neutrino-nucleus interactions relevant to atmospheric neutrinos &...
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Neutrino-nucleus interactions relevant to atmospheric neutrinos & neutrino oscillation experiments
Makoto Sakuda (Okayama)
14 June, 2012 @NDM12 (Nara)In collaboration with I.Oh, T.Mori, A.Ankowski, and O.Benhar
Outline0. New Phase After Neutrino 2012 (θ13 =9±1°Established)1. Importance of NC ν-A γ-ray production 2. Process to produce γ-ray production in NC ν-A reactions3. E<200MeV4. E>200MeV5. Proposed experiment to measure the relevant branching
ratios (Br(A* γ))6. Summary
1. New Phase of ν-A Interactions After Neutrino2012 (θ13 =9±1°Established)
A few % accuracy of the neutrino cross sections is required for the determination of precise value of θ13 , MH(mass hierarchy) and CP-phase δ. Understanding of the overlapping region among Quasi-elastic(QE), Resonance(RES) and Deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) becomes important. In addition, a forward region (low Q2) in QE,1π and DIS is uncertain, ~20%. See Itow, McFarland at Neutrino2012, Okumura@NDM.
1. Importance of γ rays in NC ν-O or ν-C interactions
This process is very important to both Supernova (SN) physics and neutrino oscillation experiments. The x-section is sizable, ~30-40% of that of Elastic (coherent) or QE reaction.
1) SN DetectionSupernova neutrino bursts in Our Galaxy: The events containing γ rays from NC ν-O (ν-C) interactions comprise 5-10% of the total events. They will give us flux (Temperature), independent of the neutrino oscillations.
Supernova Relic Neutrino (SRN) detection: Though we are about toreach the sensitivity to SRN, the γ-rays from Atmospheric NC ν-O (ν-C) interactions at high energy may make serious background in 5-20 MeV region.
2) Neutrino Oscilation Experiments at Beam Dump or LBNEBD: KARMEN experiment measured the 15.1MeV γ rays from NC ν-C reactions at 29.8MeV. No experiments exist for oxygen at low energy. LBNE: The number of γ-ray events from NC ν-A interaction is independent of neutrino oscillations.
Status of γ-ray production study of NC ν-O (-C) reactions
Theoretical Calculations1) Eν<100MeV: Langanke et al., Phys.Rev.Lett.76(1996).
Inelastic scattering (Giant resonances):νO νO* , O* γ
2) Eν>100MeV: Ankowski,Benhar,Mori,Yamaguchi and MS,Phys.Rev.Lett.108(2012)052505
Nucleon knockout: νO ν+p/n+15N*/15O*(Excitation of residual nucleus)
Experiments1) Eν<100MeV:No experiments exists for Oxygen. Karmen for
C*(15.1MeV) only We are preparing the experiment!2) Eν>100MeV: K2K. T2K, RCNP E148 O(p,2pγ)
ν16O
ν16O* 16O
ν ν
p15N*γ
γ
1) Eν<100MeV: Elastic and Inelastic 2) Eν>100MeV: Quasi-elastic (1N knock-out)
Feature of the energy dependence
NC Elastic(Coherent)ν+16O→ν+16O
NC quasi-elastic ν+16O→ν+p/n+X
NC Elastic only
γ-production in nucleon decayEjiri,PRC48,1442(1993)
SUSY Golden Mode P K+ν
Residual 15N sometimes emits γ−rays.
All we need is the spectroscopic factors Sp(p1/2,p3/2,s1/2,,,,)
16OP K+ν
16O P K+ν, 15N* 15N+γ
15N
1) Supernova Physics
SN bursts from SN explosion@10kpcWith about 8000 events, we expect to clarify the Supernova explosion mechanism every msec over 10 seconds. NC events (oscillation indep.) are very important. We may solve θ13 and Mass Hierarchy. –Kajino@NDM12
(SN1987a:Only 12 events ( Nobel Prize))
Supernova Relic Neutrinos(SRN,or DSNB): SN flux from the past (z).
K.Bays et al.(SK),PRD85,052007(2012) has the best sensitivity to SRN.
.sec)/(7.1
)3.17(%90@sec)/(9.22
2
predictediscmwhile
MeVECLcmFlux
e
e
⋅
>⋅<
ν
ν ν
τμ νννν
,e
e
0 10 20 40MeV
SRN flux
(Sec)
1) Neutrino bursts from SN explosion at 10kpc, expected for H2O detector (22.5kton)
CC e±
NC γ
400 γ-ray events (5%) out of total 8000 events (H2O) above E>5 MeV.
NC γ-ray Calculations by Langanke,Vogel,Kolbe,PRL76,2629,’96; Beacom-Vogel,PRD58,053010,’98.
M.Ikeda et al (SK collab), APJ669,619(‘07): Evis>18MeV.
)7(%)6/%5(),(: τμ νννγννγ =++→+ xxx XONC
CC:
5MeV
18MeV
Neutrino bursts from SN at 10kpc with Liq.scint(KamLAND)
1000-ton Liq.Scinti.Detector (C+H) observes ~60 NC 15.1MeV γ-ray events.
•P.Vogel :http://sn1987a-20th.physics.uci.edu/, Feb.2007, Hawaii, -KamLAND.US.Proposal(March,1999
νe-bar+p→e++n : ~300 eventsνe+12C→e+12N(12B): ~30 eventsν+e-→ ν+e- : ~20 eventsNC ν+12C→ν+12C+γ (15.1MeV): ~60 events
ν+p→ ν+p: ~300 events
2) NC ν+A ν+γ+X in neutrino oscillation experiment at Short- and Long-baseline (Eν=30MeV or >200 MeV)
-independent of ν-oscillations-
KARMEN at Short Baseline ν+12C ν+12C+γ(15.11MeV)
Detailed Fig Later.
K2K 1ktonWC measuredνμ+O νμ+γ(6MeV)+X.
-Kameda@NuInt05 Proceedings.-Spectrum shape is consistent with NC
6.3MeV γ-ray production.0 10 20 30
Evis (MeV)
K2K: ν+H2O γ + nothing
16O
(ν,ν’)
6.049 , 0+6.130 , 3-7.117 , 1+8.872 , 2-9.585 , 1-
10.356 , 4-10.957, 4-11.097 , 4+11.520 , 2+12.049, 0+12.440, 1-
13.090 , 2-13.129 , 3-
12.796 , 0-12.996 , 2-
17.090 , 1-
18.800 , 1+19.000 , 1+19.470 , 1-20.400 , 2-
22.000 , 1-
24.000 , 1-25.000 , 1-
T=0 T=1
Sn:15.66
Sp:12.127
14.815 , 6+15.196 , 2-16.200, 2-
17.775 , 2-
5
10MeV
15
20
25
γ
15N+p
5.270 , 5/2+5.298 , 1/2+6.323 , 3/2-7.155 , 5/2+7.300 , 3/2+7.567 , 7/2+8.312 , 1/2+8.572 , 3/2+9.049 , 1/2+15N*
15O+n
5.183 , 1/2+5.249 , 5/2+6.176 , 3/2-6.793 , 3/2+6.859 , 5/2+7.275 , 5/2+
γ
15O* 9.152 , 3/2-9.155 , 5/2+
Sp=7.296MeV9.222 , 1/2-9.760 , 5/2-9.829 , 7/2-9.925 , 3/2-
SP=10.02MeV
3. NC ν-O γ-production (E<100MeV, Inelastic) νx+16O νx+16O* ;16O* 15N*+p, 15O*+n ; 15N*, 15O* γ
0+,T=0
1/2-
1/2-
Langanke,Vogel,Kolbe,PRL96,’96 Kolbe,Langanke,Vogel,PRD66,’02•Br(NC 15N* γ)=25%, Br(NC 15O* γ)=6%At <E>=25MeV, using SMOKER code.
11C
11B
g.s.
g.s.
25MeV
20MeV
10MeV
5MeV
0MeV
Sn:18.751
Sp:15.957
Sp=8.6869 Sp=11.227
11C*
11B*
12C
T=0 T=1
15.44 , 2+
14.08 , 4+
13.35 , 2-
12.71 , 1+
11.83 , 2-
11.16 , 2+
10.84 , 1-
10.30 , 0+
9.641 , 3-
7.654 , 0+
4.438 , 2+
g.s. ,0+
28.20, 1-
25.40, 1-
23.52 1-
22.65, 1-
22.40, 1-
22.00, 1-
20.27, 1+
18.80, 2+
18.35, 3-
18.16, 1+
17.76, 0+
17.23, 1-
16.57, 2-
16.11, 2+
15.11, 1+
11.0, 5/2-
10.6, 7/2+10.3, 5/2-
9.88, 3/2+9.82, 1/2+9.27, 5/2+9.19, 7/2+8.92, 5/2-8.56, 3/2-7.98, 3/2+7.29, 5/2+6.79, 1/2+6.74, 7/2-5.02, 3/2-4.44, 5/2-2.12, 1/2-
8.66, 7/2+
8.42, 5/2-8.10, 3/2-7.50, 3/2+6.90, 5/2-6.48, 7/2-6.34, 1/2+4.80, 3/2-4.32, 5/2-2.00, 1/2-
g.s. 3/2-
g.s. 3/2-
0+
15MeV
Except for γ−rays from C*(15.11MeV), no measurements exists.
E<200MeV: ν+12C ν+12C+γ(15.11MeV)Donnelly-Pecci,Phys.Rep.50,1,’79.
• 15.11MeV (JP=1+, T=1 Giant M1 Resonance) of 12C exists below proton separation energy (Sp=15.96MeV) and it decays to the ground state, emitting a single 15.11MeV γ-ray (Br~80%) andother cascade γ-rays.
• KARMEN measurement @Eν=29.8MeV(3.2±0.5±0.4)x10-42cm2
In good agreement with the calculation, 2.8x10-42cm2.
•Cross section saturates above 100MeV.
Karmen
10 20 30 E(MeV)
15.11MeV γ-ray
ν
ν
θw=28.7°
0 100 200 E(MeV)
Total and partial NC ν-O/-C cross sections calculated for a Fermi-Dirac ν-spectrum (T=8MeV, μ=0MeV)
-Kolbe et al.,NPA540,599,’92;PRD66,013007,’02
T=8MeV, μ=0<Eν>=24MeV.For oxygen,
16O(νx, νxpγ)15N is dominant.
νx-16O (νx=νμ , ντ) σ(10-42cm2)16O(νx, νx)X 5.19
16O(νx, νxpγ)15N 1.2916O(νx, νxnγ)15O 0.35
• For Carbon target, the γ production is dominated by 15.11 MeV γ emission. But, how dominant is not shown in the paper.
ν-12C (averaged over all
flavors)σ(10-42cm2)
12C(ν, ν’) 6.8412C(ν, ν’γ)
(including 15.11MeV γ) 3.0
Br~32%
Axial vector dominant
JP=1-,2- dominant, 0-,1+ small.Langanke1996,2002, Janowitz03Contribution of vector current –smaller by 2 orders
4. E>200MeV(QE)
can be calculated using the spectral function for O.
can be calculated as follows:
is estimated by using Spectroscopic factors of Oxygen and some data.
( ) NW
VNNCV FFF 12
1;
1 sin221 θ−=
( ) NW
VNNCV FFF 22
2;
2 sin221 θ−±= ( )22
22QM
FMFNC
ANCpseudo +
=π
ANC
A FF21
±=NC Form factor:
μμ JjG
NC 2=Η
( ) ( ) ( ) τμμτμμμμμμμ νγγννγγννγγν +++++= 111 eejem
WV JJJ μμμ θ23; sin2−=
emS
emV
em JJJ ,3, μμμ += 21 VV iJJJ μμμ ±=±
( )⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎝
⎛ +=Η +−−+ μμ
μμ
)()()()(
2JjJjG
CC
Hadronic current:
Electromagnetic current:
2/1.1 cGeVM A =
Leptonic current:
( )( ) ( γννσ
γννσ
+→×++→+=
+++→+
XXBrXnpO
XnpO
NC
NC**16
16
/
/
( )XnpONC ++→+ /16 ννσ
( )XNnpNNC ++→+ ννσ ),(
( )γ+→XXBr *
30MeV
25MeV
20MeV
15MeV
10MeV
5MeV
15O
14O+n
14N+p
7.55
4.635.17
13.2 g.s.
7.30
3.95
29.0
5.18
0
28.0
2.31
4.925.115.695.836.206.457.03
Sp=4.63
1s1/2
1p3/2
1p1/2
proton neutron
ν ν
14N+n 14C+p
15N
30MeV
25MeV
20MeV
15MeV
10MeV
5MeV
10.8
2.31
3.954.925.115.695.836.206.457.03
10.2
6.096.596.736.907.017.34 8.18
0
5.275.30
26.825.524.8
7.55
1s1/2
1p3/2
1p1/2
proton neutron
ν ν
Eν>200MeV: NC QE process producing γ-raysν+O ν+n+15O*, ν+p+15N*
- -Ejiri, PRC48,1442 (1993).
6.18 P3/2
s1/2
6.32 P3/2
s1/2
9.93 P3/2
S(p,E) for 16O, O.Benhar,MS et al., PRD72,053005,2005,will give a spectroscopic factor for p,s shells (Fig) when a proton or neutron is kicked out by a neutrino.
S
p3/2state
Scorr(p,E)
p1/2state
O(e,e’p)
NC quasi-elastic cross section and γ-production cross section- Ankowski, MS et al., PRL.108(2012) 052505
Br=40%XNO ++→+ νν
XNO ++→+ νν
GeVatbySmallerInelasticNCetalKolbebyXOO
)0.1(5.0)15(10).(*
−++→+→+ γννν
Branching ratio Br(15N*,15O* γ ,Eγ>5MeV)
Br~41% dominated by p3/2, only Br~2% from s1/2
s1/2 cross section, ie Br too, is much suppressed below 200MeV, due to its large binding energy.
18 June, 2009 Makoto Sakuda@LOWE
We used the following numbers for Br(S1/2 g, E>5MeV):15N Br=15.6% (E148), 15O Br=16% (Kamyshkov et al.,PRD67)
s1/2: Br(15N s1/2 γ)=2/8x0.422x0.16=0.02p3/2:Br(15N p3/2 γ)=4/8x0.703x1.0=0.352If the cross sections for s1/2 and p3/2 are the same, we simply obtain Br=0.352+0.02=0.37.
Since the binding energy of s1/2 is larger, the cross section of p3/2 is larger and Br of γ-production is dominated by p3/2. We obtain Br~41%.
5. Preparing for O,C(p,p’γ),(He,tγ) at 0 degrees at RCNP
This proposal is relevant to supernova physics (E<100MeV). We would like to measure γ-rays from excited states including giant resonances in 5<Ex<20MeV.
Particle beam: p or 3He (max E=400MeV)Target: 16O and 12C Grand Raiden: Measure excitation energy
Ex with scattered p or t at ~0 degrees.ΔEx=20keV(@Ep=295MeV)
γ-ray detector: Placed nearby the target
Eγ(MeV)
•6MeV γ rays from p3/2 hole are clearly observed.•Br(15N*(s-hole) 15Nγ)=15.6+-1.3%, Eγ>6MeV.
Excitation energy Ex (MeV)Eγ
E148 16O(p,2p)15N* measured Br(15N* γ) Tag Ex (ΔEx=20KeV) and Eγ. Kobayashi et al.,nucl-ex/0604006 (@NuInt04)
NaI
Ice target
5MeV
6.3MeV
Target and γ detector array (Photo from E148)
We designed one 5x5 NaI(Tl) array (25x25x15cm), using inner 3x3 array as active counters and outer 16 counters as veto (Compton suppression) counters. Downstream Veto counters (CsI) will be installed too. We have 27 NaIs from RCNP E148 O(p,2p)N.
18 June, 2009 Makoto Sakuda@LOWE
γ
15cm
Veto
Active
25cm
Target point
We like to measure O, C(p,p’γ) and O,C(He,tγ) near 0 degrees at RCNP
16O(p,p’) T.Kawabata
Excitation energy[MeV]
•We like to measure γ-rays in the forward direction of O,C(p,p’). No Systematic study has been done.
•Similar motivation: H.Ejiri et al., Ga(He,tγ)Ge, Phys.Lett.B433,257,1998.
Excitation energy[MeV]
12C(p,p’) H.Matsubara, 2010
Super-K search for SRN (Zhang@ν2012)
(1) Single tag analysis: K.Bays et al.,Phys.Rev.D85 052007,2012) used SK-I,SK-II and SK-III data
*SRN Flux< 1.7*(LMA Flux) (90%CL) for Ee>16MeV
(2) Double tag analysis using SK-IV data
*SRN Flux< 6.5*(LMA Flux) (90%CL) for Ee=12-30 MeV
Cf.KamLAND flux <14*LMA flux
26
nepe +→+ +ν
)2.2(,
MeVdpnnepe
γν
+→++→+ +
Other experimental searches for (SRN) -All these liq.scinti detectors have delayed coincidence (double tag) for a signal.
KamLAND: (8.3MeV<Eν<30.8MeV)
A.Gando etal.,ApJ745,193(2012)
SNO:
Aharmim etal., PRD70,093014(2004).
Aharmim etal., APJ653,1545(2006)
Borexino :
G.Bellini etal.,PLB696,191(2011)
Even KamLAND (4.53kton year) limit is still 2 orders of magnitude above SRN.
)( γν +→++→+ + dpnnepe
)8.144())25.6((
MeVEMeVdnnnede
<<→+++→+ +
ν
γν
)3521( MeVEe << νν
)( γν +→++→+ + dpnnepe
SRN
eν
KamLAND 25 and MC prediction
They concluded that “Atmospheric ν NC background will be a challenge for future Large Liq.Scintillator detectors”. Fig. from KamLAND paper.
A.Gando etal.,ApJ745,193(2012)).
28
Candidateseν
SummaryWe reviewed the γ-ray production from excited nuclei in NC ν-O or -C interactions for both E<100MeV and E>200MeV.
Neutrinos from SN explosion in our galaxy Supernova Relic Neutrinos (SRN, DSNB)Shrot or Long Baseline ν-oscillation experiments
We calculated the γ-production from NC QE cross section using the spectral function for the first time. We find that this cross section is larger at E>100MeV than the γ-production based on the excitation of O* which saturates above 200 MeV. This cross section is dominated by p3/2 and Br(NC γ)~40%.We plan to measure both the excitation energy (Ex) and the energy of γ-rays (Eγ) in the O,C (p,p’γ) and (He,tγ) experiment at ~0 degrees, and thus we will measure the branching ratios of γ−ray emission as functions of Ex from giant resonances for Eγ>5 MeV. This experiment will provide essential information for γ-ray production in NC γ-O,C reactions.
Backup
18 June, 2009 Makoto Sakuda@LOWE
Apology: I skip the recent progress in improved shell model calculation (E<100MeV)
JPS Journal “Buturi” (January 2012).
SFO model: