿ l;t cNnfxn] of] jfrf - saf]n _ lnPsf] lyof] ls ha d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ k7fOG5 ta ;a} pxfFdfly O{dfg Nofpg] 5g\ / pxfFdfly ljZjf; ug]{ 5g\ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M ha cNnfxn] k}uDa/x¿;Fu jfrf u/fof] ls h] hlt d}n ltdLnfO{ lstfa / 1fg k|bfg ub{5', clg ltd|f] glhsdf s'g} k}uDa/ cfpF5 h;n] ltd|f] lstfasf] k'li6 ub{5 t ltdLn] cjZo g} To;dfly ljZjf; ug'{kb{5 / p;sf] d2t ug'{kg]{ 5 . -jfrf lnPkl5_ ;f]Wof], s] ltdLn] jrg lbof} / o; jrg a4tfdf dnfO{ ;+/If0fsf] ¿kdf 7x/fof} <. ltgLx¿n] eg] -xf]_ xfdLn] jfrf u¥of} . -cNnfxn]_ eGof] ltdLx¿ ;fIfL eO/fv / d klg ltd|f] ;fydf ;fIfL /xg] 5' . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg *! _

clg ha of] l;4 eof] ls O:nfd g} ;fFrf] wd{ xf] tt kZrft c? ;a} wd{x¿ lg/fwf/ 5g\ . o;} sf/0f O:nfd wd{ c? ;a} wd{ h'g O:nfd eGbf klxnf lyP :ylut ul/lbof] / cNnfxn] tL ;a} wd{sf] ;6\6fdf O:nfdnfO{ pTs[i6tf k|bfg u/L ;a} wd{dfly o; wd{sf] jr{:jtf sfod u¥of] . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M p;}n] cfkm\gf] /;"nnfO{ dfu{bz{g / ;To wd{ ;lxt k7fPsf] 5 tfls o;nfO{ c? cGo wd{x¿dfly

17

clwkTo k|bfg u/f];\ . oBlk d'lZ/sx¿nfO{ g/fd|f] nfuf];\ . - ;"/t'Qf}aM ## _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M cy{ M pxL xf] h;n] cfˆgf] /;"nnfO{ dfu{bz{g /

;To wd{sf] ;fy k7fof], tfls p;nfO{ tdfd wd{x¿ dfly clwkTo k|bfg u/f];\ / ;fIfLsf] x}l;otn] cNnfx kof{Kt 5 . - ;"/t'n\ kmtx @* _

/ cNnfxn] of] cfb]z u¥of] ls O:nfd g} p;sf] ;Towd{ xf] / To; afx]s ;a} kyljrng g} xf], h'g JolQm O:nfdnfO{ 5f8L cfsf]{ s'g} wd{sf] cg'z/0f u5{ eg] Tof] kyljrlnt eO{ nf]s / k/nf]ssf] nfeaf6 al~rt eOxfN5 . cNnfxsf] syg 5 M

cy{ M / cfb]z of] 5 ls of] wd{ d]/f] ;f]emf] af6f] xf], ltdL o;}df lx+8\g' / cGo dfu{df g lx+8\g' lsg eg] To;df lx+8] cNnfxsf] dfu{af6 larlnt e}xfNg]5f}+ . o;sf] ljz]if cfb]z ltdLnfO{ cNnfxn] lbPsf] 5 h;af6 ltdL cfTd ;+odL aGg;s . - ;"/t'n\ cgcfd !%# _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M cy{ M clg pgsf] kfngstf{n] pgnfO{ /f]Hof], /

pgsf] k|folZrt :jLsf/ u¥of] / pgsf] dfu{bz{g u¥of] . cfb]z eof] ltdL b'j} oxfFaf6 tn em/ . ltdL cfk;df Ps csf{sf] zq' xf} . ca hlxn] klg d]/f] tkm{af6 dfu{bz{g hfg] 5 ta h;n] d]/f] dfu{bz{gsf] cg'kfng ub{5 . pm gt kye|i6 x'g]5 / g si6df kg]{5 . / h;n] d]/f] :d[ltaf6 lad'v x'Gf]5 To;sf] hLjg si6do x'g]5 /

18

lsofdtsf] lbg To;nfO{ xfdLn] cGwf agfP/ p7fpg] 5f}+ . - ;"/t' tfxf !@@, !@#,!@$ _

cNnfxsf] s[kf / bofsf] kfq pxL JolQmx¿ x'G5g\ h'g O:nfddfly ;'b[9 eO{ cNnfxsf] pkf;gf ub{5g\, / h;n] O:nfdnfO{ 5f8L s'g} cfsf]{ wd{sf] cg'z/0f ug]{ 5g\ tL b'j} nf]sdf 3f6f laxf]g]{jfnf eOxfN5g\ . / h;n] O:nfdnfO{ b'9tfk"j{s ;dfTof] To;sf] nflu cNnfxn] ;'v zflGt b'j} nf]sdf cf/lIft ul/lbPsf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M h;n] cf:yf ub{5g\ / cfˆgf] O{dfg;Fu lzs{sf s'/fx¿ ld;fpFb}gg\, To:tfx¿sf]] lglDt ;'/Iff 5 / ltg}n] dfu{bz{g k|fKt ub{5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ cgcfd *@ _

O:nfd wd{sf] cg'z/0f ug]{x¿nfO{ cNnfx b[9tf k|bfg u5{ h'g d'6'sf] zflGt Pj+ k|To]s ;'vsf] hu xf], / k|To]s kL8f / lrGtfaf6 d'lQm klg . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M O{dfgjfnfx¿nfO{ cNnfx ;To lgi7fsf] ;fydf ;jn /fVb5 b'lgofsf] hLjgdf klg / d[To'kl5sf] lhGbuLdf klg, xf]M cGofoLx¿nfO{ cNnfxn] e|ldt ul/lbG5 / cNnfx hf] rfxG5, ul/xfN5 . - ;"/t' Oa|fxLd @& _

cNnfxn] ;t\dfu{ / jf:tljs ;kmntf / d'lQm b'j} nf]sdf O:nfdsf cg'ofoLx¿sf] nflu ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M olb ltgLx¿ klg ltdL h:t} cf:yf /fv] eg] ;xL dfu{ kfpg] 5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !#& _

19

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M cy{ M -x] k}uDa/ Û_ t} klg olb oL dflg;x¿

tkfO{;Fu jfbljjfb ub{5g\ eg] elglbg';\ d / d]/f cg'ofoLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf cNnfxdf ;dlk{t eO;s]sf 5f}+ / lstfajfnf / cgk9x¿ l;t elg lbg';\ ls s] ltdLx¿n] klg O:nfd dfGb5f} < olb logLx¿ klg cg'ofoL aGb5g\ eg] lgM;Gb]x dfu{bz{g k|fKt ug]{5g\, / olb dfGb}gg\ eg] tkfO{sf] sfd dfq cNnfxsf] ;Gb]z k'¥ofOlbg] xf] . cNnfx -cfkm\gf_ eQmx¿nfO{ /fd|L b]vL /fv]sf] 5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg @) _

/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] va/ lbg' ePsf] 5 ls :ju{df dfq pxL JolQm k|j]z kfpg]5 h;n] O:nfd wd{sf] cg'z/0f ug]{5, pxfFsf] syg 5 M æ To;sf] zky h;sf] xftdf d]/f] Hofg 5, o; pDdtsf] s'g} JolQm rfx] Tof] px"bL xf];\ jf O{;fO{ xf];\ olb To;nfO{ d]/f] af/]df 1fg eof], clg Tof] dF dfly O{dfg NofPg / o;} cj:yfdf To;sf] d[To' eof] eg] Tof] gs{df cjZo hfg]5Æ . lsgls O:nfd wd{ g} ;To wd{ xf], / o; afx]s c? s'g} wd{ dfGo 5}g, / cNnfxn] o; wd{nfO{ ga"jt / b"tTjåf/f k"0f{ ul/ c? ;d:t wd{x¿nfO{ lgnlDat ul/lbPsf 5g\, / ;fy} of] eljiojf0fL klg ul/of] ls O:nfd g} k|no ;Dd afFsL /xg]jfnf wd{ xf] . / O{;f cn}lx:;nfd eljio sfndf Ps rf]l6 km]l/ cfpg] 5g\ t/ O{;fO{ wd{ lnP/ cfpFb}gg\ a? d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] NofPsf] wd{ O:nfdsf] cg'z/0f ug]{ 5g\ / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf]

20

cn}x] j;Nndsf] cg'ofoLx¿ dWo]sf x'g] 5g\ . d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ / zky 5 To; ljwftfsf] h;sf] xftdf d]/f] Hofg 5 lgs6 eljiodf O{;f lag dl/od cfpg] 5g\ ;Tosf] lg0f{fossf] ¿kdf, ;nLanfO{ 6'qmf 6'qmf kfg]{ 5g\, / ;'Fu'/sf] awug]{ 5g\, / s/nfO{ ;dfKt ug]{ 5g\, / wg ;DklQ olt clws eOxfNg] 5 ls s'g} klg JolQm To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{g . oxfF ;Dd ls Pp6f ;Hbf -9f]u_ ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ / To;df h] hlt 5g\ tL ;a}eGbf clws nfek|b l;4 x'g]5 . km]l/ o; xbL;nfO{ j0f{g ug]{ ;xfaL xh/t ca" x'/}/x eG5g\M ls olb ltdL rfxG5f} eg] cNnfxsf] of] syg k9 Û cy{ M æ / cxn] lstfa dWo] sf]xL afFsL /xg] 5}g h;n] xh/t O{;f-cn}lx:;nfd_sf] d'To' eGbf cufl8 g} pgLdfly ljZjf; gu/f];\ / lsofdtsf lbg pgL ltgLx¿ lj?4 ;fIfL x'g] 5g\ .Æ - a'vf/L _

/ bf];|f] xbL;df 5 ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ d]/f] pDdtsf] Ps ;d"x lg/+t/ xssf] nflu o'4 ub}{ /xg]5 / o; ;d"xsf] jr{:j k|no ;Dd sfod g} /xg]5, clg O{;f cn}xl:;nfd cfsfzaf6 em/5g\, clg pgLx¿sf] cdL/ - ;/bf/,d'lvof,gfos _ n] eGg]5 cfpg';\ xfdLnfO{ gdfh k9fpg';\, clg O{;f cn}lx:;nfd eG5g\M xfOg a? o; ;do ltdL g} cdL/ xf} cNnfxn] of] k|lti7f / ;Ddfg dfq d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5Æ . - d'l:nd _

21

O:nfd :ki6 wd{

ha O:nfd O{Zj/Lo wd{ xf], / cNnfx åf/f cjtl/t wd{ xf], / ;To / :jfefljs Pj+ a'l4dQfsf] wd{ xf] eg] To;sf] d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ dWo] :ki6tf / ;/ntf klg xf] h'g t]?Gt} ;demdf cfOxfN5 . k|To]s JolQm To;sf lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ a'em\g ;S5, / To;} adf]lhd sd{ ug{ ;S5 . o; wd{sf ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ k|i6 5g\ To;df s'g} afFËf]kgf 5}g, lsgls o;sf] hu s'/cfg / xbL; x'g\ .

cNnfxn] ;d:t dfgjhfltnfO{ ;Daf]lwt ub}{ cfb]z ug'{ eP5 ls pgL s'/cfgdf lrGtg\ dgg\ u?g\ . h:tf] ls ;a}nfO{ pT;flxt ub}{ cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M

cy{ M t s] pgLx¿n] s'/cfgdf ;f]rljrf/ ub}{gg\, jf pgLx¿sf] Åbodf tfNrf nfu]sf 5g\ . -;"/t' d'xDdb @$_

/ cNnfxn] ;a}nfO{ s'/cfg leq lrGtg\ dgg\ ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf 5g\ Pj+ To;sf] cy{nfO{ a'em\g] cf1f lbPsf 5g\, lsgls s'/cfgsf] cy{ :ki6 5 ;a}sf] ;demdf cfpFg]jfnf 5 . / of] sbflk x'g;Sb}g ls cNnfx xfdLnfO{ o:tf] sfo{ ug'{sf] cfb]z u?g\ h'g x'g;Sb}g . o;af6 of] k|i6 / k|dfl0ft x'G5 ls s'/cfg ;a}sf] nflu ;/n / ;dfg Pj+ 1fgjw{s 5 .

/ s'/cfgsf] ;/ntf dfq d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] nflu 5}g a? ;j{hutsf] nflu 5, k|To]s k|f0fL To;sf] cy{

22

a'emL 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . / cNnfx cfkm\gf] kljq u|Gy s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftf atfpg' eP5 ls Tof] k|i6 / :ki6 5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M clnkm–nfd–/f, of] :ki6 u|Gysf cfotx¿ x'g\ . - ;"/t' o";'km ! _

of] s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftf g} xf] h'g :ki6 u|Gy s'/cfgsf] pTs[i6tf k/dfl0ft u5{ / To;sf] k|i6 cfotx¿ - Znf]sx¿ _ cNnfxsf] s[kf bof / h] hlt cNnfx rfxG5 k|dfl0ft u5{g\ . / Znf]ssf] k|i6tfn] ubf{ s;}nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] e|d / ;+b]x klg x'Fb}g tL ;a} s'/fx¿af/] h;nfO{ oL cfotx¿ bzf{pF5g\ . / /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd log} cfotx¿sf] dfWodn] ;a}nfO{ 8/fpFy], / ;a}nfO{ ;'dfu{df nufpFy] o;}n]ubf{ cNnfxsf eQmx¿ cNnfxsf] ;Tdfu{df cu|;/ /xGy] .

cNnfxsf] jf0fL / /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] jf0fL :ki6 5g\, o;sf] k|df0f s'/cfgdf o; k|sf/ j0f{g 5 M

cy{ M / ca xfdLn] tkfO{nfO{ klg of] lstfa k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+, h;af6 dflg;x¿nfO{ h] k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+ tkfO{n] :ki6 ul/ j0f{g ug{';\, ;Dej 5 ltgLx¿n] ljrf/ u?g\ . - ;"/t'g\ gxn $$ _

/ cNnfxn] o; O:nfdnfO{ ;f]emf]dfu{sf] gfdaf6 gfdfs/0f -gfdflÍt_ u/]sf 5g\ h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M

23

cy{ M xfdLnfO{ ;f]emf] -;Rrf_ af6f] b]vfpm . - ;"/t'n\ kmfltxf ^ _

/ ;f]emf] dfu{ Tof] af6f] xf] h'g ;f]emf] / :ki6 xf];\ To;df s'g} k|sf/sf] afFËf]kgf gxf];\ . s'/cfgsf] o; cfotdf of] ljz]iftfnfO{ g} bzf{OPsf] 5 .

/ O:nfdsf] ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 ljz]iftf dWo] of] xf] ls O:nfdn] o:tf zAbx¿sf] cyjf lgb]{zgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ;Daf]wg u/]g h'g xfd|f] dl:tisdf cfFpb}g / sf]xL a'em\g ;Sb}g . a? O:nflds ljåfgx¿sf] Psdt 5 ls s'/cfg / xbL;sf lgb]{zgx¿ o:tf 5}gg\ ls s;}sf] ;demdf g cfcf];\ cyjf s]xL dflg;sf] ;demdf cfcf];\ / sltkonfO{ ;dem g cfcf];\ a? s'/cfg / xbL; x/]s dg'iosf] ;demdf cfpF5 rfx] Tof] ljåfg xf];\ jf ;fwf/0f JolQm .

/ O:nfdsf] :ki6tfsf] ljz]if pbfx/0f To;sf cf:yfaf/] :ki6 lgb]{zgx¿ x'g\ h;dfly O:nfdsf] hu lge{/ 5, / h;df s'g} nf]r / afFËf]kgf 5}g . cf:yfjfgx¿ To;nfO{ a'em]/ dfq To;df cf:yf /fV5g\ o; kZrft ls pgsf] x[bon] To;sf] x/]s lgb{]zgnfO{ dgk/fO{ :jLsf/ u/f];\ .

o;sf] t'ngfdf xfdL c? w]/} wd{x¿nfO{ x]b{5f}+ ls To;df To; wd{sf lgb]{zgx¿df tfnd]n x'Fb}g / Pp6f lgb]{zg cfsf]{ lgb]{zg ljk/Lt / lj?4 x'G5 . / To;sf lgb]{zgx¿df olt hl6ntf x'G5 ls dfg5] To;af6 s'g} lgisif{ lgsfNg ;Sb}g . / sltko ;d:of / k|Zgsf]

24

;dfwfg To; wd{sf lgb]{zgx¿df ldNb}g . o;} sf/0f oL wd{x¿sf ljåfgx¿ To; wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ wd{lgb]{z g k9g] cfu|x u5{g\ / eG5g\ ls of] lgb]{zgx¿ ltdLx¿sf] ;demdf cfpFb}g of] ltdLx¿sf] ljj]s eGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf], ltdLx¿sf] r]tgfsf] Ifdtf olt 5}g ls o;nfO{ r]tg ;s . o;sf] ljk/Lt O:nfd wd{ ;a}sf] ;demdf cfpF5 / ;a} dfly of] clgjfo{ 5 ls hlt klg To;nfO{ 1fg 5 To;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ klg u/f];\ .

/ pbfx/0f :j¿k x]g{';\ Û ha xfdL O{;fO{ wd{sf] cWog u5f}{+ t x]b{5f}+ ls To;sf lgb]{zgx¿ /x:odo 9Ën] Ps cfsf{l;t u'8d'8 eO{ lj/f]wfefifL cy{ bz{fp5g\ . / To;df o:tf] kmN;kmL s'/fx¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ a'l4n] :jLsf/ ub}{g / To;sf lgb]{zgx¿ To;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ bzf{pg c;dy{ 5g\ . o;}n]ubf{ sfgL;x¿df - O{;fO{x¿sf] k"hf 3/ _ /x:odo s'/fx¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ pgLx¿sf 7'n7"nf ljåfgx¿ klg a'emg ;Sb}gg\, ;fwf/0f dfG5]sf] s] cfF6 ls To;nfO{ a'em\g ;sf];\ .

/ o;}n]ubf{ oL wd{x¿df Hof]ltifL / wd{u'?x¿ To; wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿ dfly cfkm\gf] k"0f{ jr{:j hgfpF5g\, o;} sf/0f oL wd{x¿sf cg'ofoLx¿ oL wd{x¿nfO{ 5f8L cfsf]{ wd{df k|j]z u5{g\ . / o; wd{ kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sf/0f dWo] To; wd{sf] lgb]{zgx¿ :ki6¿kn] k|i6 gePsf] klg xf] . t/ O:nfd wd{df k|To]s k|Zgsf] pQ/ 5, / k|To]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg 5, o;} sf/0f

25

O:nfddf cf:yf /fVg]x¿nfO{ s]xL ;+b]x x'Fb}g / pgLx¿ O:nfdsf] k|To]s lgb]{zgaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ .

/ o;} sf/0f xfdL x]b{5f}+ ls Tof] d';ndfg h;nfO{ o; O:nfdsf] x/]s lgb]{zg / s'/fx¿ yfxf 5 / pm o; wd{af6 ;+t'i6 5 Tof] sbflk o; ed{af6 ljd'v x'Fb}g .

/ o;} ;Gbe{df ca" ;'lkmofgsf] /fhf x]/Snsf] ;fy Pp6f j[tfGt j0f{g 5 h'g d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudg kZrft 36]sf] lyof] . / of] 36gf ca" ;'lkmofgsf] O:nfd Nofpg' eGbf klxnfsf] j[tfGt xf] . s'/f] of] lyof] ls ca" ;'lkmofg /f]dsf] Olnof gfds :yfgdf lyP clg To;} ;do x]/Sn /fhfn] ca" ;'lkmofg / pgsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf b"tx¿ åf/f 8fFs]/ af]nfP, clg cfkm\gf] a:g] sIfdf af]nfP/ efg]M ltdL dWo] s'g dfG5] To; JolQmsf] lgs6\td\ cfkmGtL dWo]sf] xf] h'g JolQm cfkm"nfO{ ;Gb]i6f eG5 . t ca" ;'lkmofgn] eg]M d To;sf] ls6\td\ cfkmGtL x"F . clg /fhfn] eGof]M o; dfG5]nfO{ d l;t glhs a;fnf, / To;sf ;fyLx¿nfO{ To;sf] lk7\o" k5f8L a;flnb]pm . clg cfkm\gf] cg'jfbs l;t eGof] ls o;sf] ;fyLx¿nfO{ elgb]pm ls olb o; dfG5]n] xfd|f] k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ unt lbG5 eg] pgLx¿ k5f8Laf6} To;sf] ;+s]t u?g\ . clg x]/Snn] k|Zg cf/De u¥of] / tL k|Zgx¿ dWo] of] k|Zg klg lyof] Û x]/Snn] eGof]M s] To; ;Gb]i6fn] NofPsf] wd{nfO{ :jLsf/] kZrft s]xL dfG5] To;af6 ljd'v klg x'G5g\ < ca" ;'lkmofgn] pQ/ lbP ls o:tf] sbflk x'Fb}g . clg x]/Snn] eg]M d}n]

26

ltdLl;t k|Zg u/]+ ls s] s'g} dfG5] To; wd{nfO{ :jLsf/] kZrft To;af6 ljd'v x'G5 t ltdLn] eGof] ls xf]Og o:tf] t clxn] ;Dd ePsf] 5}g . xf], ha O{dfgsf] ld7f; x[bodf a:5 ta o:t} x'G5 . - k"0f{ xbL; a'vf/L, d'l:nddf x]g'{;\ _

27

O:nfd k|fs[lts wd{

O{Zj/Lo ljz]iftf Tof] lkmt/t -k|s[lt_ xf] h;nfO{ cNnfx Dffgjx¿sf] x[bodf hfu[t ul/lbG5, h:tf] ls ;'sd{ ;'Jojxf/ cflb, h;af6 cNnfx k|;Gg x'G5 / To;} sf/0fn] dg'ionfO{ ;a} k|f0fLdfly ;jf]{Rrtf k|bfg u/]5 .

/ o; O{Zj/Lo lkmt/tsf] sf/0fn] g} dflg;sf] cfTdf s]jn Ps cNnfxnfO{ k"Hg' / Ps]Zj/jfbdf cf:yf /fVg'sf] OR5's x'G5, / ;a} s'sd{ 5f8L ;Tsd{ u/]/ cfkm\gf] O{Zj/sf] bof kfpg] cfzf lnO{ cfkm\gf] hLjg JotLt u5{ .

/ lkmt/t - k|s[lt _sf] cy{ xf] M afFËf]kgfaf6 -s'sd{af6_ ;Tsd{tkm{ k|j[Q x'g', / lg/fwf/tfaf6 xs / cfwf/e"t tkm{ k|j[Q x'g', / s'dfu{af6 ;'dfu{tkm{ k|j[Q x'g' . oxL b'O{ /x:odo sf/0fn] cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgb]{zg ;xLt k7fof] . lsgls ;To c;Tosf] aLr g} dg'io z}tfgsf] dfWodn] ef}tl/G5 . cGttM cNNfxn] cfkm\gf] clGtd ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ ;b}j afFsL /xg] lgb]{zg / ;Tosf] ljho / c;TonfO{ k|fho u/fpg] lgb]{zgx¿ lbP/ k7fof] . o;} sf/0f O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿ ;f]emf] lkmt/tsf] cg's"n cyf{t k|fs[ltsf] cg's"n 5g\ k|fs[lt / O:nfdLo lgb]{zgx¿df s'g} ljjfb x'Fb}g .

28

/ ha d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ O;|f / d]c\/fh u/fO{of] h; ljzfn 36\gfnfO{ cfkm} /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd j0f{g ug'{x'G5 ls æ ha d a}t'n\ d'sb\b; ;Dd k'u]+ t lha|Lnn] a'/fs gfds ;jf/LnfO{ To; xNsfl;t afFw] h;df gaLx¿ ccfkm\gf ;jf/LnfO{ afFWy], clg eGg' x'G5 ls km]l/ d dl:hbdf k|j]z u/]+ / b'O{ /sct gdfh k9]+ / aflx/ lg:s]+ . clg lha|Ln cn}lx:;nfd cfpg' eof] o; cj:yfdf ls pxfFsf] xftdf b'O{ Kofnf -efF8f_ lyof], Pp6f Kofnfdf b"w / cfsf]{df dlb/f lyof] t d}n] b"w ;]jgnfO{ dgk/fP+], t lha|Lnn] eGg' eof]M tkfO{n] lkmt/tnfO{ dgk/fpg' eof],==== . Æ - d'l:nd lstfa'n\ O{dfg _

/fd|f] lkmt/t / g/fd|f] lkmt/tsf] of] clt k|i6 pbfx/0f xf], b"w nfebfos x'G5 o;} sf/0f O:nfd wd{df xnfn -j}w_ 5 / dlb/f xflgsf/s x'G5 o;} sf/0f Tof] x/fd -cj}w_ 5 . / o;} sf/0fn] /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] xflgsf/snfO{ 5f8L nfebfos j:t'nfO{ /f]Hg' eof] . t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] of] /f]hfO{ k|dfl0ft u5{ ls pxfFn] NofPsf] wd{ g} ;a} eGbf /fd|f] wd{ / ;a} eGbf sNof0fsf/L wd{ xf] . / o;sf] j0f{g cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] kljq u|Gy s'/cfgdf o;/L ug'{ eP5M

cy{ M t;y{ tkfO+{ bQlrQ eP/ cfkm"nfO{ bLg -O:nfd_ tkm{ nufpFb} ug{';\ . cNnfxsf] Tof] ljz]iftf h;dfly p;n] dflg;x¿sf] ;[li6 u/]sf] 5 . cNnfxn] agfPsf] -nfO{_ gabNg' . oxL ;f]emf] wd{ xf] . t/ w]/}n]

29

a'‰b}gg\ . -dflg;x¿ xf] Û_ cNnfx tkm{ nfu]/ pm l;t 8/ dfGg] u/ / gdfh k9\g] u/ / d'lZ/sx¿ dWo]af6 gaGg' . pgLx¿ dWo]af6 h;n] cfˆgf] wd{nfO{ 6'qmf–6'qmf ul/lbP / :jod\ klg ;d"x–;d"x -df ljeflht_ eP, k|To]s ;d"x cfkm";+u ePsf] rLh j:t'df k|;Gg 5 . - ;"/t'¿{d #)–#@ _

cNnfxn] oL pNn]lvt Znf]sx¿df cfkm\gf] /;"nnfO{ cfkm\gf] To; lkmt/ttkm{ k|j[Q x'g] cfb]z u/]sf] 5 h'g lkmt/tdf cNnfxn] ;a}nfO{ hGdfPsf] 5, / ;a}sf] dl:tisdf To; lkmt/tsf] df]xdfof / To;sf] ljk/Lt j:t'sf] 3[0ff /flvlbPsf] 5 .

lgM;+b]x O:nfdsf k/f]If / ck/f]If lgb]{zgx¿ tkm{ dg'io k|j[Q x'G5 lsgls ;a}sf] x[bodf ;Totf k|lt dfof /flVPsf] 5 / of] g} lkmt/tsf] jf:tljstf / s;f}6L xf] . / /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' ePsf] 5 ls k|To]s dg'io o;} cNnfxsf] lkmt/tdfly hGdb]lv g} cu|;/ x'G5 oxfF ;Dd ls ;+;fl/s nf]e nfN;f p;nfO{ kl/jlt{t ul/xfN5, /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5M

cy{ M k|To]s lzz' cNnfxsf] lkmt/tdf hGdG5 clg p;sf] cfdf a'jf p;nfO{ ox"bL cyjf O{;fO{ jf dh";L agfO{ lbG5g\ . - a'vf/L lstfa'n\ hgfOh _

ljrf/ u/ Û s;/L ox"bL / O{;fO{ wd{ o; lkmt/t lj?4 eOxfn] wd{df kl/jt{g ePsf] sf/0fn] . lsgls k|To]s lzz'hflt lkmt/tdf hlGdG5, clg To;sf] a'jf

30

cfdf To;nfO{ cfkm\gf] wd{sf] /Ëdf /lËxfN5g\ . t/ ;fjwfg eOxfNg';\ lsgls O:nfdaf6 ljd'v x'g'sf] cy{ k|fs[lt / cNnfxsf] ;[li6df kl/jt{g ug'{ ;/x xf] . t ha O:nfd wd{ k|fs[lts wd{ l;4 eof] t ca of] klg x]g'{;\ ls O:nfdsf k|To]s lgb]{zgx¿ klg To; k|fs[lt cg's"n g} 5g\ / b'j}df s]xL leGgtf / c;dfgtf 5}g, a? O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿ To; lkmt/tnfO{ cem} alnof] / k"0f{ agfpF5g\ . pbfx/0f :j¿k x]g'{xf];\ Û cNnfxn] Ps]Zj/jfbsf] cfb]z lbPsf 5g\ / ax'b]jjfbaf6 /f]s]sf 5g\ / oxL g} jf:tljs lkmt/t - k|s[lt_ xf], lsgls dg'iosf] lkmt/t k"hf To;}sf] ug{ rfxG5 h'g To; k"hf of]Uo xf];\, / Tof] lgM;+b]x cNNfx g} xf] .

/ o:t} b'O{ k"hgLo klg x'g ;Sb}g cyjf Tof] eGbf clws klg x'g ;Sb}g lsgls dfG5] s; s;sf] k"hf u5{, / s; s;nfO{ 9f]u ug{ ;S5 . / o:t} dg'iosf] z'4 lkmt/t of] klg ;xg ug{ ;Sb}g ls cfkm" h:tf] s'g} dg'ionfO{ k"hf];\ h'g To;nfO{ nfe / xflg k'¥ofpg ;Sb}g, / 9'Ëf, df6f], / ?v k+IfLsf] t s'/} gug'{;\ . a? ;f]emf] lkmt/t rfxG5 ls cfkm\gf] kfngstf{sf] k"hf u¿F . h;/L gdfh k9L, jt{ a;L, kl/qmdf u/L, c;xfo ef]sfPsf] dfG5]nfO{ ef]hg u/fO{ cNnfxsf] k|;Ggtf vf]hf];\ . of] ;a} O:nfd / lkmt/t cg's"n sfo{x¿ x'g\ . / ;f]emf] lkmt/t cg's"n Tof] ;a} sfo{x¿ klg x'g\ h;tkm{ O:nfd cfJxfg u5{, h;/L s;}dfly k/f]ksf/ ug'{, s;}nfO{ v'zL lbg', cfkm\gf cfkmGtLx¿ l;t k|]d ug'{,

31

:g]x /fVg', cfkm\gf l5d]sLx¿ l;t ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/ ug'{, nfebfos j:t'sf] ;]jg ug'{, xflgsf/s j:t'af6 6f9f /x\g', /fd|f] n'uf nufpg', l;Ëf/ ug'{, t/ cledfg gug'{, s;}dfly cGofo cTofrf/ gug'{, s;}sf] clwsf/ xgg\ gug'{, ;Tosf] ;fy lbg', / ;Tojfg aGg', ;a}nfO{ ;Totfsf] dfu{tkm{ cfJxfg ug'{ ===== cflb .

/ O:nfd wd{ g} k|fs[lts wd{ xf] o;sf] k|df0f xf] :jod\ ;|i6fsf] lg;fkm / ;[li6dfly p;sf] pbf/ cg'u|x / bof, / p;sf] cfb]zdf ;Dk"0f{ dfgjhfltsf] k|lta4tf ls pgL p;sf] ;Ldfsf] pNn+3gsf/L aGg] 5}gg\ / To;n] agfPsf] ;Ldfsf] cltqmd0f ub}{gg\===== cflb .

/ ha Ps d';ndfg s;}nfO{ O:nfdtkm{ cfJxfg u5{ ta Tof] To; ;f]emf] k|s[lttkm{ af]nfpF5 h'g lkmt/t dfly ;|i6fn] ;a}nfO{ ;[li6 u/]sf] 5 . cyf{tM Tof] s'g} lj/f]wL tTjtkm{ cfdlGqt ul//x]sf] 5}g . / of] g} O:nfdsf] :jLsfo{ x'g'sf] ;a} eGbf 6"nf] /x:o xf], lsgls h;nfO{ klg of] yfxf eOxfN5 ls O:nfd wd{ xfd|f] lkmt/t cg's"n wd{ xf] Tof] t'?Gt} o; O:nfd wd{df k|j]z eOxfN5, / To;sf] cg'ofoL eO{ :ju{sf] clwsf/L eOxfN5 .

32

O:nfd ljj]ssf] wd{

ha ljleGg wd{x¿ / ljleGg k|sf/sf cf:yfx¿ / lgb]{zgx¿ dg'iosf] csn -ljj]s_nfO{ x}/fg kfl/lbof], To; ;do O:nfd cfkm\gf] lgb]{zg ;d]t k|s6 eof], h'g cfkm\gf] ;d:t lgb]{zgsf] ;fy dg'iosf] ljj]snfO{ ;dy{g u5{ .

/ sltko wdf{jnDaLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] h'g wd{sf] kfngf ul//x] 5g\ To;sf lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ x]/]/ x[bo kL8f / c;+t'li6sf] cfef; eof] lsgls tL lgb]{zgx¿ pgLx¿sf] ljj]ssf] lj/f]w u5{g\ . / sltko wd{x¿ t wd{df ljrf/ / lrGtg\ dgg\ ug'{af6 g} /f]s]sf 5g\, / h'g lgb]{zgx¿ / cfb]zx¿ To; wd{ddf 5g\ To;nfO{ sfo{Gjog ug'{ t/ cfkm\gf] a'l4 gnufpg' eGg] cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 . t/ O:nfd wd{ oL ;a} wd{x¿sf] t"ngfdf ;a} wd{af6 leGg 5 . O:nfd wd{sf] of] dxfgtf g} xf] ls Tof] ;fFrf] :jR5 / z'4 a'l4sf] ;dy{g u5{ . / s'/cfg Pj+ xbL;df hlt klg lgb]{zgx¿ 5g\ ;a} ljz'4 1fg / ljj]s cg's"n 5g\ . o;}n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ s'/cfg / xbL;df ljrf/ubf{ of] yfxf x'G5 ls s'/cfg / xbL; a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|df0fx¿af6 O:nfdL cf:yfnfO{ l;4 u5{ . h;/L cNnfx dfly cf:yf /fVg', / To;sf /;"n - ;Gb]i6f _ / kml/Ztfx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg', / k|nosf] lbgdfly / d[To'dfly cf:yf /fVg', / k'gh{Gd, b08, k'/:sf/, kfk

33

k'0o, :ju{ gs{,======= cflb dfly cf:yf /fVg' . oL ;a}nfO{ O:nfd o:tf k|df0fx¿af6 l;4 u5{ h'g k|To]s dg'iosf] ;demdf cfpF5 .

/ olb ltdL ljrf/ u/ d'Z/]sLg -ax'bjjfbLx¿_sf] jftf{nfk / k|df0fx¿ dfly h;af6 pgLx¿ cNnfxsf] jh"b / k"hgLotfsf] of]UotfnfO{ l;4 ug{ vf]h]sf lyP, To;df klg ltdL a'l4dQfsf] k|i6¿kdf k|df0f kfpF5f} . cNnfxn] o; s'/fnfO{ kljq s'/cfgdf o;/L j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ M

cy{ M Tof] cNnfx g} xf] h;n] ltdLnfO{ Rf6\ofËsf] rds eoeLt ug{ / cfzf lbnfpgsf] nflu b]vfpF5, / ef/L afbnx¿nfO{ p7fpF5 . lah'nLsf] uh{gf p;sf] kljqtfsf] k|z+;f ub{5, / kml/Ztfx¿ klg p;sf] eoaf6 -To;} ub{}5g\_ . pxL r6\ofË k7fpF5, / h; dfly rfxG5 To; dfly v;fN5 . ha ls ltgLx¿ -ax'b]jjfbL_ cNnfxsf] jfkt em}+–emu8f u/L /x]sf 5g\, / cNnfx s7f]/ zlQmjfnf 5 . p;}nfO{ k'sfg'{ jf:tljs ;To xf] . h'g dflg; c?nfO{ p;sf] abnfdf k'sf5{g\ ltgLx¿ pgLnfO{ s]xL klg pQ/ lbb}gg\, a? of] p:t} 5 h:tf] s'g} JolQm cfˆgf] b'j} xft kfgLtkm{ km}nfPsf] 5 ls p;sf] d'vdf kl/hfcf];\ hasL Tof] kfgL p;sf] d'vdf hfFb}g . / sflkm/x¿sf] u'xf/ ;a} v]/ hfg]5 . cNnfxsf] nflu g} k[YjL / cfsfzsf ;a} k|f0fLx¿ v'zL / a]v'zL gtd:ts x'G5g\ / pgsf 5fofFx¿n] klg ljxfg j]n'sf . tkfO{+ ;f]Wg';\M ……ls cfsfzx¿ / k[YjLsf] kfngstf{ sf] xf] <ÚÚ.

34

elg lbg';\ Û ……cNnfxÚÚ . ;f]Wg';\M Û ……s] ltdL km]l/ klg p; afx]s c?nfO{ ;xof]uL agfO{ /x]sf 5f} < hf] :jo+ cfˆgf] hLj Hofgsf] /fd|f] g/fd|f]af/] s'g} clVtof/L /fVb}gg\ÚÚ . ;f]WfM ……s] cGwf] / cfFvf jfnf j/fa/ x'g ;S5g\ < s] cGwsf/ / k|sfz ;dfg x'g ;S5g\ < s] h;nfO{ pgL cNnfxsf] ;fem]bf/ 7x¥ofO{ /x]sf 5g, pgn] klg cNnfx h:t} k|f0fLx¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\, h;n] pgsf] b[li6df lgdf{0fsf kms{ z+sfsf] 3]/f leq cfO;s]sf] 5ÚÚ, elg lbg';\M ……dfq cNnfx g} ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] hGdbftf xf] Tof] Ps dfq PSnf] 5 / ljzfn zlQmzfnL 5 .ÚÚ p;}n] cfsfzaf6 kfgL j;f{of] km]l/ cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ vf]nfx¿ aUg yfn], km]l/ kfgLsf] e]nn] dfly r9]sf] s"8fnfO{ aufP/ nUof] . / o:t} kmL+h To; wft'df klg p7LxfN5 h'g cfuf]df xfn]/ vfl/P kl5 cfe"if0f jf csf{] -;hfj6sf_ ;dfg aGb5g\ . o:t} lsl;dn] cNnfx ;To–c;Tosf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ub{5, . ca kmLh t Joy{ eP/ auL xfN5, k/Gt' h'g dfG5]nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] j:t' 5, Tof] k[YjLdf c8LÞ /xG5 . cNnfx o:t} pbfx/0fsf] j0f{g ub{5 . - ;"/t'/{c\b !@–!& _

/ ha ax'b]jjfbLx¿n] k'gh{Gdsf] OGsf/ u/], / k|nosf] lbg / k|ltkmnsf] lbgsf] OGsf/ u/] ta s'/cfgn] pgLx¿;+u a'l4dQfsf] k|df0f / ljj]sdf cfpg] ts{x¿af6 jftf{nfk u¥of], h'g k|df0f / ts{x¿ k'gh{Gd dfly cf:yfsf] jf:tljstf l;4 ul//x]sf lyP, /

35

ax'b]jjfbLx¿sf] q'l6nfO{ :ki6 kfl/b}y] . h:tf] ls cNnfxn] kljq s'/cfgdf j0f{g ug'{ x'G5 M

cy{ M / olb xfdLn] pgLx¿dfly bof uYof}{ / pgLx¿sf] si6 x6fof+} eg] pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] c§]/Lkgdf c? axsL /xg] 5g\ . oBlk xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ oftgfdf ;dfTof}+ t}klg pgLx¿ g cfkm\gf kfngstf{sf] cufl8 gtd:ts eP gt pgLx¿ ofrgf g} u/] . oxfF;Dd ls xfdLn] ha pgLx¿ dfly tLj| ;hfosf] 9f]sf vf]lnlbof}+ ta To;a]nf pgLx¿ lg/fz eOxfn] . / ToxL cNnfx xf] h;n] ltd|f] nflu sfg / cfFvfx¿ tyf x[box¿ agfP . t/ ltdLn] yf]/} s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5f} . / pxL t xf] h;n] ltdLnfO{ ;[li6 u/]/ k[YjLdf km}nfO{ lbof] / p;}lt/ ltdL Pslqt x'g] 5f} . / pxL xf] h;n] hLjg k|bfg ub{5, / d[To' lbG5 / Pskl5 csf]{ cfpg] /ft / lbg p;}sf] clwsf/df 5, s] ltdLn] a'em\b}gf} < s'/f of] 5 ls h'g s'/f cl3sfn] eGby], p:t} k|sf/sf] s'/f logLx¿n] klg eGb5g\ . -eGb5g\M_ ls ha xfdL d/]/ df6f] / x8\8Lx¿ eOxfNg]5f}+ t} klg s] xfdL km]l/ p7fOg] 5f}+ / < of] jfrf xfdLl;t / xfdL eGbf klxnf xfd|f afa' afh]x¿l;t klg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5, of] t dfq cl3sf dflg;x¿sf syfx¿ x'g\ . ;f]Wg';\ t hÞdLg, / h]hlt hdLgdf 5g\ -;a}_ s;sf ;DklQ x'g\ atfpm olb yfxf 5 < t'?Gt hjfkm lbg]5g\M ls cNnfxsf] . eGg';\ To;f] eP ltdL lsg g;Lxt dfGb}gf} < ;f]Wg';\ lsM ;ft cfsfzx¿sf] :jfdL sf] xf] / dxfg ;Qf;gsf] dflns sf] xf] < pgLx¿n]]

36

hjfkm lbg]5g\M ls cNnfx g} xf], eGg';\ ls To;f] eP lsg 8/ dfGb}gf} < ;f]Wg';\ ls olb ltdL hfGb5f} eg] egsL Tof] sf] xf] h;sf] xftdf x/]s s'/fsf] cflwkTo 5 / p;n] z/0f lbG5 / p;sf] bfFhf]df s;}n] s;}nfO{ z/0f lbg ;Sb}g . oxL hjfkm lbg]5g\M ls cNnfx g} xf] . eGg';\ sLM To;f] eP ltdLdfly hfb" sxfFaf6 rN5 < - ;"/t'n\ d'ldg"g &%–*( _

/ oL b'j} pbfx/0f s]jn s'/cfgsf] o; bfaLnfO{ l;4 ug'{sf] lglDt xf] h;df of] bfaL 5 ls s'/cfg / O:nfd wd{ csn / ljj]snfO{ ;dy{g u5g\{, cyf{tM pNn]lvt pbfx/0faf6 of] :ki6 eof] ls O:nfd jf:tjdf a'l4dQfsf] wd{ xf] .

/ O:nfd h;/L cf:yfnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgb]{zgx¿ åf/f csnsf] ;dy{g u5{ cyf{t csnsf] lj/f]w ub{}g, To;/L c? k|sf/sf lgb]{zgx¿ åf/f klg a'l4 ljj]ssf] ;dy{g u5{ . pbfx/0f :j¿k x]g'{;\ Û xnfn x/fd cyf{t j}w cj}w ug]{ lgb]{zgx¿, b'J{ojxf/ / Jolerf/ dfly l6Kk0fL ug]{ lgb]{zgx¿, cTofrf/ cGofoaf6 dgfxL ug]{ lgb]{zgx¿ ====cflb . of] ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ o:tf 5g\ ls o;nfO{ ;'g] lalQs} xfd|f] ljj]s oL lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L xfN5, / x[bo k|;Ggtfn] xlif{t eOxfN5 .

o:t} w]/} 7fpFdf s'/cfg dfgjnfO{ ljrf/ljdz{ / lrGtg\ dgg\ ug]{ cfb]z u5{, / cfJxfg u5{ ls ltdLx¿ O:nfdsf lgb]{zgx¿df lrGtg dgg\ u/ / cfkm\gf]

37

a'l4nfO{ lg:kIf lg0f{osf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/ . cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M

cy{ M / ;+;fl/s hLjg t Pp6f v]n / dgf]/~hg afx]s s]xL klg xf]Og . / cToGt /fd|f] 3/ t cflv/tsf] 3/ xf] ltgLx¿sf] lglDt hf] cNnfxl;t 8/dfG5g\, s] ltdLn] a'‰b}gf} < - ;"/t'n\ cgcfd #@ _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M cy{ M tkfO{+ eGbf klxn] d}n] ufFpn]x¿df hlt

k}uDa/ k7fPF, ;a} k'?if g} lyP . pgLx¿ tkm{ d}n] ;Gb]z -jx\o_ lbb} uPF . s] ltgLx¿ k[YjLdf lxn8'n u/]/ b]v]gg\ < ls pgL eGbf klxn]sf AolQmx¿sf] s] s:tf] gtLhf eof] . jf:tjdf clGtd 3/ ;xgzLnx¿sf] nflu w]/} /fd|f 5g\ . t} klg ltgL ;Demg ;St}gg\ . - ;"/t' o";'km !)( _

/ ha a'l4dfgx¿ O:nfdL l;4fGtx¿df dg\yg u5{g\ ta o; lgisif{df k'U5g\ ls O:nfdL l;4fGtsf] d"n nIo csnnfO{ ljrf/ ljd;{tkm{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ xf] . / cNnfxsf] k"hftkm{ nufpg' xf], / O:nfdL 1fg k|flKttkm{ pT;flxt ug'{ xf] . h;df ;+;fl/s / k/nf}lss enfO{ gLlxt 5g\, / ;+;fl/s 1fg Pj+ ljBf k|fKt ug'{tkm{ nufpg' xf] h;af6 ;a}sf] hLjg /fd|/L JotLt x'G5 .

/ o;} k|sf/ O:nfdn] csn / ;f]r ljrf/nfO{ k|ult k|bfg u5{ / o; ;+be{df tL ;a} s'/fnfO{ cj}w ul/lbPsf] 5 h'g csnnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5g\ / tL ;a} xflgsf/s j:t'x¿af6 csnsf] ;'/Iff u5{ . t;y{ xfd|f]

38

csnnfO{ 7"nf] dfg;Ddfg k|bfg u5{, o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] dlb/fnfO{ jlh{t ug'{ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M x] Odfgjfnfx¿ Û dlb/f, h'cf aln:yfg / zu'0f kf;f oL ;a} ckljq / z}tfgL s'/fx¿ dWo]sf x'g\ t;y{ logLaf6 6f9f /xg' tfls d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;s . z}tfg t of] rfxG5 ls /S;L / h'cfsf] dfWodaf6 ltdLx¿ aLr zq'tf / a}/efjsf] ;[hgf ul/xfnf];\ / ltdLnfO{ cNnfxsf] :d/0f / gdfhaf6 /f]lsb]cf];\ . o;sf/0f clxn] klg -oL sd{x¿af6_ cnu /xg] u/ . - ;"/t'n\ dfObM (),(! _

a? cNnfxn] tL ;a} j:t'x¿nfO{ jlh{t u/]sf] 5 h;df pGdfbsf] tTj kfOG5 Tof] rfx] h'g ¿kdf klg xf];\, / h'g xfd|f] dl:tisnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 . cNnfxsf] clGtd ;Gb]i6fsf] syg 5 M æ k|To]s gzLnf] kbfy{ dlb/f xf] / x/]s gzLnf] kbfy{ jlh{t 5, / h;n] o; ;+;f/df dlb/fsf] /l;of eO{ To;sf] ;]jg u5{ km]l/ lagf tf}af -Ifdfofrgf _ To;sf] d[To' eof] eg] Tof] k/nf}lss hLjgdf dlb/f ;]jgsf] cj;/ kfpFb}gÆ . - d'l:nd lstfa'n\ cz\l/af _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] /;"n eGg' x'G5 M æ h'g gzLnf] kbfy{sf] w]/} dfqf pGdfbL agfpF5 To;sf] yf]/} dfqf klg x/fd - cj}w _ 5 Æ . - ca" bfpmb lstfa'n\ cz\l/af, ltld{hL lstfa'n\ cz\l/af _

39

O:nfd kljq wd{

pk/f]Qm jfSodf kljqtfsf] cy{ xf] k|to]s /2f]abn, yk36, / k|To]s a'/fO{ Pj+ q'l6af6 kljq x'g' .

jf:tljs kljqtf t jf:tjdf O:nfddf g} gLlxt 5, lsgls o;sf ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ cfsfzjfF0fL åf/f cNnfx sxfFaf6 cjtl/t ePsf 5g\, / ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ xfd|f]nflu ;Ddfghgs 5g\ . / O:nfd kljq 5 lsgls To;sf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg / ljlw s'/cfg kljq 5, / ;j{k|yd >]0fLdf lj/fhdfg 5 . / s'/cfgsf] kljqtf dWo] cg]sf}+ rdTsf/L s'/fx¿ 5g\ To; dWo] ljz]if u/L s'/cfgsf] kljqtf yk36 /2f]abnaf6 kljq x'g' klg xf], lsgls To;sf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L cNnfxn] cfkm} lng' ePsf] 5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M -lgM;Gb]x_ xfdLn] g} s'/cfgnfO{ ptf/]sf 5f}+ / xfdL g} o;sf] ;+/Ifs xf}+ . - ;"/t'n\ lxh| ( _

cyf{t o:tf] pTs[i6td\ >]0fL cNnfxn] dfq s'/cfgnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 lsgls o; eGbf klxnfsf u|Gyx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L cNnfxn] cfkm} lnPsf] lyPg a? tL u|Gyx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L To;sf cg'ofoLx¿ dfly g} lyof] . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M xfdLn] g} tf}/ft ptf¥of}+, h;df dfu{bz{g / k|sfz lyof] . To;} cg';f/ gaL / 1fgLx¿n] hf] - cNnfxsf_ cf1fsf/L lyP ox"bLdf o;} tf}/ft cg';f/

40

km};nf ub{y] . lsgeg] ltgLx¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] lstfasf] /Iff ug]{ cfb]z lyof], / ltgLx¿ o;sf] ujfx klg lyP, t;y{ ltdL dflg;x¿ l;t g8/fpg' / d;Fu 8/ dfGg' / d]/f] cfotx¿nfO{ clnslt d"Nodf g a]Rg' . h;n] cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf] cfb]zx¿ adf]lhd km};nf ub}{gg\ ltgLx¿ g} sflkm/ x'g\ . - ;"/t'n\ dfObM $$ _

km]l/ of] klg x]g'{;\ ls h'g lhDd]jf/L cNnfxn] klxnfsf pDdt -;d"x_x¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] clg Tof] lhDd]jf/L lyof] u|Gyx¿sf] ;'/Iff, t/ tL pDdtLx¿ To;sf] ;'/Iff gul/sg\ To;df yk36 ug{ yfn], / o;} yk36sf] sf/0f tL u|Gyx¿sf lgb]{zgx¿ Pscfsf{sf] lj/f]wL cy{ bzf{pg yfn], / Pp6} u|Gysf cg]sf} u|Gy aGof], / cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf lgb]{zgx¿ To;af6 n'Kt eP . t/ oL ;a}sf] t'ngfdf O:nfdL u|Gy s'/cfg cfh klg p:t} ;'/lIft 5 h:tf] cfh b]lv nueu !$)) jif{ eGbf klxnf cjtl/t ePsf] lyof], / of] cfhsf] s'/cfg ToxL s'/cfg xf] cfkm\gf] Znf]s / cIf/x¿ ;d]t h;/L !$)) kif{ cl3 lyof] . t/ s;}n] klg o;df Pp6f cIf/ klg ld;fpg ;s]gg\ / cNnfxsf] saf]n slt ;fFrf] 5 .

/ o:t} s'/cfgsf] kljqtfsf] cfsf]{ pbfx/0f of] xf] ls To;sf lgb]{zgx¿ aLr s'g} k|sf/sf] 6s/fj -lj/f]wL cy{_ ldNb}g . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M s] logLx¿ s'/cfgdf lrGtg dgg\ ub}{gg\ < olb of] cNnfx afx]s c? s;}sf] tkm{af6 ePsf] eP

41

To;df lgM;Gb]x -w]/}_ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ s'/fx¿ kfpg] lyP . - ;"/t'g\ lg;f *@ _

/ cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] kljq jf0fL s'/cfg leq s'g} k|sf/sf] lj/f]wL cy{ Pj+ gsf/fTds tTj /fv]sf] 5}g, a? Tof] oL ;a} t'R5 s'/fx¿af6 kljq 5, / of] To;sf] jf0fL x'g'sf] ;j{k|yd k|df0f xf] . sbflrt of] c? s;}sf] tkm{af6 x'GYof] eg] cjZo g} o;df klg lj/f]wL / gsf/fTds tTj ldNYof] h:tf] ls c? u|Gyx¿df b]lvG5 . / of] ;a} k|df0fx¿ of] k|dfl0ft u5{g\ ls s'/cfg k|To]s e]befj / snxaf6 kljq 5 . clg s'g} s'/f h'g s'/cfgsf] lj/f]w u5{ Tof] lgM;+b]x lg/fwf/ 5 . / of] kljq s'/cfg O:nfdsf] o:tf] cd/ rdTsf/ xf] h'g ;b}j afFsL /xg] 5 .

/ s'/cfgsf] >]i7tfsf] nflu of] kof{Kt 5 ls To;sf ljleGg k|sf/sf ljifo / zLif{sx¿ h'g cf:yf, cfb]z, j}w , cj}w, va/, j[tfGt ===== cflbnfO{ bzf{p5g\ tL ;a} zLif{sx¿df olt o'u aLt] klg s;}n] Pp6f q'l6 lgsfNg ;s]gg\ . a? h]hlt To;sf] cfotx¿df kl/If0f lg/If0f / ljZn]if0f u/] kZrft pgLx¿ dfly of] /x:o v'Nof] ls lj1fgn] hlt k|ult clxn] ;Dd u/]5 To;nfO{ t s'/cfgn] cfhb]lv !$)) jif{ cl3 g} bzf{O;s]sf] 5 . / sltko j}1flgsx¿ t s'/cfgsf] o:tf] rdTsf/af6 k|efljt eO{ O:nfd :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . / h'g ;'s} JolSt klg s'/cfgnfO{ :jR5 x[bon] k95 / To;sf

42

lgb]{zgx¿df ljrf/ u5{ Tof] lgM;+b]x O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿ dfly df]lxt eO{ To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{5 .

/ O:nfd wd{ kljq 5 lsgls h'g gaL -;Gb]i6f_ dfly of] O:nfd cjtl/t ul/of] - pxfFsf] gfd d'xDdb k'q cAb'Nnfx xf] _ Tof] ;Gb]i6f klg kljq 5g\ . Tof] ;Gb]i6f afx]s c? s'g} dg'io tyf Clifd'lg o; ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/df q'l6x¿ / bf]ifx¿af6 kljq 5}gg\ . t/ of] pTs[i6 kb d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ pxfFsf] kfngstf{af6 k|bfg ul/of], h;n] ubf{ pxfFnfO{ cfkm\gf] clGtd ;Gb]i6f lgo'Qm u/f];\ . / o;} b"tTjsf] sf/0f pxfFnfO{ x/]s bf]if, kfkaf6 d'Qm Pj+ kljq u¥of] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M / pgL cfˆgf] OR5fn] s]xL eGb}gg\ . Tof] t dfq jx\o xf] h'g -pgLdfly_ k7fOFb} 5 . - ;"/t'g\ gHd #,$ _

/ cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] clGtd ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ pxfFsf] k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf kljq kfl/lbof] . pbfx/0f :j¿kM cNnfxn] pxfFnfO{ pxfFsf] o'jf cj:yfdf kljqtfsf] hLljt pbfx/0f / cfbz{ agfpg' eof] . pxfFsf] :jefj, cfr/0f, Jolerf/af6 6f9f /xg', / c1fgtf sfnsf] ;a} kfkx¿af6 6f9f /xg', ;to af]Ng', em'7 / em'7\7fx¿af6 3[0f ug'{, dlb/f ;]jgaf6 6f9f /xg', d"lt{ k"hg\af6 6f9f /xg', ===== cflb . of] ;a} cdfgjLo sfo{x¿af6 cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] ;Gb]i6fnfO{ kljq /fVof] . lsgls of] ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿ O:nfd lj/f]wL

43

x'gsf] ;fy ;fy} ;dfh Pj+ ;e\otf / dfgjtfsf] klg lj/f]wL x'g\ .

/ pxfF ;b}j ;To af]Ny], ;TonfO{ dg k/fpFy] / cNnfxn] cjtl/t u/]sf lgb]{zgx¿ h:tfsf] To:t} cfkm\gf] pDdt ;Dd k'¥ofpFy] . of] klg pxfFsf] kljqtf k|dfl0ft u5{ .

/ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kljqtf pxfFsf] hLjgLaf6 k"0f{ ¿kn] :ki6 x'G5, h;n] klg pxfFsf] hLjgLsf] cWog u5{ Tof] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kljqtf / pgsf] ;j{>]i7 cfr/0f / :jfefjsf] u'0fufg ug{ yfN5 . / of] ;a} s'/fx¿ of] s'/fnfO{ clgjfo{ u5{g\ ls xfdL To; dxfg ;Gb]i6fsf] cg'z/0f u/f}+, / To;} ;Gb]i6fsf] hLjg z}nL ckgfO{ p4f/ kfcf}+ .

/ O:nfd wd{ kljq 5 cyf{t k|To]s bf]ifaf6 d'Qm 5 lsgls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿ bf]ifd'Qm 5g\ . lsgls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿ s'g} bf]if Pj+ c;Todfly sbflk Psh'6 x'g;Sb}gg\, a? h'g s'/f]dfly d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿sf] Psdt 5 Tof] g} ;To xf], / To;sf] lj/f]wL lgM;Gb]x lg/fwf/ 5 . / of] ljz]iftf ;a} pDdtx¿ dWo] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿nfO{ dfq k|fKt 5 . h:tf] ls cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5M

cy{ M xfdLn] o:t} ltdLnfO{ dWodfuL{ ;d'bfo agfPsf xf}+ h;af6 c? dflg;x¿sf ;fIfL ag / -

44

d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd _ k}uDa/ ltd|f] nflu ;fIfL ag'g\ / h'g lsAnfdf ltdL klxnf b]lv nfu]sf lyof}, To;nfO{ xfdLn] o; sf/0f lgwf{l/t u/]sf lyof}+ tfls yfxf xf];\ ls, sf] -xfd|f]_ k}uDa/sf] ;Rrf cg'ofoL xf] / sf] xf] hf] ljrlnt x'G5 < of] sfd ufx|f] 5, t/ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{blz{t u/]sf] 5 . -ltgLx¿nfO{ ufx|f] 5}g_ . / cNnfxn] ltd|f cf:yfnfO{ lg/y{s t'Nofpg] 5}g . cNnfx t dflg;x¿;+u cToGt s[kf / bofsf] Jojxf/ ug]{jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !$# _

cyf{t cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿nfO{ lk|o, ;Tojfg lg0f{fos agfof] . d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M lgM;Gb]x cNnfx d]/f] pDdtnfO{ kye|i6tfdf Psdt ub}{g . - ltld{hL _

t;y{ h;df pDdt Psdt x'G5 s'g} klg o'udf Tof] g} ;To 7x/ x'G5 To;df s'g} ;+sf]r Pj+ e|d 5}g .

/ cNnfxn] h'g dfg ;Ddfg d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 Tof] dfg ;Ddfg O:nfdL l;4fGtsf] dxfgtfsf] k|tLs xf] . h; ;Ddflgt ;Ldfdf /xL d'l:ndx¿ Psdt /x'g\ / lj/f]w / dte]baf6 k/ /x'g\, t;y{ ;a} Ps xft h:tf] Psdt /xL /xG5g\ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M ;a} ldn]/ cNnfxsf] 8f]/LnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s ;dflt /fVg' / ljeflht gx'g' / cNnfxsf] To; cg'sDkfnfO{ ofbu/ ls ha ltdL Ps csf{sf] zq' lyof},

45

t p;n] ltd|f Åbox¿df k|]dsf] ;[hgf u¥of] / p;sf] s[kfn] ltdLx¿ cfk;df efO–efO eOxfNof}, / ltdL cfuf]sf] vfN8f] 5]p k'lu;s]sf lyof}, t cNnfxn] ltdLnfO{ To;af6 arfOxfNof] . o; k|sf/ cNnfxn] ltdLnfO{ cfˆgf lgzfgLx¿sf] j0f{g ub{5 tfls ltdL dfu{bz{g k|fKt ug{;s . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !)# _

/ o; wd{ O:nfdsf] ljzfntf dWo] of] klg xf] ls o;sf] kljqtf qLsf]0fLo 5, s'/cfgsf] kljqtf ;Gb]i6fsf] kljqtf / pDdtsf] kljqtf . cyf{t o; wd{sf] kljqtf / bf]ifd'Qmtf ;a} tkm{af6 3]l/Psf] 5 ca o; eGbf kljq s'g} klg x'g;Sb}g rfx] h'g ;'s} klg xf];\ rfx] Tof] s'g} xflsd cyjf d'lvof xf];\ jf s'g} lg/If0fstf{ xf];\, a? ;a}sf] s'/fnfO{ o; s'/cfg / xbL; / o; pDdtsf] PsdQfsf] s;f}6Ldf kv]{ kZrft olb Tof] s'/f] s'/cfg / xbL; Pj+ pDdtsf] Psdt cg's"n 5 eg] Tof] ;To / :jLsfo{ x'g]5 . t/ olb Tof] s'/f] o; lj?4 5 eg] c:jLsfo{ x'g]5 oBlk Tof] s'/f dfGg]jfnf cfkm\gf] o; k|of;df bf]ifL 7x/ x'Fb}g olb To;sf] OR5f /fd|f] ug'{ lyof] eg] .

46

O:nfd bofsf] wd{

cNNffx cfkm\gf] eQmx¿ Dffly s?0ffjfg Pj+ bofjfg 5 h:tf] ls cfkm\gf] kljq u|Gydf eg]5 M

cy{ M xfdLn] o:t} ltdLnfO{ dWodfuL{ ;d'bfo agfPsf xf}+ h;af6 c? dflg;x¿sf ;fIfL ag / -d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd_ k}uDa/ ltd|f] nflu ;fIfL ag'g\ / h'g lsAnfdf ltdL klxnf b]lv nfu]sf lyof}, To;nfO{ xfdLn] o; sf/0f lgwf{l/t u/]sf lyof}+ tfls yfxf xf];\ ls, sf] -xfd|f]_ k}uDa/sf] ;Rrf cg'ofoL xf] / sf] xf] hf] ljrlnt x'G5 < of] sfd ufx|f] 5, t/ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{blz{t u/]sf] 5 . -ltgLx¿nfO{ ufx|f] 5}g_ . / cNnfxn] ltd|f] cf:yfnfO{ lg/y{s t'Nofpg] 5}g . cNnfx t dflg;x¿;+u cToGt s[kf / bofsf] Jojxf/ ug]{jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !$# _

/ h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] cNnfxsf] af/]df va/ lbg' eP5 Pp6f pbfx/0fsf] dfWodaf6 / o; xbL;nfO{ xh/t pd/ lag vTtfa /hLcNnfxf] cGxf]n] j0f{g ug'{ x'G5 ls æ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;dIf s]xL aGbLx¿ NofOP To; dWo] Pp6L bf;L cfO{dfO{ klg lyO{, tt kZrft To; bf;Ln] cfkm\gf] ;fgf] lzz'nfO{ x]¥of] clg xlif{t eP/ To;nfO{ cfkm\gf] 5ftLl;t nufof], km]l/ To;nfO{ b"w v'jfof] ta /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] xfdLl;t k|Zg ug'{ eof] ls s]

47

ltdLx¿nfO{ of] cfef; x'G5 ls of] o'jtL cfkm\gf] o; aRrfnfO{ cfuf]df kmfNg ;S5]< t xfdLn] eGof}+ xf]Og xh'/ Tof] o'jtL sbflk o:tf] ug{ ;Sb}g . ta /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] Û cNnfx cfkm\gf] eQmx¿ Dffly o; o'jtLsf] cfkm\gf] lzz' dfly :g]x Pj+ k|]d eGbf cem} s?0ffdo / bofjfg 5 Æ . - a'vf/L lstfa'n\ cba _

/ cNnfx jf:tjdf ;d:t ;+;f/sf] nflu bofjfg 5 o;} sf/0f p;n] o; ;+;f/df cfkm\gf] ;Gb]i6fx¿nfO{ k7fof] ls ;Gb]i6fx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;'dfu{df nufO{ ;a}nfO{ cNnfxsf] bofsf] kfq aGg] cj;/ k|bfg u?g\ .

/ o:t} ;d:t cfsfl:ds wd{x¿ To; cNnfxsf] bofsf] v'Nnf pbfx/0f x'g\, / k|To]s wd{ h;sf] cg'ofoLx¿ bofjfg x'G5g\ Tof] klg cNnfxsf] bofsf] k|df0f xf] . / cGtdf d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] nflu kyk|bz{s / bofsf] k|tLs agP/ k7fof], of] klg To;sf] bofsf] cgf}7f] rdTsf/ xf] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M / -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Û_ xfdLn] tkfO{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] lglDt ;j{yf bofsf] k|tLs agfP/ k7fPsf 5f}+ . - ;"/t'n\ clDaof !)& _

/ o:t} s'/cfgnfO{ kyk|bz{s, bofdo, / ;a} k|sf/sf] /f]uaf6 d'lQmstf{ agfP/ cjtl/t u¥of], of] klg To;sf] s?0fsf] lgzfgL / ts{ xf] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M lgM;Gb]x xfdLn] o;nfO{ Pp6f a/stn] el/Psf] /ftdf cjtl/t u/]sf 5f}+, xfdL t dfu{

48

b]vfpg]jfnf xf}+ . To;} /ftdf tdfd tTjbzL{o'St s'/f lg0fL{t Pj+ :ki6 ul/G5 . xfdL sxfFaf6 cfb]z eP/, lgM;Gb]x xfdLn] g} k}uDa/nfO{ k7fpF5f}+ . ltd|f] kfnstf{sf] bofn'tf xf] . lgM;Gb]x Tof] ;a} s'/f ;'Gg]jfnf hfGg]jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'2'vfg #–^ _

/ To; cNnfxsf] bof dWo] d'xDdb h:tf] s?0ffdo ;Gb]i6fnfO{ xfdLx¿sf] nflu lgo'Qm u¥of] . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M -x] dflg;x¿ xf] Û_ ltdLx¿sf] dfemdf ltdLx¿dWo]af6} Pp6f k}uDa/ cfPsf 5g\ . ltd|f] kL8faf6 pgL b'MvL x'G5g\ / ltd|f] enf]sf] lglDt lrlGtt /xG5g\, / O{dfgjfnfx¿nfO{ lgs} dfof ug]{ / bofn' 5g\ . - ;"/t'Qf}aM !@* _

/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] cfkm\gf] To; cfr/0fnfO{ :ki6 kfg'{ eof] h'g cfr/0f cNnfxn] pxfFnfO{ hGdb]lv g} k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof], / h;tkm{ ;a}nfO{ cfJxfg ug]{ cfb]z ul/of] / lj/f]wLx¿ Dffly cNnfxsf] k|sf]ksf] >fk lbOof] . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] æ d s;}nfO{ >fk lbg'sf] lglDt k7fOPsf] 5}g a? bof ug'{sf] nflu k7fOPsf] x"F Æ . - d'l:nd lstfa'n\ la/{] jl:;nf jn\cba _

/ bof Pj+ k/f]ksf/ O:nfdsf] k|To]s lgb]{zgdf b]lvG5, h:tf] ls of] wd{ cfkm\gf] cg'ofoLx¿sf] nflu nfebfos sfo{ ug]{ cfu|x u5{, / xflgsf/s s'/faf6 /f]S5 . ljz'4 / kf]zLnf vfBfGgnfO{ xnfn -u|fx\o_ / cz'4

49

kbfy{nfO{ cj}w u5{ . / o:t} of] wd{ cfkm\gf] cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ sbflk pgsf] Ifdtf eGbf clws sd{ ug'{sf] dfFu ub}{g, a? ;a}nfO{ cfkm\gf] Ifdtf cg';f/ sd{ ug]{ lgdGq0f lbG5 .

/ o:t} pgLdfly tL ;a} sd{ / lqmofsnfk j}w u5{ h;df xflg gf]S;fgL 5}g, / h;af6 ;dfhsf] pGglt x'G5 . / tL ;a} lqmofsnfknfO{ cj}w 7fG5 h;af6 ;dfhdf ljuf/ pTkGg x'G5, h:tf] ls rf]/L, cGofo, cTofrf/, b'/Jojxf/, b'/frf/, lx+;f====cflb . oL ;a} s'/fx¿ cNnfxsf] bofnfO{ k|blz{t u5{g\ .

/ o:t} of] klg cNnfxsf] bof g} xf] h;n] ubf{ cNnfxn] cGofoLx¿sf] nflu b08 lbg] ljlw Nofof], t;y{ O:nfddf h;n] klg b08gLo sfo{ ug]{5 To;nfO{ b08 cjZo ldNg] 5, o;n] ubf{ pb08x¿ / kfv08Lx¿ ;fjwfg eO{ eoqf; vfG5g\ h;n] ubf{ xfd|f] ;dfh k|To]s s'sd{af6 d'Qm x'b} hfG5 . / h'g dfG5] dfly cGofo eP5 To;sf] ;xfotfsf] nflu / ;Totf dfly ;Tojfgx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{sf] lglDt s'sdL{nfO{ b0l8t ul/G5 . kmn:j¿k ;dfh ;a} kfv08af6 d'Qm eOxfN5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M x] ljj]sLx¿ Û s];f;sf] -cfb]z_ df ltd|f] nflu lhGbuL 5, o;n] ubf{ ltdLx¿ -cgfxsÞ xTofaf6_ ;'/lIft /xg]5f} . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !&( _

/ O:nfd wd{sf] bofjfg x'g'sf] k|df0f dWo] of] klg xf] ls o; wd{n] cfkm\gf] cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ of] cfb]z lbG5

50

ls Pscfsf{sf] ;fy bofefjsf] Jojxf/ u?g\, ;fgf] 7"nfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/f];\, / 7"nf] ;fgfnfO{ :g]x u/f];\ . / zlQmzfnL JolQm cfkm" eGbf lgj{n dfly bof u/f];\, / b'a{n dfG5] cfkm\gf] zlQmjfg efOsf] ;Ddfg u/f];\ . cyf{t ;a} Pscfsf{ dfly bof u?g\ . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd eGg' x'G5 M æ bofjfgx¿ Dffly cNnfxsf] bof x'G5, ltdLx¿ o; w/tLdf a:g]x¿ dfly bof u/, ltdLx¿ dfly Tof] bofjfg bof ug]{5 h'g cfsfzdf 5 Æ . - d':gb cxdb _

/ o;} bof dWo] lzz'x¿ / ;fgf] aRrfx¿ Dffly bof ug'{ klg xf], h;sf] cgf}7f] pbfx/0f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd :jod\ lyP . d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;fgf] aRrfx¿nfO{ :g]xn] r'dby] Pp6f xbL;df j0f{g 5 ls æ Ps lbg Pp6f ufFpn] xh'/ ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;dIf cfof] / eGof]M tkfO{x¿ aRrfx¿nfO{ r'dg' x'G5 xfdL t r'db}gf}+ < t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M ls cNnfx afx]s s'g} zlQm klg ltd|f x[bodf bof xfNg ;Sb}g Æ . - a'vf/L _

o:t} Ps lbg cs/c\ lag xfla;n] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ x]g'{ eof] ls pxfF x;g lag cnLnfO{ r'dL/fv]sf 5g\, t cs/c\n] eGg' eof] d l;t !) 5f]/fx¿ 5g\ t/ d}n] s;}nfO{ klg r'd] 5}g . t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M h;n] bof ub}{g To;dfly klg bof ul/b}g . - d'l:nd _

51

/ O:nfdsf] bofsf] cfsf]{ pbfx/0f xf] o; wd{sf] of] cfb]z ls cfkm\gf] a'jf cfdf dfly k/f]ksf/ u/, / pgLx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/af6 t'ngf u/]sf] 5 . / cfdf / a'jfsf] clwsf/ cNNfxsf] clwsf/ kZrft ;j{k|yd clwsf/ atfOPsf] 5 . h;/L xbL;df j0f{g 5 ls ha /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd l;t ;f]lwof] ls cNnfxsf] glhs ;a} eGbf lk|o sfo{ s] s] x'g\< t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M gdfh sfod ug'{ To;sf] lgwf{l/t ;dodf, km]l/ ;f]lwof] To; kZrft s'g sfo{ cNnfxsf] glhs lk|o 5 < t pxfFn] eGg' eof]M cfkm\gf] a'jf cfdfdfly pksf/ ug'{ xf] . - a'vf/L _

O:nfdn] a'jf cfdfnfO{ olt 7"nf] kb k|bfg u/]sf] 5 ls a'jf cfdf sflkm/ -gfl:ts_ eP klg pgLx¿ dfly pksf/ ug]{ cfb]z 5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5M

cy{ M / xfdLn] dflg;nfO{ p;sf] cfdf–afa'sf] ;DaGwdf ;r]t u/]sf 5f}+, ls o;sf] cfdfn] si6dfly si6 ;x]/ p;nfO{ ue{df af]sL /fV5] / b'O{ jif{df p;sf] b"w 5f]8fpg' kg]{ x'G5 Û h;af6 ltdLn] d]/f] / cfˆgf] cfdf afa'sf] s[t1tf k|s6 u/ . -lsgls_ dlt/} kmls{ cfpg' kg]{5 . / olb tL b'a}n] ltdLx¿dfly o;s'/fsf] bafj lbG5g\, ls ltdLn] s;}nfO{ d]/f] ;fydf ;femLbf/ 7x/fpm h;sf ltdLnfO{ 1fg 5}g, t pgLx¿sf] s'/f gdfGg' / ;f+;fl/s sfdx¿df pgLx¿sf] /fd|f] ;fy lbg', / h'g JolQm dlt/ k|j[t x'G5, p;sf] dfu{df lx+8\g' . /

52

ltdL ;a}nfO{ dlt/ kmls{ cfpg' 5 . clg h'g sfd ltdL ul//fv]sf x'G5f}, d ltdLnfO{ ;a} atfpg]5' . - ;"/t' n'sdfg !$,!% _

/ cfsf]{ ;"/t\df cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M cy{ M / ltd|f] kfngstf{n] :ki6 cfb]z u/]sf] 5 ls

pm afx]s ltdL s;}sf] k"hf gu/ / cfdf–afa'sf] ;fydf gd| Jojxf/ ub}{ u/ olb ltgLx¿ dWo] Pp6f jf b'j} ltd|f] cufl8 j[4 cj:yfdf k'U5g\ eg] ltgLx¿nfO{ lt/:s[t gug'{ gxKsfpg' clkt' ltgLx¿;Fu ;Ddfgk"j{s dof{lbt 9+un] s'/fsfgL ug'{ . / ljgd|tfk"j{s Kof/sf ;fy ltgLx¿sf] cufl8 ;'zLn eO/fv / ltgLx¿sf] lglDt k|fy{gf ug]{ u/M ls x] kfnstf{ h'g k|sf/ ls ltgLx¿n] dnfO{ afNofj:yfdf -dfof “n]_ kfng–kf]if0f u/]sf 5g\, ltdLn] klg ltgLx¿dfly To:t} bof u/ . h] hlt ltd|f] Åbox¿df 5, ltd|f] kfngstf{n] To;nfO{ /fd|/L hfGb5 . olb ltdL c;n sd{ ub{5f} eg] p;n] To;lt/ k|j[Q x'g]x¿nfO{ Ifdf ul/lbg]5 . - ;"/t'n\ O;|f @#–@% _

/ o:t} O:nfdsf] bof dWo] cNnfxsf] tL lgb]{zgx¿ klg x'g\ h;df cNnfxn] dlxnfx¿;+u s?0ffdo Jojxf/ ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . lsgls dlxnfx¿ :jfefljs ¿kn] sf]dn Pj+ lga{n x'g\l5g\, / ljz]if¿kn] k'qL / cfdfsf] clwsf/nfO{ Wofgdf /flv oL b'j}dfly bof ug'{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . / cfdfsf] clwsf/ k'qdfly a'jf eGbf tLg u'gf clws x'G5 , lsgls cfdfnfO{ a'jf eGbf clws bof / pksf/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]

53

j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 ha of] k|Zg ul/of] ls ;Ddfgsf] clwsf/ dg'io dfly ;a} wGbf w]/} s:sf] 5 < t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M ltd|f] cfdfsf] . km]l/ ltd|f] cfdfsf], km]l/ ltd|f] cfdfsf], clg ltd|f] a'jfsf] , km]l/ ltd|f] cfkmGtLx¿sf], clg qmdzM OToflbsf] === . - d'l:nd _

/ o:t} cfkm\gf] :jf:gL;+u /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{ klg bofsf] Pp6f efu xf] . / >LdtL dfly pksf/ ug'{ h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] :jf:gLx¿ Dffly bof ug'{ / /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{sf] cfb]z lbg' eP5 . / :jf:gL dfly bofjfgnfO{ ;a} eGbf ;Tojfg 7x/ u/]sf 5g\ . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ ;a} eGbf /fd|f] JolQm Tof] xf] h'g cfkm\gf] hxfgsf] lgs6 /fd|f] 5, / d cfkm\gf] hxfgsf] lgs6 ;a} eGbf /fd|f] JolQm 5' Æ . - ltld{hL _

/ O:nfdsf] bofsf] pbfx/0f dWo] 6'x'/f] dfly bof ug'{ klg xf] . cNnfxn] 6'x'/f]sf] kfngkf]if0f ug]{ / Tof];+u bof / :g]x ug]{, To;sf] ;Tsf/ ug{]=== cflb . oL ug]{x¿nfO{ cNnfx :ju{df cUnf] cUnf] :dfs{ k|bfg u5{, / /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;+utsf] ;'cj;/ klg k|bfg u5{ .

/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ d / 6'x'/f]sf] ;]jf ;Tsf/ ug]{jfnf :ju{df o;/L x'G5f}+, / cfkm\gf] cf}nfaf6 ;+s]t ug'{ eof], / aLrsf] cf}+nf /

54

zxfbtsf] cf}nf cyf{t a'9L cf}nfnfO{ clnslt k/ ug'{ eof]Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ o:t} Pp6f dfG5]n] cfkm\gf] x[bosf] s7f]/tfsf] af/]df /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd sxfF u'gf;f] u¥of] t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ 6'x'/f]nfO{ ;xf/f b]pm / To;dfly k/f]ksf/ u/, / c;xfox¿nfO{ ef]hg u/fpm Æ . - d':gb cxdb _

/ o:t} O:nfdsf] bofsf] pbfx/0f dWo] ;a} lga{n, bl/b|, c;xfo dfly pksf/ ug]{ cfb]z klg xf] . cNnfxsf] /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eP5 M æ aGbLx¿nfO{ d'St u/, / e"vf]nfO{ ef]hg u/fpm, / lj/fdL dfG5]sf] x]/rfx u/ Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ O:nfdsf] bof s]jn d'l:nd ;d'bfodf ;Lldt 5}g a? O:nfd d';ndfgx¿nfO{ u}/ d'l:ndx¿ dfly klg bof ug]{ kf7 k9fPsf] 5 . / u}/ d''l:nd dfly bof ug'{sf] klxnf] r/0f of] xf] ls d';ndfg To;nfO{ O:nfd tkm{ cfJxfg u/f];\ / To;nfO{ s'sd{sf] cGwsf/af6 ;fjwfg u/f];\, / cNNfxsf] ;To wd{af6 ljd'v x'g'sf] b'ikl/0ffdaf6 ;fjwfg u/f];\, / cNnfxsf] b'vb oftgfaf6 ;fjwfg u/L To;nfO{ gs{af6 arfcf];\ .

s] of] O:nfdsf] pTs[i6 bof / k/f]ksf/ xf]Og t c? s] xf] < ls O:nfd ;d:t dfgjhfltsf] enfO{ rfxG5 / ;a}nfO{ ;'v zflGtsf] dfu{df nufO{ :ju{sf] kfq agfpg rfxG5, / h'g zflGtsf] dfu{lt/ O:nfdn] xfdLnfO{ nufpg vf]h]sf] 5 Tof] dfu{ O:nfd g} xf], oxL dfu{ g}

55

cNNfxsf] ;To / ;b}j sfod /xg]jfnf dfu{ xf] . cNNfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M -x] k}uDa/ Û_ dflg;x¿nfO{ a'l4dQf / c;n pkb]zn] cfˆgf] kfngstf{sf] af6f]lt/ af]nfpg';\ / ;w} /fd|f] tl/sfn] ltgLx¿ l;t s'/f ug'{;\, hf] p;sf af6f]af6 larlnt 5g\ tkfO{sf] kfngstf{n] ltgnfO{ klg /fd|/L hfGb5 / hf] ;xL dfu{df lx8\g]x¿ 5g\ pgLx¿nfO{ klg /fd|/L hfGb5 . - ;"/t'g\ gxn !@% _

/ d'l:ndx¿sf] bof / k/f]ksf/ u}/ d'l:ndx¿ dfly clt ;+s'lrt / si6bfos cj:yfdf klg k|s6 - 5n{Ë _ x'G5, h:tf] ls o'4 cj:yf, O:nfddf o'4 cj:yfdf klg ljlwx¿ 5g\ To;sf] cltqmd0fsf] cfb]z O:nfd sbflk lbb}g, h;/L sdhf]/, dlxnf, aRrfx¿ === cflb ;a}dfly k|xf/ ug'{af6 o'4df klg O:nflds ljlw cg';f/ jlh{t 5 . o:tf] bofn'tfsf] pbfx/0f k"0f{ ;+;f/df klg e]l6b}g .

/ O:nfddf bof / s?0ff dfq dfgjhfltsf] nflu sxfF ;Lldt 5 / < a? ;d:t ;+;f/df a:g] hLjwf/Lsf] nflu klg 5, / ;d:t hLjwf/Lx¿ Dffly bof ug]{ cfb]z O:nfd cfkm\gf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ lbG5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eP5 M æ ls Ps lbgsf] s'/f] xf] ls Pp6f dfG5] ofqfdf lyof] clg To;nfO{ ltvf{ nfUof], clg Tof] dfG5] Pp6f Ogf/ lgs6 cfof] clg Tof] Ogf/af6 kfgL vfof] / lx+8g] a]nf To; dfG5]n] Pp6f s's'/nfO{ x]¥of] h;sf] lha|f] ltvf{n] aflx/ lg:s]sf] lyof], clg To; JolStn] ljrf/ u¥of] ls h;/L dnfO{ ltvf{ nfu]sf] lyof]

56

p:t} o; s's'/nfO{ klg cjZo ltvf{ nfu]sf] xf]nf, clg Tof] JolQm km]l/ Ogf/ lgs6 cfof] / cfkm\gf] df]hfsf] ;xfotfn] To; s's'/nfO{ kfgL v'jfof], / cfkm\gf] o; sfo{sf] nflu cNnfxsf] s[t1tf k|s6 u¥of], clg cNNfxn] o;} sd{sf] sf/0fn] To; AolQmnfO{ d'lQm k|bfg u¥of] . t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;fyLx¿n] ;f]w] x] cNnfxsf] /;"n s] xfdLx¿nfO{ hgfj/x¿ dfly k/f]ksf/ u/]df k'0o ldN5 < /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M cjZo a? k|To]s hLjwf/Lsf] ;]jfdf k'0o ldN5 Æ . - a'vf/L _

57

O:nfd dWodfuL{ wd{

O:nfd wd{ ;a} wd{ dWo] dfWolds Pj+ dWodfuL{ wd{ xf], / of] o; wd{sf] ljz]iftf dWo] Ps xf] . cNnfxsf] syg 5 M

cy{ M xfdLn] o:t} ltdLnfO{ dWodfuL{ ;d'bfo agfPsf xf}+ h;af6 c? dflg;x¿sf ;fIfL ag / -d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd _ k}uDa/ ltd|f] nflu ;fIfL ag'g\ / h'g lsAnfdf ltdL klxnf b]lv nfu]sf lyof}, To;nfO{ xfdLn] o; sf/0f lgwf{l/t u/]sf lyof}+ tfls yfxf xf];\ ls, sf] -xfd|f]_ k}uDa/sf] ;Rrf cg'ofoL xf] / sf] xf] hf] ljrlnt x'G5 < of] sfd ufx|f] 5, t/ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{–blz{t u/]sf] 5 . -ltgLx¿nfO{ ufx|f] 5}g_ . / cNnfxn] ltd|f cf:yfnfO{ lg/y{s t'Nofpg] 5}g . cNnfx t dflg;x¿;+u cToGt s[kf / bofsf] Jojxf/ ug]{jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !$# _

o; cfotdf d';ndfg / O:nfdsf] k|z+;f ul/Psf] 5 lsgls O:nfd / d'l:ndx¿sf] ;+t'lnt cj:yf / ;+t'lnt lqmofsnfkdf ljZjf; 5, lsgls d'l:ndx¿n] c? ;d'bfox¿ h:tf] ;Ldf cltqmd0f ub}{gg\, / To;} ;do sd{ ug'{df s'g} sdL sf]tfxL ub}{gg\, a? cfkm\gf] ;a} lqmofsnfkdf dfWodfu{ ckgfpF5g\ . / dWodfufL{sf] cy{ xf] h;/L sc\af w/tLsf] aLrf]aLr l:yt 5 To:t} /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdt aLrsf]

58

wdf{jnDaL x'g\ . cyf{t o; pDdtsf] kb ;d:t gaLx¿ eGbf tn / ;a} pDdtx¿ eGbf dflysf] >]0fLdf lj/fhdfg 5g\ .

o; pDdtsf] dWodfuL{ x'g'sf] cy{ dWo] of] klg xf] ls of] pDdt - ;d"x _ c? pDDtsf] t"ngfdf lgikIf lg0f{o ug]{jfnf x'g\ . / o:t} cNnfxn] ;a} pDdt dWo] /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿nfO{ ;a} pDdtLx¿ dfly ;fIfL agfPsf] 5, o;sf] sf/0f klg logLx¿sf] dWodfuL{ x'g' l;4 x'G5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M xfdLn] o:t} ltdLnfO{ dWodfuL{ ;d'bfo agfPsf xf}+ h;af6 c? dflg;x¿sf ;fIfL ag / -df]xDdb ;=c=_ k}uDj/ ltd|f nflu ;fIfL ag'g\ / h'g lsAnfdf ltdL klxnf b]lv nfu]sf lyof}, To;nfO{ xfdLn] o; sf/0f lgwf{l/t u/]sf lyof}+ tfls yfxf xf];\ ls, sf] -xfd|f]_ k}uDa/sf] ;Rrf cg'ofoL xf] / sf] xf] hf] ljrlnt x'G5 < of] sfd ufx|f] 5, t/ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{–blz{t u/]sf] 5 . -ltgLx¿nfO{ ufx|f] 5}g_ . / cNnfxn] ltd|f cf:yfnfO{ lg/y{s t'Nofpg] 5}g . cNnfx t dflg;x¿;+u cToGt s[kf / bofsf] Jojxf/ ug]{jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !$# _

/ o; pDdtLsf] ;fIfL x'g'sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f of] xf] ls k|nosf] lbg ha cNnfx /;"nx¿ l;t ;f]W5 ls ltdLx¿n] d}n] lbPsf lgb]{zgx¿sf] k"0f{tM k|rf/ k|;f/ u¥of] / cfkm\gf] hflt aGw'nfO{ k'¥ofof] < / pgLx¿sf] pDdtx¿ eG5g\ ls xfdLx¿ ;dIf ltd|f] lgb]{zg k'u]g .

59

clg ;a} gaLx¿ / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿ gaLx¿sf] kIfdf ;fIo lbG5g\ .

/ dWodfuL{sf] cy{ dWo] /fd|f] / pQd x'g' klg xf] . d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdt cNNffx lgs6 ;a} pDdtLx¿ eGbf pQd / /fd|f] pDdt xf] . cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M -df]ldgx¿ Û_ dflg;x¿sf nflu k}bf ul/Psf] ;a} ;Dk|bfox¿ dWo] ltdLx¿ ;a}eGbf pQd xf} lsgls ;Tsd{ ug{ eGb5f} / b'isd{af6 6f9f /xg l;sfpFb5f} / cNnfxdfly cf:yf /fVb5f} / olb cxn] lstfan] klg cf:yf /fv]sf] eP ltgLx¿sf] lglDt w]/} /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . ltgLx¿ dWo] O{dfgjfnx¿ klg 5g\ / w]/} h;f] cj1fsf/Lx¿ 5g\ . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !!) _

/ dWodfuL{sf] cy{ cltqmd0fsf/L / ljd'vx¿ Pj+ s7f]/tf / cN5Lkgfsf] aLr /xL sd{ ug'{ klg xf] . / of] O:nfd k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf aLrsf] dfu{nfO{ ;jf]{rtf k|bfg u5{ . / yk36 t ;d:t sfo{x¿df lgGbgLo g} 5 o;} sf/0f yk36 Pj+ s7f]/tf / cN5Lkgfsf] sf/0f g} klxnfsf pDdtx¿ kyljrlnt eP .

/ of] dWodfuL{ cy{ O:nfdsf] x/]s lgb]{zgdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . h;/L æO:nfdL cf:yfÆ ha k|To]s pDdtx¿ ;To cf:yfaf6 ljd'v eOxfn] t cNnfxn] d';ndfgx¿nfO{ ;To cf:yf tkm{ kyk|bz{g u¥of] . / ha ox"bLx¿n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfaf/] ldYof s'/f u/] h;nfO{ cNNfxn] s'/cfgdf o:tf] j0f{g u/]5 M

60

cy{ M lgZro g} cNnfxn] ltgsf] egfO{ klg ;'lgxfNof] h;n] eGb5g\ ls cNnfx u/La 5 / xfdL wlg 5f}+ . pgsf] o; egfO{nfO{ xfdLn] n]lvlng] 5f}+ / pgLx¿n] k}uDa/x¿nfO{ lagf bf]if dfl//fv]sf] s'/f klg, / xfdLn] eGg] 5f} ls aln/x]sf] cfuf]sf] ;hfo ef]uL/fv . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !*! _

/ cfsf]{ 8fpFdf j0f{g 5 M cy{ M / ox"bLx¿n] eg] ls cNnfxsf] xft afFlwPsf]

5, -t/ jf:tjdf_ ltgLx¿s} xft afFlwPsf] 5 . / o; egfO{sf] sf/0f ltgLx¿ lt/:s[t eP a? cNnfxsf b'j} xft v'Nnf 5g\ . h'g lsl;daf6 / hlt rfxG5 vr{ ub{5 . / -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Û_ of] -s'/cfg_ h'g ltd|f] kfngstf{af6 ltd|f] nflu ptfl/G5, o;sf] ;Gbe{df ltgLx¿dWo] w]/}sf] x7k"0f{ ljb|f]x / OGsf/df a[l4 x'g]5 / xfdLn] ltgLx¿sf] cfk;L zq'tf / 5nsk6 lsofdtsf] lbg;DdnfO{ /flvlbPsf 5f}+ . logLx¿n] ha o'4sf] Hjfnf bGsfpF5g\, ta cNnfxn] To;nfO{ lgefOlbG5 logLx¿n] w/tLdf pkb|j / emu8f ug{ bu'/L /xG5g\ / cNnfxn] pkb|jLx¿nfO{ k]|d ub}{g . - ;"/t'n\ dfObM ^$ _

/ o:t} eg] ls cNNfxnfO{ w/tL cfsfzsf] ;[hgf kZrft ysfO{ nfUof], clg cNnfxn] zgLjf/sf] lbg lj>fd u¥of] . oL ;a} ldYof s'/fx¿nfO{ d';ndfgx¿n] gsf/]/ cNnfxn] atfPsf] dfu{df cu|;/ /x] .

61

/ o:t} O{;fO{x¿n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfx¿ h'g dfq cNnfxsf nflu 5g\ dg'ionfO{ k|bfg u/], / eg] ls O{;f cn}lx:;nfd ;[li6 u5{g\, cg'sDkf lbG5g\, bof u5{g\, dg'iosf] kfknfO{ Ifdf u5{g\, b08 / k|ltkmn pgsf] xftdf 5 ===== cflb . O{;fO{x¿ pk/f]Stsf lg/fwf/ s'/fx¿ u5{g\ . t/ d'l:ndx¿ cNnfx h:tf] s;}nfO{ klg dfGb}gg\ / eG5g\ ls cNnfxsf] s'g} ;dsIfL 5}g . h:tf] ls cNnfxn] s'/cfgdf eg]sf] 5 M

cy{ M / g sf]xL p;sf] ;dsIf 5 . - ;"/t'n\ OVnf; $ _

/ cNnfxsf] nflu Tof] ;a} ljz]iftfx¿ k|dfl0ft u5{g\ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] nflu ljz]if u/]sf 5g\, h'g ls s'/cfg / xbL;df pNn]v 5g\ . / pm h:tf] sf]xL klg x'g;Sb}g o; cf:yfdf b[9 eO{ cNnfxsf] u'0fufg u5{g\ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M pm cfsfzx¿ / w/tLsf] ;|i6f xf] . p;n] ltd|f] lglDt ltd|} ;xhfltaf6 hf]8L agfof] / rf}kfofx¿sf] hf]8L klg . o:t} tl/sfn] ltdLnfO{ oxfF km}nfO /x]sf] 5 . pm h:tf] s'g} s'/f 5}g, / pm ;'Gb5 / hfGb5 . - ;"/t'Zz"/f !! _

/ d'l:ndx¿ o;df b[9 eP ls cNnfx g} ;f/f ;+;f/sf] kfngstf{ xf], / k|To]s ;[li6sf] ;|i6f xf] . / To; afx]s ;a} s'/fx¿ To;sf ;[li6 x'g\, / To;sf] bof / s?0ffsf] bl/b| 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

62

cy{ M cfsfzx¿ / w/tLdf hf] klg 5g\ ;a} cNnfxsf bf;sf ¿kdf cfpg] jfnf 5g\ . To;n] ltgLx¿sf cfFsng ul/;s]sf] 5 / ltgLx¿sf] /fd|/L u0fgf ul/;s]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿ ;asf ;a lsofdtsf] lbg PSn} To; -/xdfg_ sf] ;fd' pkl:yt x'g]5g\ . - ;"/t' dl/od (#–(% _

/ cfsf]{ ;"/xdf cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M cy{ M x] dflg;x¿ Û ltdL cNnfxsf] d'vfk]IfL -

levf/L_ xf} / cNnfx t lgik[x, / ;j{u'0fjfg 5 . - ;"/t' kmflt/ !% _

/ gaL /;"nsf] af/]df d'l:ndx¿sf] cf:yf ;+t'lnt g} 5 . oL gaLx¿nfO{ ltgsf] clwsf/ eGbf a9L xs lbPgg\ h;/L ls O{;fO{ ox"bL / cGo wdf{jnDaLx¿n] lbP . logL ;a}n] ;Gb]i6fnfO{ O{Zj/ g} agfO{ xfn] pgLx¿sf] cf:yfaf/] cNnfx s'/cfgdf o:tf] j0f{g u/]5 M

cy{ M logLx¿n] cNnfxnfO{ 5f8L cfkm\gf kfb/L / ;Gtx¿ / dl/odsf] 5f]/f d;LxnfO{ cfkm\gf kfngxf/ agfP, hals logLx¿nfO{ dfq Ps Psn} cNnfxs} pkf;gfsf] cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof], h; afx]s sf]xL ;To k"hgLo 5}g . pm p;sf] ;fem]bf/ 7x/fpg] sfo{af6 d'Qm 5 . - ;"/t'Qf}aM #! _

o:t} ox"bLx¿n] t gaLx¿sf s'/} ;'g]gg\ a? ljd'v eO{ pgLx¿sf] xTof u/] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M h'g dflg;xx¿ cNnfxsf cfotx¿ dfGb}gg\ / cNnfxsf ;+b]zjfxsx¿nfO{ cgflwsf/ dfl/lbG5g\ /

63

h;n] Gofosf s'/f ug]{x¿nfO{ klg dfl/lbG5g\ t x] gaL ltgnfO{ si6k"0f{ ;hfosf] ;Gb]z ;'gfO{ lbg' . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg @! _

t/ oL pNn]lvt b'j} cj:yfsf] aLr /xL d'l:ndx¿ gaLx¿df ljZjf; klg u/], / pgLsf] cg'z/0f klg u/], / o;sf] ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ O{Zj/sf] bhf{ klg lbPgg\ O{Zj/nfO{ To;sf] clwsf/ / ;Gb]i6fnfO{ ;Gb]i6fsf] clwsf/ lbO{ cNnfxsf] pkxf/sf] kfq eP . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M s'g} o:tf] dflg; h;nfO{ ls cNnfxn] lstfa, tTj1fg / ……ga"jtÚÚ -b"tTj_ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 of] l7s xf]Og ls p;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ egf];\ ls cNnfxnfO{ 5f]8]/ d]/f] eQm eOxfn a? -p;n] s] eGg] 5 ls_ ltdL ;a} cNnfxsf] eO{ xfn, o; sf/0f ls ltdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ lstfa l;sfpg] u5f}{ / k9fpg] u5f}{ . / sbflk x'g ;Sb}g ls p;n] kml/Ztf / k}uDa/x¿nfO{ k"Ho agfpg] cfb]z b]cf];\ . s] ltdL ……d';ndfgÚÚ eO;s]kl5 klg p;n] ltdLnfO{ sflkm/ x'g cfb]z lbg]5 < - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg &(,*) _

/ o:t} O{;f d;Lxsf] af/]df klg d'l:ndx¿ ;+t'lnt s'/f u/], pxfFnfO{ O{Zj/ klg eg]gg\ / cNnfxsf] 5f]/f klg eg]gg\, / tLg dWo] t];|f] klg eg]gg\ h:tf] ls O{;fO{x¿ eG5g\ . / pxfFsf] OGsf/ klg u/]gg\ / dl/od - O{;fsL cfdf _ dfly Tof] 7"nf] nfG5gf klg nufPgg\ h;af6 O{;f cn}lx:;nfd Jolerf/ åf/f hlGdPsf lzz' 7x?g\ h:tf]

64

ls ox"bLx¿sf] egfO{ 5 . a? d'l:ndx¿n] eg] ls O{;f cn}lx:;nfd cNnfxsf] ;Ddflgt eQm Pj+ ;Gb]i6f x'g\ / cNnfxsf] Tof] jf0fL x'g\ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] kljq rl/qjfg dl/od tkm{ k7fO{ lbof], / s'/cfgn] o; s'/fnfO{ o;/L :ki6 kf/]5 M

cy{ M x] cxn] lstfa Û -ox"bL–O{;fO{_ cfˆgf] wd{sf] ;Ldf pn\n+3g gu/ / cNnfxsf] af/]df ;To afx]s c? s]xL g eg . dl/odsf 5f]/f O{;f d;Lx-cn}lx:;nfd_ -g t cNnfx lyP g cNnfxsf 5f]/f a?_ cNnfxsf /;"n dfq / p;sf] kljq ;Gb]zjfxs dfq lyP, hf] cNnfxsf] jf0fLaf6 k}bf eP h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dl/odnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] / p;sf] tkm{af6 k7fO{Psf Pp6f ¿x -cfTdf_ lyP, t;y{ ltdLx¿n] cNnfx / p;sf ;a} /;"nx¿ dfly cf:yf /fv / g eg ls cNnfx tLg j6f 5g\ / of] wf/0ffaf6 6f9f /x lsgls ltd|f] lglDt oxL g} /fd|f] 5 . cNnfx Pp6} dfq k"hgLo 5 / of] s'/f;Fu p;sf] s'g} ;DaGw 5}g ls p;sf ;Gtfg 5g\ . h] hlt cfsfzx¿df / hldgdf 5g\ ;a} p;}sf] x'g\ / cNnfx g} ;+/Ifs :j¿k k|ofKt 5 . -;"/t'g\ lg;f !&!_

/ o:t} s'/cfgn] O{;f cn}lx:;nfdsf] k|z+;f o;/L u/]sf] 5 M

cy{ M cNnfxn] eGg] 5 ls x] dl/od sf k'q O{;f-cn}lx:;nfd_ . d]/f tL s[kfx¿ ofbu/, h'g ltdL / ltd|L cfdf dfly ul/Psf] xf] . ha d}n] kljq cfTdf -lha|Ln_ åf/f ltdLnfO{ d2t k'¥ofPF -h;af6_ ltdL -afNo

65

cj:yfdf_ cfdfsf] uf]bLaf6} / cw]8 pd]/df dflg;x¿;Fu s'/fsfgL uYof}{ / ha d}n] ltdLnfO{ lstfa / a'l4dQf / tf}/ft / O+hLnsf] tflnd lbPF / ha ltdLn] d]/f] cfb]zaf6 df6f]sf] rf/fsf] ¿k agfO{ To;df km'“s]kl5 hLljt r/f aGbYof] . / ha hGdhft cGwfx¿ / s'i6/f]u ;]tf bfu ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ d]/f] cfb]zaf6 lgsf] kfYof}{, / ha ltdL d'bf{x¿nfO{ d]/f] cf1fn] -lrxfgx¿af6_ lgsfn]/ pEofO{ xfNbYof}, / ha d}n] agL O;|fO{nnfO{ ltdLdfly cTofrf/ ug{af6 /f]lsxfn]+, ha ltdL ltgLx¿ 5]p ts{x¿lnP/ cfPsf lyof} km]l/ ltgLx¿ dWo] hf] sflkm/ lyP, ltgLx¿n] eGg yfn] ls of] t v'Nnf hfb" afx]s c? s]xL xf]Og . / ha d}n] xjf/Lx¿nfO{ cfb]z k7fPF ls ddfly / d]/f] k}uDa/dfly cf:yf /fv . ltgLx¿n] eGg yfn] ls xfdLn] O{dfg Nofof}+ / tkfO{ ;fIfL /xg';\ ls xfdL cf1fsf/L 5f}+ . - ;"/t'n\ dfObM !!),!!! _

/ o:t} ;d:of ;dfwfg Pj+ j}w cj}wsf] af/]df klg O:nfdn] aLrsf] dfu{ ckgfP 5 . c? wd{x¿sf] t"ngfdf O:nfd wd{ dWodfuL{ wd{sf] ¿kdf cjtl/t eof] . / o;sf] cg'ofoLx¿ ox"bL h:tf] eg]gg\ ls cNnfx To;nfO{ j}w u?g\ h;nfO{ xfdL rfxG5f}+, / To;nfO{ cj}w u?g\ h;nfO{ xfdL dgk/fpFb}gf}+ . o;} ;+be{df cNNfxsf] syg 5M

cy{ M rfF8} d"v{x¿n] eGg]5g\ ls -d';ndfg_ h'g lsAnf;+u cfa4 lyP, -clxn]_ To;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ s'g

66

s'/fn] ljd'v u/fPsf] 5 < tkfO{ elg lbg';\ ls, k"j{ / klZrd ;a}sf] :jfdL cNnfx xf] . p;n] h;nfO{ rfxG5, ;xL af6f]df lx8g] dfu{ bz{g lbG5 . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !$@ _

/ cfsf]{ cfotdf 5 M cy{ M / ha ltgLx¿l;t elgG5 ls cNnfxn] k|bfg

u/]sf] lstfa dfly cf:yf /fv, t eGb5g\ ls h'g u|Gy xfdLdfly ptfl/;lsPsf] 5, To;dfly xfd|f] cf:yf 5 . hals To;eGbf kl5Nnf] -lstfa_ h'g ls ;To xf] / ltgsf] -lstfa tf}/ftsf]_ k'li6 ub{5, Tof] ;+u cgf:yf /fVb5g\ . ltgLx¿l;t of] ;f]w ls olb ltdL cl3Nnf lstfax¿dfly cf:yf /fVb5f} t km]l/ ltdLn] cNnfxsf b"tx¿nfO{ lsg dfl/lbGYof} < - ;"/t'n\ as/M (! _

/ o:t} O{;fO{x¿n] cfkm\gf] u'? / ;Gtx¿nfO{ O{Zj/sf] :yfg / bhf{ lbP a? O{Zj/ g} dfGg yfn] h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M logLx¿n] cNnfxnfO{ 5f8L cfkm\gf kfb/L / ;Gtx¿ / dl/odsf] 5f]/f d;LxnfO{ cfkm\gf kfngxf/ agfP, hals logLx¿nfO{ dfq Ps Psn} cNnfxs} pkf;gfsf] cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof], h; afx]s sf]xL ;To k"hgLo 5}g . pm p;sf] ;fem]bf/ 7x/fpg] sfo{af6 d'Qm 5 . - ;"/t'Qf}aM #! _

t/ O:nfdn] s;}nfO{ of] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]g ls cNnfxsf] wd{df s'g} yk36 u/f];\ rfx] Tof] ;Ddflgt gaL / ;Gb]i6f lsg gxf];\ . / d'l:ndx¿nfO{ cfb]z eof] ls

67

of] cf:yf /fv'g\ ls ;d:t ;[li6 cNnfxs} xf], / ;[li6stf{ cNnfx g} xf], cNNffx lj?4 s'g} klg To;sf] zf;gdf x:tfIf]k ug{ ;Sb}g . / s'g} klg dg'io Pj+ ;[li6 dWo] s;}nfO{ of] clwsf/ k|fKt 5}g ls Tof] p;sf] wd{df ljwfgdf yk36 u/f];\ .

/ o:t} d';ndfgx¿ j}w cj}waf/] klg aLrdf g} 5g\ . ox"bLx¿ h:tf] 5}gg\ ls pgLx¿sf] pb08tf / pTkftsf] sf/0f pgLx¿ dfly Tof] s'/f] klg cj}w ul/of] h'g pgLx¿ dfly j}w lyof] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M t;y{ ox'bLx¿sf] cTofrf/sf] sf/0fn] w]/} h;f] a}w -xnfn_ a:t'x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] lglDt x/fd -cj}w_ agfO{ lbcf}+ / o; sf/0fn] klg ls ltgLx¿ w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] dfu{af6 /f]sb}y] . - ;"/t'g\ lg;f !^) _

cyf{tM pgLdfly v'/ /fVg] x/]s hgfj/ h:tf] pmF6, afv|f, k+IfL cflb pgLx¿ dfly x/fd ul/of] pgLx¿sf] pb08tfsf] sf/0f .

/ o:t} O{;fO{x¿n] cfkm\gf] pb08tfsf] sf/0f ;a} cj}w j:t'nfO{ j}w agfO{ xfn] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M / d To;nfO{ k'li6 ub{5' h'g d]/f] cufl8 tf}/ft 5 / o; sf/0fn] klg d cfPsf] 5' ls s]xL s'/fx¿ h'g ls ltd|f] lglDt jlh{t lyP, ltgnfO{ u|fx\o -xnfn_ agfO{ lbpF / d t ltd|f] kfngstf{sf] tkm{af6 ltd|f] nflu lgzfgL lnP/ cfPsf] 5' . o;y{ ltdL

68

cNnfxl;t 8/ dfg / d}n] eg]sf] dfg . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg %) _

t/ O:nfd wd{ To;sf] uf}/jsf] nflu olt g} k|ofKt 5 ls cNnfxn] To;sf] / To;sf] cg'z/0f ug]{x¿sf] ljz]iftf / dWodfu{tf Pj+ ;+t'lnttfsf] j0f{g o; k|sf/ u/]sf] 5 .

cy{ M / xfd|f] lglDt ;+;f/df klg enf] n]lvb]pm / cflv/t -k/nf]s_df klg, xfdL ltdLlt/ pGd'v x'G5f} . cNnfxn] eGof] d cfkm\gf] oftgfn] p;}nfO{ u|:t u5'{, h;nfO{ rfxG5' t/ d]/f] bofn'tfaf6 ;a}s'/f cR5flbt 5g\ . / Tof] bof tL dflg;x¿sf] gfddf cjZo n]Vg]5' hf] cNnfxl;t 8/5g\ / hsft-bfg_ lbG5g\ / hf] xfd|f cfotdfly O{dfg NofpF5g\ . h'g dflg;x¿n] o:tf /;"n, gaL pDdL -lg/If/_ sf] cg'z/0f u5{g\, h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] cfkm'sxfF tf}/ft / OGhLndf n]lvPsf] kfpF5g\ . pgn] pgLx¿nfO{ c;n s'/fsf] cfb]z ub{5g\ / g/fd|f s'/fx¿af6 dgfxL ub{5g\ / :jR5 s'/fnfO{ xnfn -:jLsfo{_ atfpF5g\ / ckljq s'/fnfO{ x/fd -jlh{t_ atfpF5g\ / ltgLxL? dflyaf6 Tof] af]em ptfb{5g\ h'g clxn];Dd pgLx¿dfly nflbPsf lyP aGwgx¿nfO{ km'Ssf ub{5g\ h;df pgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP . ct M hf] dflg;x¿ To; gaLdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ / pgsf] ;dy{g ub{5g\ / pgsf] ;xfotf ub{5g\, / To; k|sfznfO{ dfGb5g\ hf] pgsf] ;fydf k7fOPsf] 5 . o:tf dflg;x¿

69

k"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{jfnf 5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ cc\/fkm !%^,!%& _

/ o:t} kmf]xf]/tf / ckljqtfsf] af/]df klg O:nfd dWodfuL{ 5 . h:tf] ls ox"bLx¿sf] k"hf dfq pgLx¿sf] :yn -sgL;f_df dfGo x'G5 / pgLx¿sf] ckljqtfnfO{ kfgLn] - hnn] _ kljq ub{}g / dfl;s wd{ - /fh:jnf _sf] cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/df a:g lbb}gg\, / pgLx¿sf] ;fy vfgkfg ub{}gg\ . / o:t} O{;fO{x¿ ox"bLx¿sf] ljk/Lt 5g\ , pgLx¿ k|To]s ckljq / kmf]xf]/nfO{ :kz{ u5{g\ / s'g} ckljqnfO{ cj}w dfGb}gg\ . cyf{t ;a}nfO{ k|of]udf NofpF5g\ .

oL b'j} ;d'bfosf] ljk/Lt O:nfd ckljq / kmf]xf]/nfO{ cj}w / z'4 Pj+ :jR5nfO{ j}w 7fG5, / kljqnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] / ckljqaf6 afFRg] cfb]z lbG5 . h:tf] ls pk/f]Qmsf] cfotdf j0f{g ul/of] . / d'l:ndx¿sf] nflu ;d:t w/tLnfO{ kljq agfOof] h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ dnfO{ kfFrj6f o:tf] s'/fx¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 h'g d eGbf klxnfsf ;Gb]i6fx¿nfO{ k|fKt lyPg, zq'af6 d]/f] ;xfotf ul/of] To;sf] x[bodf xfd|f] eo xfn]/, Ps dlxgfsf] hlt b"/Lsf] cjlwaf6, / ;d:t k[YjLnfO{ d]/f] nflu kljq / k"hf :yn agfOof], d]/f] pDdtL dWo] h'g ;'s}nfO{ klg gdfhsf] lgwf{l/t ;do hxfF klg cfcf];\ ToxLF Tof] gdfh sfod u/f];\, / d]/f] nflu dfn] ugLdt - o'4df ldn]sf] ;DklQ _ j}w ul/of], / k|To]s ;Gb]i6f dfq cfkm\gf]

70

hfltsf] tkm{ k7fOof] t/ dnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] nflu ;Gb]i6f agfP/ k7fOof], / dnfO{ l;kmfl/zsf] clwsf/ k|bf ul/of] Æ . - a'vf/L , d'l:nd _

/ o:t} 1fg / ljBfsf] af/]df klg d';ndfgx¿ dfWodf g} 5g\ . ox"bLx¿ t 1fg t k|fKt u5{g\ t/ To; adf]lhd sd{ ub{}gg\, / O{;fO{x¿ c1fgtfsf] ;fy k"hf c/fwgf u5{g\ . cyf{t lagf 1fg sd{ u5{g\, t/ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿ oL b'j} ;d'bfosf] aLr /xL sd{ u5{g\, cyf{t 1fg klg k|fKt u5{g\ / To; adf]lhd sd{ klg u5{g\, 1fg / sd{nfO{ Ps} ;fy lnP/ lx+85g\ . sd{ 1fgljxLg / 1fg sd{ljxLg s;}nfO{ klg kmfO{bf k'¥ofpg ;Sb}g, cyf{t sd{ / 1fg Pscfsf{sf k"/s x'g\ . o;} sf/0f d';ndfgx¿ ;'dfuL{ x'g\ . cNNfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M xfdLnfO{ ;f]emf] -;Rrf_ af6f] b]vfpm . pgLx¿sf] af6f] h;nfO{ ltdLn] k'/:s[t u¥of} ltgLx¿sf] xf]Og h; dfly ltd|f] j|mf]w eof], / g ky–e|i6x¿sf] -af6f]_ . - ;"/t'n\ kmfltxf ^,& _

/ o;t} O:nfd wg ;DklQsf] af/]df klg ;a} wd{ dWo] pTs[i6 wd{ xf] . h:tf] ls sltko wd{x¿ wg k|flKtsf ;a} dfu{ v'NNff ul/lbPsf 5g\, rfx] Tof] dfgjtfsf] lj?4 lsg gxf];\ . t sltkon] t ;Dk"0f{ wg Pp6} dfG5]sf] clwsf/sf] cwLg ul/lbG5g\ cyf{t s'g} wd{df klg ;Gt'ng 5}g . t/ O:nfd wd{df ;Gt'lnt ljlwx¿ 5g\ h;n] ubf{ wg k|flKt j}w tl/sfn] g} k|fKt

71

ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}n] ubf{ O:nfddf Joj;fo / kl/>d u/L sdfO{ ug]{ JolQm ;jf]{Qd >]0fLdf lj/fhdfg ul/Psf] 5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ Tof] dfG5] h'g agdf uO{ bfp/f cfkm\gf] lk7\o"df af]s]/ ahf/ ;Dd NofP/ ljqmL u/L vfG5, t of] sfo{af6 cNNffx p;sf] cjZostfx¿ k"0f{ u5{, / of] sd{ clt pQd 5 To; dfG5]sf] nflu o; s'/fsf] t"nGffdf ls Tof] eLv dfFuf];\ clg sf]xLn] leIff lbG5g\ t sf]xLn] lb+b}gg\ Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ O:nfdn] tL ;a} dfu{x¿nfO{ aGb ul/lbPsf] 5 h;af6 s;}dfly cGofo xf];\ h;/L rf]/L ug'{, n'6kft ug'{, ;"b vfg', ====cflbnfO{ jlh{t u/L ;dfhnfO{ :jR5 / kljq agfO{ lbPsf] 5 . cNnfsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M x] df]ldgx¿ Û ltdLx¿ cfk;df Ps csf{sf] ;DklQ cg'lrt ¿kdf gvfpm . t/ cfk;L ;xdltn] Jofkf/sf] dfWodaf6 n]gb]gdf nfe hfoh x'G5, / cfkm"nfO{ cfkm} gdf/ . o;df s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g ls cNnfx ltdLdfly w]/} s[kfn' 5 . - ;"/t'g\ lg;f @( _

o;} sf/0f O:nfdn] bfg lbg] k/d\k/f rnfof] / hsftsf] ljlw Nofof], / cfb]z u¥of] ls cfkm\gf] cfkmGtLx¿nfO{ lga{n, c;xfo, cgfy, bl/b| === cflbnfO{ bfg u/ .

72

O:nfd enfO{sf] wd{

O:nfd ;d:t dfgj hfltsf] enfO{nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cfkm\gf] lgb]{zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 / of] cNnfxsf] o; wd{sf] cg'ofoLx¿ dfly bof dWo] Ps xf] .

/ cNNffx åf/f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ O:nfd wd{ lbO{ o; ;+;f/df k7fOof], of] klg ;d:t ;[li6 dfly cNnfxsf] pksf/ / bof g} xf] . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M / -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Û_ xfdLn] tkfO{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] lglDt ;j{yf bofsf] k|tLs agfP/ k7fPsf 5f}+ . - ;"/t'n\ clDaof !)& _

O:nfd wfld{s, nf}lss Pj+ k/nf}lss b[li6sf]0fn] klg ;j{yf bof g} xf], lsgls O:nfd To; ;do cfof] ha ;d:t dfgjx¿ cGwsf/ / c1fgtfdf hLjg JotLt ug{ afWo eOxfn]sf lyP . / O{;fO{ / ox"bLx¿ x}/fg eOxfn]sf lyP cfkm\g} u|Gyx¿sf] Pscfsf{sf] dtleGgtfnfO{ x]/]/, / of] ;f]r]/ ls cfsf]{ ;Gb]i6f lsg cfpFb}g, cGt/fn t nfdf] eof] . o;} nfdf] cGt/fnnfO{ cGt ub}{ cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ ;d:t ;+;f/sf] nflu cfJxfgstf{ Pj+ ;Gb]i6f agfP/ k7fof] . tt kZrft d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] ;a}nfO{ ;Totkm{ cfJxfg u/] / k'0osf] dfu{ bzf{pg' eof] / cNnfxsf] lgb]{zgx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpg' eof] / j}w /

73

cj}w :ki6 kfg'{ eof], o;n] ubf{ O:nfd ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] nflu ;j{yf bofsf] k|tLs eof] .

/ cNnfxn] jf:tjdf d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ k7fO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ dfly pksf/ / bof u¥of], lsgls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd g} jf:tljs enfO{, s'sd{af6 d'lQm lnP/ cfP . / c1fgtfsfn kZrft 1fgsf] ls/0f NofP, / cGwsf/ kZrft kyk|bz{s agL ky k|bz{g u/] .

/ O:nfdsf] s[kfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f of] klg xf] ls O:nfdL l;4fGt / lgb]{zgx¿ ;]jsx¿sf] enfO{ rfxG5g\ / pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofsf] k"0f{tM ;dfwfg u5{g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ enfO{sf] cfb]z u/L xflgsf/s s'/fx¿af6 pgLx¿nfO{ /f]s]/ ;'/lIft u5{g\ . / o:t} k|To]s lgb]{zgx¿df nfebfos sfo{x¿sf] cfb]z ul/G5 / xflgsf/s lqmofsnfkaf6 /f]lsG5 .

/ O:nfd wd{n] ljz]if u/L d"n % wf/fdf eQmx¿sf] lxt / ;DdfgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL To;sf] /Iff u5{ . wd{sf] /Iff, / Hofgsf] /Iff, / 1fgsf] /Iff, / g:n - j+zh _sf] /Iff, / ;DklQsf] /Iff .

/ O:nfdn] pk/f]Qm kfFrj6f ljz]if wf/f dfly ljz]if Wofg lbPsf] 5 , lsgls To;df ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ / dfgjtfsf] sNof0f gLlxt 5 . / o;} dfly sfo{ u/L cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] jf:tljs :jfb k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5, / k|;Ggtf Pj+ ;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . / c;Gt'li6, cljZjf;af6 d'lQm kfOG5,

74

/ ;dfhsf] pkb|j, e|i6frf/, pb08tf, if8oGq,====cflbaf6 d'lQm k|fKt x'G5 .

/ o:t} tL kfFr wf/fnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s ;dft] kl5 k/nf]sdf d0ff]{k/fGt :ju{df ;'v zflGtsf] ef]u x'g]5, / gs{sf] b08af6 d'lQm k|fKt x'g]5 .

/ ha dg'io cfkm\gf] hLjgdf O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ nfu" u5{ ta To;sf] hLjgdf ;d[l4 cfFp5 To;sf] cfb/ ;Tsf/ x'gyfN5 / To;sf] jr{:j ;a}dfly sfod x'G5, / Tof] cfkm\gf] nIonfO{ k|fKt u5{ . / ha dg'io O:nfdL lgb]{zgdf yk36 cyjf To;af6 ljd'v eOxfN5 ta To;sf] hLjgdf ljgfz cfFp5 / c;+t'li6, bl/b|tf ckdfg cflb To;sf] hLjgnfO{ gs{ agfO{ lbG5 .

/ ha xfdL tL kfFr wf/fx¿ dfly ljgd|tf k"j{s ljrf/ u5f}{ ta of] b]lvG5 ls O:nfdsf] x/]s lgb]{zg o;} kfFr wf/fnfO{ ;'/lIft u5{g\ rfx] Tof] sd{ ug]{ cfb]z xf];\, jf sd{af6 ?Sg] cfb]z xf];\ . o;}n] ubf{ Hofgsf] /Iffsf] nflu s]xL ljlwx¿ agfPsf] 5 To; dWo] ;Gtfgdf a9f]t/L ug'{, aRrfx¿sf] kfngkf]if0f ug'{, pgLl;t :g]x ug'{, / /fd|f] ef]hg u/L cfkm} cfkm\gf] :jf:ysf] /Iff ug'{ . / o:t} o;sf] cy{ of] klg xf] ls s;}sf] xTof gug{', cfTdf xTof gug'{, lgbf]{ifnfO{ s'6lk6 gug'{, / :jf:YonfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] kbfy{sf] ;]jg gu/L cfkm\gf] :jf:y / HofgnfO{ arfpg' .

75

/ dg dl:tissf] /Iffsf] lglDt O:nfdn] 1fg k|fKt ug'{sf] cfb]z lbP5, / k|f]T;fxg klg u/]5, / 1fg k|flKtnfO{ k"hfsf] bhf{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5, / cNnfxsf] ;dLktfsf] ;fwg agfPsf] 5, / ljBf k|flKtsf] ;do To; dfG5]nfO{ k'0o klg lbOG5 .

/ o:t} O:nfdn] o; ;[li6 dfly lrGtg\ dgg\ / ;f]r ljrf/ ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . / o; lrGtg dgg\nfO{ klg k"hfsf] bhf{ k|fKt 5 . o:t} cfkm\gf] 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ wfld{s / ;+;fl/s 1fg lbg'sf] klg cfb]z u/]sf] 5 .

/ o:t} tL ;a} kbfy{sf] ;]jg gug{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 h;df s'g} k|sf/sf] xflggf]S;fgL 5, rfx] Tof] xflg ;]jg ug]{ dfG5]nfO{ nfuf];\ jf s'g} cfsf]{ dfG5]nfO{ nfuf];\ . o;}n] ubf{ O:nfd x/]s k|sf/sf] gzfn' kbfy{nfO{ cj}w ul/lbPsf] 5 h;af6 ;dfhsf] ljuf/ x'G5 .

/ j+zsf] /Iffsf] lglDt O:nfdn] ljx] ug]{ cfb]z lbof], / To;nfO{ klg k"hfsf] :yfg lbof] / ljjfx ug]{nfO{ k'0o lbg] jrg lbof] . / cfkm\gf] b[li6nfO{ cfsf{sf] 5f]/L / :jf:gL dfly g/fVg] cfb]z lbof], / Jolerf/nfO{ b08gLo ck/fw 7fgL ;dfhnfO{ cdfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 d'Qm ul/ xfNof] . / o:t} j+zsf] /Iffsf] nflu Tof] ;a} lqmofsnfkaf6 /f]Sof] h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf ljuf/ pTkGg x'G5 . / s;}sf] OHhtl;t v]Ng]nfO{ dxf kfkL 3f]lift ul/of], / tL ;a} lqmofsnfk Pj+ ultljlwnfO{ jlh{t ul/of] h'g Jolerf/ ;Dd k'¥ofpF5 . h:tf] ls o'jtLx¿ kbf{ u/]/ aflx/ lg:s'g\, k'?if / dlxnfx¿ ccfkm\gf

76

b[li6nfO{ tn /fv'g\, dlxnfx¿ ckl/lrt JolQml;t d]nldnfk gu?g\, / cfkm\gf] u'KtfËsf] /Iff u?g\ === cflb .

/ wg ;DklQ Pj+ dfnsf] /Iffsf] nflu O:nfdn] Jofkf/ Pj+ Joj;fonfO{ j}w u¥of] . / v]tLkftL ug{ cfb]z u¥of], / hsft Pj+ bfg ug]{ cfb]z u¥of] h;af6 u/La, lg;xfo, bl/b| cflb nfeflGjt x'g\ ;s'g\ . / rf]/L gu?g\, / ;a} o:tf] sfo{ u?g\ h;af6 Ps cfsf{nfO{ ;xfotf Pj+ an k'uf];\, / h;af6 ;a}sf] nfe xf];\ / h;af6 ;dfhsf] pGglt xf];\ . / o:t} bfg lbg' dfly ljz]if ¿kn] an lbOof] lsgls To;af6 k|]d / dfof klg a95 / wgdf a9f]t/L klg x'G5 .

/ o:t} Tof] ;a} ultljlwnfO{ jlh{t ul/of] h;af6 Ps cfsf{nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'U5, / h;af6 Pscfsf{sf] wg lg/fwf/ tl/sfn] vfOG5 h;/L ;"b Aofh, rf]/L, Ifnsk6, ljZjf;3ft === cflb oL ;a} lqmofsnfknfO{ klh{t u/L O:nfdn] dfgjtfsf] kf7 k9fP5 . / oL ;a} j0f{g ul/Psf s'/fx¿df dfq ;+;fl/s nfe 5}g a? k/nf}lss nfe klg o;}df gLlxt 5, h:tf] ls oL sfo{x¿ u/L dg'io cfkm\gf] kfngstf{sf] bofsf] kfq aG5, :ju{sf] kfq aG5, / cNnfxsf] ;hfo / b08af6 d'lQm k|fKt x'G5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M k|To]s Hofgn] d[To'sf] :jfb rfVg' kg{] 5 / ltdLnfO{ lsofdtsf] lbg ltd|f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k"/fk"/ k|ltkmn k|bfg ul/g] 5, t;y{ h'g dflg;nfO{ gs{sf]

77

cfuf]af6 6f9f /flvg]5 / :ju{df k|j]z u/fOg]5, lgZro g} pxL ;kmn x'g]5 / ;+;fl/s hLjg t e|dsf] ;fdfg dfq xf] . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !*% _

/ dg'iosf] lxt cNnfxsf] cg'z/0f ug'{df g} 5 h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M / hf] j/bfg k|fKt x'g]5g\, ltgLx¿ :ju{df x'g] 5g\ ha ;Dd cfsfz / k[YjL 5g\ ;w}+ o;}df /xg] 5g\, t/ hlt ltd|f] kfngstf{sf] OR5f x'G5 . of] k'/:sf/ xf] h'gls slxNo} ;dfKt x'g]5}g . - ;"/t' x"b !)* _

/ oL s'/fx¿df k/nf}lss lxt gLlxt 5 o;sf] nflu of] s'/f g} k|ofKt 5 ls /;"n ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] ls :ju{ tL dfG5]x¿sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 5 h;n] cNnfxsf] cg'z/0f u¥of], / pxfF eGg'x'G5 M æ cNnfx eG5M d}n] cfkm\gf] eQmx¿sf] lglDt o:tf] :ju{ tof/ u/]sf] 5' h;nfO{ gt s'g} cfFvfn] x]/]5 gt s'g} sfgn] ;'g]5, / s'g} dg'iosf] x[bo To;sf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;Sb}g Æ km]l/ pxfFn] eGg' eof] olb ltdL rfxG5f} eg] of] cfot k9 Û

cy{ M -clg cNnfx afx]s_ s;}nfO{ yfxf 5}g ls pgLx¿sf lglDt pgsf] cfFvfsf lztntf n'sfP/ /flvlbPsf 5f}+ of] pgLx¿sf sd{x¿sf] k'/:sf/ xf], h'g pgLx¿n] ug]{ ub{y] . - ;"/t':;HbM !& _ - a'vf/L _

/ ha xfdL O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿df ljrf/ u5f{} ta xfdLnfO{ of] yfxfx'G5 ls ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ dfgjtfsf] / ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] nfesf nflu 5g\, / nfenfO{ x/]s

78

JolQm a'em\g ;S5 t/ cfkm\gf] Ifdtf cg';f/ . ;fwf/0f dfG5] cfkm\gf]

;dem cg';f/ / ljåfg cfkm\gf] a'l4 cg';f/ a'em\5g\ .

/ o:t} sltko o:tf lgb]{zgx¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ ljBfsf] dfWodn] a'em\g ;lsG5, o;}n] 1fg k|fKt ug'{ k|To]s d'l:nddfly clgjfo{ 5, lsgls 1fg g} Tof] ;L9L xf] h;sf] dfWodaf6 dg'io a'l4dQfsf] r'r/f]df k'Ug ;S5 .

O:nfdL lgb]{zgsf lxtx¿ olt5g\ ls j0f{g ug{ ;lsGg t/ pbfx/0f :j¿k s]xL tkfO{x¿ ;fd' /fVg k|of; ul//x] 5' Û cNnfxn] cfb]z u/] ls k"0f{ cf:yf /fv, / k"0f{ cf:yf -O{dfg_sf] ^ j6f :tDex¿ 5g\

!– cNNffx dfly cf:yf /fVg' . @– To;sf kml/Ztfx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg' . #– To;sf ;Gb]i6fx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg' . $– To;sf ;d:t u|Gyx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg' . %– dxf k|no dfly cf:yf /fVg' . ^– efUosf] nfe / xflgdfly cf:yf /fVg' ls Tof]

cNnfxs} tkm{af6 xf] . ha xfdL o; ;Dk"0f{ cf:yfsf] lxt / kmfO{bfdf

ljrf/ u5f}{+ ta o;sf] kmfO{bfx¿ Rf/}lt/ b]lvG5 . ;j{k|yd of] cf:yf ;[li6nfO{ ;|i6ftkm{ k|j[Q u5{, / To;sf] k|]dnfO{ ;'b[9 kf5{ . / o:t} ha eQmnfO{ of] 1fg eof] ls cNnfx g} ;[li6stf{ xf] km]l/ ToxL g} k"hfsf]

79

clwsf/L xf], / dfq To;}sf] u'0fufg ug{ yfN5 . / ha of] l;4 eof] ls cNnfx l;t s'g} klg j:t' uf]Ko 5}g / s'g} klg cNnfx afx]s xflg nfe / kmfO{bfsf] dflns 5}g, km]l/ s;}l;t lsg 8/g], clg eQm dfq cNNffx l;t 8/ dfG5 / p;}sf] s[kf rfxG5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M x]/, ltdL g cN5L u/ g lrlGtt xf]pm . olb ltdL O{dfgjfnf xf} eg] ltd|} jr{:j sfod x'g] 5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !#( _

/ o:t} eQm cNnfx / cfkm" aLr s;}nfO{ dfWod agfpFb}g lsgls To;nfO{ yfxf eof] ls cNnfx ;a} ;'G5 hfGb5 / cNnfx ;a} ljGtL ug]{x¿sf] laGtL :jLsf/ u5{, s;}nfO{ dfWod agfpg] cjZostf 5}g . cyf{t lzs{ ax'b]jjfbaf6 cfkm"nfO{ arfpF5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5M /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] d'cfh l;t eGg' eof]M æx] d'cfh s] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls cNnfxsf] clwsf/ eQmx¿ Dffly s] 5 < / eQmx¿sf] clwsf/ cNnfx dfly s] 5 <Æ df]cfh /hLcNnfxf] cGxf]n] eGg' eof]M cNnfx / p;sf] /;"nnfO{ clws hfgsf/L 5, clg /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M ælgM;+b]x cNnfxsf] clwsf/ eStx¿ Dfly of] 5 ls pgL To;sf] k"hf u?g\ / To;sf] k"hfdf s;}nfO{ ;femLbf/ g 7x/fpg\ . / eStx¿sf] clwsf/ cNNffx dfly of] 5 ls cNnfx ltgLx¿nfO{ ;hfo g b]cf];\ lhgn] To;sf] ;fy s;}nfO{ ;femLbf/ 7x/fPgg\Æ . d'cfhn] eGg' eof]M x] cNnfxsf] /;"n s] d of] z'e ;dfrf/ ;a}nfO{ g ;'gfO{ lbpmF . /;"n

80

;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M æxf]Og g ;'gfpm lsgls of] z'e ;dfrf/ ;'g]kl5 ;a} o;}dfly e/f];f u/L sd{nfO{ ToflulbG5g\Æ . - a'vf/L, d'l:nd _

of] xbL;af6 of] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 ls ha Pp6f d'l:nd ;fg}af6 nfOnfxf ONnNnfx k95 / To;sf] cy{ a'em5 / cfkm\gf] hlGdg] nIo / p2]Zo To;nfO{ yfxf x'G5 ta Tof] cfkm\gf] nIo k|flKtsf] nflu O:nfdLo l;4fGt adf]lhd sd{ u/L cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] ;'v ef]U5 . / c? dfG5]x¿ h:tf] e|ldt x'Fb}g h'gnfO{ of] klg yfxf x'Fb}g ls ltgLx¿sf] hGd lsg eP5 / of] a|x\df08 lsg agfOP 5 cflb . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M / cNnfxsf] ;fy cGo s;}nfO{ k"Ho gagfpm . d p;sf] tkm{af6 ltd|f] lglDt Pp6f k|ToIf 8/ b]vfpg] jfnf x"F . - ;"/t'h\ hfl/oft %^ _

/ o:t} p;nfO{ of] yfxf x'G5 ls d/] kZrft Ps k6s km]l/ hLjg ldNg] 5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M tL sflkm/x¿n] ;f]r] ls pgLx¿ k'gM hLljt ul/g] 5}gg\ . tkfO{ elglbg';\ ls xf], d]/f] kfngstf{sf] s≥;d Û ltdL cjZo g} p7fOg] 5f}, clg h'g sfd ltdLn] ub}{ cfPsf 5f}, ltdLnfO{ atfOg] 5 / of] cNnfxsf] nflu cToGt ;/n 5 . - ;"/t'Qufa'g & _

/ of] wd{ ha s;}sf] x[bodf a;5 ta To;nfO{ ;d:t ;+;f/sf] ;+t'li6 ldN5 / hLjgsf] k"0f{ ;'vsf]

81

To;nfO{ cfef; x'G5 / Tof] k/d cfgGbn] hLjg latfpF5 .

/ o:t} ha df]ldg - cf:yfjfg _nfO{ of] yfxf eOxfN5 ls xflg nfe dfq cNnfxsf xftdf 5 ta cfkm\gf] efUoaf6 ;Gt'i6 eOxfN5 . cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5M

cy{ M h'g;'s} d';Lat -b'Mv ;+s6_ w/tLdf cfpF5 jf ltdLdfly, To;nfO{ d}n] k7fpg' eGbf klxnf Pp6f lstfadf c+lst x'G5 . of] sfd cNnfxsf] lglDt ;lhnf] 5 . tfls ltdLn] To;s'/faf6 ckmzf]r gu/ h'g ls ltdLaf6 u'lh|;s]sf] 5, / g To; s'/fdfly cledfg u/ h'g p;n] ltdLnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cNnfxnfO{ s'g} 3d08L / cfTd k|z+zsx¿ dg k/fpFb}gg\ . - ;"/t'n\ xbLb @@,@# _

km]l/ To;nfO{ s'g} xflg k'U5 eg] Tof] Jofs'n x'b}g a? cNnfxsf] km};nf 7fgL To;}tkm{ nfU5, / s'g} nfe eof] eg] cNnfx s} s[t1tf k|s6 u5{ . h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] of] wd{sf] ljzfntf bz{fpb} eGg' eof]M æ df]ldgsf] cj:yf cfZro{hgs 5 To;sf] k|To]s cj:yf / ;d:of To;sf] nflu nfebfos 5g\, / of] pTs[i6tf dfq cf:yfjfgx¿sf] nflu 5 . olb To;nfO{ s'g} nfe k'U5 eg] Tof] cfkm\gf] kfngstf{sf] cfef/ k|s6 u5{ cyf{t s[t1tf k|s6 u5{, / olb To;nfO{ s'g} xflg k'U5 eg] To;dfly ;+tf]if u5{ cyf{t ;xgzLntfsf] kl/ro lbG5, / oL b'j} cj:yf To;sf] nflu nfebfos x'G5 Æ . - d'l:nd _

82

/ o;} sf/0f O:nfdL cg'ofoLx¿sf] pTs[i6 ljz]iftf dWo] s[t1tf / ;xgzLntf klg xf] h'g;'s} cj:yfdf cNnfxsf] s[t1tf k|s6 u5{g\ / ;+odsf] 8f]/LnfO{ ;dft]/ sd{ ub}{ hfG5g\, / cNnfx pgLdfly cfkm\gf] cg'u|x km/fsLnf] ub}{ hfG5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M

cy{ M /, xfdLn] s'g} g s'g} tl/sfaf6 zq'sf] qf;, ef]saf6, wg–;DklQ, Hofg / kmnx¿sf] sdLaf6 ltd|f] k/LIff ug]{5f}+, -t;y{_ w}o{ ug]{x¿nfO{ z'e ;Gb]z ;''gfO{ lbg' . logLx¿nfO{ ha s'g} cfkt–ljklQ cfpF5 t eGb5g\ ls xfdL cNnfxs} cwLgdf xf}+ / xfdL p;}lt/ kms]{/ hfg]jfnf 5f}+ . logLx¿ dfly g} pgsf] kfngstf{sf] s[kf / pksf/x¿ 5g\ / log} ;To af6f]df 5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !%%–!%& _

/ o;} cf:yfsf] dfWodn] dflg; ;+;fl/s hLjgsf] jf:tljs cfgGbsf] ef]u u5{, tt kZrft cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg cNnfxsf] :t'lt / u'0fufgdf JotLt u5{ clg O{dfgsf] jf:tljs ld7f; kfFp5 . h:tf] ls xh/t cg;n] l/jfot u/]sf] xbL;df 5 ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M æ h;df oL tLg u'0f x'G5g\ Tof] O{dfgsf] ld7f; kfpg]5, h;nfO{ cNnfx / cNnfxsf /;"n ;a} eGbf lk|o x'G5g\, / h'g dflg; cNnfxsf] nflu k]|d u/f];\, / h'g dfG5] O:nfdaf6 lad'v x'g'nfO{ o:t} 3[0f u/f];\ h;/L cfuf]df xflng]nfO{ u5{ Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ o:t} cf:yf /fVg]x¿ jf:tjdf O{dfgsf] ld7f; kfpF5g\ / nf]s k/nf]ssf] ;Ddfghgs kbdf lj/fhdfg

83

x'G5g\ . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ Tof] dfG5]n] O{dfgsf] ld7f; k|fKt u¥of] h;n] cNnfxnfO{ cfkm\gf] kfngstf{ :jLsf/ u¥of,] / O:nfdnfO{ cfkm\gf] wd{ :jLsf/ u¥of], / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;Gb]i6f :jLsf/ u¥of] Æ . - d'l:nd _

/ O:nfdsf] kfFr :tDex¿ Ps]Zj/jfb dGq - sndt'Q}loam _ kZrft - cyf{t of] cf:yf kZrft ls cNnfx afx]s c? sf]O{ k"hgLo 5}g _ bf];|f] d'Vo d+q xf] , of] s'/fdfly cf:yf /fVg' ls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd cNnfx åf/f k7fOPsf ;Gb]i6f x'g\ . / pxfFnfO{ cNnfxn] /f]h]/ xfd|f] lxtsf] nflu cNnfxtkm{ kyk|bz{s agfP/ k7fof] . o;df ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] lxt gLlxt 5 , / ;a}dfly cNnfxsf] k/dbof / s[kf 5 , h;n] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ ;d:t ;+;f/sf] nflu ;j{yf bof agfP/ k7fof] . pxfF ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;a}nfO{ cGwof/f]af6 lgisfl;t u/L pHofnf]tkm{ nufpF5g\, / ax'bjjfbaf6 Ps]Zj/jfb tkm{ af]nfpF5g\, / cfkm" h:tf] dfgjsf] c/fwgfaf6 ;+;f/sf] kfngstf{sf] k"hftkm{ af]nfpF5g\ .

/ bf];|f] :tDe xf] gdfh - ljz]if lqmofsnfksf] dfWodn] cNnfxsf] k"hf c/fwgf ug'{ -cg'jfbs_ _ h'g jf:tjdf cNnfx / eStsf] aLr jf:tljs ;DaGw xf] . ha eSt cfkm\gf] kfngstf{ ;dIf eoqf; Pj+ cfzfsf] ;fy pleG5 o; cj:yfdf ls Tof] eSt jh" u/L kljq x'G5, / To;sf] n'uf klg kljq x'G5, / Tof] :yn klg

84

kljq x'G5 hxfF Tof] pe]sf] 5, / ;+;fl/s nf]e nfN;faf6 d'St x'G5 . of] ;a} o; sf/0f ls Tof] cfkm\gf] kfngstf{nfO{ 9f]Ug] OR5's 5 / To;sf] bof kfpg cfzflGjt 5 . km]l/ Tof] gdfhsf] dfWodn] cfkm\gf] kfngstf{ l;t lgd{n :j/df s'/fu5{ .

/ ha xfdL gdfhsf] lqmofsnfk dfly ljrf/ u5f}+{ ta yfxf x'G5 ls tL ;a} lqmofsnfkdf ljzfn lxts/ s'/fx¿ gLlxt 5g\ . / k|To]s dg'ionfO{ cfkm\gf] kfngstf{ l;t ;+ks{ ug]{ OR5f x'G5, / cjZostf klg . / d'l:ndx¿ cfkm\gf] kfngstf{;+u gdfhsf] dfWodaf6 ;+ks{ u5{g\ lsgls dg'iosf] hLjg of] ;+ks{ lagf gs{ h:tf] x'b}hfG5, cflTds c;+t'li6 x'G5, / ha d'l:ndx¿ x/]s gdfhdf ;"/M cn\kmfltxf k95g\ h'g ;"/M s'/cfgsf] ;j{>]i7 ;"/M dWo] Ps xf], h;df eSt cfkm\gf] kfngstf{af6 of] ljGtL u5{ ls x] cNnfx dnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;'dfu{df nufpm / ky e|ldtx¿sf] dfu{af6 arfpm . / cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfsf] dfWodaf6 cNnfxsf] c/fwgf u5{ / cfkm\gf] k/nf]ssf] hLjgnfO{ ofbu/L To;sf] tof/L u5{ .

/ gdfhl;t dfG5] z}tfgsf] ps;fx6 -sf}t'xntf_af6 d'lQm kfpF5 / z}tfg dfly jr{:j k|fKt u5{, / ;a} cdfgjLo sfo{af6 d'lQm k|fKt u5{ . / o:t} gdfhaf6 cfkm" dfly ljZjf; ug{ Ifdtf k|fKt u5{ / zlQm Pj+ elQm k|fKt u5{ .

/ o:t} gdfhn] lgwf{l/t ;dodf sfd ug]{ afgL l;sfpF5 h;n] ubf{ ;dodf j[l4 eP h:tf] nfU5 . /

85

o:t} ;fd"lxs gdfh dg'ionfO{ k|]dsf] kf7 k9fpF5 h'g gdfhdf cdL/ -;d[4_ bl/b|, /fhf /+s, 7"nf] ;fgf], ljåfg lg/If/, c/aL g]kfnL, lxGbL ckm/LsL cflb Pp6} k+lStdf cNnfxsf] ;fd' pleG5g\ . / Ps} rf]l6 / Pp6} ;do cfdLg eG5g\ . km]l/ of] cfef; u5{g\ ls xfdL ;a}hgf efO efO xf}+ . of] k|]defj s'g} wd{df b]lvGg .

/ o:t} gdfh x[bonfO{ ;+t'li6 k|bfg u5{ / ;+;fl/s x}/fgLaf6 d'lQm k|bfg u5{ . / cNnfxn] s'g} klg cfklQ cfPdf gdfh sfod ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M x] cf:yfjfgx¿, w}o{ / gdfhl;t d2tsf] cfzf ug{' . -lgM;Gb]x_ cNnfx w}o{jfgx¿sf] ;fy lbG5 . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !%# _

/ gdfh O:nfdsf] ;a} eGbf alnof] :tDe xf] . / gdfh ;a} si6nfO{ gi6 ul/lbG5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M æ ha ltdL dWo] sf]xL cfkm\gf] gdfhdf x'G5 ta Tof] cfkm\gf] kfngstf{l;t dL7f] :j/df s'/f ul//x]sf] x'G5 Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ o:t} gdfh kl/>d ug{ l;sfpF5, / ;xgzLntf l;sfpF5 . / gdfh g} kfkx¿nfO{ gi6 u5{ / eQmsf] >]0fL a9fpF5, / k'0odf a9f]t/L u5{ . / gdfh cfTdfsf] ;xfotf u5{, / ;Totkm{ nufpF5 . / gdfh g} O{dfgsf] cflTds ef]hg xf], / gdfhaf6 g} O{dfg ;'b[9 eOxfN5 . / gdfh g} Tof] xltof/ xf] h;af6 dfG5] ;d:t a'/fO{x¿af6 n85 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

86

cy{ M -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd _ To; lstfanfO{ k9\g] ug{';\, h'g tkfO{+nfO{ ……jx\oÚÚ åf/f k7fOPsf] 5, / gdfh sfod ug{';\ . lgM;Gb]x gdfhn] cZnLntf / g/fd|f] s'/faf6 /f]Sb5 . / cjZo cNnfxsf] :d/0f ug'{ t cToGt 7"nf] s'/f] xf] . ltdL h] ub}{5f} cNnfx hfGb5 . - ;"/t'n\ cGsa"t $% _

/ gdfh cf};lw / pkrf/ xf] ;a} la/fdLsf] rfx] Tof] zf/Ll/s /f]u xf];\ cyjf cflTds /f]u, ;a}af6 lgsf] kf5{ . cNnfxsf] syg 5 M

cy{ M lgM;Gb]x dflg; sfFrf] d'6'jfnf agfOPsf] 5 . ha p;nfO{ si6 k'U5 t cflQG5, t/ ha p;nfO{ /fxt -;DkGgtf_ k|fKt x'G5 t p;n] sGh";L b]vfpF5, t/ gdfh k9\g]x¿sf] s'/f cs}{ 5 . h;n] gdfh lgoldt\tfsf ;fy k9\b5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ dcfl/h !(–@# _

/ gdfhdf ;fOlG6lkms kmfO{bfx¿ klg 5g\ h;/L z/L/sf] Jofofd ==== cflb .

/ h;n] hsft dfly ljrf/ u5{ h'g ls O:nflds l;4fGt cg';f/ cNnfxsf] s[kf kfpgsf] nflu ;d[4x¿ dfly clgjfo{ 5 ls u/Lax¿ Dfly bfg u?g\ . / O:nfddf o;sf ljlwx¿ 5g\ s;/L lbg' 5 / slt lbg' 5 === cflb . of] To;sf] ljj/0fsf] 7fpF xf]Og a? xfdL To;sf] kmfO{bfx¿ tkm{ nfuf}+ . To;sf] kmfO{bfx¿ dWo] of] klg xf] ls xfdL cNnfx / To;sf /;"nsf] cg'z/0f ul//x] 5f}+, / To;af6 ;d[4 / bl/b| aLr dfofk|]dsf] j[l4 x'G5, /

87

;d[4 Pj+ bl/b| aLr h'g Pp6f wsf]{ Pj+ vfN6f] 5 To;nfO{ ;dfKt u5{ .

/ hsft lbg' o; s'/fdfly k|df0f xf] ls bfg ug]{ dfG5] cNnfx dfly cf:yf /fV5, h:tf] ls xbL;df 5 M æ / bfg k|df0f xf] Æ. cyf{t O{Dffgsf] k|df0f xf] . - d'l:nd _

/ hsft lbg' cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf] cg'u|xsf] s[t1tf k|s6 ug'{ xf], / cfkm\gf] wgdf a9f]t/L ug'{ xf] , / cfkm\gf] ;DklQnfO{ s'g} klg laklQ Pj+ ;+s6af6 ;'/lIft ug'{ xf] . / o:t} hsft lbg'df cfkm"nfO{ /fd|f] cfr/0fsf] dfG5] k|dfl0ft ug'{ xf], / ;bfrf/Lx¿sf] u'0f cfkm" leq pTkGg ug'{ xf] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M ltgLx¿sf] ;DklQaf6 tkfO{+n] ;bsf -bfg_ lng';\ h;af6 ltgLx¿nfO{ tkfO+{n] z'4 / kljq ul/lbg';\ / ltgLx¿sf nflu k|fy{gf ug{';\, lgM;Gb]x tkfO+{sf k|fy{gf ltgLx¿sf] ;Gt'li6sf] >f]t xf] / cNnfx w]/} ;'Gg]jfnf / hfGg]jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'Qf}aM !)# _

/ of] bfg -wdf{bo– hsft_ Oi{of, cledfg, s'sd{===== cflbnfO{ d]6fO{ :g]x, k|]d, df]x, dfof ==== cflbnfO{ x[bodf a;fN5 . km]l/ ;a}nfO{ bfgL dfG5] dfof u5{ / ;a} bfgL dfG5]nfO{ dfof u5{g\ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M cNnfxsf] dfu{df vr{ u/ / cfkm}n] cfkm"nfO{ ljgfzdf g kf/ / ;Tsd{ u/ lgM;Gb]x cNnfx enfO{ ug]{x¿nfO{ dfof ub{5 . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !(% _

88

/ ;fjwfg Û hsft - bfg _ lbPdf s;}sf] wgdf sdL x'Fb}g a? a9f]t/L x'G5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NNdsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ bfg wgdf sdL ub}{g Æ . - d'l:nd _

a? cNnfxn] of] jrg lbPsf] 5 ls h;n] hsft lbG5 d To;sf] wgdf emg\ a9f]t/L u5'{ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M elglbg';\ ls ……d]/f] kfngstf{ cfkm\gf ;]jsx¿ dWo] h;sf] lglDt rfxG5, hLljsf km/flsnf] ub{5 / h;sf] nflu rfxG5 ;+s'lrt ul/lbG5 . / h]hlt ltdLn] cNnfxsf] af6f]df vr{ u¥of}, To;sf] ;§f ltdLnfO{ k"/f k"/f k|ltkmn lbg]5 . / pm ;a} eGbf /fd|f] hLljsf lbg]jfnf xf]ÚÚ . -;"/t' ;af #( _

/ hsft cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/ 5, lsgls olb k|To]s ;dfhdf To; ;dfhsf] c;xfo, 6'x'/f], cgfyx¿nfO{ hsftsf] wg lbOof];\ eg] To; ;dfhdf rf]/L, anhkmtL, Jolerf/ === cflb gi6 eOhfG5, / Tof] ;dfh ;'v zflGtn] /dfpF5 .

/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ s+h";Laf6 ar lsgls ltdL eGbf klxnfsf dfG5]x¿ o;}sf] sf/0f aaf{b eP, pgLx¿nfO{ o; s+h";Ln] o; s'/fdfly pQ]lht u¥of] ls pgLx¿n] cfkm} cfkm\gf] /Qmkft u/,] / jlh{t s'/fx¿nfO{ xnfn u/] Æ . - d'l:nd _

89

/ j|t - pkjf; _ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] xfdLdfly clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 . /dhfgsf] dlxgfdf k|ftMsfn b]lv vfg' lkpg' / ;a} cj}w ultljlwx¿nfO{ 5fl8lbg' / ;"o{ c:t ;Dd j|t cj:yfdf h] klg cj}w 5 tL ;a}nfO{ 5f8]/ cfkm\gf] j|tnfO{ k"/f ug{' . o;df eQmx¿sf] nflu cg]sf}+ kmfO{bfx¿ 5g\ . / j|tn] dfgj lgi7fjfgx¿sf] >]0fLdf lj/fhdfg eOxfN5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M

cy{ M cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û -df]ldgx¿_ ltdLnfO{ /f]hf /fVg' clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 h;/L ltdLeGbf klxn]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] . h;af6 ls ltdL ;+odL aGg ;s . - ;"/tn\ as/M !*# _

ha dfG5] cNnfxsf] s[kf kfpgsf] nflu dfq cfkm\gf] x/]s ;'v zflGt / ef]hg / x/]s cj}w lqmofsnfknfO{ 5fl8lbG5 ta Tof] lgM;+b]x lgi7fjfgx¿ dWo]sf] eOxfN5 .

/ j|taf6 c;xfox¿sf] cj:yf klg a'em\g ;xfotf ldN5 / of] cfef; x'G5 ls s;/L bl/b|x¿ cfkm\gf] hLjg JotLt u5{g\, clg ;d[4x¿sf] x[bodf bof a:5 clg c;xfox¿sf] ;xfotf u5{g\ / of] j|tsf] kmfO{bf dWo] Ps xf] .

/ o:t} j|taf6 dfG5]nfO{ of] klg cfef; x'G5 ls xfdL ;a} d'l:ndx¿ Pp6} ;d"x xf}+, km]l/ ;dfhdf Pstfsf] jftfj/0f aG5 . / o:t} j|taf6 cfkm\gf] xj;nfO{ dfg]{ z}nL Pj+ u'0f k|fKt x'G5, / a'/fO{ - s'sd{ _af6 afFRg] zlQm k|fKt x'G5 . / o:t} ;d[4nfO{ cNnfxsf] cg'u|x h'g

90

cNnfxn] p;dfly u/]sf] 5 To; cg'u|xsf] dxTj yfxf x'G5 .

/ o:t} j|t ;+od cyjf ;xgzLntfsf] kf7 k9fpF5, / cfkm\gf] nIodf ;'b[9 /xg' klg l;sfpF5, / hLjgsf] k|To]s kl/l:yltsf] b[9tf k"j{s ;fdgf ug'{ l;sfpF5 .

/ o:t} pkjf; /fVg' k"0f{ O{dfgsf] lgzfgL -nIf0f_ klg xf], lsgls To;df dfG5] cfkm\gf] OR5f kl/Tofu u/L cNnfxsf] OR5f cg';f/ ef]s ltvf{sf] ;xg u5{ dfq cNNfxsf] bof kfpgsf] nflu .

/ o:t} j|t cf}iflw xf] To; dfG5]sf] nflu h;nfO{ ljjfx ug]{ Ifdtf 5}g . xbL;df j0f{g 5 ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M æ x] o'jsx¿sf] ;d"x ltdL dWo] h;df ljx]ug]{ Ifdtf Pj+ OR5f 5 eg] Tof] ljx] ul/xfnf];\, lsgls of] b[li6nfO{ tn /fV5 / u'KtfËsf] /Iff u5{, / h;nfO{ ljx]ug]{ Ifdtf 5}g Tof] j|t a;f];\ lsgls of] To;sf] nflu sjr xf] Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ o:t} of] j|t dfgjhfltnfO{ hgfj/af6 leGg u5{ . / of] j|t dfgjdf cledfgaf6 afFRg] afgL a;fN5, / k|]d :g]x ;/ntfsf] afgL a;fN5 . / o:t} j|t a;]df dfG5] lxi6k'i6 klg x'b}hfG5 lsgls h;/L xfdLnfO{ lj>fd rflxG5 p:t} xfd|f] kfrg zlQmnfO{ klg lj>fd rflxG5 / j|t a;]df xfd|f] kfrs zlQm lj>fd kfpF5, o;} sf/0f xfd|f] z/L/ :j:y eOxfN5 . / o:t} j|t xfdLnfO{ ;dosf] kfaGb - cg'zflzt _ agfpF5 . h;/L cNnfxsf] syg 5 M

91

cy{ M /f]hfsf] /fqLdf ltdLnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jf:gLl;t ;xjf;sf] cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 . ltgLx¿ ltd|f a:q x'g\ / ltdLx¿ pgsf a:q xf} . cNnfxnfO{ To; s'/fsf] hfgsf/L 5 h'g ls ltdLx¿n] uf]Ko ¿kn] ub{Yof} . -t;y{_ p;n] ltdLdfly s[kf u/L ltd|f] Ifdfofrgf :jLsf/ u/L ltd|f] lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ Ifdf ul/lbof] ca ltdLnfO{ ;xjf;ug]{ / cNnfxn] h] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] 5 To; rLhsf] vf]hL ug]{ Ohfht 5 . ltdLn] ta ;Dd vfg kLg u/ ha;Dd ls k|ftMsf] ;]tf] wsf]{ -/ftLsf]_ sfnf] wsf]{af6 :ki6 eO{ ghfcf];\ . km]l/ j|ta;L_ ;fFem;Dd /f]hf k"/f u/ / ha ltdL dl:hbx¿df Pltsfkm -PsfGtdf pkf;gf_ sf] nflu a;]sf x'G5f}, ta cfˆgf :qLl;t ;xjf; gu/ . oL cNnfxaf6 lgwf{l/t ul/Psf ;Ldf x'g\, ltgLx¿ 5]p klg ghfg' . o:t} lsl;dn] cNnfx cfkm\gf cfotx¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf j0f{g ub{5, tfls ltgLx¿ cfTd;+odL ag'g\ . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !*& _

/ o:t} j|t dfG5]nfO{ em"7 af]Ng', s'sd{ ug'{, 5nsk6 ug'{af6 arfpF5, /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] syg 5 M æ h'g dfG5] em'7 af]Ng 5f8b}g To;sf] j|tsf] cNnfxnfO{ s'g} cjZostf 5}g Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ O:nfdsf] clGtd :tDe xHh xf], cyf{t dSsf d's/{df l:yt sc\afsf] hLjgdf Ps k6s kl/qmdf ug'{ Tof] dfG5] dfly clgjfo{ 5 h'g dfG5] cfkm" leq o;sf] ;fdY{o kfpF5 . / h; dfG5]df o;sf] ;fdY{o 5}g

92

To;nfO{ cNNffxn] Ifdf ul/lbg' eP5 cyf{t To;nfO{ s'g} kfk nfUb}g .

/ xHhdf ljleGg k|sf/sf kmfO{bfx¿ 5g\ xHh ug]{ dfG5]sf] nflu / c?sf] nflu klg h;/L cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M :d/0f u/ ha xfdLn] Oa|fxLd -cn}lc:;nfd_sf] lglDt cNnfxsf] 3/ -sc\af_ 7]ufgf agfof}+, o; cfb]zsf] ;fy ls d]/f] bfFhf]df s;}nfO{ ;fem]bf/ g7x/fpg' d]/f] 3/nfO{ tjfkm -kl/qmdf_ ug]{, pkf;gf ug,]{ gdfh k9\g] -?s"c\ / l;Hbf ug]{x¿_ x¿sf] lglDt kljq /fv . / dflg;x¿df xHhsf] lglDt pb\3f]if0ff ul/lbg' ls ltgLx¿ ltd|f] kf;df 6f9f–6f9faf6, k}bn klg cfpg] 5g\ / b'anf kftnf pm“6x¿ dfly ;jf/ eO{ cg]s af6f] eP/ cfpFg]5g\ . -ltgLx¿n]_ cfkm\gf nfe k|fKt ug{ cfpmg\ / tL lglZrt lbgx¿df tL rf}kfofx¿dfly cNnfxsf] gfd lnpmg\, h'g kfNt" 5g\ . clg To;af6 :jod\ klg vfpm / u/La lgd'vfx¿nfO{ klg v'jfpm . km]l/ pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos 5 ls cfˆgf kmf]xf]/–d}nf vtd kf?g\ -skfn OToflb ;kmf u?g\_ / cfkm\gf saf]n u/]sf s'/fx¿ -dGgtx¿_ k"/f u?g\ / cNnfxsf] o; k"/ftg 3/sf] tjfkm -kl/qmdf_ u?g\ . oL s'/fx¿sf] Wofg /fv / hf] sf]xL cNnfxåf/f lgwf{l/t dof{bfx¿sf] cfb/ ub{5, of] p;sf] kfngstf{ sxfF p;}sf] lglDt /fd|f] x'g]5, / ltd|f] lglDt rf}kfof kz'x¿ xnfn ul/Psf 5g\, tL afx]s h'g ls ltdLnfO{ elg;lsPsf] 5 .

93

t;y{ ltdLx¿n] d"lt{x¿sf] ckljqtfaf6 aRg'k5{ / em"7f] s'/fx¿af6 klg aRg'k5{ . - ;"/t'n\ xHh @^–#) _

xHhsf] ;d:t lqmofsnfk Ps]Zj/jfbnfO{ k|dfl0ft u5{ / dfq Ps cNnfxsf] k"hfnfO{ bz{fp5, / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cg'z/0fsf] kf7 k9fpF5 . cyf{t O:nfdsf] d"ndGq nfOnfxf ONnNNffx d'xDdb'/{;"n'Nnfxsf] cy{nfO{ bzf{pF5 . / xHhsf] ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kmfO{bf xf] P]s]Zj/jfbnfO{ bzf{pg' h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M :d/0f u/ ha xfdLn] Oa|fxLd -cn}lx:;nfd_sf] lglDt cNnfxsf] 3/ -sc\af_ 7]ufgf agfof}+, o; cfb]zsf] ;fy ls d]/f] bfFhf]df s;}nfO{ ;fem]bf/ g7x/fpg' d]/f] 3/nfO{ tjfkm -kl/qmdf_ ug]{, pkf;gf ug]{ gdfh k9\g] -?s"c\ / l;Hbf ug]{x¿_ x¿sf] lglDt kljq /fv . -;"/t'n\ xHh @^_

o:t} To;sf] nfe dWo] of] klg xf] ls dfG5] lgi7fjfg eOxfN5, / cNnfxsf] eoqf; To;sf] x[bodf hfu[t eOxfN5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M

cy{ M of] ;'Gof} ca oL s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofg b]pm . h'g JolQmn] cNnfxsf lgzfgLx¿sf] cfb/ / ;Ddfg ub{5, lgM;Gb]x tL s'/fx¿ p;sf] x[bosf] wd{k/fo0ftf l;t ;DaGw /fVb5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ xHh #@ _

/ o:t} xHhsf] ;d:t lqmofsnfk cNnfxsf] k"hf c/fwgf g} xf], / o;af6 dfG5]df k"hf c/fwgfsf] afgL a:5 .

94

/ o:t} xHhsf] ;a} eGbf pTs[i6 kmfO{bf xf] Û -xfhL_ xHh ug]{ dfG5]sf] ;a} kfk gi6 eOxfN5g\ , /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ h'g dfG5] o; 3/ - sc\af _ ;Dd cfof] clg ufnL unf]h / cj}w sfo{af6 aRof], Tof] o:tf] eP/ kms{g]5 h;/L Tof] hGd]sf] lyof] Æ . cyf{t To;sf ;a} kfkx¿nfO{ cNNffx Ifdf ul/lbG5 . - d'l:nd _

/ cd/ lag cf; /hLcNnfxf] cGxf] cfkm\gf] j[tfGt j0f{g ub}{ eGg' x'G5 ls d gaL ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;dIf k'u]+ / eg]+M ls cfkm\gf] xft cuf8L ug'{;\ d O:nfd :jLsf/ u5'{, /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] cfkm\gf] xft cuf8L ug'{ eof], t/ d}n] cfkm\gf] xftnfO{ k5f8L kmsf{P+ t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] ;f]Wg' eof] cd/ s] eof] < d}n] eg]+ d Pp6f saf]n ug{ rfxG5', pxfFn] eGg' eof]M s] saf]n xf] eg, d}n] eg]+ M saf]n of] xf] ls O:nfd :jLsf/] kZrft d]/f] kl5Nnf] kfkx¿ Ifdf ul/of];\ . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M s] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g ls O:nfd Tof] ;a} kfknfO{ gi6 ul/lbG5 h'g O:nfd eGbf klxnf ul/Psf x'g\ , / o:t} k|jf; klg k|jf; eGbf klxnfsf ;d:t kfkx¿nfO{ gi6 kfl/lbG5, / o:t} xHh klg xHh eGbf klxnfsf ;d:t kfkx¿nfO{ gi6 kfl/lbG5 . - d'l:nd _

/ xHhdf ;+;fl/s / k/nf}lss nfex¿ 5g\ h;/L Ps cfsf{l;t k|]d, :g]x, d]nldnfk, ;a}df ;dfgtf rfx] Tof] dfG5] s'g} ju{sf] klg xf];\, / of] ;dfgtf x/]s s'/fdf

95

x'G5 h;/L n'ufdf ;dfgtf, k"hfdf ;dfgtf, dGqdf ;dfgtf, :yndf ;dfgtf, ;DklQdf ;dfgtf === cflb . rfx] Tof] /fhf xf];\ cyjf k|hf, ;a}nfO{ ToxL n'uf nufpg' k5{ h'g bl/b| cyjf k|hfn] nufPsf] 5, / ToxL 7fpFdf a:g' k5{ h'g 7fpFdf bl/b| a;]sf] 5, / ToxL k"hf ug'{k5{ / To;} ;do ug'{k5{ h'g ;do ;a} ul//x]sf x'g]5g\, ToxfF s]xL e]befj ug{ ;Sb}g . cyf{t xHh ;dfgtfsf] cgf]7f] pbfx/0f xf] .

/ o:t} xHhdf Joj;flos / cfly{s nfe klg 5g\ . cyf{t xfhL xHh ug]{ qmddf Joj;fo klg ug{ ;S5, / v/Lb laqmL klg ug{ ;S5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M ltdLdfly -xhsf lbgx¿df Jofkf/sf] dfWodaf6_ cfkm\gf] hLljsf k|fKt ug{df s]xL kfk 5}g . ha ltdLx¿ c/kmftaf6 kms{G5f}, ta ……dZc?n x/fddfÚÚ -d'hbn]kmfdf_ cNnfxnfO{ :d/0f u/, / p;sf] :d/0f To;/L u/ h;/L p;n] ltdLx¿nfO{ cfb]z u/]sf] 5 oBlk o;eGbf cufl8 ltdLx¿ af6f] lj/fPsf lyof} . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !(* _

/ o:t} xHh xHhofqLnfO{ ;xgzLntf, :g]x, k|]d=== cflb l;sfpF5, / /fd|f] Jojxf/ / /fd|f] s'/f ug{] z}nL atfpF5, / Pscfsf{;+u s;/L a:g] s;/L vfg] s;/L :jfut ug]{ ==== cflb l;sfpF5 .

96

O:nfd ;/ntf :jtGqf Pj+ Ifdfsf] wd{

O:nfdsf] pTs[i6 ljz]iftfx¿ dWo] ;/ntf / IfdfzLn x'g' klg xf] . h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ of] wd{ ;'ljwf / ;/ntfsf] wd{ xf] Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ dnfO{ IfdfzLn wd{ O:nfdnfO{ lbP/ k7fOPsf] 5 Æ . - hfd]pn\ cxfbL; _

/ Ifdf Pj+ ;/ntf / ;'ljwf O:nfdsf] k|To]s lgb]{zgaf6 k|s6 x'G5, a? Ifdf / ;/ntf O:nfdsf ljz]if u'0f x'g\ . / of] O:nfd s7f]/ kl/>d, Ifdtf eGbf clws sfo{ ug]{ cfb]z lbb}g a? cfkm\gf] Ifdtf / zlQm cg';f/ sd{ ug]{ cfb]z lbG5 . / h'g dfG5] ug{ ;Sb}g rfx] Tof] clgjfo{ lsg gxf];\ To;nfO{ To; dfG5]sf] nflu Ifdf ul/lbG5 . cyf{t To;nfO{ 5f8]df s]xL kfk bf]if nfUb}g . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M cNnfxn] s;}nfO{ p;sf] zlQm eGbf a9L si6 lbb}g . h'g g]sLsf] sfd p;n] ub{5 To;sf] k|ltkmn kfpF5 / hf] kfk sd{ ub{5 To;sf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug] 5 . x] xfd|f /a Û olb xfdLaf6 s'g} e"n jf q'l6 ePsf] eP xfdLnfO{ bf]ifL g 7x/fpg' . x] kfngstf{ Û xfdLdfly To:tf] ef/ g/fVg' h:tf] ls ltdLn] xfdLeGbf cufl8sf dflg;x¿ dfly /fv]sf lyof} . x] xfd|f /a Û h'g ef/

97

af]Sg ;Sg] Ifdtf xfdLdf 5}g To:tf] ef/L xfdLdfly g/fVg' / -x] xfd|f /a Û_ xfd|f] e"nq'l6sf] lglDt xfdLnfO{ Ifdf u/ / d'lQm k|bfg u/ / xfdLdfly bof u/, ltdL g} xfd|f] :jfdL xf} / xfdLnfO{ sflkm/x¿dfly ljho k|bfg u/ . - ;"/t'n\ as/M @*^ _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M cy{ M h'g dflg;x¿n] xfd|f] cfotx¿dfyL cf:yf

/fv] / ;t\sd{ u/]sf 5g\ To; ljifodf xfdLn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ p;sf] Ifdtf eGbf a9L lhDd]jf/L lbg] 5}gf}+ . o:tf dflg;x¿ g} :ju{sf lgjf;L x'g\ . hf] ;w}+ To;df af; ug]{5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ cc\/fkm $@ _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M cy{ M ;fdYo{jfgn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ vr{

ug'{k5{ / h;sf] hLljsfdf sdL 5 p;nfO{ rflxG5 ls hlt cNnfxn] p;nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5, To; cg';f/ vr{ u/f];\ . h]–hlt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 To;eGbf al9 cNnfxn] s'g} JolQmdfly lhDd]jf/Lsf] af]em /fVb}g . zL3| g} cNnfxn] sl7gfO{ kZrft ;'udtfsf] ;[li6 ul/lbg]5 . - ;"/t't\ tnfs & _

/ o; s'/fsf] cfwf/df ls cNnfx To; s'/fsf] cfb]z ub{}g h;sf] eQmnfO{ zlQm g} 5}g O:nfdsf w]/} lgb]{zgx¿ agfOPsf 5g\ h;/L lgb|f, kfunkg, c;fjwfg, a]az - afWo _ == cflb . o:tf ljz]if cj:yfx¿df dfG5] dfly s]xL clgjfo{ x'Fb}g . / cNnfx o:tf ;a} cj:yfx¿af/] ;f]Wk"5 ub}{gg\, / of] cNnfxsf]

98

k"0f{ ;+;f/dfly bof g} xf] h;n] ubf{ cNnfxn] Tof] sfo{ ug]{ clgjgo{ u¥of] h'g xfdL ug{ ;S5f}+ . / olb xfdL s'g} sfo{nfO{ k"0f{tM ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ t/ clwst/ jf To;sf] s]xL efunfO{ ug{ ;S5f}+ eg] h'g ug{ ;S5f}+ ToxL xfdL dfly clgjfo{ 5 afFsL xfd|f] nflu dfkm 5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M cNnfxn] s;}nfO{ p;sf] zlQmeGbf a9L si6 lbb}g . h'g g]sLsf] sfd p;n] ub{5 To;sf] k|ltkmn kfpF5 / hf] kfk ub{5 To;sf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug] 5 . x] xfd|f /a Û olb xfdLaf6 s'g} e"n jf q'l6 ePsf] eP xfdLnfO{ bf]ifL g 7x/fpg' . x] kfngstf{ Û xfdLdfly To:tf] ef/L g/fVg' h:tf] ls ltdLn] xfdL eGbf cufl8sf dflg;x¿ dfly /fv]sf lyof} . x] xfd|f /a Û h'g ef/L af]Sg ;Sg] Ifdtf xfdLdf 5}g To:tf] ef/L xfdLdfly g/fVg' / -x] xfd|f /a Û_ xfd|f e"nq'l6sf] lgldQ xfdLnfO{ Ifdf u/ / d'lQm k|bfg u/ / xfdLdfly bof u/, ltdL g} xfd|f] :jfdL xf] / xfdLnfO{ sflkm/x¿dfly ljho k|bfg u/ . - ;"/t'n\ as/M @*^ _

lsgls x/]s dg'iosf] Ifdtf / zlQm leGg x'G5 / To;sf] jf:tljs Ifdtf jf:tjdf To;} dfG5]nfO{ g} yfxf x'G5 / cNnfxnfO{ . xfdL s;}nfO{ of] eGg ;Sb}gf}+ ls ltd|f] zlQm olt 5 , clg egd\ ls ctLs of] ug{ ;S5 t/ cxdb of] ug{ ;Sb}g lsgls b'j}sf] sfo{z}nL leGg x'G5 / b'j}sf] zlQm leGg x'G5 . o;}n] cNnfxn] Ifdtf / sfo{z}nL h;nfO{ hlt k|bfg u/]5 To;} cg';f/ lx;fa

99

klg lnG5 . a? cNnfxn] t cfkm\gf] s?0ffn] Tof] sfo{sf] klg cfb]z u/]g h'g xfdL ug{ ;S5f}+ h;/L xfdL @$ 306fdf % avtsf] gdfh k95f}+ t/ ^ jf & avtsf] gdfh klg k9g] Ifdtf xfdLdf 5 t/ cNnfxn] xfd|f] ;/ntfsf] nflu % avt dfq clgjfo{ u¥of], h;n] ubf{ eQmnfO{ s'g} si6 gxf];\ . / o:t} O:nfdsf c? lgb]{zgx¿ klg 5g\ h;/L /f]hf , hsft=== cflb .

o; ljk/Lt cNnfxn] xfdL eGbf cl3Nnf] pDdtLx¿ dfly si6bfos sfo{x¿ klg clgjfo{ u/]sf] lyof] h:tf] ls ox"bLx¿ dfly . t/ xfdLdfly cNnfxn] bof u¥of] clg ;a} si6bfos sd{af6 xfdLnfO{ d'lQm k|bfg u¥of] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M h'g dflg;x¿n] o:tf /;"n, gaL pDdL -lg/If/_ sf] cg'z/0f u5{g\, h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] cfkm'sxfF tf}/ft / OGhLndf n]lvPsf] kfpF5g\ . pgn] pgLx¿nfO{ c;n s'/fsf] cfb]z ub{5g\ / g/fd|f s'/fx¿af6 dgfxL ub{5g\ / :jR5 s'/fnfO{ xnfn -:jLsfo{_ atfpF5g\ / ckljq s'/fnfO{ x/fd -jlh{t_ atfpF5g\ / ltgLxL? dflyaf6 Tof] af]em ptfb{5g\ h'g clxn];Dd pgLx¿ dfly nflbPsf lyP aGwgx¿nfO{ km'Ssf ub{5g\ h;df pgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP . ct M hf] dflg;x¿ To; gaLdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ / pgsf] ;dy{g ub{5g\ / pgsf] ;xfotf ub{5g\, / To; k|sfznfO{ dfGb5g\ hf] pgsf] ;fydf k7fOPsf] 5 . o:tf dflg;x¿ k"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{jfnf 5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ cc\/fkm !%& _

100

/ df]ldgx¿sf] ljGtLnfO{ ;/fxb} cNnfxn] o:tf] j0f{g u/]sf] 5 M

cy{ M cNnfxn] s;}nfO{ p;sf] zlQmeGbf a9L si6 lbb}g . h'g g]sLsf] sfd p;n] ub{5 To;sf] k|ltkmn kfpF5 / hf] kfk ub{5 To;sf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug] 5 . x] xfd|f /a Û olb xfdLaf6 s'g} e"n jf q'l6 ePsf] eP xfdLnfO{ bf]ifL g 7x/fpg' . x] kfngstf{ Û xfdLdfly To:tf] ef/L g/fVg' h:tf] ls ltdLn] xfdL eGbf cufl8sf dflg;x¿ dfly /fv]sf lyof} . x] xfd|f /a Û h'g ef/L af]Sg ;Sg] Ifdtf xfdLdf 5}g To:tf] ef/L xfdLdfly g/fVg' / -x] xfd|f /a Û_ xfd|f e"nq'l6sf] lgldQ xfdLnfO{ Ifdf u/ / d'lQm k|bfg u/ / xfdLdfly bof u/, ltdL g} xfd|f] :jfdL xf} / xfdLnfO{ sflkm/x¿ dfly ljho k|bfg u/ . - ;"/t'n\ as/M @*^ _

km]l/ cNnfxn] o;} b'cf / ljGtLsf] hjfkmdf eGof]M æ d}n] ltd|f] k|fy{gf :jLsf/ u/]+ Æ . - d'l:nd _

/ of] cfot - Znf]s _ O;nfdsf] ljzfn lgb]{zg dWo] Ps xf] h;nfO{ cfkm\gf] /;"n d'xDdbsf] dfWodn] xfdLdfly cjtl/t u/L xfdLdfly dxfg pksf/ u¥of], lsgls agL O;|fO{n - O;|fO{nsf] ;Gtlt _nfO{ of] cfb]z lyof] ls olb pgsf] n'ufdf lbzf lkzfa nfUof] eg] To;nfO{ sf6]/ kmflnlbpg\ clg dfq Tof] n'uf kljq x'g]5 . t/ cNnfxsf] bofn] xfdLnfO{ of] cfb]z ljk/Lt To;nfO{ wf]O{ kljq ug]{ cfb]z ul/of] . cyf{t xfd|f] n'uf ;kmf /

101

:jR5 Pj+ kljq kfgLåf/f eOxfN5, / kljq x'g'sf] ;fy ;fy} To; n'ufdf s'g} bf]if klg nfUb}g .

/ o:t} agL O;|fO{nsf] k"hf sgL;f / luhf{3/ - O{:fO{ / ox"bLx¿sf] k"hf :yn _df g} k"hf dfGo x'GYof] t/ xfd|f] k"hf h'g;'s} :yndf klg x'G;S5, dl:hb - d'l:ndx¿sf] k"hf :yn _ d} k"hf :jLsfo{ x'g]5 o:tf] s'g} cfb]z 5}g of] cNnfxsf] k/d\bof xf]Og / <

/ o:t} O:nfdn] a[4 cj:yfdf, ofqfdf, e'n]df, la;]{df, anhkmtL u/]df, afWo ePdf ljz]if :jtGqtf lbPsf] 5, of] klg bofsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .

/ o:t} gdfh clgjfo{ 5, / k"?ifx¿dfly of] klg clgjfo{ 5 ls gdfh dl:hbdf uO{ sfod u?g\, t/ s'g} sf/0f To;sf] Ifdtf Pj+ zlQm 5}g cyf{t s7f]/ kl/>d u/L dfq dl:hb ;Dd k'Ug ;S5 eg] To;af6 of] clgjfo{tf lgnlDat eOxfN5 Tof] hxfF klg xf];\ ToxL+ g} gdfh sfod u/f];\ .

/ o:t} ofqfdf Ps};fy b'O{ avtsf] gdfh k9g] eQmnfO{ :jtGqtf 5 tyf rf/ /sctnfO{ b'O{ u/L k9g] klg k"0f{ :jtGqtf 5 . of] klg cNnfxsf] bofsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] h'g dfq d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿nfO{ k|fKt 5 .

/ o:t} gdfh k9g'sf] nflu kfgLaf6 jh" u/]/ kljq eO{ dfq k9g] cfb]z 5, t/ ;+of]uaz s;}nfO{ kfgL ldn]g cyjf clws hf8f] 5 jf Tof] dfG5]l;t olt kfgL 5 ls jh" u/] kZrft vfg] kfgL ldNb}g eg] To;nfO{

102

df6f]af6 toDd'd ug]{ :jtGqtf 5 . - toDd'd M jh"sf] ljsNk xf], toDd'd ug]{ tl/sf of] xf] ls dfG5] cfkm\gf] xftnfO{ Ps k6s df6f] dfly xfgf];\ jf :kz{ u/f];\ clg xftnfO{ cfkm\gf] xft Pj+ cg'xf/ dfly :kz{ ub{} d;x u/f];\ . -cg'jfbs _

/ o:t} lj/fdL / ofqLnfO{ of] :jtGqtf 5 ls /dhfgsf] j|t cfsf]{ dlxgfdf a;f];\ . / o:t} lzz' k|;j kZrft /utsf] cj:yfdf cyjf /fh:jnfsf] cj:yfdf cfO{dfO{x¿nfO{ of] :jtGqtf 5 ls cfkm\gf] j|tnfO{ cfsf]{ lbgx¿df a;'g\ .

/ o:t} xHh hLjgdf dfq Ps k6s clgjfo{ 5 To; dfG5]sf] nflu h'g dfG5]l;t zf/Ll/s / cfly{s Ifdtf xf];\, / h'g dfG5]l;t Ifdtf 5}g To;dfly xHh clgjfo{ 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M o;df :ki6 lgzfgLx¿ 5g\, h;dWo] Pp6f Oa|fxLdsf] pleg] :yn xf] . o;df hf] k|j]z ub{5, To;n] cdg -zflGt_ k|fKt ub{5 . dflg;x¿ dfly cNnfxsf] xs 5 ls h;n] To; 3/;Dd k'Ug] ;fdYo{ /fVb5, To;n] xh - wfld{s ofqf_ u/f];\ . s;}n] olb o; cfb]zsf] kfng ub}{g eg] cNnfx klg p; l;t a? ;+;f/af6 lg:k[x 5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg (& _

pk/f]Qmdf j0f{g ul/Psf ;a} s'/fx¿ O:nfdsf] ;/ntf / IfdfzLntfsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ dfq x'g\ .

/ o:t} O:nfd e"nr"s / la;]{/ u/]sf sd{dfly bf]ifL 7x/fpFb}g . / o:t} cgle1 JolQmnfO{ klg bf]ifL 7x/fpFb}g

103

h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ cNnfxn] d]/f] pDdtLx¿sf] e'n]/ lj;]{/ cyjf anhkmtLdf k/L u/]sf sfo{ / q'l6x¿nfO{ Ifdf ul/lbPsf] 5 Æ . - Oag] dfhf, d':tb/s xflsd _

/ oL h:t} w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ s'/cfg / xbL; el/Psf 5g\ h;nfO{ OR5f xf];\ s'/cfg / xbL;df x]/L nfeflGjt xf];\ .

/ O:nfdsf] Ifdf :jtGqtf / ;/ntfsf] k|df0fsf] nflu /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] of] syg g} k|ofKt 5 pxfF ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ ha ltdLx¿nfO{ s'g} sfo{ ug]{ cfb]z ul/of];\ ta cfkm\gf] Ifdtf cg';f/ dfq hlt ug{ ;S5f} Tolt g} u/ Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ o:t} cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M cy{ M x] df]ldgx¿Û ha ltdLn] gdfh k9\g] ljrf/

u5f}{ ta d'v / s'Ogf] ;d]t xft w'g' / cfˆgf] 6fpsf]sf] d;x -kfgLn] xft lehfO{ lgwf/b]lv k5fl8;Dd :kz{_ u/ / cfˆgf v'§f uf]nL ufF7f]b]lv 5]kf/L;Dd wf]pm / olb ltdL ckljq 5f} eg] :gfg u/ / olb ltdL lj/fdL 5f} jf ofqfdf 5f} jf ltdLx¿dWo] sf]xL zf}rfnoaf6 -lbzfaf6 lgj[t eP/_ cfPsf] 5 jf ltdLn] :jf:gL;Fu ;xjf; u/]sf 5f} / ltdLnfO{ kfgL pknAw 5}g eg] kljq df6f]nfO{ :kz{ u/L xft / d'vsf] d;x -:kz{_ u/ . cNnfxn] ltdLnfO{ cK7\of/f]df kfg{ rfxFb}g, a? Tof] ltdLnfO{ kljq ug{ rfxG5 / cfˆgf] c;Ld s[kf ltdLnfO{

104

k|bfg ug{ rfxG5 h;af6 ltdL s[t1 eO{ g} /x . - ;"/t'n\ dfObM ^ _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5M cy{ M /dfhfgsf] dlxgf Tof] xf] h'g dlxgfdf

s'/cfg ptfl/of], hf] dflg;x¿sf] nflu ky k|bz{s xf] / h;df dfu{bz{g / ;To / c;TonfO{ 5'§ofpg] lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . ltdLx¿dWo] h;n] klg of] dlxgf kfcf];\ To;n] k"/f dlxgfsf] a|t a;f];\ xf], hf] la/fdL 5 cyjf ofqfdf 5 pm cGo lbgx¿df -a|t a;L_ To;sf] u0fgf k"/f u/f];\ . cNnfx ltd|f] lglDt ;'ljwf rfxG5 s7f]/tf rfxb}g . p;n] rfxG5 ls ltdLn] luGtL -/f]hfsf]_ k"/f u/ / cNnfxn] dfu{bz{g u/]jfkt p;sf] k|z+;f j0f{g u/, tfls p;k|lt s[t1 aGg ;s . - ;"/t'n\ as/M !*% _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5M cy{ M t;y{ hxfF;Dd ltdLaf6 x'g;S5, cNnfxl;t

8/ dfGg] u/ / p;sf cfb]zx¿nfO{ ;'Gb} / kfng ub}{ hfpm . / p;sf] dfu{df vr{ ug]{ u/, -of]_ ltd|f] xsdf /fd|f] 5 . / hf] cfˆgf] dgsf] nf]e / s~h";Laf6 ;'/lIft /Xof] t pxL g} ;kmn eof] . - ;"/t't\ tufa'g !^ _

/ h'g sfo{df cNnfxn] ug]{ gug]{af/] clVtof/ lbPsf] 5 To;df klg gug]{ g} pQd 5 . lsgls /;"n NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ cNnfxnfO{ :jtGqtf lbg' clt pQd / clwstd\ lk|o 5 Æ . - d':gb cxdb _

105

/ p:t} d'xDdb NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd cfkm\gf] ;fyLx¿nfO{ o:tf sd{af6 /f]s]sf lyP h'g si6bfos 5 h:tf] ls Pp6f nfdf] xbL;df j0f{g 5 M ls æ tLg hfgsf] ;d"x /;"n NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] 3/ ;Dd cfP /;"n NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] k"hf z}nL ;f]Wg'sf] nflu, clg ha pgLx¿nfO{ /;"n NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] k"hfaf/] atfOof] t pgLx¿n] /;"n NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] k"hfnfO{ w]/} sd a'em] / eg] M xfdL t gaL NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd h:tf] x'g ;Sb}gf}+ lsgls pxfFsf] ;a} kfkbf]if t cNnfxn] Ifdf ul/lbPsf 5g\ . clg tL dWo] Pp6fn] eGof]M d t ;b}j k"0f{ /fqL gdfh g} k95', / cfsf]{n] eGof]M d t ;b}j j|t g} a:g]5', clg t];|f]n] eGof]M d t ljx] g} ulb{g . clg ha /;"n NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ pgLx¿sf] s'/f] k'Uof] t /;"n NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd pgL ;dIf cfO{ ;f]Wg' eof] ls s] ltdLx¿n] g} o:tf] o:tf] eg]sf xf} < / eg] ;'g Û cNnfxsf] zky d ltdL eGbf clws cNnfx l;t 8/ dfGg]jfnf x"F, / ;a} eGbf lgi7fjfg klg 5', t/ d j|t klg a:5' / ef]hg klg u5{', gdfh klg k95' / ;'t5' klg, / ljx] klg u5{', ;fjwfg Û h;n] klg d]/f] of] k4ltaf6 ljd'v x'G5 Tof] xfdL dWo]sf] xf]Og Æ . -a'vf/L_

106

O:nfd lg;fkm ;dfgtf / Gofosf] wd{

O:nfdsf] ljz]if ljz]iftf dWo] ;dfgtf / lg;fkm klg xf], lsgls of] cNnfx åf/f cjtl/t ul/Psf] 5 h'g Gofostf{ xf] / GofonfO{ dgk/fpF5 / cTofrf/nfO{ 3[0ff u5{ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M / sd{kq dfemdf /flvg]5, ta ltdLn] To;af6 kfkLx¿nfO{ eoeLt ePsf] b]Vg]5f} / ltgLx¿n] eGg]5g\ s:tf] ckmzf]r of] s:tf] lstfa xf] ls g ;fgf] s'/f]nfO{ 5f]8]\5 g 7"nf], / hf] sd{ u/]sf x'G5g\ ;a}nfO To;df kfpg]5g\, / ltd|f] kfngstf{n] s;}dfly cGofo jf cTofrf/ ug]{5}g . - ;"/t'n\ sxkm $( _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M cy{ M o;df s'g} z+sf 5}g ls cNnfx s;}l;t

clnslt klg cGofo ub}{g, olb k'0o sfd ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ b'O{ u'0ff ul/lbG5 / cfˆgf] tkm{af6 7"nf] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ub{5 . - ;"/t'g\ lg;f $) _

/ o;} sf/0f O:nfdsf] x/]s lgb]{zgaf6 lg;fkm / ;dfgtfsf] emns b]lvG5 . / xfdLnfO{ yfxf g} 5 ls Gofo ;a}nfO{ g} lk|o x'G5 o;} sf/0f O:nfdn] ;a} lgb]{zgx¿df GofonfO{ k|d'v :yfg lbPsf] 5 . / Gofosf] pTs[i6td\ pbfx/0f Ps cNnfxsf] k"hf ug]{ cfb]z xf], lsgls h;n] ;[li6 u/]5 To;}sf] k"hf ug'{ g} Goflos

107

cflwsf/ xf], / To; afx]s c? s;}sf] pkf;gf ug]{ v'Nnf cTofrf/ / cGofo xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M / -:d/0f u/_ ha n's ≥dfg-cn}lx:;nfd_n] cfkm\gf 5f]/fnfO{ g;Lxt ub}{ eg]M ls d]/f] Kof/f] 5f]/f Û cNnfxsf] ;fydf s;}nfO{ ;fem]bf/ g7x/fpmg', lgZro g} lzs{ -ax'b]jjfb_ 7"nf] cTofrf/ xf] . - ;"/t' n'sdfg !# _

/ o:t} of] O:nfdsf] Gofo g} xf] h;n]ubf{ O:nfdn] cfkm\gf] ;d:t lgb]{zgdf ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6nfO{ ;Daf]lwt u/]sf] 5 To;df d'l:nd, u}/d'l:nd, gaL, jnL, ljåfg, cgle1, 1fgL, lg/If/, /fhf, k|hf, cflb ;a} zlDdlnt 5g\ .

o:t} ha s;}nfO{ s'g} sfo{df :jtGqtf - clVtof/ _ lbOG5 Tof] clVtof/ ;a}sf] nflu ;dfg x'G5 o:tf] 5}g ls cdL/ -;d[4_sf] nflu /f]hg] clVtof/ xf];\ / u/LanfO{ gxf];\, a? ;a}nfO{ ;dfg clVtof/ x'G5 of] O:nfdsf] Gofo xf]Og t s] xf] <

/ O:nfdsf] Gofo dWo] of] klg xf] ls O:nfddf h'g b08 lbg] sfg"g / ljlwx¿ 5g\ ;a}sf] nflu ;dfg 5g\ . / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd cNnfxsf] clGtd /;"n eG5g\ olb d]/f] 5f]/Ln] klg rf]/L u/f];\ eg] To;sf] xft klg sfl6g]5 . xbL;df j0f{g 5 ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ ls ltdLx¿ eGbf klxnfsf ;d"xx¿ o; sf/0f aaf{b ul/P ls ha pgLx¿ dWo]sf ;d[4 dfG5]n] rf]/L u¥Yof] ta To;nfO{ 5fl8lbGy], t/ ha s'g} lga{n u/La rf]/L u¥Yof] ta To;nfO{ bl08t uy{],/

108

cNnfxsf] zky olb d]/f] 5f]/L kmfltdfn] klg rf]/L u/f];\ eg] d To;sf] xft klg sfl6xfN5' Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ o:t} cNnfx sd{ ug]{ dfG5]sf] k|ltkmn k"/fk"/ lbG5 a? To; eGbf clws lbG5 h:tf] ls h; dfG5]n] klg ;'sd{ u¥of] To;nfO{ To;sf] k|ltkmn b'lgofdf klg lbG5 / d/0ff]k/fGt klg lbG5, / cfkm\gf] :ju{df pRr :yfg k|bfg u5{ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M h'g JolQmn] ;t\sd{ ub{5, k'?if xf];\ jf :qL, / Tof] df]ldg klg 5, t xfdLn] p;nfO{ -;+;f/df_ kljq -/_ cf/fdsf] hLjg k|bfg ug]{5f}+ / -cflv/tdf_ ltgLx¿sf] /fd|f] sfo{sf] cToGt /fd|f] abnf klg cjZo g} lbg]5f}+ . - ;"/t'g\ gxn (& _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf j0f{g 5 M cy{ M / hf] cNnfxl;t 8/ dfGb5 . cNnfx p;sf]

nflu pDsg] af6f] ;[hgf ul/lbg]5 . / p;nfO{ o:tf] 7fpFaf6 hLljsf lbG5, h;sf] p;nfO{ sNkgf klg 5}g, / h;n] cNnfxdfly e/f];f ub{5, Tof] p;sf] lglDt kof{Kt 5 ===. - ;"/t't\ tnfs @,# _

/ o:t} sflkm/ cj1fsf/Lx¿ cfkm\gf] s'sd{sf] b08 b'lgof / d/0ff]k/fGt kfpg] of]Uo 5g\ t/ cNnfx pgLx¿nfO{ b'lgofdf b08 glbO{ dfq d/0ff]k/fGt b08 lbg]5, of] ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ dfly cNnfxsf] s?0ff / Gofo g} xf] .

109

/ o:t} cNnfx cfkm\gf] bofn] sltko cf:yfjfgx¿sf] kfknfO{ Ifdf k|bfg ul/lbG5 dfq -lzs{_ ax'bjjfbnfO{ Ifdf k|bfg ub}{g . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M lgM;Gb]x cNnfx cfˆgf] ;fem]bf/ agfpg]]nfO{ Ifdf ug]{ 5}g / p; afx]s cGo h;nfO{ rfxG5 dfkm ul/lbG5 / h;n] p;Fu s;}sf] ;fem]bf/L 7x/fpF5, To;n] h3Go ck/fw ub{5 . - ;"/t'g\ lg;f $* _

/ o:t} cNnfxsf] of] Gofo g} xf] h;n] cf:yfjfg / cgf:yfjfgsf] sd{nfO{ ;dfg u/]sf] 5}g, a? cf:yfjfgsf] sd{sf] k|ltkmn cfsf]{ bhf{sf] x'G5 To;sf] cf:yfsf] sf/0f, / cgf:yfjfgsf] sd{ cfs{} 7fpFdf x'G5 To;sf] s'sd{sf] sf/0f . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M s] hf] df]ldg 5, pm To; JolQm ;/x x'g ;S5 hf] cj1fsf/L 5 < b'j} ;dfg x'g ;Sb}gg\ . h;n] O{dfg NofP / c;n sd{ ul//x], pgLx¿nfO{ ;Fw}+ a:gsf lglDt -hGgt_ :ju{sf afu au}+rfx¿ 5g\, tL sfdx¿sf] k|ltkmndf cfltYotf 5 . h'g ls pgLx¿n] ub{y] . t/ h;n] cf1f pNn+3g u/] pgLx¿sf] 7]ufgf gs{ xf] . ha s'g} a]nf pgn] To;af6 aflx/ lgl:sg rfxg]5g\ t To;}df kmsf{Og]5g\ / -pgLx¿l;t_ elgGf]5 ls -h'g bf]hvsf] oftgfnfO{_ ltdLn] em"7f] 7fGbYof} To;sf] abnfdf cfuf]sf] ;hÞfo rfv .ÚÚ - ;"/t':;HbM !*–@) _

/ ha cNnfx cfkm\gf] s[kfn] cfkm\gf] eQmx¿sf] kfknfO{ Ifdf ul/lbG5 ta cfkm\gf] Gofosf] sf/0f g} tL kfkx¿nfO{ Ifdf ub}{g h;df cfsf{sf] clwsf/ nfuf];\

110

h;/L s;}n] s;}dfly cTofrf/ u/]sf] 5 cyjf s;}sf] clwsf/ xgg\ u/]sf] 5, cyjf s;}sf] OHht n"6]sf] 5 s;}l;t anfTsf/ u/]sf] 5 ====cflb . o:tf ;a} kfkx¿nfO{ cNnfx Ifdf ub}{g a? Ifdf ug]{ clwsf/ To;}nfO{ 5 h;dfly cTofrf/ eP5 . o;n]ubf{ k|nosf] lbg cTofrf/L cTofrf/ ul/Psf dfG5]sf] xjfn] ul/G5 ca Tof] rfx] cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|ltzf]w n]cf];\ rfx] To;nfO{ Ifdf u/f];\ . of] klg cNnfxsf] bofsf] / Gofosf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .

/ o:t} O:nfdn] d'l:ndx¿nfO{ Pscfsf{ ;fy Gofo ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] 5, / cfsf]{ wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] ;fy Jojxf/df klg Gofo ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . o:t} ;d:t ;+;f/nfO{ Gofo ug]{ cg'/f]w u/]5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M cNnfxn] ltdLnfO{ Gofo / enfO{ ug{ / glhssf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xfotf lbg] cfb]z ub{5 / cdof{lbt / cg'lrt sd{x¿af6 / cGofo / g/fd|f sfd ug{af6 dgfxL ub{5 p;n] :jod\ ltdLnfO{ lgb{]lzt ub{5 ls ltdLn] gl;xt u|x0f u/ . - ;"/t'g\ gxn () _

/ cNnfxn] To; JolQmsf] k|z+;f u/]sf] 5 h'g GofonfO{ cfkm\gf] cfr/0fsf] efu agfO{ ;b}j Gofo u5{ . / GofonfO{ dgk/fpg] / Gofo ug]{x¿ tL ljlzi6x¿ dWo] Ps x'g\ , h;nfO{ cNnfx k|nosf] lbg cfkm\gf] cz{sf] 5fofFd'lg :yfg k|bfg u5{ . h'g lbg dfq & hgfnfO{ cz{sf] 5fofF k|bfg ul/g]5, / To; 5fofF afx]s c? s'g} 5fofF x'b}g . clg tL ;ft dWo] h;nfO{ 5fofF k|flKt x'g]5

111

To; dWo] ;j{k|yd Gofo ug]{x¿ x'g\ . / o; eGbf 7"nf] bhf{ klg k|bfg ul/g] 5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ Gofo ug]{jfnfx¿ k|nosf] lbg cNnfxsf] bflxgf]tkm{ k|sfzn] ag]sf] Kn]6kmfd{ h:tf] :yndf x'G5g\, / cNnfxsf b'j} xft bfofF g} x'g\, of] :yfg Gofosf/Lx¿sf] nflu xf] h'g cfkm\gf] k|hf, kl/jf/ / ;a}sf] ;fy Gofo u5{g\ Æ . - d':gb cxdb _

/ Gofo O:nfdsf] k|To]s lgb]{zgsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . xflsd agfpg'df Gofo ug'{, h;nfO{ To; kbsf] of]Uotf xf];\ To;}nfO{ xflsd agfpg', emu8fdf Gofo ug'{, hf];+u Ps eGbf clws :jf:gL l5g\ pgL aLr Gofo ug'{, / cfkm\gf] 5f]/f 5f]/L aLr Gofo ug'{, wg;DklQ af8kmf6af/] Gofo ug'{, Joj;fo Jofkf/df Gofo ug'{ . cyf{t x/]s s'/fdf Gofo ug]{ cfb]z 5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ cNnfxl;t 8/ dfGb}u/ / cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg aLr Gofo u/ Æ . - a'vf/L _

cyf{t Gofo O:nfdsf] ;zSt dfu{ xf] o; dfu{df lx+8]/ dg'io cfkm\gf] sNof0f ug{ ;S5, / Gofon] ubf{ g} xfd|f] ;dfhsf] sNof0f x'g\;S5 . xfdL ;a} efiff, /Ë, g:n, wd{af6 dfly p7L ;a}l;t Gofo u/f}+ . lsgls of] sk6, Oi{of, k|ltzf]w, cTofrf/ ==== cflbnfO{ gi6 u/L Pp6f :jR5 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f u5{ . cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M x] df]ldgx¿Û cNnfxsf] lglDt ;Todf sfod /xb}, ;To lgi7fsf ;fy ;fIfL ag . / s'g} hfltsf] zq'tf ltdLnfO{ Gofosf] dfu{af6 larlnt g u/f];\, pgLx¿l;t

112

Gofo ug{] u/, lsgeg] oxL g} ;+odsf] ghLs x'G5, / cNnfx l;t 8/ . ljZjf; u/ ls cNnfxnfO{ ltd|f ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿ af/] /fd|/L yfxf 5 . - ;"/t'n\ dfObM * _

113

O:nfd rl/q / cfr/0fsf] wd{

pRr cfr/0f g} ;dfhx¿sf] pGgltsf] /x:o xf] . / O:nfd ;+;fl/s Pj+ k/nf}lss ;kmntfsf] wd{ xf], o;}n] ubf{ pRr cfr/0f / ;Eotf O:nfdsf] d"n cfwf/ klg xf] . O:nfdsf] ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ leq rfx] Tof] lgb]{zg cf:yfaf/] xf];\ jf k"hf Pj+ Jojxf/af/] ;a} lgb]{zgdf O:nfdLo g}ltstfsf] emns b]lvG5 .

olb dfG5] O:nfdsf] k"0f{ lgb]{zgx¿df ljrf/ u/f];\ eg] To;nfO{ of] 1fg x'G5 ls O:nfdsf] x/]s lgb]{zg dfgjtf / g}ltstfsf] :tDedf cfwfl/t 5 . / k|df0fsf] nflu of] g} k|ofKt 5 ls /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{ O{dfg dWo]sf] xf], / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ d pRr cfr/0fnfO{ k"0f{ ug'{sf] nflu k7fOPsf] 5'Æ . / cfsf]{ xbL;df 5 M æ /fd|f] cfr/0fnfO{ k"0f{ ug'{sf] lglDt dnfO{ k7fOPsf] 5 Æ . - d':gb cxdb _

/ s'/cfg Pj+ ;'Ggtn] g}ltstfsf] kf7 k9fPsf] 5, / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/nfO{ pRr cfr/0f l;sfpg] cfb]z lbPsf] 5, tyf t'R5 cfr/0faf6 /f]s]sf] 5 . / s'g} /fd|f] cfr/0f 5}g h;sf] cfb]z s'/cfgn] glbPsf] xf];\ / To;nfO{ ug{ pT;flxt g u/]sf] xf];\ . lsgls /fd|f] cfr/0f / /fd|f] afgLn] dg'iosf] k/f]If Pj+ ck/f]If s'/fx¿ z'4 Pj+ :jR5 x'g\;S5g\, / To;sf] x[bo kljq x'g\;S5 . / tt kZrft To;sf] x[bo /fd|f] / ;t\sd{tkm{ k|j[Q x'G5 / cNnfx

114

glhs k|z+;gLo eOxfN5 clg Tof] dg'io ;t\dfu{df nfU5 . / O:nfdn] k|To]s pRr cfr/0fnfO{ ckgfpg cfb]z u/]sf] 5 h;/L ;+od, ;x+zLntf, ;Totf, rl/qjfg, bof, Ifdf, bfg ===== cflb pRr cfr/0fnfO{ ckgfpg' dfly hf]/ lbPsf] 5 .

o;} sf/0f O:nfd o:tf lgb]{zgx¿ Nofof] h;af6 dg'io dxfgtfsf] pRrtd\ kbdf lj/fhdfg eOxfnf];\ clg cfb]z u¥of] ls cfkm\gf] a'jf cfdfsf] ;fy pksf/ u/, / :g]xsf] ;fy Jojxf/ u/, / :jf:gL;+u /fd|f] Jojxf/ u/, / cfkm\gf] l5d]sLdfly pksf/ u/, / ;a}nfO{ Ifdfbfg b]pm, / ljklQ cfPsfx¿ Dfly pksf/ u/, ;xfotf u/, / v/Lb ljlqmdf Ifn gu/ .

o:t} O:nfdn] of] klg cfb]z u¥of] ls h'g t'R5 Pj+ cdfgjLo cfr/0f 5g\ To;nfO{ 5fl8b]pm Tof] O:nfddf cj}w 5g\ . h:tf] Ifnsk6, wf]sf, em"7, cZnLntf, Pscfsf{sf] a'/fO{ ug'{, cZnLn s'/fx¿, cTofrf/ ==== cflb oL ;a} O:nfddf cj}w 5g\ . / o:tf] ug]{jfnfnfO{ si6bfos b08sf] r]tfjgL lbOPsf] 5 .

/ o:t} gdfh pRr cfr/0fnfO{ bzf{pg] 7"nf] pkf;gf xf] h;df ;a} cdL/, u/La, ax'¿k/ËL Psh'6 x'G5g\ / Pscfsf{sf] ;'v b'Mv yfxf kfpF5g\ clg Pscfsf{sf] ;xfotf u5{g\ .

/ o:t} O:nfd wg ;DklQsf] af/]df klg dfgjtf / g}ltstfsf] 8f]/LnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s ;dft]s} 5 . km]l/ o;df klg O:nfdn] To;}nfO{ j}w u/]sf] 5 h;df pRr cfr/0f

115

xf];\ . / h;af6 t'R5tfsf] af; cfpF5 To;nfO{ cj}w u/]sf] 5 . h:tf] ;"bJofh, h'jf cflbsf] sdfO{, cyjf w'd|kfg, dlb/f / 5naf6 ul/Psf] sdfO{nfO{ cj}w / cdfgjLo 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . / v/Lb ljlqmdf ljZjf;3ft gug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd eGg' x'G5 M æ v/Lb ug]{ dfG5] / ljlqm ug]{ dfG5]nfO{ ljlqmnfO{ /2ug]{ clVtof/ 5 oxfF ;Dd ls ToxfFaf6 kms'{g\ . km]l/ olb b'j}n] ;To s'/f eg]sf 5g\ / ljZjf;3ft u/] 5}gg\ eg] b'j}sf] wgdf a9f]t/L x'G5, / olb ;dfu|Ldf ePsf] sdLnfO{ bzf{Pgg\ / em'7 af]n]sf 5g\ eg] pgsf] Joj;fosf] a/st -j[l4_ /f]lsG5 Æ . - a'vf/L _

o:t} O:nfdn] s;}n] v/Lb]sf] j:t'nfO{ To;eGbf clws d'No lbO{ v/Lb ug'{af6 /f]s]sf] 5, lsgls o;af6 zq'tf / lj/f]wsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

/ O:nfdn] g}ltstfnfO{ k"hfsf] bhf{ lbPsf] 5, h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd eGg' x'G5 M æ cf:yfjfg dfG5] cfkm\gf] /fd|f] cfr/0fsf] sf/0f gdfhL / ;bfrf/Lsf] kb u|x0f u5{Æ . - ca" bfpmb _

o;} sf/0f cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M cy{ M tkfO{ Ifdfsf] gLlt ckgfpg';\, / c;n

sfdsf] pkb]z lbb} ug'{;\ / c1fgLx¿af6 6f9f a:g';\ . - ;"/t'n\ cc\/fkm !(( _

/ o:t} /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug]{ dfG5]sf] nflu cNnfxn] cUnf cUnf :df/s agfPsf] 5, h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;fyL xh/t cAb'Nnfx lag cd/

116

/hLcNNfxf] cGxf]n] eGg' x'G5 ls /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd gt cZnLn Pj+ lgn{Hh lyP gt cZnLntf / lgn{HhtfnfO{ dgk/fpFy] . / /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' x'G5 ls M æ ltdL dWo] /fd|f] Tof] xf] h;sf] :jefj / cfr/0f pQd 5g\ Æ / cfsf]{ 7fpFdf pxfFsf] kmdf{g 5 M æltdL dWo] ;a}eGbf lk|o d]/f] glhs /fd|f] cfr/0fjfnf 5 / k/nf]sdf - cflv/tdf _ d]/f] lgs6 x'g]jfnf 5, / ltdL dWo] ;a} eGbf 3[0ff of]Uo Tof] dfG5] xf] h;sf] cfr/0f /fd|f] 5}g / Tof] k|nosf] lbg d eGbf 6f9f x'g]5 Æ . - d':gb cxdb _

/ o:t} ha /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndaf6 ;f]lwof] ls ;a} eGbf w]/} s'g sd{ ug]{x¿ :ju{df hfG5g\ < t /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M æ cNnfxl;t 8/ dfGg]x¿, / /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug]{x¿ Æ . - ltld{hL _

/ o:t} xfdLnfO{ /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] xfd|f] kyk|bz{g ub}{ of] eGg' ePsf] 5 ls xfdL cfkm\gf] 5f]/Lx¿sf] ljjfx To; dfG5]l;t u/f}+ h;sf] Jojxf/ pRrtd\ xf];\ / rl/qjfg xf];\, lsgls ;'vb hLjgsf] :jfb pRr cfr/0f /fVg] dfG5];+u g} ldN5 . /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ ha o:tf] dfG5] ljjfxsf] k|:tfj lnP/ cfpF5 h;sf] wd{ / cfr/0faf6 ltdL ;Gt'i6 5f} eg] To;sf] ljx] ul/xfn . olb ltdLn] o:tf] u/]gf} eg] ;+;f/df eLif8 pTkft pTkGg eOxfN5 Æ . - OAg] dfhf _

117

kljq s'/cfg

cNnfx sf}zn ;DkGg 5 / cfkm\gf] sf}zntfn] g} cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] ;Gb]i6fx¿sf] ;fy u|Gyx¿ klg k7fof] h'g ;+b]i6fx¿sf] wd{nfO{ :ki6 u/f];\, / of] u|Gyx¿ cNnfxsf jf0fL x'g\, / tL ;+b]i6fx¿sf] pDdtLx¿sf] nflu dfu{bz{g x'g . h;nfO{ pDdtLx¿sf] ;Gb]i6fx¿ pgL ;Dd k'¥ofpF5g\ / To;sf] :ki6Ls/0f u5{g\ .

/ lgM;Gb]x cNnfxn] Oa|fxLd dfly ;f]xf]km cjtl/t u¥of], / bfpmbdfly ha"/, / d";fdfly ;f]xf]km Pj+ tf}/ft, / O{;fdfly OGhLn cjtl/t u¥of] .

/ cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿sf] nflu pk/f]Qm u|Gyx¿ eGbf dxfg / ;j{JofkL u|Gy kljq s'/cfgnfO{ /f]Hof] . d'l:ndx¿sf] u|Gy s'/cfg xf], ToxL pgsf] ;+ljwfg xf] h;sf] cg'z/0f ug]{ cfb]z 5 . / s'/cfg c? ;a} u|Gyx¿ eGbf ljlzi6 / ljlrq 5, o;df o:tf ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ h'g klxnfsf u|Gyx¿df lyPg .

o; s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftfx¿ dWo] of] xf] ls of] u|Gy klxnfsf] u|Gyx¿sf] /Ifs xf] . / /Ifssf] cy{ xf] ls of] u|Gy klxnfsf u|Gyx¿af/] ujfxL lbG5, / To;sf] ;Totfsf] ;dy{g u5{, / tL u|Gyx¿n] j0f{g u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] ;dy{g u/L tL u|Gyx¿sf] /Iff u5{ . / /Iff ug'{sf] sf/0f of] tL ;a} u|Gyx¿ dfly ;j{>]i7 5 .

118

/ /Iff ug'{sf] cy{ of] klg xf] ls of] s'/cfg o; s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kf5{ ls tL u|Gyx¿df yk36 eGbf cl3 s] s] s'/f tL u|Gyx¿df lyof] . km]l/ To;sf cg'ofoLx¿n] cfkm\gf] OR5f cg';f/ tL u|Gyx¿df x]/km]/ / yk36 u/] . / Tof] ;a} s'/fnfO{ k|i6 kf5{ h'g tL u|Gyx¿df lyP h;/L Ps cNNffxsf] k"hf ug'{, / ;Gb]i6fx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg'====cflb . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M / -x] k}uDa/ Û_ xfdLn] tkfO+{nfO{ ;Tosf ;fy of] lstfa -s'/cfg_ k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+, h'g cfkm"eGbf cufl8sf u|Gyx¿nfO{ k|dfl0ft ub{5 / tL ;a}sf] /Ifs xf] . t;y{ o;df h'g cfb]z cNnfxn] lbPsf] 5, ;f]xL cg';f/ g} ltgnfO{ cfb]z ug'{;\ / o; ;TonfO{ Tofu]/ pgLx¿sf] OR5fsf] k"lt{ gug'{ . xfdLn] ltdLx¿ dWo]af6 k|To]s ;d'bfosf Pp6f ljwfg / Pp6f tl/sf -k4lt_ lgwf{l/t u/]sf 5f}+ / olb cNnfxn] rfx]sf] eP ltdL ;a}nfO{ Pp6} ;d'bfodf /flvlbGYof], t/ h'g cfb]zx¿ p;n] ltdLnfO{ lbPsf] 5 To;df p;n] ltd|f] k/LIff ug{ rfxG5, t;y{ ltdL c;n sd{ ug{ l56f] u/ . ltdL ;a}nfO{ p;} 5]+p kmls{ hfg' kg]{5, t;y{ h'g s'/fdf ltdLx¿ ljjfb ug]{ ub{5f} p;n] ltdLnfO{ atfO{ lbg] 5 . - ;"/t'n\ dfObM $* _

/ s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftf dWo] of] klg xf] ls o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L cNnfxn] cfkm} lnPsf] 5 . o; ljk/Lt o; eGbf klxnfsf u|Gyx¿sf] /Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L To;sf cg'ofoLx¿ dfly lyof] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

119

cy{ M xfdLn] g} tf}/ft ptf¥of}+, h;df dfu{bz{g / k|sfz lyof] . To;} cg';f/ gaL / 1fgLx¿n] hf] - cNnfxsf_ cf1fsf/L lyP ox"bLdf o;} tf}/ft cg';f/ km};nf ub{y] . lsgeg] ltgLx¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] lstfasf] /Iff ug]{ cfb]z lyof], / ltgLx¿ o;sf] ujfx klg lyP, t;y{ ltdL dflg;x¿ l;t g8/fpg' / d;Fu 8/ dfGg' / d]/f] cfotx¿nfO{ clnslt d"Nodf g a]Rg' . h;n] cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf] cfb]zx¿ adf]lhd km};nf ub}{gg\ ltgLx¿ g} sflkm/ x'g\ . - ;"/t'n\ dfObM $$ _

t/ cxn] lstfa - ox"bL, O{;fO{ _x¿n] cfkm\gf] u|Gyx¿sf] ;'/Iff u/]gg\ . a? To;df yk36 u/,] o;} sf/0f To;sf lgb]{zgx¿ Pscfsf{ lj?4 eP . t/ s'/cfgsf] ;'/Iff cNnfx ul//x]sf] 5 , o;} sf/0f cfh ;Dd s;}n] klg To;df yk36 ug{ ;s]gg\ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M -lgM;Gb]x_ xfdLn] g} s'/cfgnfO{ ptf/]sf 5f}+ / xfdLg} o;sf] ;+/Ifs xf}+ . - ;"/t'n\ lxh| ( _

/ tkfO{ ljrf/ ug'{;\ ls nueu !$)) jif{ lalt;Sof] / sltko k|of; klg eof] ls o; s'/cfgdf s]xL yk36 u/f}+ t/ s;}n] klg Ps dfqf klg otfptf ug{ ;s]gg\ . / s] cNnfx eGbf zlQmdfg / ljj]szfnL ;j{u'0f ;DkGg sf]xL 5 < / o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] ;fy o; s'/cfgnfO{ clt ;/n klg agfP5 . o;nfO{ s07 ug{', k9g', ;dem\g' ;a} clt ;lhnf] 5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

120

cy{ M / xfdLn] s'/cfgnfO{ a'‰gsf] lglDt ;/n ul/lbof}+, t sf]xL 5 h;n] g;Lxt xfl;n u/f];\ < - ;"/t'n\ sd/ !& _

/ ;a}sf] nflu Psgf; ;lhnf] 5 . o; s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftf of] xf] ls o;nfO{ c/aL klg a'em\5 / chdL klg o;nfO{ s07 ug{;S5 ljgf s'g} si6 . o;}n] ubf{ o;nfO{ d'l:ndsf %, ^ jif{sf ;;fgf aRrfx¿ Klg s07 u5{g\, / k"/f ljZjdf ;a} eGbf s07 ug]{ u|Gy Pj+ lstfa s'/cfg g} xf] .

/ o;sf] ljz]iftf dWo] of] klg xf] ls o;nfO{ k9g' k"hf xf], / o;sf] Ps Ps cIf/ dfly !) k'0o cyjf To; eGbf a9L &)) ;Dd klg kfOG5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] syg 5 M æ h;n] cNnfxsf] lstfa leqaf6 Ps cIf/ klg k95 To;nfO{ !) k'0o ldN5, / d of] eGb}g ls clnkm nfd dLd Pp6} cIf/ xf], a? clnkm cIf/ xf], / nfd cIf/ xf,] / dLd cIf/ xf] Æ. cyf{t clnkm nfd dLd tLg cIf/ eof] / To;sf] tL; k'0o eof] . - ltld{hL _

/ o:t} s'/cfg ;'g]/ cfTdfnfO{ zflGt Pj+ ;+t'li6 k|fKt x'G5 of] klg o; s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftf xf] . ha ls s'g} cfsf]{ lstfa ;'Gbfv]l/ o:tf] cfef; x'Fb}g .

/ s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftf dWo] of] klg xf] ls s'/cfg zf/Ll/s Pj+ cflTds /f]u lgsf]kfg]{ :j:ys/ klg xf] . / x[bonfO{ ax'b]jjfb, ljd'Vtf, kfk, b'isd{af6 d'Qm u5{, /

121

zf/Ll/s lj/fdLnfO{ o;sf] Znf]s k9]/ km"Fs] kZrft lgsf] kf5{ . cNnfxsf] syg 5 M

cy{ M of] s'/cfg h'g xfdL ptfb}{5f}+ df]ldgx¿sf nflu :j:ys/ / bof xf], / cTofrf/Lx¿sf nflu t o;af6 xflgdf g} j[l4 x'g]5 . - ;"/t'n\ O;|f *@ _

/ h;/L k|To]s ;Gb]i6fsf] rdTsf/ x'GYof] To;/L xfd|f] gaLsf] rdTsf/ of] s'/cfg xf] . / o; s'/cfgsf] rdTsf/ cg]sf}+ k|sf/sf 5g\ . of] s'/cfg cfkm\gf] efiff / z}nLdf Pp6f ljlrq rdTsf/L u|Gy xf] . o;sf] ;/n :jR5 cIf/ zAb jfSosf] r'gfj o:tf] 5 ls ;Dk"0f{ ljZj To;df crlDet 5 . o;} sf/0f s'/cfgn] ;+k"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ of] xfFs lbof] ls olb ltdLnfO{ s]xL ;+b]x xf];\ ls of] s'/cfg cNnfxsf] jf0fL xf]Og eg] o;} h:tf] dfq Ps ;"/M cyjf cWofo agfP/ Nofpm . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M xfdLn] cfˆgf ;]jsdfly h] ptf¥of}+, To;df ltdLnfO{ olb z+sf 5 / ltdL ;fFrf] eP To:t} Pp6} -;"/x_ agfP/ b]vfpm, / ltdLn] cNnfx afx]ssf cfk"mnfO{ d2t ug]{x¿nfO{ af]nfO{ Nofpm . t/ olb ltdL ug{ ;s]gf}+ eg] / ltdL slxNo} klg ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ -t;y{_ To; cfuf];+u 8/fpm h;sf] OGwg dflg; / 9'Ëfx¿ x'g\ . h'g gfl:tsx¿sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . - ;"/t'n\ as/M @#, @$ _

/ o:t} s'/cfgsf] of] klg rdTsf/ xf] ls Tof] ;d:t ;+;f/nfO{ Psgf; cfJxfg u5{ . cyf{t rfx] Tof] d'l:nd xf];\ jf u}/ d'l:nd, k'?if xf];\ jf dlxnf, ljåfg

122

xf]; jf lg/If/ ;a}nfO{ zflGtsf] dfu{tkm{ af]nfpF5 . cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M s] logLx¿ s'/cfgdf lrGtg–dgg\ ub}{gg\ < olb of] cNnfx afx]s c? s;}sf] tkm{af6 ePsf] eP To;df lgM;Gb]x -w]/}_ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ s'/fx¿ kfpg] lyP . - ;"/t'g\ lg;f *@ _

/ o:t} s'/cfg rdTsf/L 5 cfkm\gf] lgb]{zgx¿df klg, lsgls o;sf lgb]{zgx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] kf7 k9fpF5g\ . / of] atfpF5g\ ls s;}nfO{ s;}dfly k|wfgtf k|fKt 5}g, k|wfg Tof] g} x'G5 h'g lgi7fjfg xf];\ . / of] cfkm\gf] lgb]{zgåf/f eQm Pj+ k"Ho aLr ;+aGw hf]85 . / d'l:ndnfO{ u}/ d'l:nd Pj+ hgfj/ / lghL{jaf6 klg To;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ hf]85 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M / xfdLn] tkfO{ dfly -o:tf]_ lstfa ptf/]sf 5f}+ ls o;df x/]s s'/fsf] j0f{g la:tf/k"j{s 5 . / d';ndfgx¿sf] nflu dfu{bz{g / bof tyf z'e ;Gb]z 5 . - ;"/t'g\ gxn *( _

/ o:t} s'/cfgn] cfkm\gf] cg'ofoLx¿ ;dIf o:tf j[tfGtaf/] syfx¿ j0f{g u¥of] h;nfO{ dfq s'/cfgsf] dfWod åf/f ;a}nfO{ yfxf eof] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M oL -;dfrf/x¿_ cb[Zosf va/x¿ x'g\ h'g ls xfdLn] tkfO{lt/ jx\oaf6 k7fpFb5f} / ltgsf] hfgsf/L o;eGbf cufl8 g tkfO{nfO{ lyof] g t tkfO{sf] ;d'bfonfO{ . t;y{ w}o{ ug{' , lsg eg] clGtddf kl/0ffd cNnfxl;t 8g]{x¿sf] /fd|f] x'G5 . - ;"/t' x"b $( _

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/ o:t} s'/cfgsf] rdTsf/sf] pbfx/0f of] klg xf] ls s'/cfgn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] hLjgdf o:tf 36gfx?sf] eljiojf0fL u¥Yof] h'g 36gf To; avt;Dd 3l6t ePsf] lyPg . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M lgZro g} cNnfxn] cfˆgf] /;"nnfO{ ;Tosf;fy ;fFrf] ;kgf b]vfof] . ……ls olb cNnfxn] rfXof] eg] ltdL cjZo dl:hb] x/fd -sc\afdf_ lgle{s eP/ k|j]z ug]{5f}, cfˆgf] 6fpsf]sf] skfn vf}/fPsf] jf s]z ;fgf] kfb}{ ltdLnfO{ s'g} qf; x'g]5}g .ÚÚ cgL p;n] tL s'/fx¿ hfGb5 h'g ltdL hfGb}gYof} . ctM o;eGbf klxnf p;n] ltdLnfO{ zL3| k|fKt x'g]jfnf ljho k|bfg ul/lbof] . pxL xf] h;n] cfˆgf] /;"nnfO{ dfu{bz{g / ;Towd{sf] ;fy k7fof], tfls p;nfO{ tdfd wd{x¿dfly clwkTo k|bfg u/f];\ / ;fIfLsf] x}l;otn] cNnfx kof{Kt 5 . - ;"/t'n\ kmtx @&,@* _

/ o:t} of] va/ klg h;df s'/cfgn] /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ s]xL dfG5]x¿sf] af/]df of] atfof] ls logLx¿ tkfO{dfly O{dfg NofpFb}gg\ a? ax'bjjfbLs} cj:yfdf logLx¿sf] d[To' x'g]5 . / o:t} uf]Kosf] s'/fnfO{ klg atfpg' o;sf] rdTsf/ xf] . / :ju{ gs{, lx;fa lstfa, k|no === cflbsf] va/ lbg' klg o; s'/cfgsf] rdTsf/sf] k|df0f xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M

cy{ M h;n] xfd|f] cfotx¿nfO{ em"7f eg] / cledfgk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/], ltgLx¿sf nflu cfsfzsf 9f]sfx¿ vf]lng] 5}g\, / ltgLx¿ slxn] klg :ju{df hfg]

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5}gg\ ha;Dd ls, pmF6 l;of]sf] KjfFnaf6 l5b}{g . / kfk ug]{x¿nfO{ xfdLn] o:t} ;hfo lbg] u5f}+{ . o:tf dflg;x¿sf nflu gs{sf] cfuf] la5\of}gf -cf]5\ofg_ x'g]5 / dfyLaf6 To;}sf] cf]9g] klg . / o:tf cTofrf/Lx¿nfO{ xfdLn] o:t} ;hfo lbg] u5f+}{ . - ;"/t'n\ cc\/fkm $),$! _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M cy{ M lgM;Gb]x o; s'/cfgn] Tof] af6f] b]vfpF5 hf]

;a}eGbf ;f]emf] 5, / df]ldgx¿nfO{ h;n] ;Tsd{ ub{5g\, z'e;Gb]z lbG5 ls ltgLx¿sf] lglDt 7"nf] k'/:sf/ 5 . / of] ls hf] cflv/tdfly O{dfg /fVb}gg\, ltgLx¿sf] lglDt xfdLn] si6bfos ;hfo tof/ ul/ /fv]sf 5f}+ . - ;"/t'n\ O;|f (,!) _

125

;Gb]i6f d'xDdb lag cAb'Nnfx ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd

cNnfxsf] sf}znn] / bofn] g} cNnfxn] x/]s

;d"xlt/ ;Gb]i6f Pj+ O{Zb"t k7fof] h'g tL ;d"xx¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] lgb]{zg ;'gfpFy] . t h;n] cg'z/0f u¥of] To;nfO{ z'e ;Gb]z klg ;'gfpFy], / h;n] OGsf/ u¥of] To;nfO{ cNnfxsf] lt/:sf/af6 8/fpFy] .

/ o;} qmddf d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ klg ;Gb]i6f Pj+ b"t agfP/ / ;a} b"tx¿sf] ;dfks agfP/ k7fOof] . / /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ x/ k|sf/n] ljlzi6 agfOof] . / ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] nflu ;Gb]i6f agfO{ xflzdL j+zdf pxfFsf] hGdx'g] lgwf{l/t ul/of] .

d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] hGd dSsf gfdL gu/df ;f]daf/sf] lbg xftLsf] 36gf 36]sf] ;fn %&! O{=;+= df eof] . pxfFsf] afa'sf] gfd cAb'Nnfx / cfdfsf] gfd cfldgf lyof] . / pxfFnfO{ pxfFsf] afh]n] d'xDdb gfd lbg' eof] . / pxfFsf] a'jfsf] b]xfGt pxfFsf] hGdeGbf klxnf g} eO;s]sf] lyof] .

/ pxfFsf] $ jif{sf] pd]/df lha|Lnn] pxfF ;Dd cfpg' eof], o:tf] cj:yfdf ls pxfF c? s]6fx¿;+u v]nL /xg'ePsf] lyof] . clg pxfFnfO{ ;dfTg' eof], / n]6fP/ pxfFsf] ;LgfnfO{ RofTg' eof] . / pxfFsf] d'6'nfO{ lgsfnL To; leqaf6 Pp6f e|'0f lgsfn]/ kmfn] clg eg]Mæ of]

126

z}tfgsf] c+z lyof] ltdLdfly Æ . clg pxfFsf] d'6'nfO{ ;'gsf] tZt - yfnL _df hdhdsf] kfgLn] :jR5 kfg'{ eof] . km]l/ To;nfO{ To;sf] 7fpFdf /fv]/ h:tfsf] To:t} ul/lbg' eof] . clg pxfF;+u v]nL/x]sf aRrfx¿ b'u'b}{ pxfFsL wfO{cfdf xnLdf ;Dd k'u] / ;f/f 36gf pgLnfO{ ;'gfP / eg] d'xDdbsf] t xTof ul/of] . tt kZrft ;a} b'u'b}{ pxfF ;Dd cfP t s] x]5{g\ ls pxfFsf] cg'xf/sf] /Ë ablnPsf] 5 / xh/t cg; o; xbL;sf] j0f{gstf{ eGg' x'G5 ls d /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;Lgf - 5ftL _dfly To; l;nfO{sf] wsf]{ x]/]sf] lyPF . - d'l:nd _

/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] cfkm\gf] gf}o'jf cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] hfltaGw'sf] ;fy dSsfdf JotLt ug'{ eof], clg pxfF ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd cfkm\gf] hflt / ;d'bfo aLr cfkm\gf] /fd|f] cfr/0fn] k|Voft x'g' eof] . To; dWo] s]xL lgDg x'g Û ;rl/qjfg, bofjfg, ;bfrf/L, w/f]x/L, ;Tojfg === cflb xf] . h;n] ubf{ pxfFsf] ;dfhdf Pp6f ljlzi6 :yfg agL xfNof], / ;a} pxfFsf] cfb/ ug{ yfn], / cfkm\gf] emu8fx¿df pxfFnfO{ Gofostf{ 3f]lift u/] .

/ ljutdf cfPsf ;a} b"tx¿ / ;Gb]i6fx¿n] d'xDdb Pj+ cxdb gfds clGtd ;Gb]i6f cfpg] eljiojf0fL klg u/]sf lyP . s'g} klg o:tf] ;Gb]i6f cfPg h;n] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudgsf] eljiojf0fL gu/]sf] xf];\ . cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

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cy{ M ha cNnfxn] k}uDa/x¿;Fu jfrf u/fof] ls h] hlt d}n ltdLnfO{ lstfa / 1fg k|bfg ub{5', clg ltd|f] glhsdf s'g} k}uDa/ cfpF5 h;n] ltd|f] lstfasf] k'li6 ub{5 t ltdLn] cjZo g} To;dfly ljZjf; ug'{kb{5 / p;sf] d2t ug'{kg]{ 5 . -jfrf lnPkl5_ ;f]Wof], s] ltdLn] jrg lbof} / o; jrg a4tfdf dnfO{ ;+/If0fsf] ¿kdf 7x/fof} <. ltgLx¿n] eg] -xf]_ xfdLn] jfrf u¥of} . -cNnfxn]_ eGof] ltdLx¿ ;fIfL eO{/fv / d klg ltd|f] ;fydf ;fIfL /xg] 5' . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg *! _

/ of] O{;f cn}lc:;nfd x'g\ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] agL O;|fO{n tkm{ ;Gb]i6f agfP/ k7fof] . pxfFnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] u|Gy pxfFeGbf klxnf cfPsf ;Gb]i6f d";f cn}lx:;nfdsf] k|dfl0fs/0f u5{, / pxfFeGbf kl5 cfpg] ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudgaf/] eljiojf0fL u5{ . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M / ha dl/odsf] 5f]/f O{;f-cn}lx:;nfd_n] eg]M ls x] d]/f] sÞf}d . agL O;|fO{n Û d ltdL ;a}sf] nflu cNnfxaf6 k7fOPsf] /;"n x"F . d eGbf klxn]sf] lstfa tf}/ftsf] d k|dfl0ft ug]{jfnf 5' / d kl5 cfpg] Pp6f ;+b]i6f h;sf] gfd cxdb x'g]5, pgsf] z'efudgsf] z'e–;Gb]z ;'gfpF5' . clg ha pgL ltgLx¿sf] kf;df :ki6 lgzfgLx¿ lnP/ cfP, ta ltgLx¿n] eGg yfn] ls of] t :ki6 hfb" xf] . - ;"/t':;km ^ _

128

/ cNnfxn] of] va/ lbPsf] 5 ls d'xDdbsf] j0f{g / eljiojf0fL ljutsf ;a} u|Gyx¿df 5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M

cy{ M h'g dflg;x¿n] o:tf /;"n, gaL pDdL -lg/If/_ sf] cg'z/0f u5{g\, h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] cfkm'sxfF tf}/ft / OGhLndf n]lvPsf] kfpF5g\ . pgn] pgLx¿nfO{ c;n s'/fsf] cfb]z ub{5g\ / g/fd|f s'/fx¿af6 dgfxL ub{5g\ / :jR5 s'/fnfO{ xnfn -:jLsfo{_ atfpF5g\ / ckljq s'/fnfO{ x/fd -jlh{t_ atfpF5g\ / ltgLxL? dflyaf6 Tof] af]em ptfb{5g\ h'g clxn];Dd pgLx¿ dfly nflbPsf lyP aGwgx¿nfO{ km'Ssf ub{5g\ h;df pgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP . ct M hf] dflg;x¿ To; gaLdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ / pgsf] ;dy{g ub{5g\ / pgsf] ;xfotf ub{5g\, / To; k|sfznfO{ dfGb5g\ hf] pgsf] ;fydf k7fOPsf] 5 . o:tf dflg;x¿ k"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{jfnf 5g\ . - ;"/t'n\ cc\/fkm !%& _

/ o;nfO{ O{;fO{ /flxax¿sf] of] s'/f] klg k|dfl0ft u5{ ls ha pgLx¿n] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ b]v] clg d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnddf tL ;a} u'0fx¿ :ki6¿kn] x]/] h'g pgLx¿sf] lstfadf pNn]v lyof] .

/ ha d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd kl/kStfsf] pd]/df k'u] cyf{t $) jif{sf] eP ta cNnfxn] pxfFnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;Gb]i6f agfO{ b"tTjsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{af6 ;Ddflgt u¥of], / ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] nflu dfu{bz{s agfO{

129

of] cfb]z u¥of] ls ;a}nfO{ cGwsf/af6 k|sfzlt/ af]nfpm . / of] 36gf ^!) O{;jL ;+atdf 3l6t eof] .

/ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] b"tTj ;f/f ;+;f/sf] nflu 7"nf] bofsf] k|tLs lyof] . lsgls cNnfxn] pxfFs} dfWodaf6 ;Dk"0f{ hutnfO{ 3f]/ cGwsf/af6 k|sfzlt/ pGd'v u¥of] . / c1fgtfaf6 1fgsf] k|sfzlt/, dfgj k"hfaf6 O{Zj/sf] k"hftkm{, / ;+s'lrt k[YjLaf6 v'Nnf ;+;f/tkm{, / clwstd\ wd{x¿sf] cGofo cTofrf/af6 O:Nfdsf] Gofo Pj+ ;dfgtftkm{ k|j[Q u¥of] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M lgM;+b]x cNnfxsf] df]ldgx¿ dfly 7"nf] cg'sDkf 5 ls p;n] ltgLx¿sf] dfemdf ltgLx¿ dWo]af6} Pp6f /;"n k7fof] h;n] ls cNnfxsf cfotx¿ k9]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpFb5 / ltgnfO{ kljq ub{5 / pgnfO{ lstfa / a'l4dtf l;sfpFb5, logLx¿ o;eGbf klxnf v'nf ¿kdf kylarlnt lyP . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !^$ _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M cy{ M / -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Û_

xfdLn] tkfO{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] lglDt ;j{yf bofsf] k|tLs agfP/ k7fPsf 5f}+ . - ;"/t'n\ c+loaf !)& _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M cy{ M pxL xf] h;n] plDdx¿df -cgk9x¿df_

ltgLx¿ dWo]af6 Pp6f /;"n k7fof] . h;n] pgsf] ;fd' p;sf cfotx¿ k9]/ ;'gfpF5 / pgLnfO{ kljq ub{5 /

130

pgLx¿nfO{ lstfa / tTjbzL{tf l;sfpFb5, / lgM;Gb]x o;eGbf klxnf oL dflg;x¿ v'Nnf dfu{ larngdf lyP . / tL cGo dflg;x¿sf nflu klg hf] cem} pgLl;t e]6]sf 5}gg\, pgLx¿ dWos} x'g]5g\ . / pm ;j{zlQmzfnL, tTjbzL{ 5 . of] cNnfxsf] pbf/ cg'u|x xf], h;nfO{ rfxG5, To;nfO{ k|bfg ub{5 . / cNnfx ckf/ cg'u|xsf] :jfdL 5 . - ;"/t'n\ h'd'cM @,#,$ _

/ cNnfxn] /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ dfgjtfsf] pTs[i6td\ g}ltstf k|bfg u¥of], h:tf] ls cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M lgM;Gb]x tkfO{ pRr cfr/0fjfnf x'g' x'G5 . - ;"/t'n\ snd $ _

/ cNnfxn] pxfFsf] d'6'df g} bof / s?0fnfO{ hfu[t ul/lbof], o;}sf/0f pxfF ;a}dfly bofjfg x'g'x'GYof] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M -x] dflg;x¿ xf] Û_ ltdLx¿sf] dfemdf ltdLx¿ dWo]af6} Pp6f k}uDa/ cfPsf 5g\ . ltd|f] kL8faf6 pgL b'MvL x'G5g\ / ltd|f enf]sf] lglDt lrlGtt /xG5g\, / O{dfgjfnfx¿nfO{ lgs} dfof ug]{ / bofn' 5g\ . - ;"/t'Qf}aM !@* _

/ pxfFnfO{ :jLsfo{ ug'{ / pxfFsf] cg'z/0f ug'{ klg pxfFsf] bof / s?0ffsf] sf/0f g} lyof] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Û_ cNnfxsf] s[kfn] tkfO{sf] dg logLx¿ k|lt g/d 5 / olb

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tkfO{ s6' jrg / s7f]/ x[bosf] ePsf] eP logLx¿ tkfO{af6 6f9f efluxfNby], t;y{ ltgLx¿nfO{ Ifdf ul/lbg';\ / ltgLx¿sf] lglDt Ifdfsf] nflu k|fy{gf ug{' / cfˆgf sfdx¿df logLx¿;Fu ;/;Nnfx ug]{ ug{', / ha s'g} sfdaf/] b[9 lgZro ub{5f} eg] cNnfxdfly k"0f{ e/f];f /fv . lgM;Gb]x cNnfx e/f];f ug]{x¿nfO{ k|]d ub{5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !%( _

/ h;n] klg pxfFsf] hLjgL k9]sf 5g\ ltgnfO{ yfxfxf]nf ls pxfFsf] cfr/0f / :jefj s:tf] lyof] . pxfFsf] pTs[i6 cfr/0f dWo] ;Totf, w/f]x/tf, bof, k/f]ksfl/tf, s?0f, anzflntf, nHhf, ;xgzLntf, dL7f] :j/df s'/f ug[{ ===== cflb xf] . - / h;nfO{ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] af/]df clws hfgsf/L rflxG5 Tof] d]/f] lstfa ljZjsf] gfos, / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd dfgjtfsf] b"tsf] cWog u/f];\ - cg'jfbs_ _

/ pxfFsf] hLjgL leq oL h:tf w]/} g}ltstfsf

pbfx/0fx¿ el/Psf 5g\ . h:tf] ls pxfFsf] ;fyL cg; lag dflns /hLcNNfxf] cGxf] eGg' x'G5 M æ ls d pxfF ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;fy hfFb} lyPF / pxfFdfly afSnf] lsgf/f ePsf] rfb/ - zfn _ lyof], clg Pp6f ufpFn] dfG5]n] pxfFsf] rfb/nfO{ olt zlQmn] lyRof] ls rfb/sf] cfsf]{ s'gf h'g pxfFsf] 3fF6Llg/ lyof] Tof] k|efljt eO{ s:of], clg To; ufFpn] dfG5]n] eGof] M x]

132

d'xDdb cNnfxsf] ;DklQaf6 dnfO{ s]xL lbg] cfb]z u/ . clg /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd To;tkm{ cfkm\gf] cg'xf/ kmsf{pg' eof], / xfF:g' eof], km]l/ cfb]z ug'{ eof] ls o; ufpFn]nfO{ s]xL wg k|bfg ul/of];\ Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ o:t} cAb'Nnfx lag cAaf; /hLcNnfxf] cGxf] j0f{g ug'{x'G5 ls æ /;"n ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;a} eGbf 7"nf] bfgL lyP . / pxfF /dhfgsf] dlxgfdf c? 7"nf] bfgL eOxfNg' x'GYof] ha lha|Lnl;t e]6ug'{ x'GYof], / lha|Ln k|To]s /dhfgsf] k|To]s /fqL pxfFl;t e]6y], / s'/cfgsf] kf7 u/fpFy] . clg pxfF ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd jfo' eGbf clws bfgL eOxfNy] Æ . - a'vf/L, d'l:nd _

/ cg; lag dflns pxfF ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] xfF;Ldhfs Pj+ gd|tf / aRrfx¿ dfly pxfFsf] :g]xnfO{ bz{fpFb} j0f{g ug'{x'G5 ls æ d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;Nnd xfdL dWo] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] cfr/0fjfg lyP, tkfO{ xfd|f] 3/ cfpg' x'GYof] / d]/f] ;fgf] efO;+u eGg' x'GYof]M x] ca" pd}/ g'u}/n] s] u¥of] < clg km]l/ Tof];Fu v]Ng' x'GYof] Æ . - a'vf/L, d'l:nd _

/ d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;Nnd gaLx¿df ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 / cNnfxnfO{ ;a}eGbf lk|o ;Gb]i6f x'g'x'GYof] . o;sf] k|dfl0fs/0f ;a} gaLx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ , / k|nosf] lbg k'gM ug]{ 5g\ . ha ;d:t ;[li6nfO{ Pp6} d}bfgdf e]nf ul/G5 , / ;"o{nfO{ k[YjL glhs ul/G5, / ;a} Jofs'n / pGdfbL h:tf] cj:yfdf x'G5g\ . clg

133

eGg]5g\M s] x]/L /fv]sf 5f}, s;}nfO{ vf]h h;n] xfdLx¿sf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/f];\ . clg Pscfsf{ l;t eG5g\M xf] cfbd cn}lx:;nfd sxfF hfcf}+, clg ;a} cfbd ;dIf cfFp5g\ . clg eG5g\M tkfO{ ;Dk"0f{ dfgjhfltsf] lktf x'g'x'G5, tkfO{nfO{ cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] xftn] ;[li6 u/]sf] 5, / tkfO{ leq cNnfxn] cfkm} cfTdf xfn]sf] 5, / kml/Ztfx¿nfO{ tkfO{nfO{ 9f]Ug] cfb]z u/]sf] lyof] . clg ;a}hgf eG5g\ ls tkfO{ k|ToIf x]/L /xg'eP5 ls xfdL s'g cj:yfdf 5f}+ . cyf{t xfd|f] nflu cNnfx l;t l;kmfl/z ug'{;\ . cfbd cn}lx:;nfd eG5g\ M d]/f] kfngstf{ cfh olt qmf]lwt 5 hlt klxnf slxn] klg lyPg, km]l/ d]/f] kfngstf{n] dnfO{ Tof] ?vaf6 /f]s]sf] lyof] t/ d}n] c§]/L u/]+, / To; ?vsf] kmn vfPF, o;n]ubf{ ltdLx¿ s'g} cfsf{ sxfF hfpm, g"x ;dIf hfpm . clg pgLx¿ g"x cn}lc:;nfd ;dIf hfG5g\ / eG5g\ M x]g'{;\ tkfO{ t dfgjhflt tkm{ cNnfxsf] klxnf] ;Gb]i6f x'g'x'G5, / cNnfxn] tkfO{nfO{ s[t1 eQm eg]5, tkfO{ g} xfd|f] nflu l;kmfl/z ug'{ xf];\ . s] tkfO{ x]g'{x'Gg ls xfdL s:tf] b'u{ltdf 5f}+ . clg g"x cn}lx:;nfd klg eG5g\ M d]/f] kfngstf{ cfh h:tf] slxn] klg qmf]lwt lyPg / d}n] cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodfly chfasf] ofrgf u/]sf] lyPF . o;f] u/ ltdLx¿ s'g} cfsf{l;t uP/ ;xfotf dfFu, a? Oa|fxLd sxfF hfpm . km]l/ pgLx¿ Oa|fxLd cn}lx:;nfd lt/ nfU5g\ / pxfFl;t eG5g\ M x] Oa|fxLd Û ltdL t cNnfxsf] gaL / ldq xf} cfkm\gf] kfngstf{ l;t

134

xfdLx¿sf] af/]df l;kmfl/z ug'{;\ . Oa|fxLd klg cfbd / g"x h:t} hjfkm lbG5g\ / eG5g\M d}n] tLgj6f em"7 af]n]sf] lyPF, a? ltdLx¿ s'g} cfsf]{l;t ;xfotf dfFu, / eG5g\M d";f ;dIf uO{ cfkm\gf] clek|fo /fv . clg pgLx¿ d";f cn}lx:;nfd sxfF hfG5g\ / eG5g\ M x] d";f tkfO{ t cNnfxsf] ljlzi6 /;"nx¿ dWo]sf xf,} ltdLl;t cNnfxn] jftf{nfk u/]sf] 5, ltdL g} xfdLx¿sf] ;xfotf u/ / xfdLx¿sf] nflu cfkm\gf] kfngstf{ l;t l;kmfl/z u/ . xh/t d";f eG5g\ M d}n] Pp6f lgbf]{ifnfO{ xTof u/]sf] lyPF h;sf] cfb]z dnfO{ lyPg, a? ltdLx¿ O{;f cn}lx:;nfd ;dIf hfpm . clg ;a}hgf O{;f cn}lx:;nfd sxfF cfpF5g\ / eG5g\ M x] O{;f tkfO{ t cNnfxsf] /;"nsf] ;fy ;fy} To;sf] cfTdfaf6} x'g'x'G5, / tkfO{n] t afNosfndf g} af]Ng] rdTsf/ ug'{ eP5, tkfO{ g} xfd|f] nflu l;kmfl/z ug'{;\ . t O{;f cn}lx:;nfdsf] hjfkm klg c? gaLx¿ h:t} x'G5, / pgL ;a}nfO{ eG5g\M ls ltdLx¿ clGtd ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;dIf cfkm\gf] clek|fo /fv . clg ;a} d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;dIf cfkm\gf] clek|fo /fV5g\ / eG5g\M x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd tkfO{ t /;"nx¿sf] ;dfks x'g'x'g5 / tkfO{sf] ;a} bf]ifx¿nfO{ cNnfxn] Ifdf k|bfg ul/;s]sf] 5, t x] d'xDdb xfdLx¿sf] nflu cfkm\gf] kfngstf{ l;t l;kmfl/z ug'{;\ . clg /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ToxfFaf6 lx+85g\ clg cNnfxsf] cz{d'lg cfkm\gf] kfngstf{nfO{ 9f]U5g\ /

135

cNnfxsf] k|z+;f / u'0fufg u5{g\, clg pxfF;t elgG5 x] d'xDdb Û cfkm\gf] 6fpsf] p7fpg';\ tkfO{ h] klg dfFUg' x'g]5 tkfO{nfO{ ldN5, / h] l;kmfl/z ug'{x'G5 :jLsfo{ ul/g]5 . clg /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 ls d eG5' æ x] d]/f] /a - kfngstf{ _ d]/f] pDdt d]/f] pDdt Æ clg elgG5 x] d'xDDb cfkm\gf] pDdtLsf tL dflg;x¿nfO{ :ju{sf] bflxgf] 9f]sfaf6 k|j]z u/fpm h;sf] lx;fa lstfa x'Fb}g, / logLx¿ c? 9f]sfx¿af6 klg k|j]z ug{ ;S5g\ . km]l/ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd eGg' x'G5 ls æ To; cNnfxsf] zky h;sf] xftdf d]/f] Hofg 5 :ju{sf] 9f]sfsf] b'j} kf6sf] b"/L olt x'G5 hlt ls dSsf / xdL/ cyjf dSsf / a;/fsf] aLrsf] b"/L 5 Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o ;Gb]i6f x'g'x'G5, / ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 klg . h:tf] ls dfly j0f{g ul/of], / o;sf] ;fy ;fy} ;d:t ;gb]i6fsf] ;dfks klg x'g . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M -dflg;x¿ xf] † _ ltd|f k'?ifx¿ dWo] s;}sf] lktf d'xDdb - ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd _ xf]Ogg\, a? pgL cNnfxsf /;"n / gaLx¿sf ;dfks -clGtd gaL_ x'g\ . / cNnfxnfO{ k|To]s s'/fsf] k"0f{ 1fg 5 . - ;"/t'n\ cxhfa $) _

/ o:t} pxfF ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ljz]iftf dWo] of] klg xf] ls k|nosf] lbg pxfFsf] pDdtL cg'z/0f ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof ;a} gaLx¿sf] pDdtLx¿ eGbf clws

136

x'g]5 . / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd g} :ju{sf] 9f]sf vf]Ng' x'g]5 . / pxfF g} klxnf] l;kmfl/zL x'g'x'G5 . pxfF ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ d ;Gb]i6fx¿df k|nosf] lbg ;a}eGbf clws pDdtLjfnf x"F , / d klxnf] JolQm xF" h;n] :ju{sf] 9f]sf v6v6pg] 5' Æ . - d'l:nd _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5M æ d :ju{df klxnf] ;kmfl/zL x'g]5', / h;/L d]/f] cg'z/0f ul/of] s'g} c? ;Gb]i6fsf] o:tf] clws dfqfdf cg'z/0f ul/Pg, a? k|nosf] lbg sltko o:tf gaLx¿ klg cfpF5g\ ls pgsf] ;fydf Pp6f cg'ofoL dfq x'g]5 Æ . - d'l:nd _

/ cNnfxn] pxfF ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ of] jfrf lbPsf] lyof] ls cNnfx pxfFsf] pDdtLx¿df pxfFnfO{ :jLsfo{tf / nf]slk|otf k|bfg u5{, / pxfFnfO{ pgsf] pDdt leq sNof0f b]vfpF5 . / /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] Pp6f xbL;df j0f{g 5 ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Ps lbg ;Gb]i6fx¿sf] j0f{g ul//fVg' ePsf] lyof], clg cfkm\gf] xft p7fpg' eof] / eGg' eof] æ x] cNnfx d]/f] pDdt d]/f] pDdt, / ?g yfNg' eof], km]l/ cNnfxn] eGof] x] lha|Ln d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;dIf hfpm / ltd|f] kfngxf/nfO{ ;a} yfxf 5 t/ hfpm / d'xDdbl;t ;f]w ls pxfF lsg /f]O{ /xg' eP5 . clg lha|Ln d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;dIf cfP/ ;f]w] t d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn]

137

h'g eGg' lyof] eGg' eof] . / cNnfxnfO{ t ;a} yfxf g} lyof] . clg cNnfxn] lha|Lnl;t eGof] d'xDdb ;dIf uO{ eg ls x] d'xDdb xfdL ltdLnfO{ ltd|f] pDdtdf nf]slk|o agfO{ lbg]5f}+, / tkfO{nfO{ ltd|f] pDdtLx¿sf] af/]df ;+t';li6 k|bfg ug]{ 5f}+ / ltdLnfO{ ckdflgt ug]{ 5}gf}+ Æ . - d'l:nd _

/ cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ c? ;Gb]i6fx¿ dfly ^ j6f s'/fx¿df k|wfgtf k|bfg u¥of] . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ dnfO{ ^ j6f s'/fx¿ åf/f c? ;Gb]i6fx¿ dfly k|wfgtf k|bfg ul/of], dnfO{ hjfd]pn\ slnd - jfSo k|of]u ug]{ ljlrq zlQm _ k|bfg ul/of], / -zq'dfly_ eoåf/f d]/f] ;xfotf ul/of], / dfn] ugLdt - o'4df ldn]sf] ;DklQ _ d]/f] nflu xnfn ul/of], / ;d:t k[YjLnfO{ d]/f] nflu kljq / gdfhsf] :yn agfOof], / dnfO{ ;d:t huttkm{ ;Gb]i6f agfP/ k7fOof], / dnfO{ ;d:t ;Gb]i6fx¿sf] ;dfks agfOof] Æ . - d'l:nd _

cyf{tM d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd eGbf klxnfsf b"tx¿ dfq cfkm\gf] ;d"x / hfltsf nflu k7fOGy] t/ d'xDDb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] nflu /;"n agfOof] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M tkfO{n] elglbg';\ M ……x] dflg;x¿ Û d ltdLx¿ ;a}sf] nflu To; cNnfxaf6 k7fOPsf] /;"n x"F hf] cfsfzx¿ / wtL{sf] /fHosf] :jfdL 5 . p; afx]s sf]xL ;To k'Ho 5}g, p;}n] hLjg k|bfg ub{5 / p;}n]

138

k|f0f lnG5 . t;y{ cNnfx dfly O{dfg Nofpm / p;sf gaL pDdLdf, hf] :jo+ cNnfx tcfnf / p;sf cfb]zdf cf:yf /fVb5g\ . pgsf] cg'z/0f u/ tfls ltdL -;xL_ dfu{ kfpg ;s .ÚÚ - ;"/t'n\ cc\/fkm !%* _

/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] syg 5 M cy{ M -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd _ xfdLn]

tkfO{+nfO{ ;a} dflg;x¿sf] nflu z'e–;"rgf lbg]jfnf / ;fjwfg ug]{jfnf agfP/ k7fPsf xf}+, lsGt' of] ;To xf] ls w]/} dflg;x¿n] a'em\b}gg\ . - ;"/t' ;af @* _

/ o:t} cNnfxn] cfkm\gf] s[kfn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] / nfebfos agfof] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M -df]ldgx¿ Û_ dflg;x¿sf nflu k}bf ul/Psf] ;a} ;Dk|bfox¿ dWo] ltdLx¿ ;a}eGbf pQd xf} lsgls ;Tsd{ ug{ eGb5f} / b'isd{af6 6f9f /xg l;sfpFb5f} / cNnfxdfly cf:yf /fVb5f} / olb cxn] lstfan] klg cf:yf /fv]sf] eP ltgLx¿sf] lglDt w]/} /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . ltgLx¿ dWo] O{dfgjfnx¿ klg 5g\ / w]/} h;f] cj1fsf/Lx¿ 5g\ . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg !!) _

/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd eGg' x'G5 ls dnfO{ o:tf s'/fx¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 h'g s'g} ;Gb]i6fnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g, t ;xfafx¿ pxfFsf ;fyLx¿ eG5g\ ls xfdLn] ;f]w]+ ls tL s'/fx¿ s] x'g\ < t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ d]/f] ;xfotf - zq'x¿ lj?4 _ eoåf/f ul/of], / k[YjLsf ;fFrf]x¿ dnfO{ k|bfg

139

ul/of], / d]/f] gfd cxdb - k|z+;gLo _ /flvof], / k[YjLnfO{ d]/f] nflu dl:hb agfOof], / d]/f] pDdtLx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pDdtL agfOof] Æ . - d':gb cxdb _

/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd @# jif{ ;Gb]i6fsf] ¿kdf hLljt /xg' eof], km]l/ pxfFsf] :ju{af; eof], /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] o; ;fgf] cjlwdf tL ;a} lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ k"0f{tM cfkm\gf] pDdt ;Dd k'¥ofpg' eof] h'g pxfFnfO{ cNnfx åf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . / cfkm\gf] pDdtnfO{ o:tf] k|sflzt dfu{df nufpg' eof] h;sf] /fqL klg lbg h:t} pHhjn lyof] . / pxfFsf] d[To' eGbf cl3 g} k"/f c/adf O:nfd lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] lyof] . / cfkm\gf] cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ of] cfb]z lbP/ hfg' eof] ls pxfFsf] cfb/ t u?g\ t/ o:tf] cfb/ gu?g\ h;/L ox"bL O{;fO{x¿n] u/] / cfkm\gf /;"nx¿nfO{ k"Ho g} agfO{ xfn] . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ d]/f] k|z+;fdf o:tf] uf]n" - k|z+;fdf ;Ldf eGbf cuf8L hfg' _ gug'{ h:tf] ls O{;fO{x¿n] O{;f cn}lx:;nfdsf] af/]df u/], d cNnfxsf] ;]js x"F t;y{ ltdLx¿ dnfO{ cNnfxsf] eSt / To;sf] /;"n g} eg Æ . - a'vf/L _

t;y{ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf cg'ofoLx¿n] pxfFsf] s'/fnfO{ dfgL x/]s s'/fdf pxfFsf] cg'z/0f u/] . / pxfFsf] ;xfotf u/], / pxfFl;t cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg eGbf clws k|]d u/], / pxfFsf] ;dy{gdf cfkm\gf] Hofg dfn dfq xf]Og a? cfkm\gf] ;GtfgnfO{ klg alnbfg u/] . / o;sf] k|ToIf pbfx/0f ;xfafx¿ x'g\ .

140

/ o:t} of] wd{ O:nfdsf] of] kljqtf / dxfgtf xf] ls o;n] ;a}nfO{ of] cfb]z lbP5 ls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] clwsf/sf] 1fg k|fKt u?g\ , / o:tf] k"hf c/fwgf clgjfo{ u¥of] h;af6 d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfb/ xf];\ . To;} dWo] of] xf] ls s'g} klg JolQm To; avt ;Dd d';ndfg x'g\;Sb}g ha ;Dd d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ cNnfxsf] ;Gb]i6f :jLsf/ gu/f];\ . / Tof] sn]df - dGq _ of] xf] nfOnfxf ONnNNffx d'xDdb'/{;"n'Nnfx cyf{t M cNnfx afx]s c? s'g} klg ;To k"Ho 5}g, / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd cNnfxsf] /;"n - ;Gb]i6f _ x'g\ .

/ o:t} d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd l;t k|]dug'{ clgjfo{ 5, / pxfFsf] k|]d ;a}sf] k|]ddfly pTs[i6 xf];\ . cyf{t cfkm\gf] afa' cfdf ;Gtfg ;a}eGbf clws k|]d ug]{ cfb]z 5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ s'g} dfG5] ta ;Dd cf:yfjfg x'G;Sb}g ha ;Dd d p;sf] lgs6 p;sf] ;Gtfg, afa', cfdf / ;d:t dfgjhflt eGbf clws lk|o g eOxfn"F Æ . - a'vf/L _

/ o:t} cNnfxn] xfdLnfO{ va/ lbof] ls cNnfx / kml/Ztfx¿ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd dfly cNnfxsf] zflGt k7fpF5g\ / cNnfxsf] of] cfb]z hf/L u5{g\ ls ltdLx¿ klg pxfFdfly zflGt k7fpFb}u/ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M cNnfx / p;sf kml/Ztfx¿ o; gaLdfly /xdt -;nfd–zflGt_ k7fpFb5g\ . x] O{dfgjfnfx¿ ltdL

141

klg pgLdfly w]/} ;nfd / b¿b k7fpg] u/ . - ;"/t'n\ cxhfa %* _

/ o:t} cNnfxn] of] cfb]z lbPsf] 5 ls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfb]zsf] kfngf u/ . / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cg'z/0f ug'{nfO{ pxfFfl;t k|]d ug'{sf] nIf0f / s;f}6L klg atfPsf] 5, / of] klg eg]sf] 5 ls h;n] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cg'z/0f u¥of] eg] To;n] cNnfxsf] cg'z/0f u¥of] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

cy{ M -x] k}uDa/ Û dflg;x¿ l;t_ elglbg';\ ls olb ltdL cNnfxnfO{ k|]d ub{5f} eg] d]/f] cg'z/0f u/, cNnfxn] ltdLnfO{ k|]d ug]{5 / ltd|f kfkx¿nfO{ Ifdf ul/lbg]5 / cNnfx cToGt Ifdf–bfg ug]{ bofn' 5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg #! _

/ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cg'z/0fnfO{ cNnfxsf] cg'z/0faf6 bfFlhPsf] 5 h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

cy{ M elglbg' Û ls cNnfx / /;"nsf] cfb]z kfng u/ . olb dfGb}gg\ eg] cNnfxn] klg sflkm/x¿nfO{ k|]d ub}{g . - ;"/t' cfn] Od\/fg #@ _

x] cNnfx cfkm\gf] lk|o eQm Pj+ ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb

;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ zflGt k|bfg u/, / pxfFsf] ;a} ;fyLx¿ / xfdLdfly klg . / xfdLnfO{ pxfFsf] cg'z/0f ug]{ zlQm k|bfg u/, / xfdLnfO{ pxfFsf] xf}h]

142

sf};/af6 hn k|bfg u/, / xfdLnfO{ pxfFsf] lzkmfct k|bfg u/L xfdLnfO{ :ju{df pxfFsf] ;fy :yfg lbP/ pxfFsf] ;fy a:g] ;f}efUo k|bfg u/ . - cfdLg _

143

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Mob. No.00977-9847030780 00966-0501372254