neno techonlogy doc

7/29/2019 neno techonlogy doc

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Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms and molecules, hasbeen described both as the next industrial revolution and as the operating system for anew era of corporate and state control.

Nanotechnology will fundamentally change the world we live in. It provides a powerful

universal tool kit with which to shape and manipulate all matter, living and non-living. Ithas the potential to radically transform many sectors of industry, from pharmaceuticals tocomputers, from energy to chemicals, from agriculture to defence.

$9 billion per year is being invested in nanotechnology by the world's most powerfulgovernments (led by the US, the EU and Japan) and richest corporations (including IBM,DuPont, Syngenta, Exxon, Pfizer, L'Oreal and Kraft). Nanotechnology has the potentialto transform and extend corporate power, bringing further corporate concentration andcreating new atomic-scale monopolies over life and matter. Nanotechnology is alreadyhappening. The race to secure patents at the nano-scale and to bring nano- products to themarket has already started.

As with other revolutionary technologies nanotechnology brings with it the promise of farreaching social and environmental impacts, from novel forms of nano-toxicity toeconomic disruption caused by nano-commodities, from ethical issues around nano-enabled human 'enhancement' to privacy issues around surveillance from nano-enabledsensors. As yet there is no regulatory framework anywhere in the world to dealadequately with nanotechnology. (http://www.corporatewatch.org/?lid=2147)

When thinking about nanotechnology is its useful to contrast it with another

'revolutionary technology', biotechnology. The 'bio' part of biotechnology refers to

what the technology is dealing with, i.e. bios or life, where as with nanotechnology

the 'nano' refers not to a thing but to the scale at which the technology takes place.Put simply nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at a size so small that it ismeasured in nanometres (one billionth of a metre), the scale of atoms and molecules.

The nano-scaleIts difficult to grasp quite how small the nano-scale is. To give some reference points onenanometre (nm) is one billionth of a metre, or one millionth of a millimetre. A humanhair is 80,000nm thick, a red blood cell is 5,000nm in diameter, a DNA molecule is2.5nm wide and 10 hydrogen atoms arranged side by side measure 1nm.The nano-scale is nothing new. It has always existed, but until recently it has been out ofthe sight, and reach, of human beings. Unaided, the human eye can't see anything muchsmaller than a millimetre wide.

Over the last few hundred years optical microscopes have been developed that allowhumans to see objects down to the scale of microns (1,000nm things such as bacteria). Itis the invention and development of scanning probe microscopes over the last 20 yearsthat has allowed humans to first of all see, and then manipulate matter at the nano-scale.


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The nano-scale is special in two ways:

Everything is the sameWhen viewed at the nano-scale the whole world starts to look the same. Everything onthis planet both living and non-living is made up of atoms and molecules, and at the

nano-scale that is all you see. The paper this briefing is printed on (or the computer youare viewing it on), the trees you can see from the window, the glass in the window, yourcat and you yourself, everything is made up of atoms and molecules arranged in differentcombinations and different structures.

Biotech broke the species barrier. Nanotech breaks the life/ non-life barrier

Things behave differentlyThe other important feature of the nano-scale is that substances start to behave verydifferently when they are very small. Below about 100nm the rules that govern thebehaviour of the elements of our known world start to give way to the rules of quantum

physics, and everything changes. To take the example of gold, we are all familiar withgold at the everyday macro-scale, for instance, a gold ring is a familiar shinyorangey/yellow colour. The same is true of a particle of gold 100nm wide, but, a particleof gold 30nm across is bright red, slightly bigger than that it is purple and going smallerstill it is brownish in colour. Not only colour changes at the nanoscale. Other propertiesincluding strength, reactivity, conductivity and electronic properties also change as sizedecreases.

Nanotechnology has the potential to transform the way businesses operate. It is anenabling technology that will drive significant social, economic and technologicalchange. The Economistreported that nanotechnology would affect every industrythrough improvements to existing materials and products, as well as allowing the

creation of entirely new materials. It would also produce important advances inareas such as electronics, energy and biomedicine.

Definition of NanotechnologyAccording to the PMSEIC (Prime Ministers Science, Engineering and InnovationCouncil) Working group on nanotechnology2, nanotechnology is engineering at themolecular (groups of atoms) level. It is the collective term for a range oftechnologies, techniques and processes that involve the manipulation of matter atthe smallest scale (from 1 to 100 nanometres).

At this scale, the properties of materials such as colour, magnetism and the ability toconduct electricity can be altered. This results in new, exciting and differentcharacteristics that can generate an array of novel products. Nanotechnology is

characterised by the size of the materials being developed and used, meaning thatthe end products vary widely. For example, nanotechnology can be used to engineerfuel cells, fabrics or drug delivery devices. Nanotechnology therefore enables thenatural convergence of all basic sciences (biology, physics and chemistry) at themolecular level.

According to Wherrett and Yelovich, there are three main sectors within the globalnanotechnology industry:

Nanomaterials


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Nanomaterials is a broad term used to describe the "nanocomponents" used tomake, or included as part of, a finished product. For present purposes, the termnanomaterials includes carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nano-oxides, nanocrystals,and nanopowders, among others. The commercial production of nanotubes andfullerenes is still at an early stage. The production of other nanomaterials, likenanocomposite clays, is slightly more advanced.

NanobiotechnologyIn biotechnology, the ability to work at the nano level provides the capacity toprecisely locate diseases and administer drugs. Two fields that may berevolutionised are drug delivery and drug discovery. As with nanomaterials,however, present-day commercial applications are somewhat more basic.

NanoelectronicsThe primary benefit of working at a smaller scale in electronics is more power,greater speed and new applications. In semiconductors, Intel recently announcedthe launch of the Prescott chip, the first true nanochip operating at 90 nm andpromising 4-gigahertz processing speed.

Objectives of the studyThe impact of nanotechnology on their company/industry/community to date The broad ways in which their company/industry currently uses or does not usenanotechnology Perceived benefits associated with nanotechnology Perceived concerns associated with nanotechnologyThe potential role of nanotechnology on their company/industry/community in thefuture

The definition of the ICT industryincludes the following components:

- manufacturing of computer equipment, telecommunications, broadcasting andelectronic equipment, and electric cable and wire- wholesaling of computers, business machines, electrical and electronic equipment- telecommunications services- computer services such as data processing, storage and retrieval, computermaintenance and consultancy- content: recorded media manufacturing and publishing, radio and television

services, film and video production and sound recording.

IntelCEO: Brian KrzanichFounded: 1968Headquarters: Santa Clara, CA,United States of AmericaFounders: Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce
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Intel Corporation is an American multinationalsemiconductorchip maker corporationheadquartered in Santa Clara, California. Intel is the world's largest and highest valuedsemiconductorchip maker, based on revenue. It is the inventor of the x86series ofmicroprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel Corporation,founded on July 18, 1968, is aportmanteau ofIntegrated Electronics (the fact that "intel"

is the term for intelligence information was also quite suitable).Intel also makesmotherboardchipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits,flashmemory, graphic chips,embedded processorsand other devices related tocommunications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert NoyceandGordon Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision ofAndrewGrove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edgemanufacturing capability. Though Intel was originally known primarily to engineers andtechnologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and itsPentium processor household names.

Intel was an early developer ofSRAMandDRAM memory chips, and this represented

the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's firstcommercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personalcomputer (PC) that this became its primary business. During the 1990s, Intel investedheavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computerindustry. During this period Intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors forPCs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes illegal tactics in defense of its marketposition, particularly against Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), as well as a struggle withMicrosoft for control over the direction of the PC industry.The 2013 rankings of theworld's 100 most valuable brands published by Millward Brown Optimor showed thecompany's brand value at number 61.

Intel has also begun research in electrical transmission and generation.Intel has recentlyintroduced a 3-D transistor that improves performance and energy efficiency. Intel hasbegun mass-producing this 3-D transistor, named the Tri-Gate transistor, with their 22 nmprocess, which is currently used in their 3rd generation core processors initially releasedon April 29, 2012. In 2011, SpectraWatt Inc., a solar cell spinoff of Intel, filed forbankruptcy under Chapter 11. Recently Intel unveiled its brand new fourth generationIntel Core processors (Haswell) in an event named Computex in Taipei.(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel)

Intel using nano technology

A transistor consisting of only a single atom has been achieved, according to an articlepublished in Nature Nanotechnology on the 19th of February 2012. The transistor wascreated with a phosphorus atom in a silicon crystal, with the phosphorus replacing exactlyone silicon atom. This single-atom-device has been made considerably earlier than waspredicted by Moores law.
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What is a Transistor?

A transistor is a device based on asemiconductor material, which can amplify and/orswitch an electronic signal. To do this, the transistor has to be connected to an externalcircuit by at least three terminals.

Transistors are essential in for our modern lifestyle, as they are employed in almost everyelectronic object we use. Computer microprocessors or mobile phones, for instance, canfunction only due to the presence of transistors with appropriate characteristics.
http://www.decodedscience.com/novel-developments-for-semiconductor-quantum-dots/2969http://www.decodedscience.com/novel-developments-for-semiconductor-quantum-dots/2969http://www.decodedscience.com/novel-developments-for-semiconductor-quantum-dots/2969

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