new college english (book three, second edition) unit 6 man and animals aggression in human and...

New College English (Book Three, Second Edition)

Unit 6 Man and Animals

Aggression in Human and Animals

王军礼

Contents

Pre-reading Activities1

Organization Analysis2

Detailed Reading & Words3

Post-reading Exercise4

5 Writing Practice

Pre-reading Activities

•Lead-in Discussion

•Background information

What kind of animal do you like best and why? Group workShare your favorite animal and

reasons for your choice. Ask one reporter to report in brief

all members’ talking.

Test Your Animal Knowledge

Text book

P241-243

New words;Firefly 萤火虫

Terrestrial beast 陆栖动物Cheetah 非洲猎豹Reptile 爬行动物

Amphibian 两栖动物

Text Study

Organization Analysis

Detailed Reading

Word Study

Organization Analysis

Part I (Para. 1-2) Aggression in animals.

Part II (Para. 3-4) Aggression in human beings.

Part III (Para. 5)

Conclusion: Hostility and aggression should be expressed in constructive activity and non-violent competition.

Questions and Answers

1) Normally neither of the two animals in a fight

will be badly hurt, why?

2) Why do animals in zoos often become more

aggressive than they would be in the wild?

Because the loser will save himself by making a

gesture of submission.

Animals in zoos are kept in cages. They are

probably better fed and cared for, but are evidently

bored and frustrated for lack of company.

3) What are the similarities between modern

man and caged lion according to some

zoologists and psychologists?

Man’s living conditions in crowded cities are similar to

those of animals in a zoo, which makes the

inhabitants unusually aggressive.

4) Is aggression always bad for a person?Aggression in itself is not necessarily a bad thing.

Some psychologists believe that aggression is a basic

human instinct that must be satisfied. If constructive

means are available to satisfy this instinct, man will

turn out to be quite creative.

5) What will happen if man’s aggression can not be satisfied?

He is likely to destroy his own species unless

alternative and non-violent ways of expressing

aggression can be found.

6) According to paragraph 3-4, two factors are

analyzed to account for man’s aggression.

What are they?

Man now lives in crowed conditions and it is

becoming more difficult to assert themselves as

individuals.

7) Why is it growing more and more difficult

for people to assert themselves as

individuals today?

All the work is rather mechanical and there is no

chance or possibility to give expression to their

own personality or identity.

8) How can we eliminate the negative effects of

human aggression?

International competitions in sports should be

organized, or the best designed house or hospital,

or the safest car should be designed.

Detailed Reading

Understanding Sentences

1. Nevertheless, should a fight follow, neither creature will be badly hurt, for the loser will save himself by making a gesture of submission.

if a fight should follow

Had/were/should + subject +verb+…Had I not helped him (=if I had not helped

him), he would have failed in business.

Were she my daughter (= if she were my daughter), I could suggest a different plan.

Should you need any help (=if you need any help) , you can always phone me at the office

2. Normally one animal will only kill another for food, and rarely does an animal kill a member of its own species.

In sentences beginning with a negative adverb

or a phrase with a negative sense, such as

never, seldom, rarely, nowhere, hardly, by no

means, under no circumstances, etc, the

sentence is usually in an inverted order.

A: not, never, nor, neither, nowhere

•1) I do not believe it, nor can you make me believe it

2） . 在北朝鲜进行核试验以前，从没有这么多的人关注过它。

2) Never before have so many people paid so much attention to North Korean before it made nuclear experiment.

B: by no means, in no time, at no time, in no case, on no account, in/under no circumstance, no longer/in no way/on no condition

1) By no means should we look down upon the people who are inferior to us.

2) Ｉ n no case are you to leave your post.

C: seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely 1) Seldom was our teacher content

with our progress in English. 2) Little did she dream that she would

marry him.

A tiger that once came out of the jungle into a village and attacked a man was later found to have an injured paw that had evidently prevented it from hunting its usual prey.

If it had not had this disability it would have undoubtedly stayed in the jungle and hunted for food in the customary way.

If the caged lion, for example, were free to wander on the grassy plains of Africa, it would be continually active, ranging over long distances, hunting in family groups.

If the human population had not increased so rapidly, people would have had more space and freedom.

Translate these sentences:

4. In fact, it is growing more and more difficult for people to assert themselves as individuals, as towns, nations and organizations become steadily bigger, with authority increasingly centralized and remote.

“authority” is increasingly remote because in the case of enormous cities or vast organizations, people in power are not only far away geographically, but also surrounded by thousands of bureaucrats ( 官员 ).As a result, they are much more inaccessible ( 无法接近的 ).

实际上，人类作为个体要想坚持自己的权利和主张已经越来越困难了，因为城镇、国家以及组织机构变得越来越庞大，而权力则变得越发集中，越发遥远了。

11.Unable in these conditions to channel their aggression into creative work, people will probably express it through resentment and anger.

Translation

“channel into” means “to direct something into a particular place or situation

在这样的条件下，人们无法将自己争强好斗的特性发挥在创造性的工作上，很可能就表现出怨恨、愤怒等情绪。

13. Only if hostility and aggression can be expressed in constructive activity and non-violent competition, will the human race be able to survive.

1) Only when he had handed in his exam paper,

did he realize he had made several

grammatical mistakes.

2) Only when you lose your health, do you

realize its value.

aggressive adj. 1. (of people or animals) apt or ready to attack; offensive;

quarrelsome （指人或动物）好斗的，挑衅性的，好争吵的 Our military response to the aggressive act was limited

but sufficient to show our determination.

Word Study

2. very determined to succeed or get what one

wants 有进取心的，有冲劲的一个积极进取的年轻人在这个公司是会大有作为的。

An aggressive young man can go far in this company.

adv. aggressively 好斗地；挑衅性地；好争吵地n. aggression 侵略；敌对的情绪或行为；攻

击行动n. aggressiveness 敌对情绪n. aggressor (正式；贬义 ) 侵略者

请了解以下常见表达

an aggression upon one’s right

侵害某人的权利侵害某人的权利

commit aggression against 对对……进行侵略进行侵略

air aggression 侵犯领空侵犯领空 ; ; 空中侵袭空中侵袭

commercial / cultural / economic aggression

商业商业 // 文化文化 // 经济侵略经济侵略

an aggression on sb.’s personal liberty

对某人人身自由的侵犯对某人人身自由的侵犯

territorial (adj.) (Line 3, Para. 1) 1) 守卫自身活动地域的；领域性的 2) 领土的；属地的

请了解以下常见表达

领土主权领土主权 territorial rightterritorial right

领土争端领土争端 territorial disputes territorial disputes

领土扩张领土扩张 territorial expansion territorial expansion

领土完整领土完整 territorial integrity territorial integrity

地盘性动物地盘性动物 territorial animals territorial animals

territory (n.) (Line 3, Para. 1) 1) [C; U] land ruled by one government 领土；版图 2) area regarded by a person, animal as belonging to it alone 地盘；领地 3) area of knowledge or activity ( 知识或活动的 ) 范围，领域

请完成下面的句子。ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise

他的研究兴趣甚广。His scientific interests _________________.

他们解放了被占领土。They liberated ___________________.the occupied

territories

cover a wide territory

inhabitant n. a person or animal that lives in a particular place 居民，住户

1) The inhabitants of the island were friendly.2) His residence in the town enabled him to vote.3) We joined the residents’ committee4) They have taken up their residence in a new house.

resident n. person who resides in a place (contrast with a visitor) 居民（与 visitor 相对）

Cf.

residence n. 1. residing 住，居留 2. place where

one resides; house 住处，住宅Complete the following sentences with the above words:

intrude (v.) (Line 3, Para. 1) ( + into, on, upon) bring or come in when not wanted 闯入；侵入；打扰

ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise

如果他们很忙，我就不打扰他们了。I don’t want to _________ them if they are busy.intrude on

请完成下面的句子。

这一儿时回忆不时地闯入她的脑海。The memory of her childhood _____________________ her mind.

kept intruding itself into

他总是把自己的意见强加于人。He is always ________ his opinion _____ others.intruding upon

intrusion (n.) 闯入；侵入；打扰

intruder (n.) 侵入者；闯入者

词汇扩充词汇扩充词汇扩充词汇扩充

intrusive (adj.) 闯入的；侵入的；打扰的

近义词辨析近义词辨析近义词辨析近义词辨析

interfere 指干扰、妨碍别人的行动或某事的进行。常用作贬义词。

intrude 多指未经允许而闯入或对他人事务进行干涉。

interrupt 多用于指突然介入而使正在进行的事情中断，也可表示阻断、妨碍。

请选择 intrude, interfere 或 interrupt 的适当形式完成句子。

ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise

一架不明国籍的军用飞机侵入我国领空。An unidentified military plane ___________ the airspace of our country.

敲门声打断了他的思考。A knock at the door __________ his

concentration.

青年人不希望父母过多地干涉自己的事情。Yong people don’t want their parents to ________

too much with their personal business.

interfere

intruded into

interrupted

submission (Line 6, Para. 1)

submit (v.) 1) ( + to) yield oneself; agree to obey 服从；顺从 2) ( + to) offer for consideration 呈送；提交；

submission (n.) 1) 服从；顺从 2) 呈送；提交；提出

submissive (adj.) 恭顺的；归顺的

submissively (adv.) 恭顺地；归顺地

T: Hi, boys and girls, how are you going to celebrate the New Year’s Day?

S: Oh, Mr. Smith, we’re thinking about a masquerade ( 化妆舞会 ) party.

T: That sounds great.

But I am afraid you

have to _____________

( 提交计划 ) to your

administrator.

请根据以下模拟语境填空。ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise

学生提交新年晚会计划

submit the plan

请根据以下模拟语境填空。ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise

Son: Mum, I will not __________________

(服从 ) because of the following points.

First, ...

Mum: OK. You don’t have to ______________

(服从 ) to me. But can we discuss…？

儿子服从父母管教

submit myself to you

show submission

instinct n.

1. the natural tendency that a person or animal has to behave or react in a particular way 本能

Most animals have an instinct to protect their young.

2. a natural feeling that makes one choose to act in a particular way 直觉

He had an instinct for picking the best.

instinct forAnimals have a natural instinct for

survival.instinct to do somethingBirds have an instinct to build nests. by instinctBirds build nests by instinct.somebody's first instinct (=what

someone feels like doing first when something happens)

His first instinct was to rush out of the trembling house

instinctive adj. 本能的，是一种本能

1) Animals have an instinctive dread of fire.

2) Climbing is instinctive in monkeys.

assert (v.) (Line 38, Para. 4) 1) (assert oneself) say clearly what you think 坚持自己的想法、权利、意见 2) state or declare forcefully 断言，宣称，声明

assertion (n.) ( + that ) a forceful statement or claim 断言；强硬声明

assertive (adj.) forceful; expressing strong opinions or claims 断言的；武断的


Don’t be so shy. You need to learn to

_____________. ( 坚持自己的主张 )

The Consumer Association tried its best to

_______________________. ( 维护消费者的权利 )assert the consumers’ rights

assert yourself

He ___________________ that he was not guilty.

( 一再声明他的无辜 )

repeated his assertions

You couldn’t fail to notice that _________________. ( 那个说话武断的青年人 )

assertive young man

Remote A away from other places or people, and very

few people go thereThey moved to a remote farmhouse in North

Wales.Synonym: Isolated a long way from other towns, buildings,

or people, especially in a quiet place where you are alone

The area is extremely isolated because of the hills that surround it.

Distant a long way from where you areHow can we send our young men off to distant

lands to die in foreign wars?

B if a chance or possibility of something happening is remote, it is not very likely to happen

ￚ synonym slightremote chance/possibility There's a remote chance that you

can catch him before he leaves

Remote

turn to somebody/something

A to try to get help, advice, or sympathy from someone

The Namibian government turned to South Africa for help.

B to start to do or use something new, especially as a way of solving a problem

Many people here are turning to solar power.

channel (v.) (Line 47, Para. 4) 1) ( + into) direct 引导；导向 2) form a channel in… ……在上形成槽或沟

他们把水引到地里。

知识将人类引向文明。Knowledge Knowledge channelschannels human beings human beings intointo civilization. civilization.

They channelled the water into / towards the field.

TranslationTranslationTranslationTranslation

我们应该给这条街开辟水道 , 以便水能畅通地流走。We ought to We ought to channelchannel this street so that water can this street so that water can flow away easily. flow away easily.

channel (n.) 河床；航道；沟渠；海峡；频道；（喻）途径，方法，手段

人们希望通过外交 / 正当途径

解决这一问题。People hope to solve the problem through diplomatic / proper channels.

TranslationTranslationTranslationTranslation

Find expression in something

Her anger at last found expression in loud cursing.

find the way in which one’s feelings and ideas are shown in particular events


他的情感最终由眼泪表现了出来。His feelings at last ______

________________.

他们的个人主义在他的作品 / 举止中表现了出来。Their individualism _________________________

_________.

found expression in his works

found

expression in tears

/ behavior

Man must be the most aggressive and cruel of all living creatures.

In the zoo it is probably better fed and cared for.

to perform some hostile gestures

人类肯定是所有动物中最好斗和最残忍的。

在动物园里，也许它吃得更好，能得到精心的照料。

做一些表示敌意的姿态

But it is evidently bored and frustrated for lack of company.

但是，由于离群索居，它显然会感到倦怠，情绪沮丧。

to assert oneself

a self-employed craftsman

坚持自己的权利和主张

个体手工业者

He is the master of his own trade.他是他本行业的能工巧匠。

to channel the aggression into creative work

将争强好斗的特性发挥在创造性的工作上

Completing the Sentences

Directions: Complete the following sentences with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

similar competition injure conflict instinct

likely absorb hesitate survive available

1) There are concerns that these poor people may

not _________ the winter.

2) There have been several minor __________

between the two countries over the past decade.

survive

conflicts

3) The university is trying to make more

accommodations __________ for students.

4) Do remind me because I’m _______ to forget.

5) A number of bombs have exploded, seriously

________ at least five people.

6) Our countryside is increasingly being __________

into the larger cities.



available

likely

injuring

absorbed



7) The farmers have been seeking higher prices as

better protection from foreign ___________.

8) Her first ________ was to shout and get angry with

him.

9) He __________ before he spoke, as if he wasn’t

sure how his words would be received.

10) I bought some new shoes that are very ________

to a pair I had before.

competitioninstinct

hesitated

similar

Filling in the Blanks

Direction: Complete the following passage with the words given in the box. You can use each word only once.

Aggression is the fighting instinct in beast and

man, which is directed against members of the same

species. It is theorized that in natural conditions

aggression helps to _______ survival of individuals

(and thus the species), by preventing too dense a

__________ from developing and exhausting all of its

food sources.

exhibit defense case territory minute ensure characteristic familiar aggressive population

ensurepopulation


Fighting is generally considered to be a trait

_______________ of males and uncharacteristic of

females. However, many but not all female mammals

________ aggression during the postpartum ( 产后的 )

period in ________ of their young.

The great animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz observed

that in every individual the readiness to fight is greatest in

the most _________ place: in the middle of its territory.

exhibit

defense

familiar

characteristic


As the distance from __________ increases, readiness

to fight decreases proportionately. This was not the

______ with my pet rat; he was ready and willing to beat

up his neighbors the _______ he stepped through their

door. What causes some rats to be more

____________ than others? There is certainly evidence

that aggression has a genetic basis, at least in some

animals.

case

territory

minute

aggressive

Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English using the expressions in brackets.

1) 每当她姨妈来访的时候，她总是表现不好。 (behave)

She always behaves badly when her aunt comes to visit.

2) 要不是你们的帮助，我们不会准时完成任务。 (if)

If it hadn’t been for your help, we wouldn’t have been able to finish the task in time.

3) 我劝他别去东海岸，因为那里到处都是游客。 (warn… off)

I warned him off going to the east coast because it was full of tourists.

4) 东西便宜并不见得质量就低劣。 (not necessarily)

The fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it is of low quality.

5) 如果没有人可以求教，就难以做出恰当的选择。 (turn to)

Without anyone to turn to for help, making an appropriate choice can be difficult.

Writing COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Comparisons = Similarities

Contrasts = Differences

Following a Formula

IntroductionSimilaritiesDifferencesConclusion (perhaps you can

include your opinion: say which you prefer and why)

Introduction

This should be generalRemember thesis statement

It is usual to start with the similarities but it is not essential.

Useful terms to describe similarities:

Both A and B . . . A and B both . . . Like A, B . . .

Neither A nor B . ..

Here are some examples of these expressions in use:

Both cars and bicycles are forms of transport. They both have wheels, tyres and brakes. Like cars, bicycles have gears. Neither the former nor the latter can fly or float on the water. They are normally used to get from one place to another by road. Cars and bicycles are both popular ways of travelling.

Now we turn to the differences: contrasts. We can start a new paragraph with an expression like

On the other hand there are several differences between them.

or However, there are several

differences between the two.

We can use comparatives to write about the differences.

eg. Cars are faster than bicycles and

are more expensive. Bicycles are not as big as cars and

do not carry passengers.Cars are also heavier.

We can also use these words to describe differences:

while / whereas / whilstEg. Cars need fuel to run while

bicycles do not. A car can drive from Beijing to

Tianjin in a short time whereas it would take hours to complete the journey by bike. A bike is ridden whilst a car is driven.

Your last paragraph will be a conclusion.

It should be two or more sentences and summarize what you have written using different words.

eg We have seen that cars and bicycles have a few things in common. However, there are more differences between them than similarities.

practice

Compare the differences

between the college

and high school life

new college english (book three, second edition) unit 6 man and animals aggression in human and...

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