new {dh$mg à{v mz {df`h$ mmm©gÌ · 2010. 7. 2. · {dh$mg à{v mz {df`h$ mmm©gÌ ... 2

g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>,

à`mg, nwUo.

{dH$mg à{V_mZ {df`H$ MMm©gÌ(a{ddma, {X. 15 {S>g|~a 2002)

AmYma yV {Q>nUo d g§{já Ahdmb

à`mgÀ`m g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>mV\}$ MmcUmao H$m_

2000 gmbmnmgyZ à`mg D$Om© JQ>m§VJ©V "g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m' JQ H$m ©aV Amho. `m JQ>m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo

Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo d Ë`mda Adb§~yZ AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr CnOr{dH$m `m {df`mda H$m_ gwê$ Amho. d§[MV

KQ>H$m§Mm CnOr{dHo$Mm àíZ {dH$mgmdarb MM}À`m d à`ËZm§À`m H|$ÐñWmZr H$gm AmUVm oB©b `mda g§gmYZo

Am{U CnOr[dH$m JQ H$m_ H$arV Amho. `m JQ>mV Imbrb {df`mda H$m_ Mmby Amho.

1) emídV CnOr{dHo$Mm {dH$mg{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m _m§S>UrMo H$m_

emídV CnOr{dH$m `m {df`mda g§H$ënZmË_H$ Am{U H$m ©H«$_mË_H$ Aem XmoZ A§JmZo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm `m JQ>mMm

CÔoe Amho. `m_Ü o, "emídV CnOr{dH$m" `mda Am§Vaamï—>r` ñVamda Mmbboë`m MM}Mm Aä`mg H$aUo Am{U `m

MM}V gh^mJr AgUmè`m Am§Vaamï—>r` g§ñWm§À`m ^y{_Ho$Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$aUo hm `m H$m_mMm EH$ ^mJ Amho.

VimJmimVë`m H$m ©H$Ë`mªg_moa `m MM}Mo {dûcofU _m§Sy>Z Ë`m§Mr Ñï>r, Ë`m§Mm AZw d Am§Vaamï—>r` nmVirdarb

MM}_Ü o ZoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr `m JQ>mMr BÀN>m Amho. VgoM n`m© r à{V_mZmÀ`m g§H$ënZmË_H$ ~mOyda

{dMma H$aUo Am{U "emídV CnOr{dHo$À`m {dH$mg{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr (Sustainable Livelihood Perspective)

g§H$ënZmË_H$ Am{U H$m ©H«$_mË_H$ Aem XmoZ nmVù`m§da _m§SUr H$aUo, hm `m H$m_mMm Xwgam ^mJ Amho.

2) A) Am{Xdmgr Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m àË`jmVrc CnOr{dH$m§Mo {ddaU

am`JS> {OëømVrc Am{XdmgtÀ`m CnOr{dHo$À`m n[apñWVrg§~§Yr gImob _m{hVr {_idUo ho `m Aä`mgm_mJrb

à_wI C{Ôï> Amho.

~) BVa Aä`mgmË_H$ CnH«$_� am`JS> {OëømVrb gaH$mar nmVirda Xm[aÐç-{Z_y©bZ d Am{Xdmgr {dH$mgmMm `moOZm§Mm Aä`mg

VimJmimVrc g§KQ>Zm§À`m Ñï>rVyZ H$aUo.� gaH$maZo ñdrH$maboë`m n`m© r `moOZoMm (nag~mJ `moOZm) Aä`mg H$aUo.

3) H$_r ~mø gmYZm§Mr emídV eoVr

g_mOmVrb d§{MV g_yhmÀ`m emídV CnOr{dHo$gmR>r amoI n¡go d ~mø gmYZmMr JaO H$_r AgUmè`m H$gUyH$sÀ`m

nÕVr d V§Ìo ({deofV: Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§À`m ì`dñWmnZmg§~§Yr) `mda H$m_ H$aUo ho JQ>mMo Xwgao à_wI CÔoí`

Amho. `m H$m_m_Ü o à`moJ, àË`jXe©Z (S>o_m°ÝñQ—>oeZ), à{ejU, d _m{hVrg§H$bZ Agm Mma gyÌr H$m ©H«$_

Mmby Amho.

ImOJr {dVaUmgmR>r XoUJr _yë` é. 20/-

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1. àñVmdZm

2. _yi {Q>nUoàm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o, S>m°. {_qcX ~moH$sc, S>m°. gw~moY dmJio

3. à{V{H«$`mË_H$ {Q>nUoàm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o, àm. A{OV Aä §H$a, S>m°. {ddoH$ Hw$cH$Uu,

àm. M§ÐH$m§V Ho$iH$a, S>m°. _mYd XmVma, àm. am. Ho$. nmQ>rc,

S>m°. {M. _mo. n§{S>V, lr. am_Xmg ^Q>H$i

4. MMm©gÌmMm g§{já Ahdmb

5. CnpñWV ì`º$s¨Mr Zmdo d g§nH©$ nÎmo

(àm. àH$me Jmoio `m§À`m Mma coIm§À`m g§J«hmÀ`m àVr ({ZgJ©àYmZ ^maV Am{U Ë`mgmR>r Zdr AW©ZrVr)

à`mgZo MMm©gÌmÀ`m doir {dV[aV Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m àVtMm g_mdoe `m XñVmdoOm_Ü o Zmhr. Oa `m àVr

H$moUmcm hì`m AgVrc Va "à`mg' dm àm. àH$me Jmoio `m§À`mer g§nH©$ H$amdm.)

àñVmdZm

à`mg g§ñWo_Yrb "g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m JQ>' J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo d Ë`mda Adb§~yZ

AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr CnOr{dH$m `m joÌm§_Üò H$m_ H$arV Amho. `m H$m_mMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ {dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY

YmoaUm§À`m g§X^m©V Am§Vaamï—>r` ñVamda gÜ`m Mmby AgUmè`m MM}Mm Aä`mg Amåhr H$arV AmhmoV. AmO EH$sH$S>o

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m doJmZo nwT>o Zobr OmV Amho. Ë`mMdoir H$mhr Am§Vaamï—>r` g§ñWm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr OmoS>

{Ma§Ordr CnOr{dH$m (Sustainable Livelihoods) øm {df`mer KmbyZ Ë`m {df`mda _moR>çm à_mUmV g§emoYZ H$arV

AmhoV. øm g§emoYZmda AmYm[aV AgUmao {dH$mgàH$ën AmVm doJdoJù`m Xoem§Vhr am~dbo OmV AmhoV.

^maVmÀ`m ñVamda nm{hë`mg AmO bmoH$m§À`m, {deofV: d§{MV g_yhm§À`m, CnOr{dHo$Mm àíZ J§ ra ~Zë`mMo

{XgV Amho. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ê$T> {dH$mg YmoaUm§À`m A§_b~OmdUr_wio d OmJ{VH$sH$aUm§VJ©V oUmè`m YmoaUo d àH$ënm§_wio

bmoH$m§À`m CnOr{dHo$Mo àíZ AmUIrZM Vrd" ~Zë`mMo AmT>iyZ oVo Amho. {R>H${R>H$mUr bmoH$ d Ë`m§À`m g§µµKQ>Zm Aem

{dÜd§gH$ àH$ënm§Zm {damoY H$arV AgVmZmM {d{dY àH$maÀ`m n`m© m§Mr _m§S>Ur d àË`jmV C^maUr H$aVmZm {XgV AmhoV.

"OZmMo AZw d nwgVm§" (_m¡Oo àH$meZ J¥h, 2002) `m S>m°. {_qbX ~moH$sb `m§À`m ZdrZ nwñVH$mV _hmamï—>mV

Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§darb h¸$m§gmR>r d Ë`m§À`m bmoH$àUrV Cn`moJmgmR>r Pmbobo V¥U_yb nmVirdarb H$mhr à`ËZ Am{U g§Kf©

`m§Mo {MÌU S>m°. ~moH$sbm§Zr Ho$bo Amho. nwñVH$mV EHy$U gmV "Ho$g ñQ>S>r" AgyZ Ë`m{Z{_ÎmmZo {d{dY {dH$mg{df`H$ àíZ S>m°.

~moH$sbm§Zr nwÝhm EH$Xm EoaUrda KoVbo AmhoV. `m nwñVH$mbm àm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr àñVmdZm {b{hbr Amho. àñVmdZo_Ü o

Ë`m§Zr ñdV:Mr {dH$mg{df`H$ y{_H$m ñnï> H$aVmZmM {_qbX ~moH$sbm§À`m y{_Ho$~Ôb H$mhr àíZ CnpñWV Ho$bo AmhoV.

Amåhr gÜ`m H$arV Agboë`m Aä`mgmÀ`m g§X^m©V Amåhmbm øm nwñVH$m{Z{_ÎmmZo CnpñWV hmoUmar MMm© Iyn

_hÎdmMr dmQ>br. `m~m~V S>m°. {_qbX ~moH$sb d àm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o `m XmoKm§er ~mobVmZm `m nwñVH$mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo `m

{df`mda EH$ MMm©gÌ à`mgV\}$ Am`mo{OV H$amdo Aer gyMZm nwT>o Ambr.

ho MMm©gÌ a{ddma {X. 15 {S>g|~a 2002 amoOr nwUo oWo KoÊ`mV Ambo. gXa MMm©gÌmVrb MM}Mm g§{já

Jmofdmam gdmªZm CnbãY ìhmdm `m CÔoemZo hm XñVmdoO V`ma Ho$bm Amho. MMm©gÌmbm {d{dY kmZemImVrb àmÜ`mnH$,

OZg§KQ>Zm§Mo d amOH$s` njm§Mo amï—>r` d amÁ` ñVamdarb H$m ©H$V}, {dH$mgmÀ`m joÌmV H$m_ H$aÊ`mè`m H$mhr g§ñWm§Mo

à_wI H$m ©H$V}, VimJmimV H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm§Mo Á oð> H$m ©H$V}, d[að> nÌH$ma, àH$meH$ Ago EHy$U nÞmgOU

hOa hmoVo. MMm©gÌmÀ`m V`margmR>r EHy$U VrZ {Q>nUo (àm. g.h. Xoenm§S>o `m§À`m àñVmdZoVrb H$mhr ^mJ, S>m°. {_qbX

~moH$sbm§Mo {Q>nU, d S>m°. gw~moY dmJio øm§Mo {Q>nU) gd© {Z_§{ÌVm§Zm nmR>dÊ`mV Ambr. hr àmW{_H$ {Q>nUo øm

XñVmdoOm_Ü o A§V y©V Ho$br AmhoV. øm àmW{_H$ {Q>nUmVrb _wX²Úm§da H$mhr à{V{H«$ mË_H$ {Q>nUo nmR>dÊ mMr BÀN>m Pmë mg Vr

Oéa nmR>dmdrV Ago AmdmhZ {Z_§{ÌVm§Zm H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m AmdmhZmbm à{VgmX åhUyZ AZoH$m§Zr {Q>nUo nmR>dbr. hr

gmar à{V{H«$`mË_H$ {Q>nUohr gXa XñVEodOmÛmao gdmªZm CnbãY H$éZ XoV AmhmoV.

øm XñVmdoOm_Ü o AgUmè`m MM}À`m Jmofdmè`mdê$Z Ago {Xgob H$s MM}_Ü o {d{dY _wX²Úm§da {d{dY n[aàoú`m§VyZ

{dMma _m§S>bo Jobo. _mÌ hr MMm© doioA^mdr d {df`mÀ`m ì`mnH$Vo_wio Anwar am{hë`mMo AZoH$ {Z_§{ÌVm§Zm OmUdbo. {XdgâmÀ`m

MM}Z§Va n`m© r {dH$mgmdarb MM}Mr hr à{H«$`m `mnwT>ohr Mmby R>odbr Omdr Agm AZoH$ CnpñWVm§Zr AmJ«h Yabm d

Ë`mg§~§YmV AZoH$ Cn wº$ gyMZmhr Ho$ë`m. øm gyMZm§darb EH$ N>moQ>rer {Q>nUr `m XñVmdoOmÀ`m eodQ>r {Xbr Amho.

Ë`mM~amo~a MMm©gÌmbm CnpñWVm§Mr Zmdo, S>mH$nÎmo d BVa g§nH©$-nÎ`m§Mr _m{hVrhr gmo~V {Xbr Amho. MMm©gÌmÀ`m

eodQ>r AZoH$m§Zr gyMZm Ho$ë`mà_mUo hr à{H«$`m Mmby R>odÊ`mgmR>r à`mgV\}$ H$mhr `moOZm§Mr AmIUr Ho$br OmV Amho.

MMm©gÌmÀ`m èpñdVogmR>r Á`m§Zr hmV^ma bmdbm Ë`m gmè §mMo Amåhr Am^mar AmhmoV. {deofV: àm. g.

h. Xoenm§S>o , S>m° {_qbX ~moH$sb, àm. Eg. S>r. Hw$bH$Uu, àm. a_oe nmZgo, àm. em_ AgmoboH$a øm§À`m ghH$m`m©Mr

_wÔm_ Zm|X H$amd`mg hdr. MMm©gÌmbm CnpñWV am{hboë`m d {deofV: à{V{H«$`mË_H$ {Q>nUo XoUmè`m gd© Aä`mgH$,

nÌH$ma, H$m ©H$Ë`m§ªMo Amåhr {deof Am^mar AmhmoV. øm gmè`m§À`m _Z:nyd©H$ à{VgmXm_wio d _XVr_wio hr à{H«$`m nwT>o

ZoÊ`mgmR>r Amåhmbm ~i {_imbo Amho.

26 OmZodmar 2003 g§gmYZo d CnOrdrH$m JQ>, à`mg

1

`m boIm§À`m AZwamooYmZo Oo {dH$mg{df`H$ àíZCnpñWV hmoVmV Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhtMr oWo MMm© H$aUo Cn wº$ hmoB©bAgo dmQ>Vo.

{dH$mg{df`H$ àíZm§H$S>o ~moH$sb _w»`V: Z¡g{J©H$g§nÎmrda AmYm[aV CnOr{dHo$À`m A§JmZo nmhVmV. Ago nmhVAgVmZm Ë`m§Zr "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$" `m ê$T> Am{U àñWm{nV{dH$mg{df`H$ à{V_mZm{df`r _YyZ _YyZ H$mhr {dYmZo Ho$bobrAmhoV. `m ~m~VrV Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m H$mhrer Añnï> am{hë`mMo_bm OmUdVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnbr y{_H$m EImÚm ñdV§Ì boImV _m§S>brAgVr Va hr Añnï>Vm H$Xm{MV am{hbr ZgVr. nU Aemñnï>VoÀ`m A^mdr _bm Oo H$m` `m {df`m~Ôb dmQ>Vo Vo _r_m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. ~moH$sb Amnbr y{_H$m _mÂ`m `my{_Ho$er VmSy>Z nmhÿ eH$Vrb. _mÂ`m {ddoMZmMm amoI Xa doir

~moH$sbm§Zr Ë`m g§X^m©V Oo åhQ>bo Amho Ë`mH$S>o Zmhr. EV{Ûf`H$dmS²:_`mV Á`m àH$maMr _Vo gd© gmYmaUnUo àH$Q> hmoVmV Ë`m§Mmg§X © m {ddoMZmbm Amho.

{dH$mgmMr Amnbr Zo_H$s g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho Vo àW_{ZpíMV Ho$bo nm{hOo. _mUyg hm "àmUr" Agbm Var BVaàmÊ`m§nojm H$mhr {ZamionUm Ë`mÀ`mV Amho. Ë`mbm ~wÕr Amho,^{dî`mMo ^mZ Amho, AmH$m§jm AmhoV,Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr doJdoJù`mj_Vmhr AmhoV. Vmo "g_mO" H$éZ amhVmo. OJ g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mMrj_Vm Ë`mÀ`mV Agë`m_wio Vmo {dkmZ OÝ_mbm KmbVmo;gm¢X`m©Mm AmñdmX KoÊ`mMr j_Vm Ë`mÀ`mV Agë`m_wio VmoH$bm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. WmoS>Š`mV Vmo g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vmo.`m gdmª_mJo ñdV:Mo OrdZ A{YH$m{YH$ gwIr H$aÊ`mMr Ë`mMràoaUm H$m ©aV Pmbobr AgVo. ho _mZdËd Amho. Amnbr {dH$mgmMrH$ënZm Aem _mZdËdmer gwg§JV Agbr nm{hOo.

gwwImMm emoY KoV AgVmZm _mZdmÀ`m bjmV oVo H$s{ZgJm©H$Sy>Z {_iUmè`m dñVy OemÀ`m Vem Cn^moJÊ`mnojm Ë`m§Mo"ê$n" ~XbyZ Ë`m OmñV Cn wº$ d gwImdh H$aUo AmnUmbmeŠ` Amho, Ë`mÀ`mV Ver "j_Vm"-"{Z{_©Vrj_Vm" hr Amho.åhUOo "CÚmoJ" Ambm. hm CÚmoJ àmW{_H$ AdñWoV hmV dJ¡aoAd`dm§Zr Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. (åhUyZ Manufacturing hm eãX.'Manufacture' m YmVyMm _wimVbm AW© "hmVm§Zr H$aUo" AgmAmho.) nwT>o §Ìo Ambr Am{U ê$n XoUo gwH$a Am{U A{YH$ doJmZohmoD$ bmJbo. {edm` H$a_UyH$, kmZ BË`mXr "godm" hr _mUgmbmbmJVmV. _mÌ godm nwa{dUmao CÚmoJM AgVmV.

`mMm AW© Agm H$s _mZdr {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$ oVM"CÚmooJ" hr Jmoï> A§V y©V Amho.

{edm` gwImMm emoY A{daV Mmby AgVmo, åhUOo VmoH$Yr Wm§~V Zmhr, hohr Ü`mZmV KoVbo nm{hOo. "BVHo$ Pmbo,AmVm nwao" Ago ~hþg§»`mH$ _mUgm§À`m ~m~VrV KS>V Zmhr.H$mhr JaOm mJë`m H$s Zì`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

gwwImMm emoY Mmby AgVmZm Ago bjmV oVo H$s H$mhrJaOm _`m©{XV AgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, AÞ. Ë`mMr JaOOrdemómZoM {Z`{_V Ho$bobr AgVo. AWm©V A{YH$ d¡{dÜ`Agbobo AÞ, A{YH$ M{dï> qH$dm nm¡{ï>H$ AÞ `m§À`m JaOmdmT>Vrb. nU Ë`m§Zmhr _`m©Xm AgVo. hrM Jmoï> dó d {Zdmam`m§~m~V WmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo Iar Amho. _mÌ BVa dñVy d godm`m§Mr JaO A_`m©X AgVo.

`mMm n[aUm_ Agm hmoVmo H$s gwImÀ`m emoYmV _mUygAmnbo "OrdZ_mZ" OgOgo dmT>drV OmVmo, åhUOo dñVy Am{Ugodm§Mm Cn^moJ dmT>drV OmVmo VgVgo Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy Am{Ugodm m§Mo Ë`mÀ`m EHy$U Cn^moJmVbo à_mU dmT>V OmVo.

`mMm AW© Agm H$s _mZdr {dH$mgmV CÚmoJm§Zm AQ>iñWmZ Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va Vo ñWmZ dmT>Vo amhVo. _J Am¡Úmo{JH$à{V_mZ ZmH$maUo mMm AW© {dH$mg ZmH$maUo Agm hmoVmo.

{dH$mgmMr hr g§H$ënZm nyU©nUo Eo{hH$ Amho.gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Zm hm {dH$mg Ano{jV AgVmo `m J¥hrVmdaVr AmYmabobr Amho. åhUyZ amÁ`g§ñWoMr YmoaUo AmIVmZm ømàH$maÀ`m {dH$mgmbm AZwHy$b Aem arVrZo Vr AmIbr OmdrVAer Anojm AgVo. AWm©V H$mhr AndmXmË_H$ ì`º$sZm doJù`màH$maMm, Ë`m§À`m-Ë`m§À`m AWm©Zo AmÜ`mpË_H$, Agm {dH$mggmYm`Mm Agob Va Vem nÜXVrZo OJÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` amhrb.

_mÌ hr Eo{hH$ {dH$mgmMr V¥îUm gagH$Q>nUo "M§Ji"åhUyZ {VañH$aUr` Rê$ Z o. gd© Eo{hH$ JaOm m emara JaOmMAgVmV Ago Zìho, _Zmo~wÕrÀ`m JaOmhr Ë`mV oVmV. emaraJaOm A{V[aº$nUo nwa{dUo åhUOo "M§Ji" Ago åhUVm oB©b.{VMo d¡ {º$H$ Xwîn[aUm_ Vr-Vr ì`º$s ^moJrb; gm_m{OH$Xwîn[aUm_ AgVrb Va Vo H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$joV oVrb.

M§Ji gmnojhr Agy eH$Vo Vr {df_VoÀ`m g§X^m©V.oWo Ho$di emara JaOm§MmM àíZ ZgVmo. emara gwImnbrH$S>Mr

gwIohr H$mhr WmoS>çm§ZmM {_iV AmhoV Am{U BVa H$mhtZm nwaogoAÞhr {_iV Zmhr Aer pñWVr Agob Va H$mhr àH$maMo Cn^moJhr M§Ji R>aob. åhUyZ {dH$mgmV g_VoMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Adí` Amho.hr g_Vm Zo_H$s H$moUË`m _`m©Xon ªV Agmdr mMo gd©M {R>H$mUrbmJy nS>ob Ago EH$M CÎma XoVm oV Zmhr. Voìhm g_VoMm {dMma{dH$mgmda EH$ _`m©Xm KmbVmo Ago åhUVm oB©b.

"OZmMo AZw d nwgVm§' - àm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o `m§À`m àñVmdZoVrb{dH$mg-à{V_mZ {df`H$ MMm© AgUmam ^mJ

(nwñVH$mVrc nmZ H«$. 15 Vo 28)

2

Xwgar _`m©Xm n`m©daUajUmMr. AmÎmmMr bmoH$g§»`mAm{U nwT>À`m {nT>çm `m§Zm Amdí`H$ VodT>m n`m©daUmMm A§e{e„H$ am{hbm nm{hOo. nU n`m©daU EHo$ n`m©daU Agm AmJ«hCn`moJr Zmhr. `mMm A{YH$ {dMma nwT>o oUma Amho.

{dH$mgm~Ôb _mPr YmaUm hr Amho.{Z_m©UH$ CÚmoJ _mZdOmVrÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZM AmhoV.

nU §Ì§mMm Cn`moJ Ë`mgmR>r hmoD$ bmJë`mnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU gwê$ Pmbo Am{U `m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm~amo~aAmUIr EH$ KQ>Zm KS>br-ZmJarH$aU qH$dm eham§Mr dmT>.åhUyZ "eha-Am¡Úmo{JH$" hm eãXà`moJ ApñVËdmV Ambm Am{U{dH$mgmÀ`m `m à{V_mZmbm Vo Zmd R>odbo Jobo. øm à{V_mZmdaQ>rH$m hmoV Amho.

ehao åhUOo _mUgm§Mr JXu, àXyfU, ~H$mb dñË`m,JwÝhoJmar, qhgmMma EdT>oM Zìho Va {Zì ©º$sH$aU, EH$Q>onUm,_mZdr g§~§YmVrb ewîH$nUm, ñdmWu d¥ÎmrMm A{VaoH$, _mZ{gH$VmU, {ZgJm©nmgyZ Xwamdm Aer Q>rH$m Ë`mda Ho$br OmVo. {VMmWmoS>Š`mV nam_e© KoD$.

ZmJarH$aUmVbo H$mhr Xmof A§J yV g_Obo Var Xmofn[ahm © AmhoV. Vo A{Z`mo{OV {dH$mgm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobo AmhoV.

nU ho n[ahm © Xmof Jobo Var _moR>çm bmoH$g_yhm§_wio Am{U"ì`mnmar" åhQë`m OmUmè`m g§ñH¥$Vr_wio ZmJarH$aU ho _wimVMA_§Jb Amho Aer y{_H$m H$mhr OU KoD$ eH$Vrb. Vr AmnUdmXmgmR>r VyV© _mÝ` H$é.

_J àíZ Agm CnpñWV hmoVmo H$s ho ehar à{V_mZApñVËdmV H$m Ambo? "{~Zehar nU Am¡Úmo{JH$" Agm n`m©H$m§ ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambm ZmhrŸ?

Va `m àíZmMo CÎma gai Amho. Vo Ago H$s, V§Ì{dÚmÁ`m arVrZo {dH${gV Pmbr Ë`m arVrZo Xwgam n`m© M CnbãYZìhVm. hr V§Ì{dÚm "H|$ÐrH$aU" H$aUmar hmoVr. EH$mH$maImÝ`mV hOmamo H$m_Jma, Ago hOmamo H$maImZo, Ë`m_wio{Z_m©U Pmbobo bjmdYr qH$dm ¹${MV H$moQ>çdYr _mUgm§Mo g_yh-øm gd© KQZm CnbãY V§Ì{dÚoZo {Z`{_V Pmboë`m hmoË`m.

åhUOo ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ ho AZoH$ n`mª m§_YyZ{ZdS> H$ê$Z ñdrH$mabo Jobo Ago Zmhr. H$maU n`m© M ApñVËdmVZìhVo. {dH$mg hdm Va Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy Am{U godm hì`mV,Ë`m hì`mV Va CnbãY V§Ì{dÚoVyZM Ë`m àmá H$ê$Z KoVë`mnm{hOoV Am{U CnbãY V§Ì{dÚm Va ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$à{V_mZmbm OÝ_ XoVo-Agm hm noM hmoVm.

AmnUm§bm Oa ehar A_§Jb ZH$mo Agob Va Ago V§ÌkmZhdo H$s Á`m_wio {dH|${ÐV Am¡Úmo{JH$ aMZm ApñVËdmV oB©b.n`m© r à{V_mZ Ë`mM doir eŠ` hmoB©b. Vgm n`m© CnbãYZgVmZm {dÚ_mZ à{V_mZ {PS>H$maUo åhUOo {dH$mgmbmM IriKmbUo hmo . _bm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, {dÚ_mZ à{V_mZmda Q>rH$mH$aUmam§Zr Agm H$mhr n`m© XmIdbobm Zmhr.

nydu S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m m§Zr Ago H$mhr Aën IMm©Mo,PmonS>rV MmbdÊ`mgmaIo {dH|$ÐrH$aUmbm nmofH$ V§ÌkmZ AgmdoAer H$ënZm _m§S>br hmoVr. mMm EH$ AW© Agm H$s AW©ì`dñWoMoñdê$n CnbãY V§Ì{dÚoZo {Z`{_V hmoVo `mMr Ë`m§Zm OmUrdhmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr àñWm{nV ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ{PS>H$mabo Zmhr. nU Xwgam AW© Agm H$s S>m°. bmo{h`m§Mo ho EH$ñdßZ hmoVo. Vo EH$m g{XÀN>oMo àH$Q>rH$aU hmoVo. V§Ì{dÚoVbràJVr Hw$Rë`m {XeoZo ìhmdr m~ÔbMo _V \$º$ Vo _m§S>V hmoVo.

Ago _V _m§S>Uo AWm©VM `mo½` Amho. qH$~hþZm Ago emoYHw$Ur bmdV Agob Va Ë`mbm CÎmoOZ XoUo Am{U Hw$Ur Vo XS>nyZQ>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVrb Va Ë`m§Mr H$madmB© CKS>H$sbmAmUyZ Ë`m§Zm {ejm H$aUo hohr `mo½` Amho.

nU EH$ bjmV ¿`mdo. gd©M emñÌr` emoY {Z`mo{OVZgVmV. "JaO hr emoYmMr OZZr AgVo" ho Zoh_rM Iao ZgVo.AZoH$ emoY AmnmVV: bmJV AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m Cn`moJmnwaVoVo H$m ©dmhrV AmUbo OmVmV. Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg nm{hbm Va Ago{XgyZ oVo H$s dm\$, drO, I{ZO Vob, AUweº$s m D$Om§©§À`mbmQ>m Amë`m Am{U Ë`m§Zr AmOMo OJ KS>dbo. `m gdmªMo emoYË`m Ë`m H$mir {dMmad§Vm§Zr Oo AmXe© g_mOmMo {MÌ a§Jdbo hmoVoË`mÀ`m JaOoVyZ bmJbo ZmhrV. _mUyg hm ~ìh§er AmnmVV:CnbãY Pmboë`m V§ÌkmZmbmM eaU Jobm Amho. Voìhm àM{bVà{V_mZmbm {damoY H$aUmè`m§Zr n`m© r g_mOaMZobm Cn wº$ Aemd¡km{ZH$ emoYm§Mm AmJ«h YaUo EdT>mM _mJ© {e„H$ CaVmo. "n`m© rà{V_mZ C o Ho$bo nm{hOo" Ago Vo _YyZ _YyZ åhUVmV VoMHo$di Iao Amho. Vgo à{V_mZ ApñVËdmV ZgVmZm {dÚ_mZà{V_mZ _moS>rV H$mT>Uo åhUOo {dH$mg{d_wI y{_H$m KoUo hmo .

AmVm g§JUH$ Am{U _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ `m§_wio Am{W©H$aMZoMo EH$ Zdo ñdê$n àË`jmV oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U PmbrAmho. (nmhm : amOrd gmZo, wJm§Va, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo).Ë`mV {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMm nwîH$i g§ d {XgVmo. nU ho V§ÌkmZ n`m© r{dH|${ÐV à{V_mZ {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMm BÀN>oVyZ {Z_m©U PmboboZmhr. {edm` Ago H$s g§JUH$m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ àemgZmV Am{Uì`dñWmnZoV {dH|$ÐrH$aU Ambo Var {Z_m©UH$ CÚmooJmV Vo oB©bAer g§ mì`Vm AmVm Var {XgV Zmhr.

~moH$sbm§À`m boIZmVyZ CnpñWV hmoUmam _wÔm Z¡g{J©H$$gmYZg§nÎmr {Q>H$dÊ`mMm Am{U Vr A{YH$ CËnmXH$ H$aÊ`mÀ`m{df`rMm Amho. H$moH$UmVrb amgm`{ZH$ Am{U BVa CÚmoJ{ZgJm©da AmH«$_U H$éZ Vmo Xy{fV H$arV AmhoV m VH«$marÀ`mg§X^m©V Ë`m§Zr nwT>rb {dYmZo Ho$br AmhoV : "ImS>r hr Obg§nXm_mgo{Z{_©VrgmR>r `mo½` Amho Am{U åhUyZ {VWo _mgo_mar Ho$brnm{hOo." nwT>o Vo åhUVmV _mgo_marbm n`m© Zmhr. hrM JmoîQ^mV, dmb, H$mOy, Am§~o, \$Ug, Om§ yi, gmJ, EoZ, {haS>m,~ohS>m BË`mXr gd© nXmWmª~m~V Iar Amho."

ImS>r _mgo_marbm mo½` H$m? VoWo Vr MmbV Ambr AmhoåhUyZ? hm {ZH$f {ddoH$s (a°eZb) Zmhr ho CKS> Amho.

3

`m y{_Ho$Mr Vm{H©$H$ n[aUVr Aer Agob H$s Á`m Á`m{R>H$mUr Oo Oo ì`dgm` Mmby AmhoV Vo Vo VgoM Mmby amhmdoV.`mV {dH$mgmMr eŠ`VmM g§nVo.

àH$ënmÀ`m {ZdS>rMm {ddoH$s {ZH$f åhUOo Am{W©H$. nUAm{W©H$ åhUOo ZwgVm n¡emVbm IM© {H$Vr Am{U Ë`mVyZ naVmdm{H$Vr hm Zmhr, Va EHy$U bm^-hmZrMm {ZH$f. Agm {heo~H$aVmZm gd© ~ao-dmB©Q> Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_ bjmV KoVboOmVmV.

ImS>r _ÀN>r_margmR>r Cn wº$ Amho ho IaoM Amho; H$maUVgo {gÕM Pmbo Amho. nU Xwgè`m EImÚm ì`dgm`mgmR>r VrA{YH$ Cn wº$ AgÊ`mMrhr eŠ`Vm Amho. AQ> EdT>rM H$s n`m© rì`dgm` VwbZmË_H$ bm^-hmZrÀ`m H$gmoQ>rbm CVaVmo AgoXmIdyZ {Xbo nm{hOo.

H$moH$UmV _mgo_mar, ^mVeoVr, H$mOy, \$Ug, Am§~mBË`mXtÀ`m VwbZoZo nmobmX qH$dm amgm`{ZH$ CÚmoJm§Zr amï—>r`CËnÞmV {H$Vr a nS>ob ho _bm _mhrV Zmhr. nU Aer eŠ`VmAmho H$s bm^hmZrÀ`m {ZH$fmda ho CÚmoJ Vnmgbo Va Vo COdoRa>Vrb. _J Ya_VaÀ`m ImS>rV "hmhmH$ma" H$m CS>mbm?~moH$sbm§À`mM " aVr Am{U AmohmoQ>r" m boImV n[apñWVrMo OoXe©Z KS>Vo Ë`mdéZ nwT>rb {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVrb :

(1) ~moH$sb§mZr Vn{ebmV gm§{JVë`mà_mUo _wimVH$moH$U {dH$mg H$gm H$am`Mm m~Ôb gaH$mar YmoaU YagmoS>rMoAm{U AmË_{dg§JV Amho. (2) BñnmV B§SñQ—>rO `m H$§nZrbmH$m`ÚmMo C„§KZ H$éZ nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr. (3) H§$nZrZodoJdoJù`m ImË`m§H$Sy>Z {_i{dbobr Zm-haH$V à_mUnÌog§e`mñnX AmhoV. (4) H§$nZr Zo_Ho$ H$m`H$m` H$aUma AmhoAm{U Ë`mMo n[aUm_ H$m` hmoUma AmhoV `mMr H$ënZm H§$nZrZodm emgZmZo bmoH$m§Zm {Xbr Zmhr. (5) ZwH$gmZ Pmboë`m§À`mVmoS>m§da ânmB© \o$Hy$Z Ë`m§Zm VmËnwaVo em§V H$aUo Am{U~oXaH$manUo g^modVr hmoUmè`m {dÜd§gmH$S>o S>moioPmH$ H$aUo AemarVrZo H§$nZrMr dmJUyH$ Amho. CXmhaUmW© dmQ>mKmQ>tgmR>r emgZmZo~mobmdboë`m g obmhr H§$nZrMo à{V{ZYr hOa amhV ZgV. (6)emgZmbm ho gd© MmbVo Ago {XgVo. (7) g§Kf© H$aUmè §mn¡H$sH$mhr OU {\$Vbo.

n[aUm_r bmoH$ `m g§H$Q>mV ~ogmdY nH$S>bo Jobo. OmirVwQ>br, ~moQ>tÀ`m §Ìm§À`m KaKarZo bm§~Mo _mgo ImS>rV oB©ZmgoPmbo, ñWm{ZH$ _mem§Mr {ZnO Wm§~br, g§ajH$ ~m§Y \w$Qy>ZgmS>oVrZeo EH$a O_rZ {ZH$m_r Pmbr, _ÀN>r_mam§IoarO BVagmS>oVrZeo Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm hm ~m§Y \w$Q>Ê`mMm VS>mIm ~gbm.

`mMm AW© Agm H$s hr gd© dmVmhV gaH$maMr AZmñWm,H§$nZrMm ~o_wd©VImoanUm d OZVoVboM H$mhr ñdmWu bmoH$ m§_wioPmbr. ~moH$sb åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo ho AW©emó ZìhVo Va"amOH$s` AW©emó" hmoVo. åhUOo ho n[aUm_ "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$"à{V_mZm_wio KSy>>Z Ambo Ago Zmhr Va Vo à{V_mZ Á`m arVrZoam~dÊ`mV Ambo Ë`m arVr_wio KSy>Z Ambo. `mVyZ YS>m Agm

¿`m`Mm H$s à{V_mZmMo Oo ê$n àñVwV Amho Vo ì`mnH$ Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ {ZH$fm§da Vnmgmdo qH$dm VnmgÊ`mMm AmJ«h Yamdm,Ë`m narjobm Vo CVabo Va Ë`mMo ñdmJV H$amdo Am{U Vo Ý`mæÀm{U H$m`Xoera arVrZo, `mo½` Ë`m {Z`_Zm§gh Am{UnmaXeunUmZo H$m ©dmhrV oB©b m~Ôb OmJê$H$ ahmdo. BñnmVB§S>ñQ—>rO{déÕ ImS>rVë`m§Zr Omo g§Kf© Ho$bm Ë`mV Am_MonwZ:ñWmnZ H$am m _mJUrn ªV Vo Ambo AmhoV. nmobmX-CÚmoJMZH$mo H$maU Amåhm§bm _mgo_mar Am{U ^mVeoVr A{dpÀN>ÞnUoH$aVm `m`bmM hdr Aer AmVm Var Ë`m§Mr _mJUr Zmhr. hry{_H$m ehmUnUmMr Amho. VrM _mJUr A^`maÊ`m_wio nr{S>V

Pmboë`m§Mr Amho ("àmÊ`m§Zm A^`, _mUgm§Zm dZdmg").AmVmÀ`m à{V_mZmÀ`m _`m©XoV H$_rOmñV à_mUmV Hw$UmMo Var{dñWmnZ hmoUo An[ahm © {XgVo. Ë`m§Mo nwZ:ñWmnZ ZrQ> hmoB©bAgo nmhUo hmM _J _w»` H$m ©H«$_ CaVmo. AWm©V "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$" à{V_mZmMm Omo A§e àñVwV Amho Vmo Am{W©H$ -gm_m{OH$ {ZH$fm§da CVaVmo Ago oWo J¥hrV Ho$bobo Amho. Vern[apñWVr Zgob Va Ë`mda Amjon KoUo AWm©VM `mo½` Amho.

"H$ënd¥j" `m boImV {dH$mgmÀ`m "^y{_-AmYm[aV"à{V_mZmZo H$er g_¥Õr {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho mMo dU©Z Amho. mà{V_mZmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$Vo{df`r WmoS>r MMm© Ho$br nm{hOo. åhUOoMHo$di eoVrda AmYmabobm {dH$mg eŠ` Amho H$m `m àíZmMoCÎma {Xbo nm{hOo. _mJo g§m{JVë`mà_mUo {dH$mgmÀ`m ì`m» oVMAm¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU gm_mdbobo Amho. åhUOoM Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy(Am{U godm) {dH$mgà{H«$ oV An[ahm © ~ZVmV. nU àË oH$Xoem~Ôb ho Iao Agob Ago Zmhr. eoVr-CËnmXZ {Z`m©V H$éZAm¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy BVa Xoem§H$Sy>Z KoVm oVrb. ñH±${S>Zoìhr`ZXoem§gmaIo H$mhr Xoe H$mhr à_mUmV Ago H$aVmVhr. nU AgoH$aÊ`mMm {ZU© H$aÊ`mnydu Amnbm Xoe Am{W©H$ {ZH$fm§da Ho$dieoVr-CËnmXZmbmM mo½` Amho ho {gÕ Pmbo nm{hOo.ho {gÕ H$aUoH$R>rU Amho. Ho$di eoV_mb {dH$Umao Xoe Jar~M amhÊ`mMreŠ`Vm A{YH$ AgVo ho Ý`m`_yVu amZS>çm§nmgyZ AZoH$ OUm§§ZrAmoiIbo hmoVo. (`m_mJÀ`m Am{W©H$ H$maUm§À`m Jw§VmJw§VrV _roWo {eaV Zmhr.) {edm` H$ƒm eoV_mb {Z`m©V H$aÊ`mnojm

à{H«$`m Ho$bobm (Processed) eoV_mb {Z`m©V H$aUo A{YH$\$m`ÚmMo AgVo. Am{U à{H«$`m Ambr H$s WmoS> o\$maAm¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU AmboM. Oo Xoe VWmH${WV " y{_-AmYm[aV"CËnmXZ H$aVmV Vohr g§Hw${MV AWm©À`m "eoVr"~mhoa OmD$ZXyY Am{U Xw½YnXmW©, _m§g Am{U _m§gnXmW© `m§da A{YH$ âXoVmV Am{U Ë`mV à{H«$`m _moR>çm à_mUmda A§V y©V AgVo hobjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. {edm` Ago H$s XoemÀ`m OrdZmbm Ho$diAm{W©H$ ~mOy ZgVo. Ë`mbm g§ajU goZm gwg‚m R>odmì`m bmJVmVAm{U g§ajH$-gm_J«r XoemVM {Z_m©U hmoUo ~ao AgVo. y{_-AmYm[aV {dH$mgmVyZ ho gmÜ` hmoUma Zmhr. {dH$mgmMohr H$mhrA§VJ©V J{VH$ AgVo Am{U Ë`mV gdm©Jm§Zr hmoUmam "g§Vw{bV"-EH$m§Jr Zìho-Agm {dH$mg A{^àoV AgVmo hmhr EH$ _wÔm.

4

_amR>dmS>çmVbo X{bV Am{U AZoH$ {R>H$mUMo Am{XdmgrJmdÀ`m gm_m{`H$ O{_Zrda qH$dm O§JbImË`mÀ`m O{_ZrdaA{VH«$_Uo H$ê$Z bhmZ bhmZ VwH$S>o {_idrV AmhoV. hr A{VH«$_UoemgZ Aghm`nUo nwZ:nwÝhm d¡Y H$arV Amho. mMm g_J« B{Vhmghr~moH$sbm§Zr "bT>mB© O{_ZrgmR>r" m boImV {Xbm Amho. bmVyaÀ`myH§$nJ«ñV {dYdm O{_ZrÀ`m bhmZ VwH$S>çm§er Pm|~r KoV AmhoV.

nU `m XmoÝhr KQ>Zm§VyZ Ago {ZînÞ hmoVo H$s `mVyZ hr _mUgoXm[aX²>Œ mÀ`m emnmVyZ _wº$ hmoV ZmhrV. df© a nwaob BVHo$ CËnÞË`m§Zm {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm eoVr{edm` _Owar, OmoS>Y§Xo Ago H$mhrH$amdo bmJVoM. ho gJio H$ê$Zhr Vr Xm[aÐ`aofoÀ`m da oVmVAgo åhUVm oV Zmhr. {S>MmobrÀ`m Jdir YZJam§Zm doJù`mñdê$nmV VmoM àíZ oS>gmdV Amho. _mYd JmS>Jri d H¡$bmeM§Ð_ëhmoÌm `m§Mm hdmbm XoD$Z ~moH$sb gm§JVmV,"EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mbmCXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r {H$_mZ 11 åher qH$dm 32 JmBªMr Oê$a^mgob...X_Q> nmZPS>rÀ`m O§JbmV 20 åhetÀ`m H$inmbmgmYmaU EH$ Mm¡ag {H$bmo_rQ>a MamD$ O_rZ bmJVo." åhUOo EH$mHw$Qw>§~mbm gw_mao 25 EH$a. nU hr O_rZ H$_r hmoV Amho Am{UJdir-YZJam§Zm eoVr H$amdr bmJV Amho. H$m_Y§Xm nmhÊ`mgmR>rË`m§Mr _wbo _w§~B©bm OmV AmhoV. ~moS>uÀ`m AmgnmgMm dmabreoVH$arM \$º$ Amnë`m bhmZ eoVmVyZ {M y$À`m PmS>mÀ`m"H$ënd¥jm"_wio g_¥ÕrH$S>o dmQ>Mmb H$arV Amho nU Ë`mÀ`m _wbm-ZmVd§S>§mMo nwT>o H$m` hmoB©b `mMr qMVm AmhoM. H$maU {M y$À`mPmS>mbm nmUr bmJVo Am{U Ë`mMr AmO Oar Q§MmB© Zgbr VarAmUIr Hy$nZ{bH$m Pmë mda y{_JV nmÊ mMr nmVir Imbr OmB©bAer ^rVr Amho. S>hmUy VmbwŠ`mVM H$mog~mS>À`m n[agamVH$mT>boë`m {d{hatda Vr AmnÎmr AJmoXaM Ambobr Amho.

`mVyZ ^maVr` eoVrMm, {deofV: bhmZ Am{U gr_mÝV(Small and marginal) eoVrMm àíZ S>moù`m§nwT>o C^m amhVmo.`m bhmZ eoVm§Mr g§»`m Aà{VhVnUo dmT>Vo Amho Am{U Ë`m§À`mImbr Agboë`m O{_ZrMo joÌ\$ihr dmT>Vo Amho. CbQ>çm ~mOyZo_moR>çm eoVm§Imbr AgUmè`m O{_ZrMo à_mU H$_r hmoV Amho.n[aUm_r H$gUwH$sÀ`m YmaUmMo gamgar joÌ AmH«$gVo Amho.bhmZ eoVr eoVH$è`mMo nmoQ> ^mJdy eH$V Zmhr Am{U åhUyZË`mÀ`m Xm[aÐ`mda Ë`mbm EH$ bhmZ VwH$S>m H$mTy>Z XoUo hm Cnm`Zmhr. {edm` O§Jb-O_rZ, gm_m{`H$ O_rZ H$_r hmoUo hoAW©ì`dñWobm KmVH$ hmoVo hohr bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo.

V§ÌgwYmaUo_wio CnOr{dHo$bm nwaoem YmaUmMr joÌ-_`m©XmImbr oB©b-Oer h[aV H«$m§VrÀ`m H$mir Ambr. åhUOo H$mhrgobhmZ YmaU Mmbob. {M y$Mo PmS> hohr EH$ V§ÌM Amho Am{UË`m_wiohr bhmZ YmaUo A{YH$ CnOmD$ Pmbr AmhoV. nU EH$qH$dm XmoZ Jw§R>o O{_Zrbm hm H$ënd¥jhr nmoQ>^a XoUma Zmhr hoñnï> Amho. åhUOoM {H$Vrhr V§ÌgwYmaUm Pmbr Var bhmZ eoVm§MmàíZ H$m`_M amhUma.

`m g_ñ oda XmoZ Cnm` AmhoV : EH$, eoVrdaMm _mUgm§Mm^ma H$_r H$aUo Am{U XmoZ, V§ÌgwYmaUm H$arV O{_ZrMr

CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dUo. eoVrdaMm bmoH$g§» oMm ma H$_r H$am`MmVa _mUgm§Zm H$gUwH$sIoarO BVa H$m_o {Xbr nm{hOoV. g§K{Q>VCÚmoJm§Mr àJVr _§X Agë`m_wio Am{U VoWë`m V§ÌgwYmaUo_wioH$m_Jmam§Zm amoOJmamV gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr j_Vm H$_r hmoVAmho. Hw${Q>amoÚmoJm§Zm, H$mhr AndmX dOm OmVm, {dVì` Zmhr.{edm` Hw${Q>amoÚmoJm§gmR>r Adí` AgUmar ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m¡eë oAm{U Y§ÚmVbm YmoH$m KoÊ`mMr j_Vm ~ìh§er A{e{jV Am{UJar~ Agboë`m _mUgm§H$S>o AgV Zmhr.

`m H$m|S>rVyZ ~mhoa nSÊ`mgmR>r ~oH$mam§Zm amoOJma Am{UË`m amoOJmamVyZ eoVrÀ`m CËnmXH$VoV a nmS>Umar V§ÌgwYmaUm`m XmoÝhtMm g§ moJ H$aUmar `moOZm åhUOo _hmamï—>mMr amoOJmah_r `moOZm. gaH$maZo nwaoem doVZmda amoOJmamMr h_r(Guarantee) {Xbr åhUOo bhmZ eoVH$ar qH$dm eoV_Oya øm§MoXm[aÐ` VmËH$mi g§nob, Vo eoVrVyZ H$m`_Mm nm` ~mhoa H$mT>Vrb,YmaUm§Mr joÌo dmT>Vrb, _Owam§H$adr nmUrnwadR>m, _¥X²g§YmaU,~m§Y~§{XñV, dZrH$aU, añVo BË`mXr ^m§S>dbr ñdénmMr H$m_oH$éZ KoD$Z eoVr A{YH$ CËnmXH$ hmoB©b-Ago `m `moOZoMog_J« VËdkmZ àm. {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U ZrëmH§$R aW `m§ZrAmnë`m Poverty in India `m nwñVH$mV _m§S>bo. _hmamï—>mV1972-73 gmbr gwê$ Pmbobr hr moOZm Xm§S>oH$a-aW m§ZrgwM{dboë`m g¡Õm§{VH$ AmamIS>çm~ahþHw$_ Mmbbr Zmhr ho Iao.nU {VÀ`mV AZoH$ Xmof AgyZhr {VÀ`m_wio Joë`m gw_mao Vrgdfm§§©V Omo amoOJma {Z_m©U Pmbm d m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$ Pmbr Ë`mMmn[aUm_ åhUyZ _hmamï—>mÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmVbm Xm[aÐ`mMm àíZ~amM gwgø Pmbm Amho Ago AZoH$ {ZarjH$m§Mo _V Amho.

~moH$sbm§Zrhr "bT>mB© O{_ZrgmR>r" Am{U " y{_H$Ý`m§Mo^mbàXoe" `m XmoZ boIm§V amoOJma h_rMm C„oI Ho$bm Amho.amOñWmZÀ`m Adf©Umda Ë`m§Zr Omo B§J«Or boI {b{hbobm Amho("Drought in Rajasthan: In Search of a perspective",

Economic and Political Weekly, November 25,

2000) Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr BVa amoOJma moOZm§Mr H$_VaVm XmIdyZXoD$Z h_r wº$ amoOJmamMr Amdí`H$Vm à{Vnm{XV Ho$br Amho.

XwX¡dmZo AbrH$SÀ`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV Xm[aÐ`{ZdmaUmÀ`m`m à^mdr Cnm`mH$S>o Xwb©j hmoV Amho. ~moH$sbm§Zr bhmZ eoVrÀ`mg§X^m©V Oo àíZ CnpñWV Ho$bo AmhoV Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm amo. h.mo. À m n[aUm_H$maH$VoH$S>o AW©emókm§Zr, gm_m{OH$ H$m ©H$Ë mªZr

d ñd §ñ\y$V© g§ñWmZr A{YH$ bj {Xbo nm{hOo Ago _bm dmQ>Vo.V§ÌgwYmaUo~Ôb ~mobm`Mo Va OwZrM nU {d{eï> joÌmV

AOyZ Z nmoMë`m_wio VoWo Zdr Aer V§Ìo åhUOo _w»`V:nmUrnwadR>m, _¥X²g§YmaU B. Á`m§Mm da C„oI Ho$bm Vr hmoV.`m{edm` "Z¡g{J©H$ eoVr", "g|Ðr` eoVr" Aem ZmdmImbr H$mhrbjUr` à`moJ H$mhr {R>H$mUr hmoV AmhoV Ë`m§Mm emóewÕAä`mg H$ê$Z Vr dmnamV AmUbr nm{hOoV.

~moH$sbm§Zr ho bjmV AmUyZ {Xbo Amho H$s yH§$nJ«ñV{dYdm§Zm O{_Zr {_imë`m nU Ë`m O{_Zr OmñV CnOmD$ hmoVrb

5

`mgmR>r emgZmZo H$mhr Ho$bo Zmhr. X{bVm§À`m A{VH«${_V O{_ZtMrVrM pñWVr Amho, X{bV nwT>mè`m§Zr A{VH«$_Um§Zm nmqR>~m {XbmAm{U Vr d¡Y ìhmdrV åhUyZ AmJ«h Yabm; nU EH$Xm O{_ZrVmã`mV Amë`mda Ë`m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Oo H$m_H$aUo Adí` Amho Vo Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Zmhr Aer ~moH$sbm§Mr VH«$maAmho.

~moH$sbm§À`m m boImVyZ ñd §ñ\y$V© g§ñWm qH$dm H$m ©H$V}`m§À`m H$m`m©bm ¹${MV AmoPaVm Va ¹${MV {dñVmamZo ñne©Pmbm Amho. yH§$nJ«ñV {dYdm§Mo àíZ hmVmV KoVbo Vo "ór AmYmaH|$Ð" m g§ñWoZo. {S>Mmobr mJmVë`m YZJam§_Ü o OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©UH$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ~mi H$moioH$a `m Ë`m§À`mVë`mM EH$m gw{e{jVVéUmZo Ho$bo. ~moS>u mJmVbo n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUbo Vo O §VamdnmQ>rb Am{U Ë`m§Mr "H¥${f-CÚmoJ d Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU à{Vð>mZ"`m§Zr. Ya_Va ImS>rVë`m _ÀN>r_mam§À`m Am§XmobZmMo ZoV¥ËdñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§_YboM EH$ AéU {edH$a `m§Zr Ho$bo. "CXH$Mmbdmd| wº$s" `m boImV gmoeb g|Q>a øm g§ñWoÀ`m H$m_mMmC„oI Amho. _amR>dmS>çmVrb A{VH«$_Um§À`m g§X^m©V "gdmªJrU{dH$mg g§ñWm" øm X{bV VéUm§À`m g§ñWoZo Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mmg§X © Amho.

(`m Z§VaMo ñd §ñ\y$V© H$m © d Vo H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§~ÔcMo

H$mhr n[aÀN>oX Jmico AmhoV.)

~moH$sbm§À`m boIZmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo hr MMm© Ho$br. H$mhrdmX{df` Pmbobo _wÔo ~mOybm R>odbo Var EH$ Jmoï> AmdOy©Zgm§{JVbr nm{hOo. Vr åhUOo ho nwñVH$ XmoZ H$maUm§gmR>r _hËdmMoAmho. EH$ : {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ybo, n`m©daUmer {ZJS>rVAgbobo Am{U ~ìh§er d§{MV g_yhmMo AZoH$ àíZ Ë`m§ZrAä`mgnyd©H$ nwT>o _m§S>bobo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm J§ ranUo {dMma Pmbmnm{hOo. _r Oar _wµµŠV AW©ì`dñWoMm Am{U AmVmÀ`m AdñWoVAQ>i Agboë`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmMm nwañH$Vm© Agbmo VarVo gmdYnUo, n`m©daUmbm Am{U _mZdr Or{dVmbm H$_rVH$_rY¸$m bmJob Aem arVrZo A_bmV AmUmdo Aem _VmMm Amho.Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUmÀ`m Zì`m bmQ>oV, Vr OUy H$mhr EH$ OmXyAmho, gdmªÀ`m g_¥ÕrMr Jwé{H$„r Amho Ago g_OÊ`mMo EH$dmao dmhVo Amho Am{U _mUgo J[a~r, ~oamoOJmar, AÝ`m` m§~Ôbg§doXZmhrZ hmoV AmhoV H$s H$m` Ago dmQy> bmJbo Amho. Aemn[apñWVrV `m à{H«$òÀ`m Xwgè`m ~mOyH$S>o dmMH$m§Mo bjdi{dÊ`mMm ~moH$sbm§Mm à`ËZ _mobmMm Amho.

XmoZ : ~moH$sbm§Mo ho nwñVH$ AmUIr EH$m Ñï>rZo Cn wº$Amho, Ë`m g§X^m©V "âVr Am{U AmohmoQ>r" hm boI A{Ve`_hÎdmMm Amho. _moR>çm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H§$nÝ`m, Ë`m§À`mer hmV{_idUrH$aUmao «ï> amOH$maUr ho EH$m ~mOybm Am{U XwgarH$S>o ~ìh§erA{e{jV, Ag§K{Q>V, Cno{jV, Aëng§»`mH$ bmoH$ `m§À`mg§Kfm©Mm d¥ÎmmÝV Ë`mV {dñVmamZo XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. hmhr g§Kf©hmoVmo mMo H$maU {edaH$am§gmaIm Ü o {Zð> Am{U bT>mD$ ZoVm

Ë`m§Zm {_imbm Amho. d§{MVm§Zm AZoH$Xm Ago ZoV¥Ëdhr CnbãYZgVo hohr bjmV ¿`mdo. Aem§daÀ`m AÝ`m`mMr Va XmXhr bmJVZmhr.

hohr {dH$mgà{H«$ oVrb EH$ AmìhmZ Amho. Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çmg~i Agbobo _moR>o qH$dm ~hþamï—>r` CÚmoJ {H$Vr _wOmoarZo dmJyeH$VmV `mMo BñnmV B§S>ñQ—>rO ho EH$ CXmhaU Amho Ago~moH$sbm§À`m {bImUmdê$Z ñnï> hmoVo. Aem CÚmoJm§{edmÀmnU§mbm n`m© Zmhr ho Ogo Iao Amho VgoM Aem CÚmoJm§erAm{U amOH$maÊ`m§er H$amd`mÀ`m g§Kfm©bmhr n`m© Zmhr hohrIao Amho. {dH$mgà{H«$ oMo ho dmñVd Amho, hm YS>mhr _mobmMmAmho. Vmo nwT>o _m§S>Ê`mMm ~moH$sbm§Mm à`ËZ {deof ñdmJVmh© Amho.

~moH$sbm§Mo boI ^mdZoÀ`m Amhmar Z OmVm, _yë`^m[aV(value-loaded) eãX Z dmnaVm, ^mdZmoÔrnZ Z H$aVm,dñVw{Zð> g§emoYZmÀ`m {eñVrZo {b{hbobo AmhoV. ~moH$sb OrVÏ o (Facts) gm§JVmV VrM nwaoer ~mobH$s AmhoV Am{U _Zmda{MañWm`r n[aUm_ H$aUmar AmhoV. AmUIr EH$ Jmoï> åhUOo`m boIZmbm nydu åhQ>ë`mà_mUo H$WmH$WZmMr Sy>~ {_imbr Amho.Aem {daim JwUm§Mo g§_rbZ `m nwñVH$mV Pmbobo dmMH$m§ZmAmT>iob. Vo Ë`mMo CËgmhmZo ñdmJV H$aVrb Aer _bm ImÌrAmho.

g. h. Xoenm§S>o

6

OZmMo AZw d nwgVm§- MM}gmR>r {Q>nU(S>m°. {_qcX ~moH$sc)

"OZmMo AZw d nwgVm§' ho nwñVH$ Iao Va "{dH$mg'{df`H$ y{_H$m _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r {c{hcoco Zmhr. Á`mcm "{dH$mgm'Mo("S>oìhcn_|Q>'Mo) àý åhUVmV Ë`m§Zm gÜ`m EH$ {d{eï> AW©Amho. {dH$mg{df`H$ y{_Ho$cm Va {Z{üVM Amho. Ë`m_Ü o {dH$mgH$emcm åhUm`Mo, Vmo gmYm`Mr nÕV H$moUVr? {dH$mgmMrH$moUVr à{V_mZo AmXe© AmhoV? H$moUVr ì`mdhm[aH$? BË`mXràý CnpñWV hmoVmV. øm àým§Mr MMm© H$amdr Ago _wimV R>adcocoZìhVo. erf©H$mdê$Z g_OVo Ë`mà_mUo cmoH$, Ë`m§Mo OJÊ`mMoAZw d Am{U Vo g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mMr nÕV (g_mOemó) ho `mnwñVH$mMo gyÌ Amho. ho g_OmdyZ KoVmZm {dMmam§Mm Omo H$„moi_Zm_Ü o CR>cm Vmo dmMH$m§nwT>o _m§S>cm Amho.

Ago Agco Var cmoH$m§Mo OJÊ`mMo AZw^d hoA{d^mÁ`nUo {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$ oer OmoS>co Jococo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio{dH$mg{df`H$ àý gmh{OH$M g_moa òVmV. Ë`m§Mr MMm©H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar _r Q>miy BÀN>rV Zmhr. qH$~hwZmnwñVH$mVë`m àË oH$ coImV `m Zm Ë`m ñdê$nmV Vr AmcocrAmho. _mÌ Vo H$aÊ`m_mJMr ^y{_H$m hr g_mOemómÀ`mAä`mgH$mMr Amho. cmoH$m§Mo OJUo g_OyZ ¿`mdo, Ë`m§Zm{dMmaVM Ë`mMm AW© cmdmdm Am{U Ë`mVyZ Oa H$mhr g_OcoMVa Amnë`m emómÀ`m AmYmamZo Vo gyÌê$nmV _m§S>mdo Aer hry{_H$m Amho. Hw$R>cmhr Aä`mgH$ hm _wimV EH$ gm_m{OH$ ì`º$s

AgVmo Ë`m_wio dñVw{Zð> Aä`mg H$am`Mm R>adcm Var H$mhrà_mUmV _yë`mË_H$ YmaUm Ë`m_Üò òVoM. _mÌ Amncr_yë`mË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> AmYr {Z{üV H$ê$Z _J {VÀ`m AmYmamZocmoH$OrdZmMm qH$dm Ë`mVrc {dH$mgà{H«$òMm AÝd`mW©cmdÊ`mMm IQ>mQ>mon _r Ho$cocm Zmhr. Vgo H$aUo _cm Aemór`Va dmQ>VoM {edm` A_mZdrhr. øm H$maUm§_wioM Vr H$mhrerg§{X½Y AgUohr g§^dVo. nU hr g§{X½YVm g§nyU© gË`gmnS>ë`mMm A{^{Zdoe ZgUmè`m emoYH$ d¥ÎmrMr g§{X½YVmAmho.

ho nwñVH$ cmoH$m§À`m OJÊ`mMr åhUOo CnOr{dHo$Mrà{H«$`m g_OyZ KoUmao Agë`mZo Ë`mVcr CXmhaUo hr AWm©VM{Za{Zamù`m _mZdg_yhm§Mr AmhoV. eoVrgmR>r ZXrda {câQ> H$ê$ZVo nmUr ghH$mar nÕVrZo dmQy>Z KoUmao g§J_Zoa VmcwŠ`mVrceoVH$ar, _wimV YaUJ«ñV Am{U Z§Va A^`maÊ`mMo g§H$Q>AmoT>dcoco H$mo Zm Imoè`mVrc newnmcH$, JmàmZm§À`m _mcH$sgmR>rPJS>Umao _amR>dmS>çmVrc X{cV, {MHy$À`m ~mJm {nH$dUmao R>mUo{OëømVco Am{Xdmgr, yH§$nmV {dYdm hmoD$Zhr Amncr eoVrZoQ>mZo H$aUmè`m cmVya-Cñ_mZm~mX _Yë`m {ó`m Am{UAm¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ`m AmìhmZmg_moa R>mH$coco Ya_Va ImS>rVco_ÀN>r_ma Ago ho {Za{Zamio cmoH$ AmhoV. _mÌ øm CXmhaUm§_Ü o

EH$ g_mZ gyÌ Amho. ho _ycV… J«m_rU g_yh AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mCnOr{dHo$Mr nÕV hr modVmcÀ`m O_rZ, nmUr, O§Jc, S>m|Ja,ZÚm, g_wÐ BË`mXr Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMr OmoS>cr Jocr Amho.`m nÕVrV Oo ~Xc Ë`m§Zr Ho$co AmhoV qH$dm Oo hmoD$ KmVcoAmhoV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m OJÊ`mda n[aUm_ hmoVmo Amho. hm n[aUm_{d{dYm§Jr, {d{dY nmVù`m§daMm Va AmhoM nU XrK© _ycJm_rñdê$nmMmhr Amho. øm ~hwAm`m_r n[aUm_m_wioM {dH$mg{df`H$àý CX² dVmV.

àm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr Amnë`m àñVmdZoV `màým§Mr {M{H$Ëgm Ho$cr Amho. Vgo H$aÊ`m_mJMr Ë`m§Mr EH$ y{_H$mAmho Or Ë`m§Zr {Z…g§{X½YnUo _m§S>cocr Amho. Ë`m§À`m gmjonrAm{U {M{H$ËgH$ {dûcofUm_wio `m gd© MM}cm EH$ _hÎdmMon[aàoú` {_imco Amho mV H$mhr e§H$m Zmhr. Amnë`m àñVmdZoVË`m§Zr _mÂ`m {cImUmVyZ Üd{ZV hmoUmè`m Am{U Eadrhr M{M©ë`mOmUmè`m {dH$mg{df`H$ y{_H$m§{df`r H$mhr àý CnpñWV Ho$coAmhoV. Ë`mda Amncr _Vo _m§S>cr AmhoV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr {déÕdmQ>Umè`m _VmMm à{VdmX Ho$cm Amho. _mPo coI àH$m{eVPmë`mda hr àñVmdZm {c{hcr Jocr Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m _Vmda_cm H$m` åhUmd`mMo Vo _m§S>Ê`mMohr Ë`m§Zr AmdmhZ Ho$co Amho.Ë`m§À`m m CXma, AmË_r` Am{U g_mO{hVH$mar AmdmhZm_wioAm{U hr MMm© nwT>o OmÊ`mg _XV ìhmdr `m hoVyZo _r ho {Q>nUgmXa H$arV Amho.

Xoenm§S>o àñVmdZoÀ`m n{hë`m mJmV åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo, _mZdr OrdZmV CÚmoJ A{Zdm © Amho Ë`m_wio B{VhmgmÀ`mEH$m Q>ßß`mda Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ, Am{U Ë`mda AmYm[aVg_mOì`dñWm ApñVËdmV oUo gmh{OH$ Amho. m {df`r H$mhrMXw_V Zmhr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmV cKy, _Ü`_, AdOS>, KaJwVrAm{U H$maImÝ`mVco Ago {Za{Zamù`m àH$maMo CÚmoJApñVËdmV oUma ho CKS> Amho. VgoM cmoI§S>, noQ—>moc, ßc°pñQ>H$,{g_|Q>, cmHy$S> Aem àH$maÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ d _mZd {Z{_©V Ðì`m§MmCX² d Am{U dmna hmoUma ho hr CKS> Amho. CÚmoJm§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$AQ>iVo~Ôc Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_mOmon`moJr moJXmZm~Ôc àý Zmhr.àý Amho Vmo Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZm_m\©$V àmH¥${VH$ g§nXoMo XmohZ,emofU, àXyfU Am{U CX²>ÜdñVrH$aU hmoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ o~Ôc.CÚmoJm§er Z\$m OmoS>cm Jocm Amho Am{U Zâ`mgmo~V ñdmW©.ñdmWm©gmo~V OmoS>cr Jocr Amho Vr Xwgè`mÀ`m {hVm~ÔcMr~o{\${H$ar. øm à{H«$ oV n{hcm ~ir OmVmo Vmo {ZgJm©Mm, Z§VaXw~©c _mUgm§Mm, Ë`mZ§Va Xw~©c amï—>m§Mm Am{U eodQ>r OmJ{VH$em§Vr d g_mYmZmMm. mVcm H$moUVmM KQ>H$ Xw~©c amhUo mo½`Zmhr. OmJ{VH$ em§VrMm {dMma Oar XyaMm åhUyZ ~mOycm R>odcmVar Á`m§Zm Amnco amï—> g~c ìhmdo Ago dmQ>Vo Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m

7

amï—>mVrc àmH¥${VH$ g§nXoMo ajU d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mdmMyZ JË §VaZmhr. CÚmoJ - _J Vo Kaocy AgmoV dm H$maImZXmar - Oa hoH$aÊ`mV ~mYm AmUV AgVrc Am{U Ë`m§À`m `moJmZo Oa_mZdmÀ`m OJÊ`mgmR>r _yc yV AgUmar Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrZï> hmoUma Agoc Va Ë`m§À`m ñdê$nm{df`r nwZ{d©Mma hm gwê$Ho$cmM nm{hOo. _mZdr g_mOmVrc H$moUVmhr CÚmoJ _J Vmo {N>cHo$H$mTy>Z XJS>mMr hË`mao ~ZdÊ`mMm Agmo, hmV_mJmda dó{dUÊ`mMm Agmo dm {S>Q>OªQ> ~ZdÊ`mMm, Vmo _mZdr ApñVËdmMoâU, nmofU Am{U g§dY©Z H$aVmo H$s Zmhr hmM _w»` _wÔm Amho.

X oenm §S>çm §À`m à{VnmXZmVcm Xwgam _wÔmeharH$aUm{df`rMm Amho. gÜ`mMo Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ ho eharà{V_mZ Amho. Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmcm Amjon AgUmè`m§Mmehar ì`dñWocmhr Amjon AgUma Ago J¥hrV Yaco OmVo.Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmcm Amjon ZgyZ Ë`m à{V_mZmÀ`mn[aUm_m{df`r H$miOr Amho ho EH$Xm ñnï> Ho$ë`mZ§Va eharì`dñWocm Amjon Zmhr ho doJio gm§JÊ`mMr Iao Va Amdí`H$VmZmhr. _wimV IoS>o H$s eha Agm àýM Zmhr. _mZdr ApñVÎdmcmgwIH$maH$ ñdmñÏ`nyU© Am{U gwa{jV Ago dg{VñWmZ(Habitat) Agm`cm hdo. ho ñdmñÏ` d g_mYmZ Á`m ì`dñWoV{_ioc Vr ì`dñWm AmXe© hmoB©c. Vo _hmZJam§V {_iVo Ago{XgyZ Amco Va _hmZJam§V amhmdo, IoS>çm§V {_imco Va IoS>çm§Vamhmdo. øm Xmohm|Vhr Z {_iVm chmZ dm _Ü`_ AmH$mamÀ`meham§VM Vo {_iVo Ago AZw^dmcm Amco Va Ver ZJaodgdÊ`mÀ`m Ü o mcm cmJmdo. Amnmncm Y§Xm-ì`dgm` g§nÞVoZoH$aVm `mdm, _mUgm_mUgm§Vrc OdirH$ H$m`_ amhmdr,gm§ñH¥${VH$ A§Jm§Mo g§dY©Z ìhmdo Am{U _w»` åhUOo _mUgm§Zm(gd© _mUgm§Zm) OJVmZm _Pm Am{U AmZ§X mdm Aer _mUgmMrdñVr Agmdr EdT>rM Anojm Amho.

ømcm OmoSy>Z AgUmam _wÔm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrg§X^m©V Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ g§nXm, {deofV… {VÀ`m_Ycr O¡{dH${d{dYVm hr _cm n¥ÏdrdaMr gdmªV gw§Xa Jmoï> dmQ>Vo. _cm OaVèhoVèhoMo Am§~o Im`cm {_imco, OodyZ CR>ë`mdahr Á`mMm dmgOmVm OmV Zmhr Agm VèhoVèhoÀ`m dmgmMm Vm§Xyi Im`cm{_imcm, doJdoJù`m MdrMo _mgo godm`cm {_imco Va _mPo Eo{hH$Am wî` g_¥Õ Am{U g§nÞ Amho Ago _cm dmQ>co. mV M§JidmXAmho Ago _cm dmQ>V Zmhr. amoJ_wº$ OrdZmgmR>r Amdí`H$AgUmar Am¡fYo `m O¡{dH$ {d{dYVoVyZ oVmV EdT>oM Zmhr Va^maVmgma»`m XoemV {Za{Zamù`m cmoH$m§À`m g§ñH¥$Vt_ÜòAgUmar {d{dYVmhr _wimV àmH¥${VH$ {d{dYVoVyZ Amcocr Amho.hr {d{dYVm Zï> hmoUo åhUOo OrdZ H$mg hmoUo Amho. g_¥Õr ho{d{dYVoMo Xwgao Zmd Amho Ago _cm dmQ>Vo. OrdZ Am{Ug§ñH¥$Vr_Yrc {d{dYVoMr dmT> ìhm`Mr Agoc Va àmH¥${VH${d{dYVocm g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mdmMyZ JË §Va Zmhr. `m à{H«$ oVàmH¥${VH$ dñVy dm nXmWm©Zm ñdV…Mo Ago EH$ _yë` àmá hmoUogmh{OH$M Amho. qH$~hwZm Vgo Vo àmá ìhm`cm hdoM åhUOo

Ë`m§Mo g§dY©Z {H$\$m`Vera Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$ hmoB©c. ImS>r qH$dmZXr_Ü o _mgo_mar H$m§ Mmccr nm{hOo? Vr {VWo na§naoZo MmcVAmcr Amho åhUyZ Zìho Va Vr XwgarH$S>o Hw$R>oM H$aVm oV ZmhråhUyZ. _mcmMr dmhVyH$ Xwgè`m añË`mZo dm _mJm©Zo H$aVm oVonU _mem§Mr n¡Xmg _miamZmda ~r noê$Z H$aVm oV Zmhr.

_mZdr OrdZmcm, {deofV… Am§YionUmZo dmT>dcoë`m~ogw_ma cmoH$g§» ocm, Amdí`H$ Agm {dH$mg \$º$ Z¡g{J©H$gmYZg§nXoÀ`m Omoamda H$aVm oUma Zmhr ho ~amo~a Amho. {g_|Q>H$m±{H«$Q>À`m JJZMw§~r B_maVr, doJdmZ h_añVo, {d_mZVi,cmoh_mJ©, eoVrgmR>r Amdí`H$ amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mo H$maImZo,_moQ>mar BË`mXr Jmoï>r eoVr qH$dm newnmcZmVyZ {_iy eH$Uma ZmhrVho Iao Amho. Am{U {d_mZdmhy Zm¡H$m, \$m`Q>a {d_mZo, {McIVrdmhZo, Am§VaI§S>r` jonUmóo Am{U AUw~m°å~ ho H$mhr _mVr,nmUr, PmS>o, eoU `m§À`mnmgyZ ~ZdVm òUma Zmhr hr VadñVwpñWVrM Amho. _wÔm EdT>mM Amho H$s Á`m XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$H«$m§Vr Pmcocr Zmhr, Á`mMm XmoZ-V¥Vr`m§e ^mJ H$m`_XwîH$mimÀ`m N>m oV AgVmo, Á`m_Ü o nÞmg-gmR> H$moQ>r AerA{e{jV _mUgo amhVmV, H$s Á`m§À`mOdi H$moUVohr Am¡Úmo{JH$H$m¡eë` Zmhr Am{U Á`m§Mr H«$èº$s XmoZ doiMo AÞ, H$nS>mAm{U {Zdmam {_idÊ`mBVH$s Zmhr; Am{U Á`m XoemMo CÚmoJOmJ{VH$sH$aUmV {dH${gV Xoem§er ñnYm© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrVË`m XoemVrc ~hwg§»` cmoH$m§Zm OJÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm ZwgVoVJÊ`mgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrdaM Adc§~yZ amhmdo cmJVo.Ë`m_wio Amho Vr g§nXm OnUo, {VMm èhmg hmoUma Zmhr `mMrI~aXmar KoUo, {Vcm àXy{fV hmoD$ Z XoUo Am{U ho H$aVmZmM{VMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dÊ`mMm gVV à`ËZ H$aUo A{Zdm © Amho.nmUcmoQ>joÌmMm {dH$mg _¥X²g§YmaU, dZrH$aU, nmÊ`mMr gmR>dU,eoVr_Yco g§emoYZ, O¡{dH$ {d{dYVoMo ajU, gm¡a CO}Mm dmnaøm Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mdmMyZ Amnë`mcm JË`§Va Zmhr. ~hwg§»èoVH$è`m§gmR>r eoVr hm AmV~Q²Q>çmMm Y§Xm Amho ho Iao nU _moR>oO_rZXma gmoS>co Va BVam§gmR>r eoVr hm H$YrM EHw$cVm EH$Y§Xm ZìhVm. Ë`mcm Zoh_rM doJdoJù`m Y§Úm§Mr OmoS> XoD$Z Vmoì`dhm © Ho$cm OmB©. eoVr_Ycr A{V[aº$ _mUgo CÚmoJmV dmBVa joÌmV hcdUo Oê$arMo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a eoVrcmOcqgMZmMr Am{U CËnmXH$ H¥${fà{H«$`m§Mr OmoS> XoUohrAmdí`H$ Amho. H$m_ Zgcoë`m {XdgmV amoOJmamMr h_r Am{UH$m_mÀ`m doir nmÊ`mMr h_r m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r eoVrgmR>r A{Zdm ©AmhoV. Ë`m nwadyZ Pmë`mda Omo A{V[aº$ l{_H$ dJ© CaocË`mÀ`mgmR>r l_àYmZ CÚmoJ (nma§n[aH$ Am{U Anma§n[aH$)Ago {Z_m©U H$amdo cmJVrc. m y{_Ho$Mr _m§S>Ur nwñVH$mVë`mcoIm§_YyZ Vnercdma Amcocr Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ g§nXoÀ`m AmYmao{dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m OodT>çm eŠ`Vm AmhoV Ë`m gJù`mnyUmªemZo A_cmV AmUyZ ~{KVë`m nm{hOoV. Vo H$m_ Omon ªVhmoV Zmhr Vmon ªV Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nXm Zï> H$ê$Z MmcUma Zmhr.Vo H$aV AgVmZm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmMo H$m ©H«$_hr am~dm`cm

8

nm{hOoV nU Vo EH$_oH$m§Zm nyaH$ hmoB©c Aem àH$mao EH$_oH$m§À`m_wimda CRy>Z Zìho.

nwñVH$mVrc coIm§_Yco AmUIr EH$ g_mZ gyÌåhUOo cmoH$m§À`m OJÊ`mÀ`m YS>nS>rV ñd §ñ\y$V© g§ñWm Am{UH$m ©H$V} m§Zr {Xcocm gh^mJ. cmoH$godm Am{U cmoH${ejU hrMñd §ñ\y$V© g§ñWm§Mr _w»` H$m_o AmhoV Ago _cm àm§OcnUo dmQ>Vo.XrZ-Xw~ù`m {ZamYma Agwa{jV cmoH$m§gmR>r gm_m{OH$ godmAmdí`H$ Amho Va Amnë`m h¸$ d O~m~Xmè`m§gmR>r ì`mnH$cmoH${ejU. {dH$mgmMo H$m © ho Iao Va cmoH${ejUmMmM ^mJAmho nU gmo rgmR>r Vo EH$ doJio H$m_hr _mZVm oB©c. {dH$mgåhUOo H$m`, Vmo H$gm Agmdm, Ë`mMo AmXe© d ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$nH$moUVo m àým§Zm {Zcm} r, {~Ja-gaH$mar, ñd §ñ\y$V© g§ñWmM{^Sy> eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo nWXeu à`moJhr g§ñWm dH$m ©H$V}M H$ê$ eH$VmV.

_mÂ`m gmaIo Oo cmoH$ O`àH$me Zmam`U `m§À`mMidirVyZ gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©V Amcoco AmhoV Am{U Á`m§À`mdaJm§Yr Am{U {~Zmo~m m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md Amho Ë`m§Zm cmoH$eº$shr amÁ`gÎmonojm Zoh_rM _moR>r dmQ>Vo. ñd §ñ\y$V© g§ñWm, ZmJarg_mO, cmoH$m§À`m Midir ho gd© OmJ¥V cmoH$eº$sMo Am{dîH$maAmhoV. "amÁ`gÎmoda A§Hw$e R>odUo' hm KmgyZ JwiJwirV PmcocmeãXà`moJ Amho nU VoM Ë`m§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m_ Amho. amOH$s`nj, H$m_Jma-eoV_Oya g§KQ>Zm, eoVH$ar Midir `m§Zrhr hoH$m_ H$am`cm nm{hOo nU Ë`m§Mr ~m¡{ÕH$ d g§KQ>ZmË_H${XdmiImoar Omhra Agë`mZo ñd §ñ\y$V© g§ñWm§daM hr O~m~XmarnS>cr Amho. EH$m ~mOyZo ~o~§X CYicoë`m ñdmWu amÁ`gÎmocmH$m`ÚmMm Am{U cmoH$m§À`m X~mdmMm Mmn cmdUo Am{U Xwgè`m~mOyZo {VÀ`m_m\©$VM cmoH${dH$mgmH$[aVm Cn`wº$ AerYmoaUmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> ~ZdUo Ago ho Xwhoar H$m © Amho. gÜ`m `mà{H«$ ocm _Ü`_dJu` g_mOmMm à{VgmX \$ma W§S> Amho åhUyZdV©_mZnÌo - nwñVHo$ - _m{gHo$ d BVa _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`mMohrà~moYZ H$aÊ`mMm "à`mg' H$amdm cmJVmo.

EImÚm {df`mMr y{_H$m _m§S>Ê`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo ho {Q>nU\$ma ÌmoQ>H$ Amho `mMr _cm H$ënZm Amho. nU _cm Oo H$mhrgm§Jm`Mo Amho Vo nwñVH$mVrc coIm§_YyZ _m§S>co Joco Amho Ago_cm dmQ>Vo. Vo coI _wimVyZ dmMco Joco Va `m {df`mMr AZoH$A§Jo d Ë`m§Mr ì`már cjmV oB©c. {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m H$m` Agmdrhm àý AmhoM nU Ë`mhrnojm _moR>m àý AmnU Ë`mMr MMm© H$aVZmhr hm Amho. JVmZwJ{VH$ hmoD$Z àdmhmgmo~V dmhmV Var Om`MoZmhrVa Am§YionUmZo àdmhm{déÕ X§S> Var WmonQ>m`Mo AgmMgd©gmYmaU à{VgmX {XgVmo. _mZdr g§ñH¥$Vr àdmh Hw$R>o OmUmaAmho m {df`r mH$sV H$aUo H$R>rU Am{U Ë`m àdmhmcm {Z §{ÌVH$aUo Va Ë`mhyZ H$R>rU. nU AmnU Á`m H$mcI§S>mV OJVmoË`m H$mcI§S>mnwaVm Var Vmo àdmh ewÕ, {Z_©i Am{U gwIH$maH$amhrc Agm à`ËZ H$aUo mo½` Amho. {edm` Ë`m àdmhmZo ~o~§XnUoH$mR>mdaMo OrdZ CX²>ÜdñV H$ê$ Z o åhUyZ H$mhr doim ~m§Y

KmcyZ diU XoUohr Amdí`H$ Amho. ho H$m_ gJù`m§Zr {_iyZH$am`Mo Amho. diU XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$m ©H$V} Mm§Jë`m arVrZoH$aVrc Va H$moUVo diU Úm`Mo `mMm {dMma VÎdqMVH$H$aVrc. g_mOemómMm Aä`mgH$ åhUyZ _r \$º$ hm àdmhH$gm Amho, Ë`mMr Imocr {H$Vr, doJ {H$Vr; gm§MconUm Hw$R>oAm{U àdm{hËd Hw$R>o EdT>oM g_OyZ ¿`m`Mm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho.VogwÕm Ë`mV Sw>§~Vm Sw>§~Vm.

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9

g. h. Xoenm§S>o `m§À`m àñVmdZo_Yrc {dH$mg-à{V_mZ{df`H$ _wX²>Úm§Mr MMm© H$aUmao {Q>nU

(S>m°. gw~moY dmJio, à`mg)

àñVmdZmS>m°. {_qcX ~moH$sc øm§Zr {c{hcoë`m "OZmMo

AZw^d nwgVm§' (_m¡O, 2002) øm nwñVH$mcm àm. g. h.Xoenm§S>o §mZr àñVmdZm {c{hcr Amho. àñVmdZo_Ü o àm. g. h.Xoenm§S>o m§Zr BVa AZoH$ _hÎdmÀ`m _X²>wÚm§~amo~aM ~moH$scm§À`mnwñVH$mVyZ Üd{ZV hmoUmè`m {dH$mg{df`H$ _wX²>Úm§Mm H$mhremg§jonmZo nU Zo_Ho$nUmZo nam_e© KoUmar MMm© Ho$cr Amho. ømàñVmdZoVrc MM}À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo à`mgÀ`m dVrZo EH$m MMm©gÌmMoAm`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. øm MMm©gÌmÀ`m V`margmR>rà`mgÀ`m {dZ§Vrg _mZ XoD$Z S>m°. ~moH$scm§Zr àm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o`m§Zr CnpñWV Ho$coë`m {dH$mg{df`H$ MM}À`m g§X^m©V EH${Q>nU V`ma H$ê$Z {Xco. øm {Q>nUm_Ü`o S>m°. ~moH$scm§Zrgm§{JVë`mà_mUo nwñVH$ {c{hÊ`m_mJo Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m _ycV…g_mOemókmÀ`m Aä`mgH$mMr Amho. {Q>nUmV Ë`m§Zr àm. g.h. Xoenm§S>o m§À`m H$mhr _wX²>Úm§da Amnë`m à{V{H«$`mhr Zm|Xdë`mAmhoV.

à`mgZo Am`mo{OV Ho$coë`m MMm©gÌmgmR>r àm.Xoenm§S>o d S>m°. ~moH$sc `m§À`m_Yrc MM}H$S>o {dH$mg{dMmamÀ`mAä`mgH$mÀ`m Ñï>rVyZ XoIrc nmhÊ`mMr JaO àH$fm©Zo OmUdcr.Ë`mÑï>rZo ho {Q>nU {c{hco Amho. {Q>nUm_Ü o _w»`V… àm. g. h.Xoenm§S>o ({Q>nUmV gd©Ì ghXo Agm C„oI Ho$cm Amho) `m§ZrnwñVH$mÀ`m àñVmdZo_Ü o CnpñWV Ho$coë`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m_wX²>Úm§darc _mÂ`m à{V{H«$`m Zm|Xdë`m AmhoV. ghXo§À`m_wX²>Úm§{df`r _mPm (EH$ n`m© r {dH$mgà{V_mZmMr JaO dmQ>Umamøm AWm©Zo "n`m© dmXr' AgUmè`mMm) Ñ{ï>H$moU _m§S>Ê`mMm eŠ`{VVH$m à`ËZhr {Q>nUm_Ü o Ho$cm Amho.{dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm

ghXo : ""{dH$mgmMr Amncr Zo_H$s g§H$ënZmH$m` Amho Vo àW_ {Z{üV Ho$co nm{hOo. _mUyg hm"àmUr' Agcm Var BVa àmÊ`m§nojm H$mhr {ZamionUË`mÀ`mV Amho. ... WmoS>Š`mV Vmo g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U H$ê$eH$Vmo. m gdmª_mJo ñdV…Mo OrdZ A{YH$m{YH$ gwIrH$aÊ`mMr Ë`mMr àoaUm H$m ©aV Pmcocr AgVo. ho_mZdËd Amho. Amncr {dH$mgmMr H$ënZm Aem_mZdËdmer gwg§JV Agcr nm{hOo'' (nmZ n§Yam).

""{dH$mgmMr hr g§H$ënZm nyU©nUo Eo{hH$ Amho.... AWm©V H$mhr AndmXmË_H$ ì`º$s¨Zm doJù`mn«H$maMm, Ë`m§À`m-Ë`m§À`m AWm©Zo AmÜ`mpË_H$, Agm{dH$mg gmYm`Mm Agoc Va Ë`m§Zm Vem nÕVrZoOJÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` amhrc'' (nmZ gmoim).

_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m _mJo ñdV…Mo OrdZ A{YH${YH$gwIr H$aÊ`mMr Am{X_ àoaUm H$m ©aV AgVo `mV H$mhr dmXZmhr. nU g_mO åhUyZ EH$Ì amhVmZm d g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U H$aVmZmøm Am{X_ àoaUoÀ`m ~amo~arZoM _mZdmZo g_Vm, ~§YwVm, ñdmV§Í``mgmaIr AZoH$ "Z¡{VH$' _yë o {Z_m©U Ho$cr d Z§Va Vr _mZdrg§ñH¥$VrMm mJ ~ZyZ Jocr. gwIemoYr Am{X_ àoaUonojm hr Z¡{VH$_yë oM "_mZdËdm'Mo d "g§ñH¥$Vr'Mo doJionU d Iar AmoiIXe©dVmV. {dH$mgmMr H$ënZm hr Aem _mZdËdmer d Z¡{VH$_yë`m§er gwg§JV Agcr nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r {dH$mgmÀ`m Eo{hH$g§H$ënZocm AmÜ`mpË_H$ Zgcr Var Z¡{VH$ ~mOy AgmdrM cmJoc.CÚmoJ d Am¡Úmo{JH$

ghXo : ""_mZdr {dH$mgmV CÚmoJm§Zm AQ>iñWmZ Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va Vo ñWmZ dmT>Vo amhVo. _JAm¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ ZmH$maUo `mMm AW© {dH$mgZmH$maUo Agm hmoVmo'' (nmZ gmoim). (AYmoaoIZ _mPo)

""{ZgJm©H$Sy>Z {_iUmè`m dñVy OemÀ`m VemCn^moJÊ`mnojm Ë`m§Mo "ê$n' ~XcyZ Ë`m OmñV Cn wº$ d gwImdhH$aUo'' åhUOo "CÚmoJ' Aer ì`mnH$ ì`m»`m ghXo H$aVmV(nmZ n§Yam). Vr _mÝ` H$aÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. mD$cQ> "(ehar)Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZ ho {dH$mgmMo EH$ à{V_mZ Amho, Á`mVnmümÎ`, AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmZo {Z{_©coë`m EH$m {d{eï> àH$maÀ`mAm¡ÚmoJrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ ocm H|$Ðr` ñWmZ Amho. Voìhm (darcì`m» oà_mUo) "CÚmoJ' d "Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ' øm XmoZ g§km§_Ü o_hX§Va Amho d EH$mM (darc) VH©$H«$_mV Ë`m XmoZ g§kmg_mZmWm©Zo dmnaë`mZo Jm|Yi {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

EH$m ~mOycm ghXo§Zr ì`m»`m Ho$coë`m "CÚmoJm'Mo_mZdr {dH$mgmV AQ>i ñWmZ Amho mV H$mhrM dmX Zmhr. H$maUAÝ`Wm _mZdmZo {ZgJ©OmV AdñWoVM amhmdo Ago åhQ>ë`mgmaIohmoB©c. `mCcQ>, "Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZm'Vrc øm "nmümÎ`-AmYw{ZH$' Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oÀ`m AZoH$ n¡c§yda J§ raAmjon KoVco OmVmV. `m à{H«$ oVrc CÚmoJm§Mm AmH$ma, Ë`m§MrH|$Ðr yV aMZm, Ë`m_Ü o I{ZO qH$dm nwZ{Z©{_©{Vj_Vm ZgUmè`mD$Om©gmYZm§Mm hmoUmam dmao_mn d Anì``r dmna, Ë`m_YyZ {Z_m©UhmoUmar n`m©daUmg d _mZdr OrdZmg KmVH$ AgUmar {dfmaragm`Zo, Ë`m_Ü`o H$m_Jmam§da hmoUmam AÝ`m`, CÚmo§JmÀ`m_hmH$m` AmH$mam§_wio Ë`m§À`m R>m`r EH$dQ>Umar A_`m©X Am{W©H$-amOH$s` gÎmm, Ë`m CÚmoJm§Mr _`m©{XV amoOJmaj_Vm m gmè`mn¡c§yda {d{dYàH$maMo, {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ Amjon KoVco OmVmV.

10

øm {d{eï> "nmümÎ`-AmYw{ZH$' Am¡ÚmoJrH$aUmMo_mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY A§Jm§da d Vo OrdZ Á`mda Adc§~yZAmho Ë`m {ZgJm©da (AZoH$Xm rfU åhUmdoV Ago) Oo Xwîn[aUm_hmoVmV Ë`m_YyZ ho gmao Amjon {Z_m©U Pmco AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV,ho "Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU' _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m VgoM ~hþg§»`mÀ`m{dH$mgmÀ`mM _wimda CR>Umao Amho Agm gmd©{ÌH$ åhUVm oB©cAgm AZw d Amho. Aem {dH$mg-{damoYr "AmYw{ZH$ nmümÎ`'Am¡ÚmoJrH$aUmÀ`m nm`mda Cä`m AgUmè`m {dH$mgmÀ`m "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmda Amjon KoUo qH$dm Vo ZmH$maUo åhUOo{dH$mg ZmH$maUo Ago åhUVm oUma Zmhr.

gmam §emZ o gm §Jm`Mo Va, AZoH$"n`m© r{dH$mg'dmÚm§Mm "CÚmoJm§'Zm {damoY Zmhr. EdT>oM Zìho Va"Am¡Úmo{JH$aUm'_Yrc CËnmXH$VmdmT>rgma»`m H$mhr gH$mamË_H$n¡c§yZm XoIrc Ë`m§Mm {damoY Zmhr. {damoY Amho Vmo "AmYw{ZH$-nmümÎ`' Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmÀ`m VgoM Ë`mda AmYmacoë`m "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH'$ à{V_mZmÀ`m "{dH$mg-{dÜd§gH$' n¡cy§Zm d Ë`m§À`mXwîn[aUm_m§Zm.M§JidmXmMo gm_m{OH$ Xwîn[aUm_

ghXo : emara JaOm A{V[aº$nUo nwadUoåhUOo M§Ji Ago åhUVm òB©c. {VMo d¡`{º$H$Xwîn[aUm_ Vr-Vr ì`º$s$ moJoc, gm_m{OH$ Xwîn[aUm_AgVrc Va Vo H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$joV oVrc (nmZ gmoim).

H$mhr WmoS>çm _§S>irÀ`m M§JirgmR>r Ho$co OmUmao~hwVoH$ ì`dhma ho ({deofV… maVmgma»`m XoemV) gm_m{OH$Xwîn[aUm_ KS>dUmao AgVmV. Ë`mda g_mOmZo {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m(H$m`Úm§gma»`m) gmYZm§Ûmao {Z §ÌU R>odm`cm hdo Ago åhUUoR>rH$. nU Vo H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$joV (AmnmoAmn) oVrc d Ë`mMo(AmnmoAmn) X_Z/e_Z hmoB©c Ago åhUUo àË`jmV (nwñVH$mVZìho) ~amo~a R>aUma Zmhr. ~ìh§er, Ago g_mO-{dKmVH$M§JidmXr ì`dhma d Ë`m§Mo H$V} m§Zm àM{cV H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$joVAmUUo àË`jmV H$R>rU OmVo, AgmM AZw d oVmo. (Q>moH$mMoCXmhaU åhUOo añË`mV Pmoncoë`m J[a~m§Zm {MaS>Umao gmaoñQ>manwÌ d CÚmoJnVr§Mo nwÌ.)

nwT>o OmD$Z Agohr åhQ>co n[mhOo H$s Ago H$S>H$H$m`Xo Agco d Ë`m§Mr H$S>H$ A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZHo$cm Jocm Var àý gwQ>V ZmhrV. hr M§JidmXr _§S>ir Ë`mVhr_mJ© emoYrV amhmVmV. Ë`mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU A_o[aHo$Vrc (OoWoH$S>H$ H$m`Xo d Xj §ÌUm AmhoV Ago åhUVmV) EZam°Z,dëS>©H$m°_, B. H§$nÝ`m§Zr ZwH$VoM Oo am_mÙ KS>dco Ë`mV nmhm`cm{_iVo. Ë`m_wio M§JidmXmcm d M§JidmXmÀ`m nmoQ>mV AgUmè`mhì`mgmcm VmpËdH$ nmVirnmgyZ gd©M nmVù`m§da {damoY H$amdmcmJoc.g_Vm Am{U {dH$mg

ghXo : emara gwImnbrH$S>Mr gwIohr H$mhrWmoS>çm§ZmM {_iV AmhoV Am{U BVa H$mhrZm nwaogo

AÞhr {_iV Zmhr Aer pñWVr Agoc Va H$mhr àH$maMoCn^moJ hr M§Ji R>aoc åhUyZ {dH$mgmV g_VoMmÑ{ï>H$moU Amdí`H$ Amho. hr g_Vm Zo_H$s H$moUË`m_`m©Xon ªV Agmdr `mMo gd© {R>H$mUr cmJy nS>oc AgoEH$M CÎma XoVm òV Zmhr. Voìhm g_VoMm {dMma{dH$mgmda EH$ _`m©Xm KmcVmo Ago åhUVm oB©c (nmZgmoim).

ghXo _m§S>VmV Ë`mnojmhr àË`jmV n[apñWVr rfUAmho. "H$mhr WmoS>çm§Zm emara gwImnbrH$S>Mr gwIo {_iV AmhoVd H$mhrZm nwaogo AÞ {_iV Zmhr' AemàH$mao gÚ…n[apñWVrModU©Z H$aVm oUma Zmhr. IaoVa, "H$mhr WmoS>çm§À`m emaragwImnbrH$S>À`m gwIm§gmR>r åhUOo M§JirgmR>r AZoH$m§À`m Vm|S>MoAnwao AÞhr {dH$mgmÀ`m ZmdmImcr gÜ`m H$mTy>Z KoVco OmVoAmho' AgoM åhUmdo cmJoc. Voìhm Aem {dH$mgmÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm dË`mÀ`m Jmä`mV AgUmè`m ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmcm {damoYH$aUo Ho$di Vm{H©$H$ÑîQ>çm mo½`M Zìho Va {ddoH$s XoIrc ZmhrH$m?

Aem n[apñWVr_Ü o Á`m§Zm nwaogo AÞXoIrc {_iVZmhr Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo åhUOo g_VoMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$Amho, nU Ë`m_wio {dH$mgmda _`m©Xm oVrc (H$maU Ë`m§Zm nwaogoAÞ XoUo AZwËnmXH$ R>aoc?) Agm {dMma ghXo _m§S>VmV. g_VoMm{dMma Ho$ë`mZo {dH$mgmda (H$moUmÀ`m? Am{U {dH$mgmda H$sM§Jirda?) _`m©Xm oVmV hm ghX|Mm {ddmXmñnX _wÔm VyVm©g_mÝ` Ho$cm Var Á`m§Zm nwaogo AÞhr {_iV Zmhr Ë`m§Mm {dMma{dH$mgà{H«$ oV àmYmÝ`mZo H$aUo ({deofV… Ë`m§À`mn ªV gÜ`mMoà{V_mZ åhUVo Ë`mà_mUo {dH$mg "{PanV' Zmhr Agm nmMXeH$m§Mm AZw d JmR>rer Amë`mda Var) åhUOoM g_VoMm {dMma{dH$mgmÀ`m à{V_mZmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AmUUo ho Amdí`H$ ZmhrH$m?n`m©daU ajUmMr JaO

ghXo : Xwgar _`m©Xm n`m©daUajUmMr,AmÎmmMr cmoH$g§»`m Am{U nwT>À`m {nT>çm `m§ZmAmdí`H$ VodT>m n`m©daUmMm A§e {e„H$ am{hcmnm{hOo. nU n`m©daU EHo$ n`m©daU Agm AmJ«h Cn`moJrZmhr (nmZ gmoim, gVam).

AmÎmmMr cmoH$g§»`m d nwT>À`m {nT>çm m§Zm Amdí`H$VodT>m n`m©daUmMm A§e {e„H$ am{hcm nm{hOo ho VÎd Á`mcm_mÝ` Amho Ë`mcm n`m©daUdmXr åhUÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr.{dH$mgmÀ`m ZmdmImcr àË`jmV Oo KS>dco OmVo Amho Ë`m_Ü oho VËd nmico OmV Zmhr hmM n`m©daUdmÚm§Mm _w»` AmjonAmho. CXmhaUmW©, gÜ`mMr {nT>r AñVmcm OmÊ`mnyduMn`m©daUmMm _hÎdmMm ^mJ AgUmè`m dmVmdaUmMm ~è`mn¡H$s{dÜd§g hmoB©c Aer pñWVr Amcr Amho. hm OJmVrc {d{dYXoemVrc emókm§À`m Am§Vaamï—>r` n°ZocMm OdiOdi EH$_wIr{ZîH$f© Amho. `mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm oVrc. nwÊ`mVrc

11

dmhZm_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m H$m~©ZS>m` Am°ŠgmB©S> n¡H$s 2% dm yhremofyZ KoÊ`mMr nwÊ`mVrc Caë`mgwaë`m PmS>m§Mr j_Vm ZmhrAgo _m§S>co OmVo. ^maVmVrc dZjoÌhr {dH$mgmÀ`m ZmdmImcrPnmQ>çmZo H$_r Ho$co OmV Amho Va OmJ{VH$ ñVamda gmao lr_§VXoe ñdV…À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Ë`m§À`m XoemVrc H$~©dm yMo CËgO©ZamoIm`cm V`ma ZmhrV. `m gmè`m§_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao d¡{œH$dmVmdaUr` ~XcmnmgyZ Vo ñWm{ZH$ àXyfUmn ªVMo gmao àýAmO AmnUmg_moa Am dmgyZ C o AmhoV. Aem n[apñWVrVXoIrc Vo gmao àý {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH'$à{V_mZmMr A§_c~OmdUr OerÀ`mVerM Zìho Va AmUIrZOmo_XmanUo H$aÊ`mMm AmJ«h Yacm OmVmo .

"ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH'$à{V_mZmZwgmaÀ`m {dH$mgm_Ü oAZwñ yV AgUmè`m n`m©daUmÀ`m AemàH$maÀ`m {dÜd§gmH$S>og§nyU©V… Xwc©j H$ê$Z {dH$mgmÀ`m ZmdmImcr gmar amOgÎmm dYZgÎmm Ooìhm "YaU EHo$ YaU' åhUyZ qH$dm "añVm EHo$ añVm'åhUyZ n`m©daUmcm d Ë`mda Adc§~yZ AgUmè`m Am{XdmgtZmCX²>ÜdñV H$ê$ nmhVo Voìhm Ë`m{déÕ Cä`m amhUmè`m _yR>âm§Zm"n`m©daU EHo$ n`m©daU' Agm àg§Jr Q>moH$mMm dmQ>Umam AmJ«hYaÊ`m{edm` JË §Va ZgVo ho AmnU cjmV KoVco nm{hOo.ZmJarH$aU d Ë`mÀ`m Xwîn[aUm_m§Mr An[ahm ©Vm

ghXo : ""ZmJarH$aUmVco H$mhr Xmof A§J yVg_Oco Var AZoH$ Xmof n[ahm © AmhoV. Vo A{Z`mo{OV{dH$mgm_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoco AmhoV.''

""nU ho n[ahm`© Xmof Joco Var _moR>çmcmoH$g_yhm_wio Am{U "ì`mnmar' åhQ>ë`m OmUmè`mg§ñH¥$Vr_wio ZmJarH$aU ho _wimVM A_§Ji Amho Aer

y{_H$m H$mhr OU KoD$ eH$Vrc. Vr AmnU dmXmgmR>rVyV© _mÝ` H$ê$.''

""_J àý Agm CnpñWV hmoVmo H$s ho eharà{V_mZ ApñVËdmV H$m Amco? "{~Zehar nUAm¡Úmo{JH$' Agm n`m©` H$m ñdrH$maÊ`mV AmcmZmhr?''

""Va m n«ýmMo CÎma gai Amho. Vo Ago H$s,V§Ì{dÚm Á`m arVrZo {dH${gV Pmcr Ë`m arVrV Xwgamn`m© M CncãY ZìhVm'' (nmZ gVam).

ZmJarH$aUmMo g_W©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm ZmJarH$aUd "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmdaÀ`m {damoYH$m§À`m Q>rHo$Mo I§S>ZH$aÊ`mgmR>r ghXo ZmJarH$aUmMr gagVm XmIdyZ XoV ZmhrVVa Ë`mVrc Xmofm§Mm C„oI H$ê$Z ghXo gÜ`mÀ`m ZmJarH$aUmÀ`md Ë`m_mJo AgUmè`m {dH$mg à{V_mZmÀ`m An[ahm`©VoH$S>oOmVmV. åhUOoM Vohr gÜ`mÀ`m "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$'à{V_mZm_Ü o AZwñ yV AgUmè`m ZmJarH$aUmVrc Xmof d Ë`mMrAdm§N>Zr`Vmhr _mÝ` H$arV AgmdoV. _mÌ Ë`m{edm` Ë`m§Zmn`m© {XgV Zmhr åhUyZ BVam§Zr Ë`mda dm§P Q>rH$m H$ê$ Z oAgo Ë`m§Mo åhUUo Amho. hr Oa ghXo§Mr y{_H$m Agoc Va Vr

"{Z_©_ {dH$mgdmÚm§'À`m Zoh_rÀ`m y{_Ho$nojm doJir Amho ho Z_yXH$am`cm hdo.

~h wg §»` "n`m ©`r {dH$mgdmÚm §'MrZmJarH$aUm~m~VMr ^y{_H$m hr ~arMer Ë`m §À`mAm¡Úmo{JH$aUmÀ`m ~m~VrVë`m ^y{_Ho$gmaIrM Amho. ømn`m© dmÚm§Mm "ZJam§'Zm Am§Yim {damoY Zmhr. "ZJam§'Mr _mZdrg§ñH¥$Vrcm Or XoUJr {_imcr Amho d {_iVo Amho Ë`mda Ë`m§MmAmjon Zmhr. qH$~hwZm ZJam§À`m aMZoVrc øm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dgm_m{OH$ e{º$ñWmZm§Mm \$m`Xm Zì`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m d Zì`mgm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§aMZm§À`mÛmao ZJam~mhoa amhUmè`m§Zmhr {_im`cmhdm Agohr Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s H$mhrOU åhUVmV. Ë`m§Mm Amjon AmhoVmo {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m "nmümÎ`-AmYw{ZH$' Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmVyZ d{d{eï> àH$maÀ`m "Am¡Úmo{JH$-ehar' à{V_mZmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m{d{eï> àH$maÀ`m "ZmJarH$aUm'cm. _moR>çm CÚmoJm§À`m _mZdrg§gmYZ{df`H$ JaOm mJdÊ`mgmR>r Oo ZmJarH$aU hmoVo Ë`mVyZghXo _m§S>VmV Vo (nmZ gVam) d BVa AZoH$ n`m©daUr`,gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s` Xwîn[aUm_ _mZdr OrdZmdad ~hþg§»`m§À`m {dH$mgmda hmoVmV. ho gmao Xwîn[aUm_ ho"n`m© dmÚm§'À`m ZmJarH$aUmdarc Amjonm§Mo _yi Amho.

AmVm ho Xwîn[aUm_ n[ahm`© AmhoV H$m? ghXoåhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo ZmJarH$aU d Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU Á`m àH$mao dÁ`m §ÌUm§_m\©$V hmoVo Ë`m§À`m H$ma^mamVrc (JìhZ©Ýg) AZoH$J§ ra ÌwQ>tMm (Ë`mV "A{Z`moOZ' Amco) dmQ>m øm Xwîn[aUm_m§À`m{Z{_©VrV Amho ho Z¸$sM. nU øm gd©Ì OmUdUmè`m Vrd«ñdê$nmÀ`m Xwîn[aUm_m§Mo _yi Ho$di øm àH$maÀ`m ÌwQ>t_Ü o emoYyZnwaoc H$m? hm _wÔm oVmo. Ë`mMo CÎma emoYÊ`mgmR>r {dH$mgmÀ`m"ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZm_wio hmoUmao ZmJarH$aU Zo_Ho$ H$gohmoVo Vo nmhy m. ho ZmJarH$aU XmoZ _hÎdmÀ`m à{H«$`m§Ûmao hmoVoAgo åhUVm òB©c. n{hë`m à{H«$ò_Üò "nmümÎ`-AmYw{ZH$'Am¡ÚmoJrH$aUmÛmao {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m _moR>çm CÚmoJm§À`m d Ë`mdaAmYm[aV _Ü`_ d bKy CÚmoJm§À`m _mZdr g§gmYZm§À`m JaOm^mJdÊ`mgmR>r ZmJarH$aU hmoVo. m~amo~aM øm ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m_wimer Xwgarhr _hÎdmMr à{H«$`m Amho. "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$'à{V_mZm_Ü o J«m_rU mJmVrc Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZmÀ`m (d Ë`m§À`mCËnmXH$VoÀ`m) {dH$mgmH$S>o Xwc©j hmoVo. qH$~hþZm Ë`m§Mm {dH$mgñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Zm {Q>H$mdy nÕVrZo CnOr{dH$m {_imdr åhUyZHo$cm OmV Zmhr. Va ~ìh§er ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`dñWogmR>r Ë`mg§gmYZm§Mo XmohZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vgm d VodT>mM Ë`m§Mm{dH$mg Ho$cm OmVmo (d¡VaUm YaU, EZam°Z àH$ën hr CXmhaUoKoVm oVrc). AZoH$Xm, ehao d CÚmoJ m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Ë`m(J«m_rU) Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo XmohZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV Ë`m§Mm{dÜd§ghr hmoVmo. øm H$maUm§_wio Ë`m J«m_rU Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§daCnOr{dHo$gmR>r Adc§~yZ AgUmar Hw$Qw>§~o d g_mOg_yhàË`jmàË`j arVrZo {dñWm{nV hmoVmV d Zì`m CnOr[dHo$À`memoYmV ehamV òD$Z WS>H$VmV. (Ë`m§À`m "ì`dpñWV'

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nwZd©gZmÀ`m _wX²>ÚmH$S>o Z§Va diy m.) {dH$gZerc XoemVrcZmJarH$aUmÀ`m _wimer AgUmè`m øm XmoZ _hÎdnyU© à{H«$`m§VyZ("nwe²' d "nwc²') "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' {dH$mgmÀ`m à{V_mZm_wiohmoUmao ZmJarH$aU AmH$mamcm oVo. Aem ZmJarH$aUm_wio {Z_m©UhmoUmar ehao åhUOo ~ìh§er Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmgmR>r O_m H$aÊ`mVAmcoë`m {dnÞmdñWoVrc AY©-Jwcm_m§Mr PmonS>nÅ>r AWdmCnOr{dHo$gmR>r Hw$R>ohr Wmam Z {_imcoë`m "n`m©daUr`{Zdm©{gVm§'Zm Q>mH$Ê`mMm H$MamS>onmo ~ZVmV Ago åhQ>ë`mg dmdJoR>ê$ Z o.

AmVm ho n[ahm © Amho H$m? ømMm {dMma H$ê$`m.øm XmofnyU© à{H«$`m§VyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {d{dY g_ñ`m§Mm _wimVyZn[ahma H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË`jmV H$mhr Cnm` Amho H$m Vo nmhÿ m.CÚmoJm§À`m da C„oIcoë`m CVa§S>rV H$m_ H$aUmè`m gd©MH$m_Jmam§Zm gÝ_mZnyU© _mZdr OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ VodT>odoVZ AWdm _mo~Xcm XoUo A{Zdm © (H$m`ÚmZo) Ho$ë`mg gÜ`mMoCÚmoJ Mmcy eH$Vrc H$m? hm _wÔm {ddmXmñnX Amho.H$mhrOUm§À`m _Vo ømMo CÎma {ZXmZ H$mhr CÚmoJm§À`m ~m~VrVVar hmoH$mamË_H$ Amho. _mÌ Oo cmoH$ ho CÚmoJ MmcdUma AmhoVË`m§Mo CÎma gÚ…pñWVrV H$m` Amho Vo _hÎdmMo R>aoc. øm àýmMoCÚmoJ{dœmVrc _§S>irZr {Xcoco ñnï> ZH$mamWu CÎma gÜ`m MmcyAgUmè`m H|$Ðr` H$m_Jma Am`moJmÀ`m Ahdmcmdarc MM}VyZAmnUmg ghO {_iy eH$Vo.

Ë`mMà_mUo ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`dñWogmR>r J«m_rU^mJmVrc Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZmMo XmohZ Ho$co OmVmZm Á`m J«m_rUHw$Qw>§~m§À`m CnOr{dH$m YmoŠ`mV oVmV Ë`m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m ZwH$gmZmMrn[anyU© anmB© Ë`m§Mo "ì`dpñWV' nwZd©gZ H$ê$Z Úm`Mr åhQ>crVa Ë`mMm ma ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ënm§Zm d ì`dñWocm PonocH$m? H$mhr Am¡Úmo{JH$ d {dH$mg àH$ënm§À`m ~m~VrV (CXm.EZam°Z, _mhoœa mgma»`m) øm àýmMo CÎma hmoH$mamWu XoVm oVo._mÌ _moR>çm à_mUmda ZwH$gmZ d {dñWmnZ H$aUmè`m AZoH$àH$ën d YmoaUm§À`m ~m~VrV øm àýmMo CÎma ZH$mamWuM ÚmdocmJoc.

WmoS>Š`mV, gÜ`mÀ`m ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmVyZ{Z_m©U hmoUmè`m ZmJarH$aUmMo Xwîn[aUm_ ho Ë`m ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m_wimer AgUmè`m à{H«$`m§Mo An[ahm © ^mJ AmhoV. doJù`meãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Va, ømn¡H$s AZoH$ Xwîn[aUm_ gXaà{V_mZmZwgmaÀ`m H$m ©H«$_m§À`m H$ma^mamVrc ({Z`moOZ AWdmA§_c~OmdUr_Yrc) Xmofm§_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoco ZgyZ Ë`m§Mo _yiøm à{V_mZmÀ`m ApñVËdmer qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m Jmä`mer OmoS>co Amho.hmM n`m ©`dmÚm §Mm Ë`m à{V_mZmdaMm _ w»`Amjon Amho ho cjmV ¿`m`cm hdo.

ho gmao _m§S>ë`mZ§Va ghXo Á`m EH$mM _wÚmdagÜ`mÀ`m "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmcm nmR>rer KmcVmV Vmo_wÔm ~mH$s amhVmo. Vmo _wÔm åhUOo Ë`m à{V_mZmÀ`m A{Zdm ©VoMmqH$dm An[ahm ©VoMm. Ë`m _wX²>ÚmH$S>o AmnU Z§Va diy m.

Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMr CËnmXH$VmghXo : ""Xwgam _wÔm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr

{Q>H$dÊ`mMm Am{U Vr A{YH$ CËnmXH$ H$aÊ`mÀ`m{df`rMm Amho'' (nmZ AR>am).

ghXo åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr{Q>H$dUo d Ë`mMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dUo BVH$m _`m©{XV _wÔmn`m© dmÚm§À`m _m§S>Ur_Ü o ZgVmo ho ñnï> H$am`cm hdo. H$maUgmYZg§nÎmrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dUo åhUOo Ë`m gmYZg§nÎmrVyZ(Ë`mÀ`m EH$H$ ^mJmVyZ) OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ {_id>Uo(Ë`mgmR>r BVa g§gmYZo mam^ma à_mUmV dmnamdr cmJcr Var)Agm AW© ~è`mMdoim H$mT>cm OmVmo. Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMmCn`moJ H$aVmZm XrK©H$mimn ªV {VMr CËnmXH$Vm {Q>Hy$Z amhrc(H$maU Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr ~ìh§er nwZ{Z©{_©{Vj_ AgVo) dË`mVyZ XrK©H$mimn ªV (nwT>À`m {nT>çm§Zmhr) CËnmXZ {_ioc hrH$miOr KoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMr"àmW{_H$ CËnmXH$Vm' dmT>dcr nm{hOo Agmhr _wÔm AZoH$Xm"n`m© dmÚm§'H$Sy>Z _m§S>cm OmVmo. (àmW{_H$ CËnmXH$Vm åhUOo~mhoaÀ`m H$moUË`mhr {Z{dï>r (BZnwQ>g²) Z dmnaVm {_iUmarCËnmXH$Vm). Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMr "àmW{_H$ CËnmXH$Vm'{Q>H$mD$ àH$mao dmT>dUo ømH$S>o "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmH$Sy>ZnyU©V… Xwc©j Ho$co OmVo. qH$~hwZm AZoH$Xm CËnmXZ d VmËH$m{cH$CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dVmZm Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§À`m àmW{_H$CËnmXH$VoMm (H$Yr H$Yr Ë`m§À`m ApñVËdmMmM) ~ir {XcmOmVmo. `mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUOo h[aV H«$m§Vr nÕVrMr eoVrhmo . Ë`mZwgma IVo, nmUr, m§gma»`m ~mhoaÀ`m {Z{dï>r _moR>çmà_mUmda dmnê$Z O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV{VMr àmW{_H$ CËnmXH$Vm H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVo d CËnmXH$VmH$m`_ amIÊ`mgmR>r ~mhoaÀ`m {Z{dï>t>Mr JaO dmT>V OmVo.Ë`mnwT>ohr ~mhoaÀ`m {Z{dï>tMo à_mU dmT>dV Zoë`mg BVaXwîn[aUm_m§~amo~a EH$ doi Aer oVo H$s O_rZM jmanS> ~ZVo.àH$ënm§Mr cm^-hmZrÀ`m {ZH$fmdarc VnmgUr

""ImS>r _mgo_marcm `mo½` H$m? VoWo VrMmcV Amcr Amho åhUyZ? hm {ZH$f {ddoH$s (a°eZc)Zmhr ho CKS> Amho'' (nmZ EH$moUrg).

(ho {VVHo$go {ddoH$s AWdm CKS> Zmhr ho ~moH$scm§ZrË`m§À`m {Q>nUm_Ü o _m§S>co Amho.)

""`m y{_Ho$Mr Vm{H©$H$ n[aUVr Aer AgocH$s Á`m Á`m {R>H$mUr Oo Oo ì`dgm` Mmcy AmhoV Vo VoVgoM Mmcy amhmdoV. mV {dH$mgmMr eŠ`VmM g§nVo.

""àH$ënmÀ`m {ZdS>rMm {ddoH$s {ZH$fåhUOo Am{W©H$. nU Am{W©H$ åhUOo ZwgVm n¡emVcmIM© {H$Vr Am{U Ë`mVyZ naVmdm {H$Vr hm Zmhr, VaEHy$U cm^-hmZrMm {ZH$f. Agm {heo~ H$aVmZm gd©~ao-dmB©Q> Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_ cjmV KoVcoOmVmV.''

13

""ImS>r _ÀN>r_margmR>r Cn wº$ Amho ho IaoMAmho; H$maU Vgo {gÕM Pmco Amho. nU Xwgè`m EImÚmì`dgm`mgmR>r Vr A{YH$ Cn wº$ AgÊ`mMrhr eŠ`VmAmho. AQ> EdT>rM H$s n`m© r ì`dgm` VwcZmË_H$cm^-hmZrÀ`m H$gmoQ>rcm CVaVmo Ago XmIdyZ {Xconm{hOo'' (nmZ EH$moUrg).

ghXo åhUVmV Ë`m àH$ën {ZdS>rgmR>rÀ`mcm^hmZrÀ`m {ddoH$s${ZH$fmH$S>o AmVm OmD$`m. Ë`m cm^-hmZrÀ`m {ddoH$s {ZH$fm_Ü o ~è`m-dmB©Q> Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$n[aUm_m§Mm A§V^m©d ghXo H$aVmV. Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$n[aUm_m§~amo~a n`m©daUr` n[aUm_m§Mmhr {dMmaXoIrc cm^-hmZrÀ`m {ZH$fm_Ü o Ho$cm nm{hOo ho AmVm OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ XoIrc_mÝ` H$aVo. ""cm^-hmZrMm Agm {hemo~ H$aVmZm gd© ~ao-dmB©Q> Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_ cjmV KoVco OmVmV'' AgogagH$Q> {dYmZ ghXo§Zr Ho$co Amho. Vo _mÌ àË`jmVrcAZw^dmÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda CVaV Zmhr. IaoVa, AmOdaÀ`mAZw dmÀ`m ~imda mÀ`m Zo_Ho$ CcQ> {dYmZ gagH$Q>nUo H$aVmoB©c. Vo Ago H$s "gm_m{OH$, n`m©daUr` n[aUm_m§Mm gmoS>mM

nU Am{W©H$ n[aUm_m§Mmhr n[anyU© Aä`mg d {dMma{dH$mgàH$ënm§À`m {ZdS>rÀ`m doir Ho$cm OmV Zmhr.' EZam°Z,Z_©Xm, H¥$îUm Imoao m§gma»`m AZoH$ àH$ënm§À`m ~m~VrV ho VaAmVm {gÕ Pmco Amho. `mg§X^m©V AemM EH$m àH$ënmdarcMM}À`m doir EH$m n`m© dmXr VkmZo gaH$mar d {dH$mgdmXrVkm§g_moa Omhra AmìhmZ {Xco hmoVo H$s ^maVmVrc EH$mVarYaUàH$ënmMm (~m§YH$m_mZ§Va) emór` nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$ê$ZË`mMm Am{W©H$ cm^-hmZrMm {ZX}em§H$ XrS>À`m da (Omo gd©_mÝ`{ZH$f Amho) Ago H$moUrhr XmIdyZ Úmdo. AWm©V ho AmìhmZH$moUrhr ñdrH$maco Zmhr.g§e`mñnX àH$ën d g_mOYwarU

darc AdVaUmÀ`m eodQ>r ghXo åhUVmV H$s ""AQ>EdT>rM H$s n`m© r ì`dgm` VwcZmË_H$ cm^-hmZrÀ`m H$gmoQ>rcmCVaVmo Ago XmIdyZ {Xco nm{hOo'' (nmZ EH$moUrg). àý AgmAmho H$s ho H$moUr XmIdyZ Úm`Mo? hr O~m~Xmar H$moUmMr?gaH$ma, àH$ën Q>mH$Umao CÚmoJnVr, Ë`mÀ`m nmR>r C o amhUmaoAW©emók m§Mr hr O~m~Xmar Zmhr H$m? Vr Vo O~m~Xmar H$Yrnma nmS>VmV H$m? hr _§S>ir Vr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>V Zgcr Va~mhoaMo AW©emók d BVa g_mOYwarU Ë`m àH$ënm§{déÕ dË`m àH$ënnwañH$Ë`mª{déÕ C o amhUma H$m? d Vo hr Z O_ë`mg{ZXmZ Vmon ªV Ago g§e`mñnX àH$ën C o amhy Z oV AerI§~ra d Omhra y{_H$m Var KoUma H$m?

àË`jmV {MÌ CcQ>oM {XgVo. àH$ën ~m§YUmaogaH$ma, CÚmoOH$, Ë`m_mJo Amnco ~i C o H$aUmao nÌH$ma,AW©emók, d BVa g_mOYwarU hr O~m~Xmar Va nma nmS>VZmhrVM. mnwT>o OmD$Z àH$ënmMo ñdV§Ì narjU H$ê$Z Vm§{ÌH$,Am{W©H$, {dÎmr`, n`m©daUr`, AWdm gm_m{OH$ {ZH$fm§da

àH$ën CVê$ eH$V Zmhr ho XmIdco Joë`mg Ë`m {dûcofUm_mJod {dûcofUH$Ë`mª_mJo C o amhÊ`mEodOr ho nÌH$ma, AW©emók,g_mOYwarU Ë`m§À`mdaM {dH$mg{damoYH$ åhUyZ Q>rH$m H$ê$Z,Ë`m§Mr {I„r CS>dyZ, Ë`m§Zm "Z¡{VH$ XheVdmXr' R>adyZ, qH$dmjw„H$ H$moQ>çm H$ê$Z Ë`mH$S>o Xwc©j H$aVmV. AZoH$Xm ømg_mO{damoYr àH$ënmVyZ ñdV…Mr nmoir {nH$dUmè`m amOH$maUrd CÚmoOH$m§À`m _mJo ho YwarU ñdV…À`m jwÐ ñdmWmªH$aVm àË`jd AàË`jnUo C o amhVmV. Z§Va Ë`m àH$ënm§Mm ~moè`m dmOcm,Ë`m_wio cmoH$ XoemoYS>rcm cmJco Var Ë`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm, Ë`màH$ën nwañH$Ë`mªZm, d Ë`m§Zm àË`jmàË`j nmqR>~m XoUmè`mnÌH$ma, AW©emók, AWdm g_mOYwarUm§Zm Om~ {dMmaUmarH$moUVrM §ÌUm Amnë`mH$S>o Zmhr. hr gmar _§S>ir AemM EImÚmZì`m n«H$ënmÀ`m _mJo Amncr eº$s cmdÊ`mg _moH$irM amhVmV.hr Amncr Iar emoH$m§{VH$m Amho.cm^-hmZrMm {ZH$f dmnaÊ`mVrc Jw§VmJw§Vr

"~è`m-dmB©Q> Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_m§Mm {heo~H$ê$Z àH$ën cm^-hmZrÀ`m {ZH$fmda VnmgUo' hr à{H«$`màW_Xe©Zr dmQ>Vo VodT>r gaigmYr Zmhr ho XoIrc cjmV KoVconm{hOo. `m {df`mda _moR>çm à_mUmda Aä`mg d MMm© {d{dYñVamda Pmcocr Amho. Ë`mVrc AS>MUtda H$mhr OUmZr Cnm`hrgwMdco AmhoV. nU Ë`mVrc gmao àý gwQ>coco ZmhrV. AOyZhrË`mdaMr MMm© MmcyM Amho. øm MM}Mm Img Aä`mg _r Ho$cocmZmhr. nU m à{H«$ oVrc H$mhr AS>MUr oWo XmIdyZ XoUo JaOoModmQ>Vo.

n{hcr AS>MU åhUOo AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ dn`m©daUr` hmZr AWdm cm^m§Mo _moO_mn VgoM Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$n[a_mUm_Ü o (åhUOo n¡em_Ü o) ê$nm§Va Zo_Ho$nUo H$aUo H$R>rUd {ddmXmñnXM Zìho Va H$mhr ~m~VrV AeŠ` XoIrc Amho.

Xwgar AS>MU åhUOo ^{dî`mVrc cm^-hmZrMrVwcZm AmOÀ`m cm^-hmZrer H$aVmZm ^{dî`mVrc cm^-hmZrÀ`m n¡emVrc _mocmMo ê$nm§Va AmOÀ`m n¡em_Ü o H$aVmZmdmnaÊ`mV `oUmè`m nÕVr~Ôchr AZoH$ _V^oX AmhoV.CXmhaUmW©, øm nÕVr_Ü o {dî`mVrc n¡emMr qH$_V AmOÀ`mn¡emÀ`m VwcZoV H$_r _mZcr OmVo. hm {d{eï> (åhUOo ì`mnmar)Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm n[anmH$ Amho d hmM EH$_od Ñ{ï>H$moU g§nyU© g_mOmMoXrK©H$mcrZ (nwT>rc {nT>çm§Mo) {hV R>adÊ`mgmR>r (n«H$ënm§Mr narjmH$aVmZm) dmnaUo MwH$sMo R>aoc Agohr åhQ>co OmVo.

{Vgam _wÔm Amho doJdoJù`m g_mOKQ>H$m§À`mÑ{ï>H$moUmVrc {^ÞVoMm d Ë`mVyZ CX²^dUmè`m cm^-hmZr~m~VÀ`m _V oXm§Mm. doJdoJù`m g_mOKQ>H$m§Mr Am{W©H$,gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVr, B{Vhmg, d AZw dm§dê$ZË`m Ë`m g_mOKQ>H$m§Mo OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU R>aV AgVmV.n[aUm_r, EImÚm àH$ënmÀ`m cm^-hmZrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMo Ë`m§MoÑ{ï>H$moUhr {^Þ AgVmV d Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ _V oX g§ dVmV.(AWm©VM g_mOKQ>H$m§À`m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$

14

OS>UKS>UrV {OVH$s OmñV {d{dYVm d {df_Vm Agoc {VVHo$Mho _V oXhr OmñV d Vrd« AgVrc ho CKS> Amho.) øm _V oXm§MocmoH$emhrnÕVrZo (åhUOo gd© g§~§{YV g_mOKQ>H$m§Zm {ZU©à{H«$ oV gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoD$Z) {ZamH$aU H$aUo hm EH$ _mJ©Agy eH$Vmo. (Vo {H$VnV, H$go, d H$moUË`m n[apñWVr_Ü oeŠ` Amho d H$go H$amd`mMo ho àý VyVm©g ~mOycm R>ody m.) _mÌøm Aem cmoH$emhr à{H«$ oVyZ nwT>o oUmam n`m© hm "cm^-hmZrÀ`m {ZH$fm'À`m H$gmoQ>rda CVaocM `mMr ImÌr ZgVo.(åhUyZM ~hwYm øm Ñ{ï>H$moUmVrc {d{dYVoH$S>o Xwc©j H$ê$Z[EH$mM qH$dm gma»`m g_mOJQ>mMo gXñ` AgUmao] gaH$mamVcoqH$dm ~mhoaMohr g_mOYwarU ~è`mMdoim Aem àH$ënm§Zm nañna""g_mO{hVH$mar'' R>adyZ _moH$io hmoVmV.)ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmMo amOH$s` A§J

ghXo : `mMm AW© Agm H$s hr gd© dmVmhVgaH$maMr AZmñWm, H§$nZrMm ~o_wd©VImoanUm dOZVoVcoM H$mhr ñdmWu cmoH$ `m_wio Pmcr. ~moH$scåhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo ho AW©emó ZìhVo Va "amOH$sÀW©emó' hmoVo. åhUOo ho n[aUm_ "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$'à{V_mZm_wio KSy>Z Amco Ago Zmhr Va Vo à{V_mZ Á`marVrZo am~dÊ`mV Amco Ë`m arVr_wio KSy>Z Amco (nmZdrg).

"eha-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ' ho "ewÕ' AW©emór`(hm "ZrVr'Mm ^mJ) d Ë`mMo àË`jmVrc Xwîn[aUm_ _mÌ"amOH$s` AW©emóm'_wio Amco (hm "arVr'Mm mJ) Agm oX^mdghXo H$aVmV. hm _wÔm Oam ImocmV OmD$Z Vnmgmdm cmJoc.~hþVoH$ _mZdr ì`dhmamV EH$ "amOH$s`' A§J AgVo. IaoVagd©M _mZdr ZmË`m§_Ü o Vo AgVo Ago AZoH$ _mZgemók dórdmXmMo Aä`mgH$ åhUVmV. AZoH$ ZmË`m §_Yrcnañnaì`dhmam§_Ü o Xwgè`mda (ì`º$ qH$dm Aì`º$) à^md,gÎmm, AWdm {Z §ÌU àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao ñdV…Mo {hV dmC{Ôï>o (EImXo C{Ôï> na{hVmMo XoIrc Agy eHo$c) gmYÊ`mMmà`ËZ OmUrdnyd©H$ AWdm A^m{dVnUo Ho$cm OmVmo. Agm à`ËZåhUOo Ë`m ZmË`mMo dm ì`dhmamMo amOH$s` A§J Aer "amOH$s`'`m eãXmMr ì`mnH$ ì`m»`m H$aVm oB©c. g_mOì`dhmam§_Ü o({deofV… Á`m g_mOm§_Ü o EH${OZgrnUm H$_r d {d{dYVm/{df_Vm OmñV Aem g_mOmVrc ì`dhmam§_Ü o) ho "amOH$s`'A§J A{Zdm ©nUo d àH$fm©Zo AgVo.

n wñVH$mVrc AW©emó ho _mZdrì`dhmam~m~VrVë`m H$mhr J¥hrVH$m§da Adc§~yZ Amho. Ë`m_Ü oøm "amOH$s`' A§JmMm \$magm {dMma ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio ho nwñVH$sAW©emó g_mOm_Ü o Cn`moJmV AmUVmZm Ë`mV "amOH$s`'A§J òUmaM. Ë`m_wio ho "amOH$s`' A§J dJiyZ "ewÕ'AW©emór` "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmMm {dMma H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ Aì`dhmar qH$dm nwñVH$s nT>rH$nUmMm R>aoc.(Ý yQ>mo{ZAZ) m¡{VH${dkmZmMo {Z`_ Ogo amoOÀ`m OJmV cmJy

nS>VmV Vgo VWmH${WV "ewÕ', _yë`, d "A-amOH$s`' AgonwñVH$mVrc AW©emómMo {Z`_ d {gÕm§V àË`j g_mOmV cmJynS>Uma ZmhrV ho {dgê$Z {dH$mgmÀ`m à{V_mZmda MMm© Ho$ë`mgVr MMm©hr AàñVwV (Ba²aocoìh§Q>) R>aoc.

_wimV "ewÕ' d "_yë`{d ' (_yë`mdc§~r ZgUmaoAem AWm©Zo), "amOH$s`' A§J ZgUmao Ago H$mhr g_mO-ì`dhmamV Agoc Ago _mZUo Ymï> m©Mo R>aoc. (`mV gd© àH$maÀ`m""gmYw'' àd¥ÎmrÀ`m ì`º$s¨Mm d Ë`m§À`m ì`dhmamMm AWm©VMg_mdoe Ho$cocm Zmhr.) Ago åh§Q>ë`mda g_mOmVyZM {Z_m©Uhm oUmè`m kmZmÀ`m {Z{_©Vrà{H «$` ocmhr d kmZmcmhr(gm{hË`mà_mUoM) EH$ "amOH$s`' A§J AgVo ho _mZmdo cmJoc.(ho {dYmZ AJXr m¡{VH${dkmZmÀ`m ~m~VrVhr Iao Amho ho Wm°_gHw$ÝhgH$Q> AZoH$m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$co Amho.) n[aUm_r, nwñVH$sAW©emómcm d Ë`mVrc "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmgma»`m{gÕm§VmZmhr (åhUOo VWmH${WV ewÕ "ZrVr'cmhr) EH$"amOH$s`' A§J AgVo. Ë`m§Zm ho amOH$s` n[a_mU XoÊ`mVg_mOmVrc (Á`m§À`m hmVr g_mOmVrc YZgÎmm, kmZgÎmm, dmamÁ`gÎmm AgVo Ë`m) ~{cð> KQ>H$m§Mm _moR>m dmQ>m AgVmo.n[aUm_r, ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmgmaIo {gÕm§V ho _wimVMøm ~{cð> JQ>mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ d Ë`m§Zm nmofH$ Aem arVrZo~m§Yco OmVmV mMo mZ R>odmdo cmJoc.

àñVwV MM}À`m g§X^m©V ~mocm`Mo Va "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmÀ`m {Z{_©Vrà{H«$ oVrc, Ë`m à{V_mZmVrc,Ë`m~amo~arZo Ë`mÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrVrc "amOH$s`' A§JmMm {dMmaZ H$aVm {dH$mgmMr MMm© H$aUo Cn wº$ R>aUma Zmhr. qH$~hþZmA§_c~OmdUrVrc "amOH$s`' A§JmMr (dm hñVjonmMr) g~~gm§JyZ "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmcm Xmof_wº$ H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

{dñWm{nVm§À`m nwZd©gZm~m~VMr gË`n[apñWVrghXo : à{V_mZmMo Oo ê$n àñVwV Amho Vo

ì`mnH$ Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ {ZH$fm§da Vnmgmdo qH$dmVnmgÊ`mMm AmJ«h Yamdm, Ë`m narjoV Vo CVaco VaË`mMo ñdmJV H$amdo Am{U Vo Ý`mæ` Am{U H$m`XoeraarVrZo, `mo½` Ë`m {Z`_Zm§gh Am{U nmaXeunUmZoH$m`©dmhrV òB©c `m~Ôc OmJê$H$ amhmdo. BñnmVB§S>ñQ—>rO{dê$Õ ImS>rVë`m§Zr Omo g§Kf© Ho$cm Ë`mVAm_Mo nwZ…ñWmnZ H$am m _mJUrn ªV Vo Amco AmhoV.nmocmX-CÚmoJM ZH$mo H$maU Amåhm§cm _mgo_mar Am{U^mVeoVr A{dpÀN>ÞnUo H$aVm m`cmM hdr Aer AmVmVar Ë`m§Mr _mJUr Zmhr. hr y{_H$m ehmUnUmMr Amho.VrM _mJUr A^`maÊ`m_wio nr{S>V Pmcoë`m§Mr Amho("àmÊ`m§Zm A^`, _mUgm§Zm dZdmg'). AmVmÀ`mà{V_mZmÀ`m _`m©XoV H$_rOmñV à_mUmV Hw$UmMo Var{dñWmnZ hmoUo An[ahm © {XgVo. Ë`m§Mo nwZ…ñWmnZ ZrQ>hmoB©c Ago nmhUo hmM _J _w»` H$m ©H«$_ CaVmo. AWm©V"ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmMm Omo A§e àñVwV Amho

15

Vmo Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ {ZH$fm§da CVaVmo Ago oWoJ¥hrV Ho$coco Amho. Ver n[apñWVr Zgoc Va Ë`mdaAmjon KoUo AWm©VM mo½` Amho (nmZ drg).

BñnmV B §S>ñQ — > rOJ«ñV eoVH$è`m §Mr qH$dmA^`maÊ`nrS>rVm§Mr nwZd©gZm~m~VMr "ehmUnUmMr' y{_H$mhr AJ{VH$VonmoQ>r, nwaoem amOH$s` ~imÀ`m A^mdr, dZmB©cmOmVyZ Amcocr "g_OyVXma' y{_H$m Amho ho ghXo§Zr cjmV¿`m`cm hdo. Amnë`m OJÊ`mMo, CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ {hamdyZKoUmè`m "~{cð>m§'~amo~aÀ`m g§Kfm©V {dO`mMr H$moUVrhr eŠ`VmZgë`mZo ""AYª ËÒ{V n§{S>V…'' m Ý`m`mZo Aer y{_H$m KoVcrOmVo. Ë`m_Üò H$mhrdoim àH$ënnwañH$Ë`mªH$Sy>Z XmIdë`mJocoë`m nwZd©gZmg§~§Yr dm {dH$mgmg§~§YrÀ`m Jwcm~r ñdßZm§~ÔcdmQ>Umè`m AmeoMmhr H$mhr ^mJ AgVmo. nU Ooìhm hr ñdßZo\$gdr d Amncr Amem d¥Wm Amho ho ñdV…À`m dm BVam§À`mAZw dmdê$Z cjmV oVo d WmoS>o H$m hmoB©Zm amOH$s` nmR>~i{_iVo Ë`mdoir àH$ënJ«ñV {dñWm{nV g§Kfm©Mm n{dÌmKoVë`m{edm` amhmV ZmhrV hmM AZw^d gd©Ì {XgVmo.CXmhaUmW©, Z_©XoÀ`m Am§XmocZmMm B{Vhmghr hoM XmIdVmo.

Aem {dñWm{nVm§Mo nwZ…ñWmnZ qH$dm nwZd©gZ hmoUohr A{Ve` H$R>rU, H$ï>gmÜ`, doiImD$, d doXZm_` à{H«$`mAmho. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo H$ï> H$aÊ`mMr V`mar AWm©VMàH$ën{Z_m©Ë`m gaH$mar AWdm ImOJr `§ÌUmH$S>o AWdmCÚmoJm§H$S>o A{O~mV ZgVo. XwX£dmZo, {dñWmnZmVrc rfUVm dnwZd©gZmVrc Jw§VmJw§V g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZhr ~hþg§»`g_mOYwarU H$arV ZmhrV. n[aUm_r, {dñWm{nVm§À`m nwZd©gZmMrMMm© ho g_mOYwarUmgmR>rMo EH$ Vm|S>rcmdUo R>aVo.

O§Jc, O_rZ, nmUr `mda AmYm[aV Á`m§MrCnOr{dH$m Amho Ë`m§Mr g_mOaMZm, gm§ñH¥${VH$ àWm, gm_m{OH$g§~§Y, ^md{ZH$ {dœ, _mZ{gH$Vm, AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§H$ënZm `mgmè`m§Mo ^modVmcÀ`m O_rZ, O§Jc, nmUr `m§À`mer OdiMo dAVyQ> ZmVo AgVo d `m gmè`m§À`m AZdQ> Jw§VmJw§Vr_YyZ Ë`m§MrOrdZnÕVr V`ma Pmcocr AgVo. øm g_J« OrdZnÕVr_Ü oMË`m§Mr CnOr{dH$m AmVyZM KÅ>nUo OmoS>cocr AgVo, Adc§~yZAgVo. n[aUm_r, ^modVmcMo O_rZ, O§Jc, AWdm nmUrË`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {hamdco Joco Va Ë`m§À`m CnOr{dHo$Mm Ho$di m¡{VH$AmYma {hamdcm OmV Zmhr Va Ë`m§Mr gmar OrdZnÕVrMH$mogiyZ nS>Vo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo nwZd©gZ (dm nwZ…ñWmnZm)H$aÊ`mH$aVm Ë`m§Zm Ho$di nwaogm ^m¡{VH$ AmYma (O{_ZrMmVwH$S>m, KamgmR>r O_rZ, d H$mhr n¡go) XoD$Z ^mJV Zmhr. honwZd©gZ èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m ^m¡{VH$ AmYmam§ modVr ZdrZOrdZnÕVr C^r ahmdr cmJVo. Aer OrdZnÕVr AmH$mamgAmcr VaM Ë`m§Zm Ë`m m¡{VH$ AmYmamVyZ {Q>H$mD$ CnOr{dH$m{_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. hr ZdrZ OrdZnÕVr C^r amhÊ`mgmR>rCnOr{dHo$À`m ^m¡{VH$ AmYmam§~amo~aM BVa gmYZg§nÎmr,gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$, ^m¡{VH$, d _mZgemór` gmhmæ` d

_w»`V… nwaoer Cg§V {_iUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ho gmao{_imë`mdahr ZdrZ gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y, ZdrZ g§ñWmË_H$ g§aMZm,d ZdrZ _mZ{gH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ ZdrZ OrdZnÕVr dCnOr{dH$m C^r amhÊ`mg ~amM H$mi (H$Xm{MV EImÚm {nT>rMmH$mihr) cmJy eH$Vmo. hr gmar Jw§VmJw§V cjmV KoD$Z {dñWm{nVm§Mo"ì`dpñWV' nwZd©gZ hmoB©c Aer `moOZm AmIÊ`mgmR>r dam~dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr g§doXZercVm Amnë`mH$S>rc~hþg§»` g_mOemókm§H$S>o dm ZmoH$aehm§H$S>o Zmhr. EdT>oM ZìhoVa maVmgma»`m Xoem_Ü o EdT>çm _moR>çm g§» oZo {dñWm{nVAgVmZm Ë`m§À`m ì`dpñWV nwZd©gZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo YZ~ihrAmnë`mH$S>o Zmhr. doJù`m eãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Va m "ì`dpñWV'nwZd©gZmMm ^ma Oa {dH$mgàH$ënm§da Q>mH$cm Va ~hþVoH${dH$mgàH$ën nyU©V… AmV~Q²Q>çmMo R>aVrc. Voìhm {dñWm{nVm§Mo"ì`dpñWV' nwZd©gZ hr àË`jmV EH$ H${dH$ënZmM AgVo.

AmOdaMm AZw d nmhVm {dñWm{nVm§Zm ~hþVoH$doimH$mhr amoI a¸$_ AWdm WmoS>r\$ma O_rZ (Vrhr Hw$R>oVar XyaAgcocr) Aer H$mhrVar WmVwa_mVya ânmB© XoD$Z hþgH$mdcoOmVo. Aem n[apñWVr_Ü o Ë`m§Mo nwZd©gZ Iè`m AWm©Zo hmoUoAeŠ` AgVo. Aem {dñWm{nVm§Zm _J PmonS>nQ²Q>çm§Mm Aml`KoD$Z "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmVrc ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oVgm_rc hmoÊ`mdmMyZ JË §Va ZgVo.

{dñWmnZmMr ^rfUVm d nwZd©gZmMr àË`jmVrcAg§ mì`Vm cjmV oÊ`mgmR>r EH$ "H$mën{ZH$ Ioi' H$ê$ZnmhVm oB©c. A_o[aHo$Vrc AW©emók OmñV H$m ©j_ Agë`mZoCÚm maVmVrc gd© AW©emór` g§ñWm ~§X H$ê$Z Vo H$m_ ì`mnH$"_XV' H$m ©H«$_mImcr A_o[aH$Z {dÚmnrR>m§>Zm Úmd`mMo R>adcoJoco Ago (Ho$di) {_{ZQ>âmgmR>r _mZy m. hm "_XV' H$m ©H«$_èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmVrc gd© AW©emókm§Zm Ë`m§Mo H$m_H$aÊ`mg ~§Xr Kmcmdr cmJoc Aer nyd©AQ> KmVcr Jocr Agohr_mZy m. hr ~§Xr eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm maVmVyZM Zìho Vagmè`m "gwg§ñH¥$V' OJmVyZ ~mhoa hcdmdo cmJoc. Aemn[apñWVrV Ë`m§À`m nwZd©gZmMr V`mar åhUyZ àm`mo{JH$ VËdmdaEH$ `moOZm gwMdcr Jocr. `m `moOZoImcr 10 OUm§À`mAW©emókm§À`m EH$m JQ>mcm Ë`m§Mo nwZd©gZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË oH$s100 EH$a O_rZ {_ioc EdT>çm AmH$mamÀ`m nU _mZdrg§ñH¥$VrMm ñne© Z Pmcoë`m ~oQ>mda _wcm~mim§gh Ë`m§Zr {damoYH$ê$ Z o åhUyZ AMmZH$ d BVa \$maer H$mhr gmYZgm_J«r ZXoVm ZoD$Z gmoS>co Va Ë`m§Mr AdñWm H$m` hmoB©c `mMm {dMmaH$ê$Z nmhm`cm haH$V Zmhr. doJù`m n`m©daUmV, AZmo»`mn[apñWVrV AMmZH$ ZoD$Z Q>mH$co Joco Va gmYo VJUo gwÕmBVHo$ H$R>rU AgVo H$s XmoZ _{hÝ`mZr Ë`m ~oQ>m§da ~moQ> nmR>dyZË`m AW©emókm§Zm JS>{MamocrÀ`m Am{XdmgtH$S>o _Oya åhUyZamhÊ`mMm n`m© {Xcm Va 100 EH$a O_rZ _mJo gmoSy>Z gmaoAW©emók Vmo n`m©` AmZ§XmZo ñdrH$maVrc. H$Xm{MV Vo"nT>o{cIo' Agë`mZo ~moQ>rÀ`m "nT>çm{c»`m' H$ámZmcm

16

Amnë`mcm _w§~B©À`m PmonS>nÅ>rV gmoS>mdo åhUyZ oZHo$Z àH$maonQ>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVrc.

Agm "H$mën{ZH$ Ioi' H$ê$Z nm{hcm Va Vm|S>mdaMma n¡go \o$Hy$Z hþgH$mdcoë m Am{Xdmgr {dñWm{nVm§Mo Xw…I H$Xm{MVAW©emókm§À`m cjmV oB©c. "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH'$ à{V_mZmMo gd©cm^ KoUmè`m ehar_§S>irZr "`m à{V_mZm_wio Hw$UmMo Var nwZd©gZhmoUo An[ahm © Amho' Aer "{dœm{_Ìr' y{_H$m KoUo {H$Vr {Z_©_nUmMoAmho ho XoIrc Ë`m§À`m cjmV oB©c.

ghXo _mZVmV Ë`mà_mUo "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH'$à{V_mZd Ë`mVrc àH$ën d YmoaUo hr ì`mnH$ Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH${ZH$fm§da (d cmoH$emhrnÕVrZr) H$Yrhr Vnmgcr OmV ZmhrV.Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Amdí`H$ Ë`m {Z`_Zmgh d nmaXe©H$arVrZo H$Yrhr hmoV Zmhr. AerM n[apñWVr gd©Xya Amho. ømcmAndmX AgcmM Va Vmo Ho$di Xw{_©i Agm AndmX Agoc. _JAem n[apñWVrV darc AdVaUmÀ`m eodQ>r ghXo åhUVmVË`mà_mUo "ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmda Amjon KoUo AWm©VM`mo½` R>aoc. VgoM Ë`mcm {damoY H$aUo {dH$mg{d_wIVoMo ZìhoVa OmJê$H$VoMo d H$V©ì`XjVoMo cjU R>aoc.""ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$'' à{V_mZmMr An[ahm ©Vm

ghXo : ""V§Ì{dÚm Á`m arVrZo {dH${gVPmcr Ë`m arVrV Xwgam n`m© M CncãY ZìhVm. hrV§Ì{dÚm "H|$ÐrH$aU' H$aUmar hmoVr. EH$m H$maImÝ`mVhOmamo H$m_Jma, Ago hOmamo H$maImZo, Ë`m_wio {Z_m©UPmcoco cjmdYr qH$dm ¹${MV H$moQ>çdYr _mUgm§Mog_yh-øm gd© KQ>Zm CncãY V§Ì{dÚoZo {Z`{_VPmcoë`m hmoË`m.''

""åhUOo ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ ho AZoH$n`m© m_YyZ {ZdS> H$ê$Z ñdrH$maco Joco Ago Zmhr.H$maU n`m©`M CncãY ZìhVo. {dH$mg hdm VaAm¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy Am{U godm hì`mV. Ë`m hì`mV Vaehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmcm OÝ_ XoVo - Agm hm noMhmoVm'' (nmZ gVam).

""gd©M emór` emoY {Z`mo{OV ZgVmV._mUyg hm ~ìh§er AmnmVV… CncãY Pmcoë`mV§ÌkmZmcm eaU Jocm Amho'' (nmZ AR>am).

V§ÌkmZm_YyZ "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZ d Ë`mVyZ{dH$mg Agm KQ>ZmH«$_ ghXo _m§S>VmV. m_Ü o V§ÌkmZ ho ~ìh§erAmnmVV… {Z_m©U hmoVo Agohr Vo åhUVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, "EH$m ~mOyZoV§ÌkmZ AmnmoAmn {Z_m©U hmoVo Va Xwgè m ~mOycm _mZdr g_mOmVrcAm{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dhma d Ë`mVyZ ~ZUmao {dH$mgmMo à{V_mZV§ÌkmZm_wio AmH$mamcm oVmV' Agm VH©$H«$_ Vo _m§S>VmV. ghXo§Zr_m§S>coë`m øm VH©$H«$_mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§_Ü o V§ÌkmZmcm {Xcoco ñWmZd ^y{_H$m g_ñ`mnyU© Amho. _mZdr B{VhmgmMo Ago"V§ÌkmZ{ZYm©arV' qH$dm "V§ÌkmZH|$Ðr' ñnï>rH$aU d AmH$cZIyn gmono, AmH$f©H$ dmQ>Vo. mcm AZoH$ n`m© dmXrhr ~ir nS>coco

{XgVmV. (`mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUOo 1960 d 1970 À`mXeH$mVrc AZwê$n-V§ÌkmZmMr qH$dm A°àmo{àEQ> Q>oŠZm°cm°OrMrMidi. Á`m_mJo V§ÌkmZ gmono, gwQ>gwQ>rV, ñdñV Ho$co H$s {dH$mgmMo_mJ© J[a~m§Zm _moH$io hmoVrc Ago J¥hrVH$ hmoVo.)

BVa _mZdr ì`dhmamà_mUoM V§ÌkmZ{Z{_©VrÀ`mà{H«$ ocmXoIrc EH$ "amOH$s`' A§J AgVo. Zìho, V§ÌkmZmVyZ{_iUmao Am{W©H$, g¡{ZH$s, d gÎmmH$maUr cm^ nmhVm Ë`mà{H«$ o_Ü o "amOH$s`' A§JM àH$fm©Zo AgVo Ago åhUVm oB©c.`mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm oVrc. EH$ CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUOo^maVmgH$Q> ~hþg§»` XoemV gm¡a D$Om© d Z¡g{J©H$ eoVr`mgma»`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m g§emoYZmH$S>o Ho$co OmUmao Xwc©j, dË`mMdoir AUwD$Om© d O¡dV§ÌkmZ m§Zm {Xco OmUmao PwH$Vo _mn.`m{edm` CncãY V§ÌkmZmMm A{YH$m{YH$ d ì`mnH$ dmna dàgma hmoUo ho XoIrc Ë`mÀ`m nwT>rc {dH$mgmcm Amdí`H$ AgVo.øm n«gmam_Ü ohr AWm©V "amOH$r`' A§J AgVoM. `mMo EH$OdiMo CXmhaU åhUOo ^maVmV gd©Ì d {deofV… nwÊ`m_Ü oAmYw{ZH$ aoëdo AmYm[aV gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVyH$godm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgñd §M{cV dmhZ CËnmXH$m§Mm AgUmam Nw>nm d CKS> {damoY.

Voìhm {dH$mgmMm {dMma H$aVmZm V§ÌkmZ{Z{_©Vr dàgmamÀ`m à{H«$`m§_Ü o _moR>m "amOH$s`' ^mJ AgVmo ho cjmVKoVco nm{hOo. _mÌ m à{H«$`m§_Ü o Ho$di "amOH$s`' mJ AgVmoAgo åhUUohr EH$H$„rnUmMo R>aoc. Ë`m_Ü o BVahr d¡ {º$H$ dgm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mm à^md AgVmo. nU V§ÌkmZ{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m~ìh§er AmnmVV… Amho, ñdV§Ì Amho, An[ahm © Amho ho åhUUoMwH$sMo R>aoc.

Cnamo„o{IV VH©$H«$_mMr Xwgar ~mOy gm§JVmZm ghXoåhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo _mZdr g_mOì`dhmamÀ`m d {dH$mgà{V_mZmÀ`m KS>Ur_Ü o V§ÌkmZmMm H$mhr dmQ>m AgVmoM. nUË`m~amo~arZo Ë`mÀ`m KS>Ur_Ü o "amOH$s`' A§JmMrhr _hÎdmMry{_H$m AgVo. V§ÌkmZmà_mUoM Ë`m V§ÌkmZmda AmYmacoë`m

Am¡ÚmoJrH$aUmgma»`m à{H«$`m, g_mOì`dhmamV AZwñ`yVAgUmao Am{W©H$ nañnag§~§Y, Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m {dÎmr`ì`dñWm, d g_mOì`dhma MmcdÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U hmoUmè`mg§ñWmË_H$ g§aMZm m gmè`m§À`m KS>Ur_Ü o XoIrc "amOH$s`'A§J H$m ©aV AgVo. `m~amo~arZo g_mOmVrc kmZ{dkmZmÀ`m{Z{_©Vr_Ü ohr EH$ "amOH$s`' A§J AgVo ho XoIrc AmnU nm{hco.øm gmè`m KQ>H$m§VyZM EH${ÌVnUo àË`jmVrc {dH$mg à{V_mZ{gÕ hmoVo. ho à{V_mZ V`ma hmoÊ`mgmR>r øm gd© KQ>H$m§_Ü o OrEH$_oH$m§àVr nyaH$Vm dm gwg§JVr Amdí`H$ AgVo Vr oÊ`m_Ü oho "amOH$s`' A§J _mocmMr H$m_{Jar ~OmdV AgVo. doJù`meãXm§V gm§Jm`Mo Va, Ë`m gmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr aMZm d H$m ©nÕVrnañnanyaH$ d gwg§JV AgVmV H$maU Ë`m_Ü`o H$mhrg_mOKQ>H$ Amnë`m à^mdmMm, {Z §ÌUmMm, gÎmoMm dmna H$ê$ZË`m aMZm, H$m ©nÕVr Amnë`m cm^m§gmR>r Cn`moJr hmoVrc AerË`m§Mr aMZm KS>dyZ AmUVmV.

17

Voìhm kmZ{dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ, Am{W©H$ nañnag§~§Y,{dÎmr` ì`dñWm, d g§ñWmË_H$ g§aMZm Aemgma»`m KQ>H$m§À`mKS>Ur_Ü o g_mOmVrc "amOH$s`' eº$sMm _moR>m dmQ>m AgVmo dË`mVyZM {dH$mgmÀ`m à{V_mZmMr OS>UKS>U hmoVo. n[aUm_r, ømà{V_mZm_Ü o _mZdr {Z §ÌUmÀ`m ~mhoaMo `m AWm©Zo An[ahm ©,AmnmVV…, _yë`{da{hV, Anm¡éfo Ago \$mago H$mhr AgV Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio ghXo åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo n`m© r à{V_mZhdo Agoc Va Ho$di n`m©`r V§ÌkmZ Zìho Va n`m©`r{dH$mg{dMma, n`m© r Am{W©H$ nañnag§~§Y, n`m© r g§ñWmË_H$g§aMZm, n`m© r {dÎmr` aMZm ho gmao C o H$amdo cmJoc. àñWm{nV"ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZmÀ`m {damoYmV Vo Cô H$aUo hoAWm©VM "amOH$s`' H$m_ Agoc. àñWm{nV ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$à{V_mZmnmgyZ Á`m§Zm cm^ {_iVmo Ë`m§Mm øm H$m_mcm {damoYAgoc. Vmo {damoY _moSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r n`m© r amOH$maUXoIrcC o H$amdo cmJoc. Ago n`m© r amOH$maU n`m© r à{V_mZm^modVrC o am{hë`mg n`m© r à{V_mZmÀ`m "ZrVr' d 'arVr'_Yrc\$aH$hr IynM H$_r hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

ghXo åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo {dÚ_mZ à{V_mZmda Q>rH$mH$aUmè`m§Zr Agm H$mhr n`m© àË`jmV XmIdcocm Zmhr ho Iao.nU Ë`mMo H$maU åhUOo n`m© mÀ`m _mJo C o amhUmao ho amOH$maUAOyZ C o am{hcoco Zmhr. g§» oZo OmñV nU "amOH$s`' eº$sZojrU AgUmè`m (ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmcm ~ir nS>Umè`m)J[a~m§Zm d Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rer C o amhUmè`m _yR>â BVam§Zm _O~yV"n`m© r amOH$maU' C o H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ AOyZ O_coco Zmhr.IaoVa Ë`m§À`m_mJo g§doXZerc g_mOYwarUm§Zr Amnco amOH$s`~i C o H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Vo Z H$aVm ~è`mMdoim ho g_mOYwarUË`m ~ir nS>Umè`m J[a~m§Zm d Ë`mÀ`m_mJo Cä`m AgUmè`m_yR>âm§Zm ""XmIdm Vw_Mm n`m© '' Ago XQ>mdV amhVmV.

`m gmè`m nmœ© y_rda "n`m© r à{V_mZ ApñVËdmVZgVmZm {dÚ_mZ à{V_mZ _moS>rV H$mT>Uo åhUOo {dH$mg{d_wIy{_H$m KoUo hmo ' (nmZ AR>am) ho ghXo§Mo {dYmZ nQ>Ê`mgmaIo

Zmhr. {dÚ_mZ ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ _mZdr OrdZmcmAnm`H$maH$ Amho, Vo H$mhr OUm§Zm Iyn cm^ XoV Agoc Var~hwg§»`m§Zm Ë`m_wio {dH$mgmMr g§Yr ZmH$macr OmVo ho ñnï>Pmë`mdahr {dÚ_mZ ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmcm g§_Vr XoUod {damoY Z H$aUo hr g_mO{d_wI ^y{_H$m Amho. "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZ g_mOmcm d {dH$mgmcm KmVH$ Amho Ago{Xgë`mg Ë`mMm {damoY H$ê$Z Ë`mcm n`m© r Ago à{V_mZ C oH$aÊ`mgmR>r PQy>Z à`ËZ H$aUo hrM y{_H$m {dH$mgnyaH$ Amho,{dH$mg{d_wI Zìho.{dH$mgmMo y{_AmYmarV à{V_mZ

ghXo åhUVmV H$s ^y{_AmYm[aV {dH$mgmVyZAmOÀ`m _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m JaOm mJUma ZmhrV (nmZ drg).chmZ d gr_mÝV eoVrMm àý gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r ghXo XmoZ Cnm`gwMdVmV. ""EH$, eoVrdaMm _mUgmMm ^ma H$_r H$aUo Am{U

XmoZ, V§ÌgwYmaUm H$arV O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dUo'' (nmZ~mdrg). eoVrdaMm ^ma H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZm§_Ü o "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZm'Vrc YmaUoà_mUo eoVr_Yrc gmam H$m_JmadJ©CnOr{dHo$gmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ d godmjoÌmH$S>o didcm nm{hOo. _mÌ^maVm_Yrc CÚmoJm§Zm ho eŠ` Zmhr Ago ghXo åhUVmV damoOJma h_r moOZoMm n`m© gwMdVmV (nmZ ~mdrg).

amoOJma h_r gma»`m `moOZo_Ü o ñWm{ZH$ ñVamdaOmon ªV amoOJma CncãY Amho Vmon ªV O{_ZrMm A{YH$maZgUmè`m§Mo {dñWmnZ Z H$aVm Ë`m§Zm amoOJma nwadVm oB©c. nUhr `moOZm ì`mnH$ ñVamda d cm§~ H$mcmdYrn ªV Mmcdm`MråhQ>ë`mg Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va "c±S> Am_v'À`m moOZo_Ü o H$amdo cmJoc.

hr c±S> Am_u åhUOo H$m`_ñdê$nr _Owam§Mo g¡Ý`.AWm©V Ë`mcm g¡Ý` åhQ>co Var Ë`m g¡Ý`mVë`m Jar~ AY©{e{jV_Owam§Zm Iè`mIwè`m g¡{ZH$m§Zm nwadVmV Vem gmoS>mM nU àmW{_H$gw{dYm nwadUo XoIrc Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm {H$VnV nadS>oc d nadS>coVar ("amOH$s`' H$maUo d H$ma^mamVrc ÌwQ>r `m_wio) àË`jmVË`m {H$Vr {Xë`m OmVrc m~Ôc e§H$mM AmhoV. Voìhm c±S> Am_uåhUOo H$m`_ñdê$nr {dñWm{nV (H$Xm{MV nwaoem doVZm_wio nmoQ>âUmè`m) _Owam§Mo g¡Ý` AgoM Ë`mMo ñdê$n Agoc.

øm c±S> Am_uMm (d gmd©O{ZH$ {ZYrMm) dmnaH$ê$Z Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZmÀ`m d {deofV… O{_ZrÀ`mCËnmXH$Vo_Ü o Or dmT> hmoB©c Ë`mMo cm^ H$moUmcm {_iVrc?Va Á`m§À`mH$S>o O{_Zr AmhoV Ë`m§Zm. Am{U, Á`mÀ`mH$S>o OmñVO_rZ Agoc, Mm§Jcr O_rZ Agoc, ZXrH$mR>Mr dm Imoè`mVrcO_rZ Agoc Ë`mcm AWm©VM Ë`mMo cm^ OmñV à_mUmV{_iVrc. Ë`mMr Wm`mo½` qH$_V m O_rZ _mcH$m§H$Sy>Z dgycH$aUo d Ë`mMm dmQ>m c±S> Am_u_Yë`m _Owam§Zm XoUo ho AmOÀ`m"arVr'_Üò eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr ho CKS> Amho. WmoS>Š`mV,g_mOmVrc Jar~ gmYZ{dhrZ dJm©À`m _mWr, nmoQ> âÊ`mÀ`m~Xë`mV H$m`_Mo {dñWmnZ d gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm {Xcoë`m _OwarnmoQ>rË`m§Zr Ho$coë`m l_mMo cm^ _mÌ g_mOmVrc gYZ dJm©cm Agoc±S> Am_vÀ`m `moOZoMo "amOH$s`' A§J Amho. hr c±S> Am_uMrH$ënZm H$Xm{MV Xm§S>oH$a-aWm§À`m `wJmVrc _Ü`_dJu`gm_m{OH$ Om{Udocm ~moMUmar Zgoc. _mÌ AmOÀ`m H$mimVrcgm_m{OH$ Om{UdoÀ`m d {deofV… gmYZ{dhrZ dJm©_YrcOmJ¥VrÀ`m g§X^m©V hr g§H$ënZm {Z{üVM H$mc~mø Pmcocr Amho.

chmZ eoVrÀ`m àým§darc V§ÌgwYmaUoÀ`m (Xwgè`mCnm`mÀ`m) g§X^m©V Amnë`m {dûcofUm_Ü o V§ÌgwYmaUoÀ`m_wX²>Úmda ghXo h[aV H«$m§VrMm XmIcm XoVmV. _¥X²g§YmaU,nmUcmoQ>joÌ {dH$mg, g|{Ð` eoVr m gmè`m§Mm gH$mamË_H$ C„oIVo H$aVmV. _mÌ, Ë`mda Vo \$magm Omoa XoV ZmhrV. IaoVan`m©`r {dH$mgmÀ`m _m§S>Ur_Üò ghXo gwMdVmV Ë`mV§ÌgwYmaUoVyZ Ho$di O{_ZrÀ`m Zìho Va gmè`m Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZì`dñWoÀ`m àmW{_H$ CËnmXH$Vo_Ü o dmT> d amoOJma h_rÀ`mg§H$ënZoà_mUo gmd©O{ZH$ n¡emVyZ øm V§ÌgwYmaUocm d

18

CËnmXH$VmdmT>rcm MmcZm øm XmoÝhr g§H$ënZmda a XoÊ`mV AmcmAmho. AmYr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo n`m© r {dH$mgmV g_VoMm {dMmaH|$ÐñWmZr Agë`mZo "c±S> Am_u'_Yë`m g_Vm{damoYr A§Jmcm Xyagmê$Z gdmªZm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr_Ü o {H$_mZ A{YH$ma/dmQ>m dgmYZg§nÎmrÀ`m CËnmXH$Vo_Yrc dmT>rÀ`m cm^mMo nwamoJm_r nÕVrZodmQ>n mdahr n`m© r {dH$mgmÀ`m _m§S>Ur_Ü o a XoÊ`mV oVmo.g_mamon

ghXo åhUVmV, ""_r Oar _wº$AW©ì`dñWoMm Am{U AmVmÀ`m AdñWoV AQ>iAgcoë`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmMm nwañH$Vm© Agcmo VarVo gmdYnUo, n`m©daUmcm Am{U _mZdr Or{dVmcmH$_rV H$_r Y¸$m cmJoc Aem arVrZo A_cmV AmUmdoAem _VmMm Amho. Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUmÀ`m Zì`mcmQ>oV, Vr OUy H$mhr EH$ OmXy Amho, gdmªÀ`m g_¥ÕrMrJwé{H$„r Amho Ago g_OÊ`mMo EH$ dmao dmhVo AmhoAm{U _mUgo J[a~r, ~oamoOJmar, AÝ`m` `m§~Ôcg§doXZmhrZ hmoV AmhoV H$s H$m` Ago dmQy> cmJco Amho.Aem n[apñWVrV `m à{H«$`oÀ`m Xwgè`m ~mOyH$S>odmMH$m§Mo cj di{dÊ`mMm ~moH$scm§Mm à`ËZ _mocmMmAmho'' (nmZ gÎmmdrg).

{dH$mgmMo à{V_mZ ì`mnH$ Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH${ZH$fm§da VnmgyZ nmhÊ`mMm ghXo§Mm AmJ«h, nwT>À`m {nT>çm§ZmAmdí`H$ VodT>m n`m©daUmMm A§e {e„H$ am{hcm nm{hOo ho Ë`m§Mo_V, Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUmH$S>o OmXy qH$dm gdmªÀ m g_¥ÕrMr Jwé{H$„råhUyZ nmhÊ`mg Ë`m§Zr {Xcocm ZH$ma, d CXmarH$aUmÀ`m cmQ>oVJ[a~r, ~oamoOJmar, d AÝ`m` `m~Ôc _mUgo g§doXZmhrZ hmoVAmhoV Aer Ë`m§Zm nS>Umar H$miOr ho gmao nmhVm _wº$AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m d ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmÀ`m {Z_©_nwañH$Ë`mª_Ü o Ë`m§Mr JUZm H$aVmM oUma Zmhr. Ë`m§Mm ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmcm AgUmam nmqR>~m d Ë`m§Mo n`m©`rà{V_mZm~ÔcMo Amjon ho ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmÀ`mAn[ahm`©Vo~ÔcÀ`m Ë`m§À`m H$mhr J¥hrVH$m§da VgoM Ë`mà{V_mZmÀ`m ì`mnH$ Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_m§~ÔcÀ`m H$mhrg_Omda AmYmarV AmhoV ho Ë`m§À`m à{VnmXZmdê$Z ñnï>nUo{XgVo. EdT>oM Zìho Va "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZ ì`mnH$ cm^-hmZrÀ`m {ZH$fm§da Z {Q>H$ë`mg Ë`mda Amjon KoVcmM nm{hOoAgohr Vo ñnï>nUo åhUVmV. n[aUm_r, Ë`m§Mr Cnamo„o{IV J¥hrVHo$d g_O `mVrc J§ ra ÌwQ>r XmIdyZ {Xë`mda Ë`m§Mmhr nmqR>~mn`m© r {dH$mgmgmR>rÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm {_iÊ`mg AS>MU Zgmdr.

g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»` g§doXZerc ì`º$sÀ`m "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' d "n`m© r' {dH$mg à{V_mZm~ÔcÀ`m YmaUm AemMàH$mao KS>VmV. EH$m ~mOyZo amoOÀ`m OrdZmVM Zìho VakmZ{dkmZmÀ`m joÌmV dmdaVmZmXoIrc OmUdUmar "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' à{V_mZm~ÔcMr An[ahm`©Vm d Xwgè`m ~mOyZoEImÚmZo, EImÚm {d{eï> n[apñWVr_Ü o, EImÚm {d{eï> g§X^m©V

n`m© r {dH$mgmÀ`m ZmdmZo _m§S>cocr Q>moH$mMr y{_H$m øm XmoZAmYmao ~ìh§er Ë`m§Mr _Vo ~ZVmV. mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo"ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$' (dm n`m©`r) {dH$mg à{V_mZm~ÔcÀ`mVmaVå`nyU©, àm_m{UH$, {dûcofUmË_H$ MM}Mr XIc _w»`àdmhr_mÜ`_m§H$Sy>Z AWdm A°Ho$S>{_H$ joÌmVrc ì`{º$-g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z\$maer KoVcr OmV Zmhr. gÜ`mÀ`m g_mO{dKmVH$ à{V_mZmcmn`m© C o H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar OUy Ë`m à{V_mZmÀ`m {damoYmVC o R>mH$Umè`m _yR> a n`m© dmÚm§Mr Amho Aer gmo rñH$a g_OyVg_mOmVrc YwarU H$ê$Z KoVmV. gÜ`mVar Ë`m§Zm Ë`m à{V_mZmMogmao cm^ {_iV Agë`mZo d Ë`m§À`m _wcm~mim§Zmhr Ë`mMoXwîn[aUm_ moJm`cm cmJUma ZmhrV Aer Ë`m§Zm ImÌr (~ìh§erAkmZmnmoQ>r) Agë`mZo H$Xm{MV Ë`m§Mr Ë`m à{V_mZm~Ôc \$maerVH«$ma Zgmdr. n[aUm_r, ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZ d Ë`mnmgyZ_moR>çm à_mUmda cm^ KoUmao _yR>^a ~{cð> `m§Mr gÔr VerM

Mmcy amhVo.

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19

n`m© r {dH$mg à{V_mZS>m°. ~moH$sc d S>m°. dmJio `m§À`m {Q>nUm§da g§{já à{V{H«$`m - àm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o

(A) gd©gm_mÝ`1. à{V_mZ [Model, System, Paradigm] d ì yh

[Strategy, tactics] Agm \$aH$ H$aUo Adí` {XgVo. hmoX XmoKm§À`m {cImUmV ñnï> Pmcocm Zmhr.

_cm ng§V Agcoco à{V_mZ ImOJr _mcH$s _wº$ ñnYm©- ~mOmanoR>m Ago Amho. Ë`m§Vrc n`m©daUr` Yê$Z gd© Xmofm§Mmn[ahma ho H$m_ emgZmMo d ñd §ñ\y$V© g§ñWm§Mo Agoc; åhUOoì yhmË_H$ Agoc.

`m _wX²>ÚmMm A{YH$ Iwcmgm àË`j MM}V H$arZ.(nwadUr nmZ 5 nhm)

2. ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmcm gd©ñdr ZH$ma hry{_H$m g§Vá d Q>moH$mMr dmQ>Vo.

A{YH$ Iwcmgm g oV.(Am) AmVm {d{eï> AmjonS>m°. ~moH$sc (`m§À`m _wX²>Úm§darc mî o/Amjon)

1. "O¡{dH$ d¡{dÜ` Onco nm{hOo' (n¥. 2)^mî` - A. _mH}$Q> Hw$R>ë`mhr CËnmXZmcm ZH$ma XoV

Zmhr, qH$_V hdr.~. Cn^moJmVrc d¡{dÜ` H$mhr H$_r hmoVo Va H$mhr dmT>Vo.H$. CËnmXZ-{H«$ oV O¡{dH$ d¡{dÜ` Adí` Amho H$m`?2. "l_àYmZ CÚmoJ hdoV' (n¥. 3)ñnY}V Am{U V§Ì{dH$mgmV {Q>H$Vrc Ago Agoc Va

hmo.3. "Z\$m hoVy, ñdmW©, ~o{\${H$ar B.'da gd©gm_mÝ` 1 er g§~§{YV (n¥. 2)4. "ñd §godr g§ñWm§Mo H$m ©' (n¥. 4)`mda doJù`m MMm©gÌmV MMm© hdr.5. "MMm© hmoV Zmhr' (n¥. 4)ho Iao _moR>o XwIUo Amho.

S>m°. dmJio (`m§À`m _wX²>Úm§darc mî o/Amjon)1. "g§ñH¥$VrMr Z¡{VH$ ~mOy' (n¥. 1)_mPo {dYmZ Positive - àË`j _mZdr ñd^md dU©Z

H$aUmao Amho.2. "nmümÎ`-AmYw{ZH$-Am¡Úmo{JH$-ehar à{V_mZ'(n¥. 2) ho àm_w»`mZo V§Ì{Z{_©V Amho.3. "M§JidmX' (n¥. 2)A. {damoY H$am`Mm åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m`? Policy im-

plication H$m`? eyÝ` d¥Õr? {d{eï> dñVy§da d godmda ~§Xr?~. amÁ`g§ñWoZo Z¡{VH$ X§S>H$ KmcyZ ÚmdoV H$m`? Z¡{VH$

{ZU© ì`º$sZo H$aUo `mo½`.4. "{Pan {gÕmÝV Iam Zmhr hm nmM XeH$m§Mm AZw d'

(n¥. 3)

A. gd© OJmMm? _hmamï—>mMm?~. EH$ Z¡{VH$ Am{U VmpÎdH$ àý : g_Vm Am{U

Xm[aÚ«{Z_y©cZ ho n`m© r AgVrc Va H$moUVr {ZdS> H$amc?_r Xm[aÚ«{Z_y©cZmcm àmYmÝ` XoB©Z.H$. cmoH$g§»`m Am{U J[a~r `m§Mm g§~§Y Ü`mZmV KoUo

Oê$a.5. "ZJarH$aU' (n¥. 3)Xmof à{V_mZmÀ`m "A§J^yV' AgÊ`mnojm V§Ì{Z{_©V

{XgVmV.6. "Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ-g§nÎmrMr CËnmXH$Vm' (n¥. 5)A. àmW{_H$ CËnmXH$VoMm _wÔm _mÝ`.~. Trade - offs Mo H$m`?H$. h[aV H«$m§Vr Pmcr ZgVr Va? [Paddock and

Paddock; 'Triad']S>. _rR>\w$Q>r qH$dm ImanS> O_rZ. H$maUo ì`m{_l7. "cm^hmZr {ZH$f dmnacm OmV Zmhr.'(n¥. 5) X~md AmUUo - AmUrV amhUo ho CÎma.8. "{ZH$fm~Ôc _V oX' (n¥. 6)eŠ` {VVH$m {ZXm}f H$aUo - H$arV amhUo Oê$a. H$maU

{ZdS>rgmR>r {ZH$f hdmM. n`m©`r à{V_mZmVhr Vmo cmJoc.(^{dî`mVrc n¡emMr qH$_V H$_r hm Private B. C. {ZH$fAmho.)

9. "amOH$s` A§JmMm {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo' (n¥. 7)A. AWm©VM. Vo Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r X~md hdm.~. nyU© _yë`{da{hVVm H$Xm{MV² eŠ` Zgoc. nU

{VÀ`mOdi OmVm oVo.H$. nyd©J«h XmoÝhr ~mOy§Mo Agy eH$VmV.10. "{dñWmnZ' H$R>rU, H$ï>gmÜ`, doXZm_` B.'

(n¥. 8)A. {dñWmnZ{da{hV {dH$mgmMm _mJ© H$m`?~. n`m©daUhmZr gd©M CXmhaUm§V Ho$di J[a~m§Zm/

J«m_rUm§Zm ÌmgXm`H$ hmoVo Ago Zmhr. Üd{Z-dm y-àXyfU _w»`V…ehar cmoH$m§Zm modVo.

11. "ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZmMr An[ahm`©Vme§H$mñnX' (n¥. 10)

A. dm\$ m D$O}VyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmcm n«ma§ . Ë`mVyZnwT>rc {dH$mgmcm diU cm^co AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm.

~. amOH$s` A§e _r ZmH$marV Zmhr. nU Vmo Jm¡U Agmdm.H$. B§½c§S>Z§VaÀ`m Am¡ÚmoJrH¥$V Xoem§V social costs

H$_r (Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmMm AmT>mdm KoVcm nm{hOo.)

20

n`m© r {dH$mgZrVr(àm. A{OV Aä §H$a)

12. "c±S> Am_u' (n¥. 11)A. gº$s Zmhr. (doR>{~Jmar Zmhr.)~. daMmM àý : g_Vm hdr H$s Xm[aÚ«Zme?H$. _Oyam§Mo «_U MmcyM Amho. Vo {Z`mo{OV H$aVm oB©c.S>. "h_r'Mm AW© cjmV KoVcm nm{hOo. ("_Ü`_dJu`

gm_m{OH$ OmUrd' ho AàñVwV Amho)13. "VmaVå`nyU©, àm_m{UH$, {dûcofUmË_H$ MMm©' (n¥.

12) ZOaog AmUmdr.

AmUIr H$mhr gd©gm_mÝ` _wÔo(1) {gÕmÝV Am{U amOH$s` {H«$`m m§Mm nañna g§~§Y(2) H«$m§Vr hdr H$s Trial and Error?(3) n`m© r {dH$mg dm mnwT>Mm H$m ©H«$_ H$m` Agmdm?A. Zì`m V§Ìm§Mm {dH$mg. (emók)~. n`m© r VÎdkmZmMr _m§S>Ur (VÎdqMVH$)H$. cmoH${ejU d X~md (g§KQ>H$)(4) VÎdqMVH$m§Mr JaO (~moH$sc `m§Zr AYmoao{IV

Ho$cocr) gdm§©V H$irMr Amho.Ë`m§Mr dmZdm Amho.~moH$sc d dmJio `m§Zr ho nm`mâUrMo H$m_ H$amdo.Ë`m§Zm "à{Vnjm'Mo dmQ>Umao {dMmad§Vhr Ë`m§Zm m H$m_mV

_XV H$aVrc.

(5) gdm§©V _hÎdmMo : AmnUm§cm à`moJ H$am`cmAÊdóYmar, {OhmXr cmoH$ gdS> XoVrc H$m`? Am§Vaamï—>r`n[apñWVrMm, ñnYm©erc OJmMm, Ë`mVcm Amnë`m VJyZamhÊ`mMm [survival] d g_W© hmoÊ`mÀ`m eŠ`VoMm g§X ©Amnë`m H$moUË`mhr {gÕm§VZmcm Agm`cm hdm. gdS>gmnS>ë`mg m§Mm Iwcmgm g oV

nwadUr (gd©gm_mÝ` _wÔm 1 er g§~§{YV)n`m© r à{V_mZo_mŠg©À`m Production Relations da (CËnmXZ

g§~Ym§da) AmYmacocr(1) ImOJr _mcH$s d _wº$ ~mOmanoR> (^m§S>dcemhr)(2) gm_m{OH$ _mcH$s d nyU© {Z`moOZ (g_mOdmX)(3) ghH$mar _mcH$s d {VMo àH$ma (H$m°-Am°nao{Q>ìh

H$m°_ZdoëW)(4) H$m_Jmam§Mr _mcH$s ({JëS> gmoe°{cP_,

qg{S>H°${cP_)(5) CËnmXZ d Cn^moJ `m Xmohm|da g_mOmMo à wËd

(CXm. {H$~wQ²>P) ("H$å yZ')`mn¡H$s H$moUVm qH$dm m§IoarO H$moUVm n`m© ho n`m© r

à{V_mZdmÚm§Zm R>admdo cmJoc. Ë`m§À`mnwT>Mo ~m¡{ÕH$ AmìhmZ hoAmho.

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{dH$mg m eãXmMm mo½`, Mm§Jbm, Iam AW© H$moUVm`mda nwîH$i MMm© hmoooooooD$ eHo$b. Vr H$aUo `mo½`XoIrb R>aob.nU {dH$mgZrVr Agm eãX dmnaVmZm Amnë`mbm BpÀN>VAgUmamM AW© J¥hrV YaVm oUma Zmhr; Va Ë`mMm {H$_mZgm_m{OH$ AW© Ü`mZmV ¿`mdm bmJUma Amho.

1. {dH$mg `m eãXmMm ê$T>mW© CËnmXH$ eº$sMm{dH$mg AgmM Amho. AmO Á`mbm ê$T>mWm©Zo {dH$mg åhQ>>bo OmVo,Agm {dH$mg Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZ gwê$ Amho.

2. CËnmXH$ eº$s§Mm {dH$mg ho _mZdr B{Vhmgm_Ü og_mZ AgUmaoM g_mZgyÌ åhUyZM Amnë`mbm {XgVo. Am{X_g_Voda AmYmaboë`m ì`dñWo_YyZ Jwbm_rda AmYmabobm g_mOApñVËdmV Ambm Vmo H$em_wio ? CËnmXH$ eº$sÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>rOwZr ì`dñWm AS>Wim R>é bmJë`m_wioM. Ë`mM Ý`m`mZo Jwbm_rg_mOm_YyZ ga§Om_r ì`dñWo_Ü o g§H«$_U Pmbo. VgoM ga§Om_rì`dñWoÀ`m nmoQ>m_YyZ ^m§S>dbemhrMm OÝ_ Pmbm. AmVm `m^m§S>dbemhr aMZoMm AS>Wim hmoV Agë`m_wioM CËnmXH$eº$sMm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>rM _mZdr g_mOmbm m§S>dbemhrMmË`mJ H$éZ Zdr àJV Aer g_mOì`dñWm AmUmdr bmJUma

Amho. AWm©V _mÂ`m _Vo hr Zdr g_mOì`dñWm g_mOdmXmMrMAgUma `mV e§H$mM Zmhr.

3. g_mOm_Yrb Ë`m Ë`m doiÀ`m CËnmXH$ eº$s§Mog§KQ>Z d Cn`moOZ H$emàH$mao Ho$bo OmVo Ë`mZwgma _mUgm_mUgm§_Üò H$mhr EH$ g§~§Y V`ma hmoVmV. g_mOmV EH$A{YH$ma, aMZm, amOH$s` aMZm, dJ© g§~§Y , g§ñH¥$Vr, {dMma,VËdkmZ `m§Mr EH$ àUmbr ñdm^m{dH$nUo V`ma hmoVo.

4. `m gd© aMZm, àUmbr, dJ©g§~§Y `m§Mr {dH$mgZmdmÀ`m EH$m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$ oÀ`m g§X^m©À`m AZwf§JmZo _m§S>UrHo$br, Va Amnë`mbm EH$m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` aMZoMoXe©Z hmoVo, Ë`mbm AmnU {dH$mgZrVr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo.

{dH$mgZrVr ho H$mhr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$sàMZm d g§~§Y g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mMr Zdr nÕVr Zmhr Va g_mOmVrbdJ© aMZm Am{U gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ J{Vemó g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mMm\$º$ Zdm g§X © Amho.

5. AmOMo gÎmmYmar g_mOmVrb Ë`m§À`m gÎmmaMZobmOZVoH$Sy>Z _mÝ`Vm {_i{dÊ`mMm {ZXmZ Am^mg Var Ho$ë`m{edmàmÁ` H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. "{dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo dMZ" hoM

21

amÁ`H$Ë`mªMo gÎmoda ~gÊ`mMo dMZ AgUo ho AmOn`ªVMogm_m{OH$ amOH$s` dmñVd hmoVo. (OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va Ë`mdMZmÀ`m gÎmmYmè`m§À`m A{YH$mamMmhr \$ma g§H$moM Pmbobm Amho.Ë`mMo H$m` n[aUm_ hmoUma AmhoV hm AWm©V _hÎdmMm nU ñdV§ÌAgm _wÔm Amho.) åhUyZM {dH$mg m ZmdmImbr gÎmmYmar dJ© OoH$mhr In{dVmV; Ë`m_YyZ Iè`m CËnmXH$ eº$sMm dmñVdm_Ü oOmo Zme hmoVmoo, Ë`mMo gË` ñdê$n OZVog_moa AmUUo ho àJVrdmXreº$s¨Mo H$V©ì` R>aVo.

åhUyZM AmO {dH$mg `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m AZwf§JmZog_mOmVrb gd© àñWm{nV CËnmXZ nÜXVr, dJ©aMZm,_yë`àUmbr, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` à{H«$`m Am{U Ë`m§MoJ{Vemó m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mbmn`m© r R>ê$ eH$Umè`m gd© CËnmXZ nÕVr, dJ©aMZm, _yë`àUmbrB. Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUo {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo Amho. åhUOoM àñWm{nV{dH$mgZrVrÀ`m {damoYmV n`m© r {dH$mgZrVrMr _m§S>Ur Am{UË`mgmR>r bT>m Amdí`H$ R>aVmV.

6. Aem AWm©Zo {dH$mgZrVrMr MMm© hr g_mOmVdmñVdmV AgUmè`m dJ©g§Kfm©Mo EH$ R>mog m¡{VH$, Ë`mMà_mUod¡Mm[aH$, g¡Õm§{VH$ ê$n Amho. {dH$mgZrVrMr MMm© hr Ho$din`m© r V§ÌkmZmMr MMm© Zmhr. Vgo H$aUo ho n`m© r {dH$mgZrVrbm\$maM bhmZ H$aÊ`mgmaIo Amho.

7. {dH$mgZrVr hr Imbrb _yb yV _wÔ`m§À`m AmYmaog_OmdyZ KoVbr nm{hOo.

H ) _yb yV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm: m_Ü o g_mO Á`m_yb yV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmË_H$ aMZoda C^m AgVmo, Ë`mMmg_mdoe hmoVmo. CXm. _wº$ ~mOmanoR>, ImOJr _mbH$s,Om{Vì`dñWm, Jwbm_rnÕVr BË`mXr.

I) Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ J{Vemó: m_Ü o Am{W©H$gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm H$moUË`m J{Vemómda MmbVmV, Ë`mMm g_mdoehmoVmo. CXm. Z\$m àoaUoda ^m§S>db MmbVo. joÌ{dñVma Am{UAmH$mad¥Õr hr m§S>dbmMr ñdm^m{dH$ Am{U OrdZmdí`H$ JVrAgVo. gm_«mÁ`{dñVma hr ga§Om_r ì`dñWoMr ñdm^m{dH$An[ahm © JVr AgVo. _mZdr H$ë`mUmV dmT> hr g_mOdmXmMrJVr AgVo.

J) V§ÌkmZ Am{U g§KQ>ZnÕVr: H$moUË`m àH$maMoV§ÌkmZ H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m g_mOmMr Amdí`H$ AQ> AgVo, ho{ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm oVo. CXm. eoVrMm {dH$mg Am{U Ë`mVrbè hr ga§Om_r g_mOmMr nyd© AQ> Amho. dm\o$Mr/{dOoMr`§Ìeº$s, AË`§V J{V_mZ _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnmXZ hr^m§S>dbemhrMr nyd© AQ> Amho. Aem Ë`m Ë`m V§ÌkmZmMo Cn`moOZH«$.1 À`m _wX²>ÚmV dU©Z Ho$boë`m Ë`m Ë`m doiÀ`m _yb yVgm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m d {VÀ`m J{VemómÀ`m AmYmao Ho$bo OmVo,Voìhm Ë`m_YyZ CËnmXZm§Mr gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZnÕVr ì`º$ hmoVo.CXm. ImOJr _mbH$s, _wº$ ~mOmanoR> hr g§ñWmË_H$ aMZmZâ`mMo/^m§S>dbmMo J{Vemó, Am{U J{V_mZ §ÌmoËnmXZmMm

Vm§{ÌH$ emoY m_YyZ An[ahm ©nUo AmYw{ZH$ H$maImZXmar Am{U^m§S>dbXma-H$m_Jma Ago g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV. H|$ÐrV ZmJaàYmZAm¡Úmo{JH$ g§KQ>ZnÕVr {gÕ hmoVo.

AWm©V `m {R>H$mUr ho ñnï> H$aUo Amdí`H$ AmhoH$s `m_Yrb àË oH$ KQ>H$ hm B{VhmgmV _mJrb g_mOmVyZH$mhrgm ñdV§ÌnUo Amnë`m {dH$mgH«$_mda MmbV nwT>o oD$ZV`ma amhVmo. Am{U AÝ` KQ>H$m§Mr gmW {_iVmM EH$m Zì`mMn[apñWVrbm/aMZobm OÝ_ XoVmo. CXm. ~mOmanoR>m øm àW_{dñVma H$ê$Z _wº$ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo H$m © ì`mnmar dJ©, ga§Om_rì`dñWoV H$aV H$aV Ë`m nyduÀ`m VwbZoZo _wº$ H$ê$Z KoVmo.ì`mnmam_YyZ n¡gm-dñVy-OmñV n¡gm `m ì`dgm` MH«$mMrOmoaXma gwédmV H$aV AgVmo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ CËnmXZmMr_mJUr dmT>Vo. OwZr Hw$io O{_Zrdê$Z hmH$byZ O{_Zr _moH$ù`mHo$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m Hw$im§_YyZM CËnmXH$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>Vo. Am{UOmXm CËnmXH$VoMr JaO `m KaJwVr H$maImZXmar_Ü o g_moaC^r R>mH$ë`m~amo~aM dm\o$daÀ`m {dUH$m_mÀ`m §ÌmMm emoYbmJVmo. m gd© KQ>H$m§_YyZ AmYw{ZH$ àM§S> H$maImZXmar ZmdmMoZdo gm_m{OH$ CËnmXZ g§KQ>Z ho dmñVd g_moa oVo.

K) amOH$s` aMZm d emgZg§ñWm: øm gd©Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ dmñVdmMo g§ajU H$aUmar, `m gd©gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g§ñWm§Zm gmd©{ÌH$Vm, EH$ê$nVm, gmVËÀm{U {dídmgmh©Vm {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$m amOH$s` Am{UX_Z §ÌUoMr/aMZoMr JaO AgVo. amOH$s` g§ñWmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q>/àË`j emgZg§ñWm hr g_mOmVrb gd© aMZm Am{U gÎmmg§~§YmMoX_Z §ÌUoÛmao g§ajU H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVo.

S>) OrdZ ÑîQ>r-_yëàMZm: _Zwî` _Y_merà_mUoHo$di {ZgJ©àoaUm§À`m_wio m¡{VH$ dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aUmam àmUrZmhr. Ë`mbm dñVyÀ`m AmH$ma {df`mnmgyZ Vo Cn^moJmn ªVàË oH$ ~m~Vr_Ü o H$mhr H$ënZm Am{U _Vo Ë`m§À`m ì`dhmamÀ`mAmYmao {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV. {H$§~hþZm Ver Agë`m{edm` _Zwî`CËnmXZ H$aV Zmhr. OJyM eH$V Zmhr.

AWm©V H$ënZm, {dMma m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr AmH$memVyZZìho, Va _Zwî`mÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m ì`dhmamZwgma hmoV AgVo.Ogo ga§Om_Xmar ZrQ> Mmbm`Mr Agob Va OÝ_OmV CƒZrMVoÀ`m/A{YH$mamÀ`m H$ënZm H$ï>H$ar g_mOmVhr ZrQ>éOmì`m bmJVmV. Ë`mgmR>r d[að> dJm©Vrb _§S>ir VemM H$ënZmY_©, {dMma, dMZo, AmH$m§jm, H$Wm, nwamUo `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVOmVmV. ~aoMXm Ë`mbm AZwwgê$Z Va H$Yr ZmH$méZ g_mOmVgm{hË` Am{U H$ënZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo. g_mOmVga§Om_Xmar CËnmXZnÕVrbm hmXam ~gy eHo$b Aer ^m¡{VH$eŠ`Vm V`ma Pmë`mda _mÌ àñWm{nV ì`dñWm ZmH$maUmaog_VmdmXr-ñdmV§Í`dmXr gm{hË`, {dMma, H$ënZm EH$m ~mOygAm{U Xwgè`m ~mOyg àñWm{nV OÝ_OmV {df_VmdmXr {dMma,H$ënZm, `m§À`mV _moR>çm à_mUmV MH$_H$ hmoD$ bmJVo. H$maUXmoÝhr ~mOy§Zm anya m¡{VH$ AmYma àmá Pmbobm AgVmo. àñWm{nV

22

emgZg§ñWm X_ZmMm à`moJ H$aVo. AIoa Ë`mMr n[aUVr m¡{VH$ñ\$moQ> hmoÊ`mV hmoVo. Am{U H«$m §{VH$maH$ CR>mdm_YyZemgZg§ñWmM ~XbVo Am{U Zdr CËnmXZnÕVr pñWamdÊ`mMm_mJ© Iwbm hmoVmo.

nU `m gd© à{H$ o_Ü o Zì`m ^m¡{VH$Voer gwg§JVAer OrdZÑï>r {Z_m©U hmoUo, Am{U Vr éOUo ho H$m © gmYo Zmhr;Va AË §V à{V^membr ì`º$sH$Sy>ZM Vo hmoD$ eH$Vo. Vo AmnmoAmnhmoUmao Zmhr. H$bonmgyZ VÎdkmZmÀ`m joÌmn ªV Ë`mMm ngmamAgmdm bmJVmo. CÚmMm g_mO H$gm Agmdm `mMo Vo ñdßZ VaAgVoM nU Vo ñdßZ åhUOo hdoVë`m YwamZo ~Z{dbobo AmH$maZgVmV. Zì`m m¡{VH$ eŠ`Vm§Mm doY KoD$Z Ë`mda AmYmaboboAm{U H$V¥©Ëdmbm AmdmhZ H$aUmao, md{ZH$ àoaUm XoUmao ñdßZ

XoUo ømgmR>r \$ma _moR>çm à{V^md§Vm§Mr JaO AgVo ho hr bjmVKoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m gd© AmYmamdaM AmnU AmOMr{dH$mgZrVr H$er Amho `mMr {díbofUmË_H$ _m§S>Ur ImbrbàH$mao H$é eH$Vmo.

AmOÀ`m A{dH${gV Xoem §_Yrb ^m §S>dbr{dH$mgZrVr Am{U n`m© r {dH$mgZrVr -darb Mm¡H$Q>r_Ü o gyÌê$nmZo àñWm{nV ^m§S>dbr {dH$mgZrVrAm{U n`m©`r {dH$mgZrVr `m§Mr _m§S>Ur Imbrbà_mUo H$aVmòB©b.

_wÔm àñWm{nV {dH$mgZrVr n`m©`r {dH$mgZrVr

_yb yV gm_m{OH$ 1. ImOJr _mbH$s 1. gm_m{OH$ _mbH$s

g§ñWmË_H$ aMZm 2. H$m`ÚmMr g_mZVm 2. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`nyU© g_mZVm

3. ~mOmanoR>r` Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` 3. {dH$mg àJVrMo ñdmV§Í`

J{V{Z`_ 1. A{YH$m{YH$ Zâ`mgmR>rM CËnmXZ 1. JaOm{Z{ð>V d {Z`moOZmZwgma CËnmXZ

2. OJÊ`mnwaVm {H$_mZ _mo~Xbm 2. àË oH$mbm Ë`mÀ`m l_mVrb `moJXmZmZwgma _mo~Xbm

3. OrdZmÀ`m àË oH$ joÌmMo H«$`dñVyH$aU 3. OrdZmÀ`m àË oH$ joÌmMm

4. ^m§S>dbmMr gVV d¥Õr gm_m{OH$-Z¡{VH$ VËdmda {dH$mg

4. gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mUmMr d¥Õr.

V§ÌkmZ nÕVr 1. {Z §ÌU/_m{hVr/{ZU© A{YH$mam§Mo 1. {Z §ÌU/_m{hVr/{ZU© A{YH$mamMo {dH|${ÐV

g§KQ>Z nÕVr Ho$§ÐrH$aU bmoH$emhrH$aU. OZgh^mJ d OZ{Z §ÌUmda g§Mm{bV

2. Z\$m àoaUm d ImOJr _mbH$s `m_wio g§ñWm.

ñWm`r {dH$mg, XrK©H$mbrZ C{Ôï>o `m§Zm 2. {Ma§Ordr, ñWm`r {dH$mgmbm AZwê$n V§ÌkmZ

nyU© \$mQ>m; {ZgJm©bm Amoa~mS>Ê`mMo V§ÌkmZ 3. Jmdm{Y{ð>V {Z`moOZ {dH$mgZrVr

3. _hmZJaH|$ÐrV {dH$mg 4. MH«$s` D$Om©{Z{_©Vrda â

4. j`r D$O°©Mm A{Vdmna d CYinÅ>r

OrdZÑï>r 1. gm_m{OH$Ñï>`m VwQ>bobm Agwa{jV 1. gm_m{OH$ ÑîQ>`m OmoS>boë`m ì`º$s¨Mm {dH$mgdmX

ì`{º$dmX 2. OJ-g_mO `m§Zm ñdV:MmM EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ

2. OJmH$S>o-_mUgm§H$S>o Ho$di dñVy-gmYZo nmhÊ`mMr ì`mnH$ ÑîQ>r

åhUyZ Ñï>r 3. Cn^moJ ho AmZ§XmMo EH$ gmYZ

3. hì`mgr Cn^moJdmX, Ag_mYmZr dIdI 4. {dYm`H$ Z¡{VH$ ñdmV§Í`

4. Z-Z¡{VH$Vm 5. A{V Amdí`H$ {VWoM \$º$ hñVjon/{Z §ÌU

5. qhgH$ hñVjondmXr, {Z §ÌUdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$aUmam gH$mamË_H$ ñdmV§Í`dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ

darb àH$maMr Zdr {dH$mgZrVr àË`jmV H$eroB©b mMm {dMma Amnë`mbm H$amdm bmJob. Zdr {dH$mgZrVr

AmnUmgma»`m Ho$di H$m ©H$Ë`mªZm dmQ>Vo åhUyZ àË`jmV oUmaZmhr. Zdr {dH$mgZrVr hr Iao Va _mZdr g_mOì`dñWmM Amho.Ë`mgmR>r Amnë`mbm ho emoYmdoM bmJob H$s, Zdr ì`dñWm AmUmdr`mgmR>r AmOÀ`m g_mOmV H$moUVo ^m¡{VH$-gm_m{OH$ AmYmaCnbãY AmhoV. Ë`m AmYmamda Midi Ho$br VaM Vr èñdrhmoD$ eHo$b. Ho$di Z¡{VH$ AmidUr Am{U hV~b AmdmhZm§À`m

AmYmamda EImXr g^m nyU© hmoD$ eHo$b. gm_m{OH$ ~Xb Zmhr.Ago ^m¡{VH$-Z¡{VH$-gm_m{OH$ AmYma emoYUo, Agboë`m§Mm{dH$mg H$aUo dmT>{dUo `mVM Amnbr Iar gO©ZerbVm Amho.H$m ©H$Ë`mªMm Iam H$g Amho. Ë`m AmYmamdaM Amnbr MMm©H|${ÐV H$am`bm hdr.

��

23

{dH$mgà{V_mZ {df`H$ MMm©gÌmgmR>r {Q>nU(S>m°. {ddoH$ Hw$bH$Uu, kmZ à~mo{YZr)

ZmhrVa d¡{œH$ CËH«$m§Vr_YyZM `m Jw§Ë`mMo CÎma CX`mg oUmaAgohr dmQy>Z OmVo.

4) ì`º$s¨À`m _mZ{gH$Vm Am{U Ë`mVyZ OnboOmUmao g_yhm§Mo ñdmW© `mda Zo_H$s Cnm``moOZm Ho$ë`m{edm`àíZ gwQ>Uma Zmhr, åhUyZ ì`º$sÀ`m JaOm§Mr EH$ _m§S>Ur nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

nmVir :

àmUr _mZd _mZd F$fr/`moJr/_hm_mZd B.

1. AÞ 6. gwa{jVVm

2. dó/{Zdmam 7. {ejU

3. nmUr 8. amoOJma

4. D$Om© 9. g§ñH¥$Vr

5. Amamo½` 10. "ñd' àH$Q>rH$aU

5) gdm ªÀ`m `m gd© JaOm `m o ½` àH$ma o^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY social structures d systems AmhoV.EH$m ì`º$sÀ`m earamV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m AãOmdYr noet_Ü oEH$ gw{Z §{ÌV g§nH©$-{ZU© -{Z §ÌU ì`dñWm AgVo VerMH$mhrer ì`dñWm `m J«hmda {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm Amnbm à`ËZAmho. {_qbXbm Ano{jV O¡{dH$ {d{dYVm d gw~moYbm Ano{jVg_Vm/~§YwVm Amnë`m earamV ~Km`bm {_iVo. Survival of

the fittest ZgVmo Am{U division of labour Z¡g{J©H$arË`mAgVo. ñdmV§Í`mMm _mÌ g§H$moM AgVmo, Omo Q>miyZ Amnë`mbmEH$m ZdrZ J«haMZm ~gdm`Mr Amho. earam_Ü o AgUmao _Z/~wÕrMo ApñVËd-ñWmZ KoUmar H$mhr subsystem `mgmR>r{Z_m©U H$amdr bmJob. gÜ`mÀ`m óreº$s, n`m©daU, {dkmZ{Zð>mAem gd© Midir Amnë`mbm `m J«hApñVËdmH$S>o ZoUmè`mgH$mamË_H$ à{H«$`m AmhoV. hr CËH«$m§Vr à{H«$`m ObX JVrZoH$aÊ`mMr VmH$X V§ÌkmZmV Amho, nU Vr VmH$X `mo½` {XeoZodmnaÊ`mMo ehmUnU _mZdg_yhmZo XmI{dbo nm{hOo. _mÂ`m _Vo`m J«hmdaVr Brain function H$moUr H$am`Mo d Ë`m{R>H$mUr Vmo`mo½` g_yh H$gm AmUm`Mm mgmR>rMm Amnbm gdm§©Mm IQ>mQ>monAmho. àM§S> doJmZo ~XbUmè`m gÜ`mÀ`m OJmVgwÕm mgmR>r H$mhr{nT>çm§Mo H$ï> d H$mi bmJUo ñdm^m{dH$ Amho.

��

S>m°. {_qbX ~moH$sb `m§Mo nwñVH$, ghX|Mr àñVmdZmd Ë`mVrb {dH$mg _m§S>Urbm S>m°.gw~moY dmJio m§Mm g{dñVa d{_qbXMm WmoS>Š`mV à{VgmX mda Mm§Jbr MMm© hmoD$ eHo$b.Varhr MM}bm ~aoM ì`mnH$ g§X © d Am`m_ Agë`mZo Imbrb{Q>nUm_Ü o H$mhr H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. EH$m {XdgmÀ`m _`m©XoVeŠ` Agë`mg MM}V g_mdoe H$aVm oB©b.

1) Joë`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V End of ideology

`m ^mdZobm CÎma åhUyZ "{dH$gZ h oM VËdkmZ"(Development is the ideology) Agm {dMma Ambm.{dH$gZ hm eãX J{V_mZVm d gmVË` XmI{dVmo Va {dH$mg hmpñWVr XmI{dVmo åhUyZ {dH$gZ. amï—>nVtZrhr ^maV 2020gmbr {dH${gV Xoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Mmb{dbo Amho. Ë`m_wio{dH$mg-{dH$gZ d Ë`mMr à{V_mZo `m§Mo _hÎd dmXmVrV Amho.ehar-Am¡Úmo{JH$, J«m_rU-{dH|${ÐV, small is beautiful and

possible, Gandhi with satelite qH$dm Electronic

Cottage m gd© g§H$ënZm \$º$ V§ÌkmZ Zmhr Va _mZgemó,g_mOemó, amÁ`emó hr Aem gd©M emór` {dMmam§daAmYmarV AmhoV. {dH$mgmÀ`m à{V_mZmV gd© Z¡g{J©H$ dgm_m{OH$ emóm§Mm {dMma Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mda AmYm[aV Aerì`{º$JV d gm_m{OH$ OrdZàUmbr Amnë`mbm emoYm`Mr Am{UdmñVdmV AmUm`Mr Amho. MM}_Ü o EH$m doJù`m {dMmam§Mmg_mdoe nwT>rb {Q>nUmÛmao H$aVm oB©b.

2) {dH$gZmMo EH$H$ (Unit) åhUyZ gÜ`m ga{_giAmho. nyU© {díd, n¥Ïdr (Biosphere), I§S>, Xoe, amÁ o,{Oëho-Imoao, VmbwH$m-CnImoao, Jmd, Hw$Qw>§~, ì`º$s AerEH$H$m§Mr gmIir _m§S>Vm oB©b. {dH$gZ à{H«$ oV n{hbm _wÔm hmamOH$s` d àmH¥${VH$ {d^mJUrV g_Vmob/gH$mamË_H$nañnamdb§~Z (symbiosis) {Z_m©U H$aUo hm Amho. Vob, nmUr,wao{Z`_, D$Om© Aem {d{dY {df`m§V m symbiosis Mr JaO

Amho.

3) VmbwH$m/Im oa o nmVirda gw{dYm(infrastructure), Jmd-eha nmVirda OrdZ_mZ (standard

of living), H w $Q w > §~nmVirda CÚm oJ-am oOJma Am{Uì`º$snmVirda gwI-g_mYmZ Aer JaOm§Mr gmIir _m§S>Vm`oB©b. emgZ-àemgZ, ImOJr-ghH$ma joÌo, Z¡g{J©H$gmYZg§nÎmr, àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo Omio d ñd §godr ì`º$s/g§ñWm`m gd© §ÌUm (systems) darb JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>rMrinputs nwa{dVmV. `m gd© Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m g§~§Ym§_Ü o survival

of the fittest, division of labour `m§gmaIo àíZ Am{UñdmV§Í` {déÕ ñd §emgZ, g_Vm {déÜX JwUdÎmm, {d{dYVm{déÕ EH$mË_Vm Aer ÛÝÛo CËnÞ hmoVmV. H$moUË`mhr H«$m§Vr_YyZ

� �

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24

àm. M§ÐH$m§V Ho$iH$a m§Mr à{V{H«$`m(g§X © S>m°. dmJio `m§Mo {Q>nU)

g w{º$H$ (relevant) H$aUo; d 2) m g§H$ënZm _yV© ñdê$nmVAmUÊ`mH$aVm H$moUVr ì`mdhm[aH$ nmdco Q>mH$Uo Amdí`H$ AmhoVo R>a{dUo, Ago XmoZ Q>ßno AmhoV. ghXo `m§Zm _mÝ` AgcocmAgm EH$M _wX²m CXmhaUmH$aVm KoD$ : _wº$ AW©ì`dñWo_YrceharH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ü o {XgUmao n[aUm_ : m n[aUm_m§Mo_yi eha d Jmd m_Yrc {df_ (unequal) {d{Z_`m_wio JmdmMoOo emofU hmoVo, Ë`mV Amho. Omon ªV {df_ ~cmÀ`m XmoZ KQ>H$m§_Ü o_wº$ ñnYm© Amho, Vmon ªV Ë`m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg g_VoÀ`mVÎdmda hmoÊ`mMr Anojm H$aUo, VH©$Xwï> Amho. Aem n[apñWVrVJmdmZo A{YH$m{YH$ {dnÞ hmoV OmUo, hoM VH©$ewÕ Amho.

Ho$di ñnY}da AmYmacoë`m {dH$mgm_Ü o eha dIoS>o m§Mm O¡{dH$ (organic) {dH$mg eŠ` Zmhr.... earamÀ`mgd© Ad`dm§Mr gå`H$ dmT> hmoUo hr àH¥$Vr, d Vgo Z hmoUo åhUOo{dH¥$Vr. VmoM organic g§~§Y eha d IoS>o m_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmcmnm{hOo, Omo Ho$di ñnY}da AmYm[aV {dH$mgmV hmoV Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio eha-Jmd `m§Mm EH$_odmd ÀN>oXoH$ê$Z{dH$mg ìhm`Mm Agoc Va Ë`m {dH$mgà{H«$ o_Ü o "emofUm'Mrg§Yr {Z_m©U hmoVm H$m_m Z o. ho "n`m© r {dH$mg à{V_mZ'Mo EH$ì`dÀN>oXH$ cjU Amho Ago åhUVm oB©c.

nwT>o Ago H$s "emofU' hr g§H$ënZm AmOÀ`m ~XcË`mn[apñWVrV nwÝhm VnmgUo JaOoMo Amho, Ago _cm dmQ>Vo. AmVm~Xccoë`m n[apñWVrV emofUmMr Zdr ê$no {Z_m©U PmcrAgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. CXmhaUmW©, OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`mà{H«$ o_Ü o {dÎm ^m§S>dcmcm àmá Pmcoco _hÎd d Ë`m_YyZA{dH${gV-AY©{dH${gV Xoem§H$Sy>Z {dH${gV Xoem§H$S>o doJmZohmoUmao H«$`eº$sMo ñWmZm§Va (transfer). A§{V_ {dícofUm_Ü ohr "emofUm'MrM à{H«$`m Amho; d {dÎm ^m§S>dcmcm Amcoë`m_hÎdm_wio "emofUm'cm {_imcoco ho ZdrZ ê$n Amho.{dÎm^m§S>dcmÀ`m ì`dhmamV CËnmXZ à{H«$ oMo ApñVËd Zgë`mZo`m emofUmcm CËnmXZg§~§Ym§Mm nydugmaIm AmYma {_iUma Zmhr.Ë`m_wio m gd© à{H«$ o_Ü o "emofUm'Mo Zdo ê$n AmnU Vnmgconm{hOo d ho emofU Q>miÊ`mgmR>r "n`m© r à{V_mZ' H$go Agconm{hOo, `mMm {dMma H$amdm cmJoc.

Joë`m VrZ XeH$m§_Ü`o CËnmXZ ì`dñWm dV§Ì{dkmZ m_Ü o Pmcoë`m Am_ycmJ« ~Xcm§_wio "CËnmXZ g§~§Y'(production relations) ~Xccoco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ZdrZñdê$nmMm emoY ¿`mdm cmJoc. nyduMm ^m§S>dcXma d H$m_JmaAgo gai gmono CËnmXZg§~§Y am{hcoco ZmhrV. EH$m ~mOycm,"^m§S>dcXma' `m H$moQ>rMo (category) ñdê$n ~Xbco Amho.Xwgè`m ~mOycm, "{Zù`m H$m°ca'Mm H$m_Jma dJ© Odi OdiAñV§JV Pmcm Amho. d Ë`m OmJr "kmZmYm[aV' A{VHw$ec

g. h. X| À`m àñVmdZoV CnpñWV Ho$coë`m _wX²>Úm§ZmdmJio d ~moH$sc `m§À`m {Q>nUm_Ü o g_n©H$ CÎmao {Xcr JocrAmhoV, Ago _cm dmQ>Vo. dmJio `m§Zm ghX|Mr y{_H$m "Iwë`m_ZmMr' Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo. ghXo§Zm _mÝ` Agcoco _wº$AW©ì`dñWo_Yrc Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mH$aVm Oo Cnm` Adc§~mdocmJVrc, Vo H$m ©dmhrV AmUë`mg Vr AW©ì`dñWm _wº$ amhUmaZmhr; {Vcm {_l AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Odi Ý`mdo cmJoc. H$maUAmdí`H$ Ë`m Cnm`m§Mr moOZm H$aUo d Ë`m§Mr H$m ©dmhr H$aUo`mH$aVm amÁ`mÀ`m nwaoem à^mdr hñVjonmMr JaO amhrc. Ë`m_wioghXo _wº$ AW©ì`dñWoMo nm{`H$ amhUma AgVrc d Ë`mM doirË`m§Zm Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao Xmof Xyahr H$am`Mo AmhoV Ago VoåhUV AgVrc Va Vr y{_H$m EH$ Va Jm|YimMr qH$dm {damoYr^y{_Ho$cm lip service XoUmar Ago åhUmdo cmJoc."M§JidmXm'darc Ë`m§À`m _m§S>UrVyZ ho ñnï> hmoVo. "M§JidmXmMogm_m{OH$ n[aUm_ H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$joV oVrc' Aer Ë`m§Mr _wº$AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m ì`dhmamH$Sy>Z Anojm Amho. 2000 À`m "_mZd{dH$mg Ahdmcm'_Ü o àJV Xoem§À`m Cn^moJmdarc Ho$coë`mIMm©VyZ Ë`m g_mOm§Mo Oo AJ«H«$_ ñnï> hmoVmV, Ë`mdê$ZM§JidmXmda H$m`ÚmMo n[aUm_H$maH$ {Z §ÌU {H$VnV oD$eH$Vo ho H$iVo.

_mÂ`m _Vo dmJio `m§Mo {Q>nU _hÎdmÀ`m _wX²>ÚmcmhmV KmcrV Zmhr. Vmo _wÔm åhUOo "n`m© r {dH$mgm'Mo Zo_Ho$ {MÌH$moUVo? d g_mOmÀ`m Ë`m {MÌmH$S>o nmoMÊ`mMm _mJ© H$moUVm?hm Amho. (ghXo `m§Zrhr `mda ~moQ> R>odco Amho.) ho XmoÝhr àýA{YH$ ì`mnH$ AmhoV. ghXo Á`m doir åhUVmV H$s Vo "_wº$AW©ì`dñWmdmXr' AmhoV, Ë`m doir Ë`m§À`mnwT>rc {dH$mgmMoàmê$n d _mJ© ñnï> AmhoV. dmJio `m§À`m {Q>nUmVyZ "g_Vm,cmoH$emhr, `m§da AmYmacocr Ý`mæ` g_mOaMZm d {ZgJm©erg_Vmoc amIyZ gmYcocm _mZd {dH$mg' ho gyÌ ñnï> hmoVo, hoIao. nU H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m g_mOaMZo_Ü o ho gmYVm oB©c,`mMo {X½Xe©Z Ë`m§À`m {Q>nUm_Ü o {_iV Zmhr. åhUOoM dmJio`m§Mo {Q>nU ho "n`m© r à{V_mZmMo {Q>nU' `m erf©H$mMo AgcoVar Ë`mVyZ ho à{V_mZ Ñ½Jmoƒa hmoV Zmhr, Ago _cm dmQ>Vo.Ë`mVyZ à{V_mZmMo {ZH$f {_iVmV, na§Vw Vo {ZH$f nyU© H$aUmaoà{V_mZ H$go {Z_m©U H$amdo, ho H$iV Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio hr MMm© nwT>o ZoÊ`mH$aVm Vo à{V_mZ H$go{Z_m©U H$aVm oB©c `mMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. _mÂ`m_Vo `m MM}Mo XmoZ Q>ßno AmhoV; 1) Á`m g§H$ënZm§À`m g§X^m©VAmnU AmOMr g_mOì`dñWm gXmof Amho, Ago åhUVmo Ë`mg§H$ënZm§Mo AW©-Ame` nwÝhm VnmgyZ nhmUo; Amdí`H$dmQ>ë`mg Ë`m g§H$ënZm gwYmê$Z AmOÀ`m n[apñWVrer

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_Zwî`g_yh ("g§JUH$k') CX`mg Amcm Amho; d CacocmAY©Hw$ec, AHw$ec _Zwî`g_yh Aem àH$maÀ`m JQ>m§_Ü`o{d^mJcm Amho. m _Zwî`g_yhm§Zm nyduMm "dJ©' hr H$moQ>r cmdUog w{º$H$ R>aUma Zmhr. `m_wio 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©Vrc^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m ê$nmer OmoS>cocr "dJ©' hr g§H$ënZm d Ë`mAmYmamZo CËnÞmÀ`m {d^mJUrMo Ho$coco {dûcofU, ZdrZn[apñWVrV cmJy hmoUma Zmhr. Zd^m§S>dcemhrMo n[aUm_ honyduÀ`m m§S>dcemhrÀ`m n[aUm_m§nojm A{YH$ Xw…gh AmhoV. hoIao Agco Var Ë`mMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$aVmZm nyduÀ`m "emofU',"dJ©', "CËnmXZg§~§Y' m§gma»`m g§H$ënZm nwÝhm VnmgyZ Ë`m§MrZdr ê$no g_OyZ ¿`mdr cmJVrc. VaM Zd^m§S>dcemhrMo n[aUm_A{YH$ Xw…gh H$m, ho gm§JVm oB©c.

VgoM, gÜ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV ~hþg§»` cmoH$m§MrAm{W©H$ hcmIr, {ZgJm©Mo XmohZ dJ¡aocm ^m§S>dcemhrZoCn`mo{Ococo V§Ì{dkmZ {H$Vr à_mUmV O~m~Xma Amho, ho nm{hco

nm{hOo; d Z§Va "n`m© r {dH$mg à{V_mZm'_Ü o V§Ì{dkmZmMm d"CÚmoJm'À`m AmH$ma_mZmMm (size) nwZü {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$Amho.

gÜ`mÀ`m ì`dñWo_Yrc {ZgJm©À`m èhmgmMm {dMmaH$aVmZm _wimV H$mhr AW©emór` VÎdo/g§H$ënZm§Mm (CXm.CËnmXZ, ì``) nwZ{d©Mma Amdí`H$ hmoB©c.

WmoS>Š`mV, gÜ`mÀ`m ì`dñWoÀ`m JwUXmofm§Mo{dûcofU H$aUmè`m Á`m _yi g§H$ënZm AmhoV Ë`m§Mo nwZdm©MZH$aUo, hm Amnë`m Mm¡H$erMm (inquiry) n{hcm Q>ßnm Agoc,Ago _cm dmQ>Vo. Vmo Amocm§S>ë`mda Ë`m g§X^m©V "n`m© r {dH$mgà{V_mZm'Mm ì`dhma (arVr) H$gm Agoc, Ë`m à{V_mZmMr KS>UH$er Agmdr, `m~m~VrMr doJir MMm© H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoB©c.

��

OZmMo AZw d nwgVm§ : EH$ {Q>nU(S>m°. _mYd XmVma)

S>m°. {_qbX ~moH$sb m§Mo ho Zdo nwñVH$ Ë`m§À`m BVanwñVH$m§à_mUoM _amR>r dmS²Ÿ._`mV nS>bobr _hËdmMr a åhUyZAmoiIbo OmB©b. ho {bImU doJù`m {df §mdarb {Zamù`mnÕVrZo Ho$bobo Amho åhUyZM Zìho Va ho {bImU _amR>rVH$aÊ`m_mJo boIH$mMm {d{eï> Ñ{ï>>H$moZ Amho; bmoH$m§Mo AZw dH$m` AmhoV m§Mm nÕVera _mJmodm KoD$Z Oo AmnUm§g gmnS>boVo bmoH$m§Zm (AWm©VM Ë`m§À`m mfoV) H$imdo m_wio ho {bImUOmUrdnyd©H$ bmoH$m§À`m ^mfoV Ho$bo Amho. dmñVdmVrb {d{dYg_ñ`m§Mm g_mOemór` nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aVmZm bmoH$m§MrOmUrd, Ë`m§Mm g_ñ`m§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moU m§V ~Xb hmoUo_hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo OZm§Mo ho AZw d bmoH$m§g_moa _m§S>UoAmdí`H ~ZVo. åhUyZ ho nwñVH$ _amR>rV AgÊ`m§BVHo$M `mnwñVH$m~m~V MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo hohr _hÎdmMo d ñdmJVmh© Amho.

`m nwñVH$mbm àm.g.h.Xoenm§S>o `m§Mr {ddoMH$àñVmdZm bm^br Amho d Ë`m§Zr nwñVH$mg§X^m©V m nwñVH$mMrd¡{eîQ>ço d m nwñVH$m~m~V Oo {dd{jV d ì`mnH$ _wÔo CnpñWVhmoVmV Ë`m§Mr g{dñVa MMm© Ho$br Amho. CXm. Xoenm§S>o `m§MmH$mog~mS>bm Am{Xdmgr {dH$mgmMo Oo H$m_ Pmbo Ë`mÀ`mer àXrK©n[aM` Agë`mZo VoWë`m AZw dmÀ`m g§X^m©V ~moS>u_Yrb~moH$sbm§À`m AZw dmMm {dMma H$aVmV. VÛVM Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVAm¡ÚmoJrH$aU, ZmJ[aH$sH$aU `m§Mr An[ahm ©Vm `m gma»`mì`mnH$ àíZm§Mmhr D$hmnmoh H$aVmV. `m nwñVH$mda H$mhr{b{hÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Á`m§Zr àW_ nwñVH$ dmMyZ Z§Va àñVmdZmdmMbr Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m S>moŠ`mV nwñVH$ dmMVmZm Oo {dMmaAmbo, Oo _wÔo {ddmXmñnX dmQ>bo Vo gd© àñVmdZoV {dMmamV

KoVbo Jobo AmhoV Agm (H$mhrgm {ZéËgmhr ~ZdUmam !) AZw d~hþVoH$m§Zm Ambm Agob.

Ë`m_wio m nwñVH$m~m~V H$mhr _wÔo _m§S>VmZm Xoenm§S>o`m§À`m {dMmam§Mm AZwdmX/à{VdmX hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Q>miÊ`mMm,H$mhrgm H$R>rU à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.~moH$sb d AdMQ>

_amR>rV `m ñdénmMo {bImU AmUIr Hw$Ur Ho$boAgm {dMma H$am`Mm Va A{Zb AdMQ> `m§Mm C„oI H$amdmbmJob. ho {dYmZ T>mo~inUo Ho$bo Amho H$maU ~moH$sb d AdMQ>`m§À`m {bImUmVrb gmå`/ oX ñWio Zo_Ho$nUmZo Xe©{dUo AgmhoVy Zmhr. AdMQ> `m§Mo H$mhr {bImU AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ qH$dm{dd{jV ì`º$sMm n[aM` H$éZ XoUmao Ago Amho. m {bImUmVhrg^modVmbMo ì`mnH$ g§X © CbJS>V AgVmVM Var nU {dd{jVg_ñ`m§Mm doY KoUmao Ë`m§Mo {bImU `m g§X^m©V {dMmam§V KoVmoVo. {d{dY gm_m{OH$ àíZm§Mm ñdV:À`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© b{bV

e¡brV Ym§S>moim KoUo ho m Xmohm|o_Yrb à_wI gmå` _mÝ` hmoÊ`mgAS>MU Zgmdr. Á`m g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma H$am`Mm Ë`m {dd{jV,ñWi H$mi§mMo g§X © AgUmè`m AgUo d Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$aVmZmË`m§À`m {d{dY (gm_m{OH$, _mZdr) n¡b§yMm {dMma H$aUo hr `mXmoKm§Mr Img d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. AdMQ> m§À`mnojm ~moH$sb m§MrAä`mgmMr nÕV H$Xm{MV OmñV Am¡nMm[aH$ R>aob. Á`m àíZm§da~moH$sb {bImU H$aVmV Ë`m§Mr Vnerbdma _moOUr, nmhUr~moH$sb m§Zr Ho$br Amho dm Aem à{H«$ oer Ë`m§Mm OdiMm g§~§YAmbobm Amho. Ë`m_wio Á`m àíZm§~m~V Vo {b{hVmV Ë`m~Ôb

26

Amdí`H$ VoWo Zo_Ho$ gm§p»`H$s` n[a_mUhr nwadVmV. Á`mg_ñ`m§Mm D$hmnmoh Ho$bobm AgVmo Ë`m {dd{jV (micro) ñdê$nmV{d{d{jV ñWi H$mimMr Mm¡H$Q> Agboë`m Agë`m Var Ë`m§Zmì`mnH$ (macro) g§X ©hr AgVmoM. Á`m g_ñ`m§Mm Vo doY KoVmVË`mV g_yh OrdZmdarb n[aUm_m§Mm g§X © _hÎdmMm Agë`mZoH$Xm{MV ~moH$sb ñdV: Amnë`m `m {bImUmbm g_mOemór`_mZVmV. nU bmoH$g_yhm§g_moarb H$moUË`mhr dV©_mZ g_ñ`m{dMmamV KoVmZm Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$ n[a_mUhr _hËdmMo R>aVo Ë`m_wiom {bImUmbm Am{W©H$ g_ñ m§Mm ~hþAm m_r AmT>mdm Agohr åhUVmoB©b. Development m eãXmMm AW© gm_mÝ`nUo {dH$mg dm

àJVr Agm Ho$bm OmVmo. nU `m eãXmbm KS>m_moS>r (Develop-

ments) Agmhr EH$ AW© Amho. yH§$n, Zdm H$maImZm, dZ ajU,g_mB©H$ _mbH$sÀ`m O{_Zrdarb AmH«$_Uo, \$bmoËnmXZmMm àgmad nmUr dmQ>nmVrb AZw d mgma»`m KQ>Zm§Mo, YmoaUm§Mo {d{d{jVOZg_yhm§da H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmV m§~m~VMo ~moH$sbm§Mo ho {bImUAm{W©H$ {dH$mgm~m~VMo Amho Ago åhUÊ`mEodOr Mmby KS>m_moS>tÀ`mAm{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_m§{df`r Amho Ago åhUUo OmñVg w{º$H$ R>amdo.{dd{jV d gm_mÝ`

nU `m {bImUmMo d¡{eîQ>ç {dd{jV g_ñ`m§Mmì`mnH$ g§X^m©V KoVbobm AmT>mdm Ago Agë`mZo m {bImUmdaà{V{H«$`m XoUo ho H$R>rU hmoD$Z ~gVo! `m {bImUmda Cn wº$à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$Va Ë`m {dd{jV g_ñ oer nyd© n[aMÀgbm nm{hOo qH$dm VemM ñdê$nmÀ`m BVa {R>H$mUÀ`mg_ñ`m§~m~V Omo {dMma Pmbm Amho dm hmoV Amho `mMr gmÚ§V_m{hVr Agm`bmM hdr. nU mMm AW© BVam§Zm m {bImUm§MmCn`moJ hmoUma Zmhr Ago Zmhr. ~moH$sb `m§Zr g_mOemór`Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ho {bImU Ho$bo Agbo Var g_ñ`m§Mo BVa amOH$s`n¡by Xwb©{jbo Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`m `m {bImUmMm Cn`moJ BVaemóm§À`m Aä`mgH$m§Zm hmoD$ eH$Vmo. `m {bImUmV Á`m{d{d{jV g_ñ`m§Mm Vo Aä`mg H$aVmV Ë`m g§X^m©V H$mhrg¡ÜXmpÝVH$ y{_H$m§Mm nS>Vmim nmhVm oB©b. CXm. ~moH$sb m§ZrÁ`m {dd{jV g_ñ`m§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho VoWo emgZmMr OrdmñV{dH$ ^y{_H$m hmoVr Vr emgZmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$~m~V Á`mg¡ÕmpÝVH$ Anojm AgVmV Ë`m§À`mer {_iVr OwiVr hmoVr H$m?`mMm {dMma H$aVm oVmo. CbQ>njr {Xoboë`m dmñV{dH$ g_ñ oMrgmoS>dUyH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r emgZmZo {dd{jV y{_H$m KoUo A{^àoVAgob Va Vo g¡ÕmpÝVH$ Mm¡H$Q>rV eŠ` Amho Agm {dMma eŠÀmho. ho {d{dY {dÚmemIm§~m~V eŠ` Amho.emgZ d ~mOmanoR>

Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m g§X^m©V emgZ d ~mOmanoR>`m§À`m y{_H$m§{df`r {^Þ _Vo _m§S>br OmVmV. ~mOmanoR>oda gd©{ZU© gmondyZ {Xbo nm{hOoV H$maU Vgo H$aUo H$m ©j_ R>aob,emgZ gd© {ZU©` KoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr, emgZmMr YmoaUo{hVg§~Yr` ñd{hVmMm {dMma H$éZM R>adVrb Aer EH$ ~mOy

AgVo. CbQ>njr ~mOmanoR> ñnYm©Ë_H$ ZgVo, Ë`m n[anyU© ZgVmVË`m_wio emgZmÀ`m `mo½` hñVjonmZo ~mOmanoR>m§Mr H$m ©j_VmdmT>ob, {deofV: Xw~©b JQ>m§À`m {hV ajUmgmR>r ~mOma ì`dñWodaAdb§~yZ amhVm oUma Zmhr d ~mOmanoR>m§Zm OmoIr_ hmVmiUoH$R>rU OmV Agë`mZo nwîH$i Zì`m àH$ënm§V {ZXmZ gwédmVrbmemgZmbm nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm bmJob hr Xwgar ~mOy. AbrH$S>À`mH$mimV ~mOma {déÕ emgZ m nÕVrZo {dMma Z H$aVm emgZmMr^y{_H$m ~mOmanoR>m§Mo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mMr, Ë`m§Mm {dH$mgH$aÊ`m~amo~aM Ë`m§Mo {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mMr Agm`bm hdr Agm{Vgam {dMma àdmh nwT>o oV Amho. `m gd© VmpËdH$ MM}VemgZmMm hñVjon H$m` ñdê$nmMr Agob, Vmo H$aVmZm H$mÀS>MUr oVrb dm Ver H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMr emgZmMr BÀN>m/V`marAgob H$m m _wÔ`m§Mm qH$dm ~mOmanoR>m§da Adb§~yZ amhm`Mo VaË`m ApñVËdmV AmhoV H$m, Ë`m ñnYm©Ë_H$ AmhoV H$m m àíZm§Mm{dMma {dd{jV n[apñWVrMm g§X © Zgë`mZo gm_mÝ`V: Xwb©{jVamhmVmo. ~moH$sb Á`m g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma H$aVmV Ë`mg§X^m©V emgZ{d. ~mOma m àíZm§Mm A{YH$ S>moig {dMma H$aUo eŠ` ~ZVo.

M{M©boë`m ~hþVoH$ g_ñ`m§g§X^m©V emgH$s`hñVjonmMr JaO ({MHy$ ~mJm àH$ënmMm EH$ AndmX dJiVm)emgZmgH$Q> gdm§©§Zm _mÝ` hmoVr d BñnmV àH$ënmMm (âVrAmohmoQ>r) AndmX dJiVm emgZmMm hñVjon `mo½` Ë`m {XeoZo`mo½` Ë`m à_mUmV Zgbm Var Pmbm hmoVm. nU Amdí`H$ Ë`mhñVjonmMo ñdê$n Iyn {^Þ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. nwîH$iXm emgH$s`YmoaUm§Zm ~mOma hm n`m©`M CnbãY ZìhVm. ~hþVoH$ doimAmdí`H$ Vmo hñVjon/_XV ñd`§godr g§ñWm d Ë`m§Mo{ZabgnUo H$m_ H$aUmao H$m ©H$V} m§Zr Ho$bm. ñd §godr g§ñWmMoH$m © d gaH$mar YmoaUo hr ghgm nañnam§Zm n`m© r AgV ZmhrVVa gaH$mar YmoaUm§Mr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm/Cn wº$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mV`m g§ñWm _XV H$aVmV qH$dm Ago H$s Oo H$m_ emgZmbm H$aVmMoUma Zmhr. yH§$nJ«ñV {dYdm§Zm O_rZ H$gdUwH$sV Or _XV

ór AmYma Ho$ÝÐmZoo Ho$br Vr emgH$s` §ÌUobm H$aUo H$R>rUJobo AgVo. gaH$maZo \$ma Va Am{W©H$ ghmæ` {Xbo AgVo,eoVmda H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mar IMm©Zo ì`dñWmnH$ Zo_boAgVo Var Agm hñVjon èñdr R>abm AgVm H$m` hm àíZAmho. {H$§dm èñdr R>abm ZgVm Ago Ima O{_Zr {dH$mgH$m ©H«$_mdê$Z {XgyZ oVo. Omoda Am{Xdmgr gm_wXm{`H$arË`m hoH$m_ H$aV AgV Vmoda Vo ì`dpñWV MmbV hmoVo nU hrO~m~Xmar gaH$maZo KoVbr d H§$ÌmQ>r nÕVrZo ho H$m_ hmoD$bmJë`mda `mVrb bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ Wm§~bm d Ima O{_ZrVnmUr KwgÊ`mMo àH$ma dmT>bo. Ima O{_ZrMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMrO~m~Xmar ñdV:H$S>o KoÊ`mMo H$m_ gaH$maZo AWm©VM bmoH$m§À`mH$ë`mUmgmR>r KoVbo AgUma nU gaH$maMm hñVjon Á`m arVrZoPmbm Ë`m_wio Ima O{_ZrMo ì`dñWmnZ Va {~KS>boM _J mÛmaoH$ë`mU Hw$UmMo Pmbo ? gaH$mar YmoaUm§Mm hm n[aUm_ AZno{jVhmoVm H$m AgoM hmoUo Ano{jV hmoVo ?

27

O{_ZrgmR>rÀ`m bT>mB©V g_mB©H$ O_rZrdarbA{VH«$_Uo {Z`{_V H$aÊ`mMm gaH$maMm {ZU©` IynH$mbmdYrZ§Va KoVbm Jobm. àW_ 1960 gmbr XmoZ {Oëøm§_YrbdZO{_ZrnwaVm _`m©{XV AgUmam {ZU© 1972 gmbr g§nyU©amÁ`mgmR>r dZ O{_Zr d Jm`amZo m Xmohm|~m~V A§_bmV AmUbmJobm. Z§Va naV 1979, 1991 m dfuhr A{VH«$_Uo {Z`{_VH$aÊ`mMm {ZU© KoUo d Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr `mbm IynM doibmJbm. 1979 _Ü o A{VH«$_Uo {Z`{_V H$aVmZm \$m`Xm X{bV,y{_hrZ `m§Zm d R>am{dH$ _`m©XoV {_iob Agm ~Xb H$aÊ`mV

Ambm. 1960 _Ü o Oo YmoaU àm`mo{JH$ VÎdmda A§_bmV AmUboJobo Ë`mMm ì`mnH$ Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV d `m YmoaUm§Mo \$m`XoH$_Hw$dV KQ>H$m§nwaVoM _`m©{XV amhmdo Ago ~Xb hmoBn §©V 17df} CbQ>br. g_mB©H$ O{_ZrMm Am{Xdmgr {dH$mgmgmR>r Cn`moJH$am`Mo R>aë`mZ§Vahr A{VH«$_Uo {Z`{_V H$aÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©ZoM`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$m hmoV am{hbr ho g_OUo H$R>rU Amho.qH$~hþZm Pmbobr A{VH«$_Uo {Z`{_V H$ê$Z bmoH${à`Vm{_i{dÊ`mMm gaH$maMm à`ËZ Ago `m§Mo H$maU Agy eH$Vo.H$gohr Agbo Var gaH$mar YmoaUo AmIbr OmD$Z Ë`m§MrA§_b~OmdUr hmoB©n §©V ~è`mMXm Iyn H$mi OmVmo hm nU EH$_hËdmMm YS>m {_iVmo.Am¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ën d n`m©daU

BñnmV àH$ënmÀ`m g§X^m©V emgZmÀ`m d H§$nZrÀ`my{_Ho${df`r ~moH$sbm§Zr Vrd« ZmamOr d Ag_mYmZ ì`º$ Ho$bo

Amho d Ë`mbm àñVmdZmH$ma g.h. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zrhr AZw_moXZ{Xbo Amho. ~moH$sb `m§Mm _w»` Amjon ImS>r_Yrb _mgo_mar,AmOy~mOyMr ^mV O_rZ Zï> H$ê$Z H$maImZm C^m H$aÊ`mdaAmho. `mMm EH$ à{VdmX Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. nU EdT>m_yb yV Amjon ~mOybm R>odbm Var _moR>çm ~moQ>tMr dmhVyH$ ImS>rVgwê$ Pmë`mda ImS>rVrb _mgo OrdZmda d _mgo_mar H$aÊ`mdaH$moUVo {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVrb `mMr nyd© H$ënZm H§$nZrZoJmdH$è §mZm {Xbr ZìhVr, Ë`m§Zm m ~m~V OmUyZ ~yOyZ A§YmamVR>odÊ`mV Ambo. H§$nZrbm gaH$maZo n`m©daU{df`H$ Á`mnadmZ½`m d Zm-haH$V à_mU nÌo {Xbr hmoVr Vr \$magm {dMmaZ H$aVm {Xbr hmoVr qH$dm `m àH$aUmV gaH$maZo OmUyZ ~yOyZñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§À`m {hVm§Mm ~ir {Xbm Agmdm. H§$nZr A{YH$mar,amOH$maUr d ZmoH$aehm m§Zr nañna g§JZ_VmZo H§$nZrMo {hVamIbo Agmdo Agohr ~moH$sb m§Zr gy{MV Ho$bo Amho. m àH$aUmVnañna g§JZ_VmZo J¡a àH$ma Pmbo AgVrb Va ho àH$aU \$maMdoJio ~ZVo. nU ImS>rV _moR>çm ~moQ>tMr dmhVyH$ gwê$ Pmë`mda_mgo_marda Zo_H$m H$m` n[aUm_ hmoB©b Ë`mMr gaH$mar A{YH$mard amOH$maUr `m§Zm nyd© H$ënZm ZgUo ghO eŠ` Amho.H§$nZr~m~V Ago {dYmZ H$aUo EH$Va YmSgmMo dmQ>ob qH$dmnjnmVmMo. nU H§$nZrMm Omo àH$ën hmoVm, Oo V§ÌkmZ dmnaboOmUma hmoVo Ë`m§Mm m g_ñ oer WoQ> g§~§Y ZìhVm. Ya_VaÀ`mImS>rVrb _mem§Mr n¡Xmg, dmT> d _mgo_mar à{H«$`m mda _moR>çm

~moQ>tMm H$m` n[aUm_ hmoB©b `mMr nyd©H$ënZm Ho$di H§$nZrghmoVr d Vr _m{hVr H§$nZrZo XS>dyZ R>odbr Ago J¥hrV YaUo gmonoAgob nU amñV Amho H$m? _mgo_marda H$m` {dnarV n[aUm_hmoVrb, Ima O{_ZrÀ`m ~m§Y-~§{XñVrda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoB©b`m§Mr nyd© H$ënZm H$moUmbmM ZìhVr. emgZmMr ^y{_H$mAm¡ÚmoJrH$aUmbm AZwHy$b Agë`mZo (d hr y{_H$m EH§$XarVbmoH$m§À`m {hVmMr Amho Agmhr {dídmg (qH$dm Xmdm) Agë`mZo)g§e`mMm \$m`Xm àH$ënmbm (njr H§$nZrbm) {_imbm AgUoghO eŠ` Amho. Ago àH$ma hmoUo ^{dî`mV Q>mim`Mo AgobVa ñd §godr g§ñW§mZm OmJë`mMr y{_H$m {Z^dmdr bmJob.emgZmbm `m~m~V H$mhr Img H$aVm oB©b Ago _mZVm oUmaZmhr. Innovative {dMma nÕVr d Ëd[aV {ZU© `m Jmoï>remgZ àË`jmV CVadUo {H$Vr H$R>rU AgVo `mMr H$ënZm~moH$sbm§À`m {bImUmdê$Zhr oB©b. Aën{e{jV, Jar~ J«m_ñW{déÕ emgZ d ~S>r H§$nZr Ago àH$aU Agbo åhUOo J«m_ñWm§À`m{hVajUmMm àíZ ~m§H$m ~ZVmo nU gaH$ma dm H$§nZr `m§Zmgd©kmZr g_OUo dmñVdmer {H$VnV {_iVo OwiVo R>aob ?

Am¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ënm§Mm n`m©daU d ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§MoOrdZ `mda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoB©b `m§Mo nyd© AZw_mZ H$aUo H$goH$R>rU Amho hm EH$ _wÔm PmbmM. {deofV: àH$ënmMo _yë`_mnZH$aVmZm m KQ>H$m§Mr én o/n¡emV _moOUr H$aUo Amdí`H$ ~ZVo.hm gd© n[aUm_ àH$ënmMm (gm_m{OH$) IM© _mZyZ Ë`mMo bm^: IM© JwUmoÎma H$mT>mdo Aer y{_H$m KoVm oVo. `mMm n[aUm_åhUyZ {ZXmZ H$mhr àH$ën hm$gm_m{OH$ IM© ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgAj_ R>aë`mZo C^maVm oUma ZmhrV. m {R>H$mUr ho Z_y²X Ho$bonm{hOo H$s àH$ënm§Mm gm_m{OH$ bm^ IM© ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMrnÕV AmVm Odi Odi Wm§~br Amho. n`m©daU {df`H$ {dMmahrgj_ §ÌUoMoo Zm haH$V à_mU nÌ {_idÊ`mnwaVm _`m©{XV ~ZVmo.àH$ënmMr {ZdS> _w»`V: {VMr Z\$m {_idÊ`mMr j_Vm `m{ZH$fmda Ho$br OmVo.

gm_m{OH$ bm^ IM© m§Mm {dMma Amdí`H$ _mZbmVar gm_m{OH$ IMm©Mr O~m~Xmar ImOJr H§$nZrda Q>mH$mdr H$mhm ma g_mOmZo (njr emgZmZo) CMbmdm mMmhr {dMma H$am`bmnm{hOo. hm ma H§$nZrZo CMbmdm Ago R>abo Va Vo gd© amÁ`m§Zr_mÝ` H$am`bm hdo ZgVm hm ma H$mhr amÁ` gaH$mao CMbÊ`mMrV`mar Xe©dyZ àH$ën Amnmnë`m amÁ`m§V AmH¥$îQ> H$aÊ`mMoà`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. àH$ënmZo gm_m{OH$ IM© {dMmam§V¿`mdo d Aem IMm©Mm ^ma H§$nZrZo CMbmdm H$m BVa H$moUr hoñdV§Ì àíZ AmhoV d Ë`m§Mm VgmM {dMma H$am`bm hdm.

nmUr dmQ>nmÀ`m à`ËZm§V gaH$mar hñVjonmbm\$magm dmd ZìhVm VgmM {MHy$ bmJdS>rMm {dñVmadmT>{dÊ`mVhr. nU m XmoÝhr {R>H$mUr g§ñWmJV à`ËZ _hËdmMoR>abo. `m ~m~VrVbo `e BVa {R>H$mUr àË`jmV AmUVm oB©bH$m ho VoWrb H$m ©H$V} d g§ñWm§Mo Omio `mda Adb§~yZ amhrb.nmUrdmQnmÀ`m H$m_mV CÚmoOH$s` d¥Îmr~amo~aM ghH$m`©

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Amdí`H$ Agë`mZo gm_y{hH$ à`ËZ hmoVo VoWo e {_imbo Ago{XgVo. `m H$m_mV Á`m ì`º$s¨Zr nwT>mH$ma KoVbm Ë`m§Mo g_yhmMoZoV¥Îd H$aUo d Ë`mVyZ {_iUmao gm_m{OH$ _hÎd {_idUo AgmÑ{ï>H$moZ AgUo ghO eŠ` Amho. {MHy$ CËnmXZdmT>rV Á`mì`º$s d g§ñWmZr hr bmJdS> Am{XdmgrV bmoH${à` H$aÊ`mMoà`ËZ Ho$bo Ë`m§Zm Ogo Amho VgoM ~mOmanoR>oMo gm{ÝÝÜ` ddmhVwH$sMr ì`dñWm m KQ>H$m§Mo _hËd ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr. {MHy$nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m doVmÀ`m naS>çm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoUo d {dH«$s

ì`dñWoV naamÁ`mVrb {dH«o$Ë`m§Mo _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ `mVyZ~mOmanoR>oÛmao hmoUmao g§KQZ {XgyZ oVo.

_mÌ {ZabgnUo ñd`§godr g§ñWm d H$m`©H$V}`m§À`m_wio ~mOma d emgZ `m XmoÝhtMo H$m © gwYmaÊ`mg _XVhmoD$ eH$Vo Ago ~moH$sb `m§À`m {bImUm§VyZ {XgVo.

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A Note on Alternate Development Model(Prof. R. K. Patil)

(Apology for writing in English; necessitated owing to some computer problems).

I subscribe to the philosophical argumentsdeveloped in A.Sen’s book ‘ Development asFreedom. In the book he uses ‘freedoms’ (i.e. inplural) through out. That is significant. My viewswere developed before I read Sen’s book; but hehas systemised the conceptual framework. Wayback, in the nineties, when we took up organizingfarmers in irrigated area for water management, itwas a developmental measure to increaseproduction by removing bureaucraticmismanagement. However, I looked upon theproject as a means of empowering the weakfarmers and creating self-confidence (i.e. freedomin an ultimate sense - na_ AW©). Earlier the farmerswere so afraid of the bureaucracy that they wouldnot speak to Executive Engineer except in aservile, subservient mode.

After our intervention, a couple of years later,when they faced a hostile bureaucracy, they toldus that they are approaching High Court and wouldlike to sue Government. I consider thisemboldenment arising out of tasting the fruits offreedom, should be the aim/objective/goal ofdevelopment. In view of this, I concur with SHD’sconcept of development and its relationship with‘humanity’ or ‘human values’. SW wants to add‘ethical’ values. I think this is not necessary, as itis covered under the rubric of human values. Andincidentally what is ethics or ethical values? Withinethics, we have Hindu, Muslim, Christian values.The question is whose ethics? Polygamy assanctioned by Islam is a human value? So let usnot narrow human values with circumscription ofethics.

2. SW introduces the concept of alternatedevelopment strategy. (n`m© r {dH$mg ZrVr) I am afraid,that as opposed to urban-industrial model, there is

not one alternate but a spectrum of alternatives -ranging from acceptance of all the ‘good’ aspectsof Western Model sans the inequality, injusticeand other deficiencies to Dicholi lifestyle ofshepherds so vividly described by Dr. Bokil. Withinthis spectrum, we would have models proposedby Gandhians, Sarvodayies, Medha Patkar,Leftists, Utopians, Dr. Patankar, etc. and lest I Iforget Dr. SW. Unfortunately, none of the alternatesin the spectrum are fully articulated. While there isa lot of literature on Western model, and also onfailed Soviet model, burgeoning Chinese mode,there is a complete lack of specification of othermodels, especially the operationalising aspects.In essence, they are reactive, totally devoid of anyexperience.

3. Then the question of M§Ji. All the threediscussants have used the word in a pejorativeway. The dictionary meaning of the word isabundance, profusion, overflowing plenty,prosperity (vide Mollesworth’s dictionary). InMarathi it means d¡nwë`, g_¥Õr, gwH$mi, g§nÞVm, aocMoc,gw~Îmm. Viewed this way, I subscribe to M§JidmX. Infact, in my student days, ‘readings’ on socialismemphasized that the aim of socialist state is tobring abundance, plenty to all segments of thesociety. In 1986, when our Team visited Beijing,we requested our hosts that visits to couple offamilies may be arranged for us. I knew that thiswould not happen, as we has seen hoardings on aquite few roads outside. Beijing saying ‘Foreignersforbidden' beyond this limit. So, we were overjoyedwhen they took us to the house of a supervisor,who belonged to middle class. The house wasmodest. When asked what change he perceivedafter the new regime came in, he promptly repliedthat the wine which he served us was unavailable

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ranging from Maneka Gandhi, Bahuguna to Birlasand Tatas!

6. Urbanization and the inevitable ofadverse effects.

In the present stage of development (anddeteriorating resource position) not onlyurbanization inevitable, but so also its Xmê$U, ~H$mccharacter. Inevitable in the sense that under thegiven political system it is so. It is avoidable, butthis requires resources but the present politicalleadership is unable to commit. So SW is right inhis arguments, but as he later admits that theproponents of alternate strategy have very weak(say no) political leverage. The parallel would be:World could be free of atomic weapons, if allcountries having these, destroy them. Thus, atomicwars are avoidable in principle; but in practice thedanger looms around.

7. Productivity of Natural Resources.I am inclined to agree with SW. However,

productivity of organic farming is yet to be proved.But experiments show some breakthrough.

It is very difficult to disagree on the last twosections of the SW’s note. While agreeing to theneed of EGS, I reject the thesis that it should beinstitutionalized through land army. The aim ofEGS should be to abolish it. We have to developeconomic system in such a way that few personswould be forced to join EGS.

The conclusion section is a balanced one.However, I do not find an answer to the seriousquestions posed by Dr. Bokil on his essay on àmÊ`m§ZmA^` d _mUgm§Zm dZdmg. That dilemma illustrates theembarrassment faced by advocates of Westernmodel of development. In a broad framework ofdevelopment, I am convinced that widening anddeepening of freedoms - personal, social, political,cultural - should be the core of development. Henceit behaves to take into considerations the views ofthe persons affected. Participation - active - is thekey to development process and not politico-bureaucratic imposition.

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for a person of his modest means beforeRevolution. In other words, now there is abundanceand plenty. Our Marathi intellectuals may call thisas M§Ji.

Another fact is worth noting. On oneSunday, we visited a public garden which was fullof visitors - around 600/700 persons. To mysurprise, I found about 35 to 40 percent werecarrying cameras, which to my upbringing was aluxury. On inquiry, I found that with rising incomes(and surpluses) the only way to enjoy isphotography (cheap, relative to TV and otherelectronic gadgets). So this is plenty shared bythe majority - you may consider it as luxury but itis not.

The raison d’etre of development isto create and ensure plenty. If as a result ofiniquitous distribution, the system is abused andhas deleterious social consequences, the solutionis not to abandon ‘plenty’, but to deviseinstruments to curb the pernicious tendency.(I have written on this subject in AmOMm gwYmaH$ ofDecember, 2002; this may be referred).

4. Equity and DevelopmentSHD’s argument that equity considerations

limit the development process. Yes, if you lookonly for short term period. In the long run,development process gets accelerated if pursuedthrough equity. (example. China - Contrast withBrazil). Sen’s book clarifies this point lucidly. Equitydoes not constrain or limit ‘development. Whatlimits in the Indian context is the abhorrent inequitysupported by our ruling classes.

5. Environment and Development. Thereis a close relationship between the two as amplifiedin Bokil’s book. As suggested by SHD, one has toconsider cost - benefit nexus - not just in economicand technical terms, but from a longer perspective- in terms of eco-systems. It is wrong to say thatthere should not be any change; we should studywhat change, its consequences and alternatives.Even within environmentalists there is a spectrum

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lr {XdmH$a _mohZr m§Mo "ImXrÀ`m" AZwf§JmZo Ambobo{bImU ho EH$m AWm©Zo CËnmXZ, amoOJmar, _mZdr B.g§H$ënZm§daMo _wº$ qMVZ Amho. EH$ gbJ Am{W©H$ H$m ©H«$_mÀ`mAmamIS>çmMo Ë`mMo ñdê$n Zmhr qH$dm AmOMo KS>rbm oD$KmVboë`m "OmJ{VH$sH$aUmer" Amnë`m XoemVrb ~hþOZm§Mo {hVbjmV KoD$Z H$go OwidyZ ¿`m`Mo `mdahr Ë`mV \$mago hmVrbmJV Zmhr. _J m {bImUmMo à`moOZ H$m`? "AmOMm gwYmaH$Zo"VrZ AmKmS>çm CKS>ë`m AmhoV. 1. XodmdaÀ`m {dídmgmÀ`m{damoYmV. 2. AW©XodVoZo Am_À`m Am wî`mVrb ñWmZ VnmgÊ`mMoAm{U 3. AmOÀ`m Am_À`m Hw$Qw>§~ ì`dñWo{déÕMr.

`mV EH$ Jmoï> bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIr Amho. AmKmS>r 1Am{U 3 hr R>m_ ñdê$nmMr, A_wH$ EH$mÀ`m {damoYmV Amho. Ë`m_wioË`m~m~VrV nyd©nj, CÎmanj H$aUo eŠ` Amho. àñVwVAW©XodVoMo Am_À`m Am wî`mVrb ñWmZ VnmgÊ`mMo Agë`m_wioH$mhr g§H$ënZm Vo dmMH$m§nwT>o {dMmamW© _m§S>VmV. Ë`mgmR>r VoVrZ gyÌo nm`m yV YaVmV.

1) _mZdr Amg hr A^mdmVyZ {d^dmH$S>o OmÊ`mMrAmho. Ë`mgmR>r gmVË`mZo dñVy§Mm nwadR>m Am{U d¡{dÜ` dmT>dVZoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

2) darb H$m_ ho EH$Q>çm XwH$Q>çmMo, ñdmdb§~ZmMoZgyZ nañnamdb§~ZmZoM gmÜ` hmoUmao Amho.

3) Ho$di _mUgm§Mo dm OZmdam§Mo emar[aH$ l_dmnabo Va CËnmXZmÀ`m {d^dmda \$ma _`m©Xm oVmV, A{V[aº$CËnmXZ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr Am{U _mZd OrdZ e¡br Hw§${R>V hmoVo.åhUyZ kmZ {_i{dUo, emar[aH$ l_mbm `m§{ÌH$ n`m© emoYUo,~mhoarb D$Om© dmnaUo, l_{d^mJUrMo VÎd ñdrH$maUo `m gd©Jmoï>r H$amì`m bmJVmV Am{U Ë`mgmR>r nañnamdb§~Z An[ahm ©R>aVo.`mda _mPo åhUUo Ago :-

· A^mdmH$Sy>Z {d^dmH$S>o OmUo hr EH$_od àoaUmZgVo. _yb yV JaOm, Am wî` OJmdogo dmQ>m`bm bmdUmè`mgwIgmo r Am{U M¡Z (Á`mbm M§JidmX §åhUVm oB©b) `mV\$aH$ Amho. ''Amnbo l_ H$_r H$aUo na§Vy Cn^moJ H$_r Z hmoD$XoUo `mbmM M§JidmX åhUmd`mMo Zm?'' Agm àíZ _mohZr{dMmaVmV. JaO ZgVmZm Cn^moJ dmT>dV ZoUo mbm M§JidmXåhUm`Mo. H$moH$m H$mobm, \$mñQ> \y$S>, XmJXm{JÝ`m§Mm gmog ...Aer{H$VrVar CXmhaUo XoVm oVrb.

åhUOo _mZ{gH$ JaOm, gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>oÀ`m JaOm,...Ago \$mQ> o \w$Q>Vrb Am{U `mV nañnamdb§~mnojmì`{º$ÎddmXmH$S>o Omdo bmJob. CËnmXZdmX hr EH$_od g_ñ`mZmhr. _mUyg gwImÀ`m emoYmV AgVmo.

· {edm` nañnamdb§~Z hr dmT>rMr nyd© AQ> AgbrVar Vr VodT>r nwaoer ZgVo. IoS>oJmdmV ^anya nañnamdb§~ZAgyZhr CËnmXZ dmT> Pmbr Zmhr mbm H$maUo XmoZ :-

1) g_¥ÕrMr nU Amg bmJVo. {damJr OrdZmH$S>onmhmV {\$a{dUmar _Zmod¥Îmr Cn`moJr nS>V Zmhr.

2) nañnamdb§~Z Zìho Va ghoVwH$, g{H«$` g§KQ>Zhr CËnmXZ dmT>rMr nyd© AQ> Amho.

Science of resource management andorganisation hr nmíMmÎ` g_mOmMr Img XoUJr Amho. `mAWm©Zr AmnU ^maVr` "g_mO" ZgyZ "O_md" AmhmoV -Amnmnë`m d¡ {º$H$ _wº$sÀ`m _mJo bmJbobm.

Voìhm nañnamdb§~Z - interdependance -H$s "ghoVwH$ ghH$ma" Co-operation.

Á`m ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo _mohZr nañnamdb§~Z hrg§H$ënZm am~dVmV {VMo _mZdrXoh AmXe© CXmhaU åhUVm oB©b.nU BVH$m ì`mnH$ AW© J«mø Yabm Va "g_mO" \$ma _moR>m hmoD$eH$V Zmhr - g§» oZohr Am{U àmXo{eH$hr - àmÊ`m§Mo earaqH$dm PmS>§mMo AmH$ma _`m©{XVM amhVmV. (_mohZ {ham^mB©{hambmb)

_mohZtÀ`m MM}V "{dVaU ì`dñWoda" H$mhrM Zmhr.Ago dmQ>Vo H$s each according to his ability and each

according to his need Ago H$mhrgo Ë`m§Zm A{^àoV Agmdo.amoOJma - AH¥${Ì_ amoOJma - Agmo Zgmo gdmªZm g_mOmZo nmogbonm{hOo hm {dMma ñdrH$maUo H$R>rU Amho.

''When the number of persons willing towork under prevailing marketing wages excess themember of wage jobs available - there isunemployment'' Aer ~oH$marMr/~oamoOJmamMr ì`m»`m Amho.`mV AZoH$ ~maH$mdo AmhoV.

Under prevailing market wages ho {H$VnVdmOdr Amho? S>m°ŠQ>aZo n[aMmaH$mMm nJma ¿`m`Mm H$m,B§{O{ZAaZo S—>mâQ>g²_ZMm? Am°ñQ—>o{b`mV {OWo dole {Xbm OmVmo{VWo gaH$ma "employment matching the persons' skill

and knowhow" bm H${Q>~Õ AgVo. Agm amoOJma XoB©ñVmoda/{_ioñVmoda gaH$ma dole XoVo.

Xwgam _wÔm "OrdZdoVZmMm" (living wages) Amho._mJUr nwadR>çmÀ`m VÎdmbm Yê$Z {_iUmao doVZ \$maM H$_rAgob Va H$moU H$m_ H$aob? "Ahmo Vwåhr åhUVm ~oamoOJmaràM§S> Amho, nU Amåhm§bm Va eoVmda H$m_mbm _mUgoM {_iVZmhrV. Ago AZoH$ OU ^m~S> onUmZo åhUVmV. _wÔm"OrdZdoVZmMm" AgVmo.

S>m°. {M. _mo. n§{S>V `m§Zr ho {Q>nU 15 {S>g|~aÀ`m MMm©gÌmH$[aVm nmR>{dbo hmoVo. lr. {XdmH$a _mohZr`m§À`m 'AmOMm gwYmaH$ ' _Yrb 'ImXrÀ`m' boIZmÀ`m g§X^m©V ho {Q>nU S>m°. n§{S>V `m§Zr V`ma Ho$bo

Amho.

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BWo H$moUr Agm àíZ CnpñWV H$aob H$s VwbmS>m°ŠQ>a, A{^ §Vm, àmÜ`mnH$ ìhm`bm _r ZìhVo gm§{JVbo. _r\$º$ g§Yr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z {Xbr. nr.EM.S>r. = àmÜ`mnH$ ho VwPog_rH$aU Amho. g_mOmMo Zìho.

""Omo H$m_ H$arb Ë`mbmM OodUmMm h¸$"" hm {dMmaAm_À`m S>moŠ`mVyZ {OVŠ`m bdH$a H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$ {VVHo$ ~ao.Am_Mr g_mO aMZm H$er nm{hOo? H$moUr H$m_ H$arV Agmo H$sZgmo - H$moR>ë`mhr bmMmar{edm` amoQ>r-H$nS>m-_H$mZ {_im`bmnm{hOo. mda _mohZtZr {dñV¥VnUo _m§S>Ur H$amdr. Am°ñQ—>o{b`mVdole _wio EoVImD$ d¥Vr BVH$s dmT>br Amho H$s CËnmXZ Am{Ugodm Mmby H$aÊ`mgmR>r naXoemVyZ _mUgo Am`mV H$amdrbmJVmhoV. Hw$R>ë`mVar àH$maÀ`m emofUm{edm` ho Ë`m g_mOmbmH$go eŠ` hmoVo H$iV Zmhr.

amooOJmarMm AW© keeping them engaged AgmYê$Z ^a_gmQ>> H¥${Ì_ am oOJmar {Z_m©U Pmbr. nUkeeping them productively engaged Ag§ Oaråh§Q>b§ Var g§JrVH$ma, gm§ñH¥${VH$ CÚmoJmV, {ejU joÌmV,godm joÌmV (S>m°ŠQ>a) H$m_ H$aUmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm H$er_moOm`Mr.

EH$m AWu AmnU Statism Mm Laisse Fair bmn`m© ñdrH$mabm H$s ho gd© àíZ CX^dVmV.

_mohZtÀ`m _m§S>UrV ~mOmanoR>m§Mm \$magm C„oI Zmhr._bm XmoZ ~mOmanoR>m§Mm BWo C„oI H$am`Mm Amho. dñVw{d{Z_`mMrì`dñWm åhUOo ~mOmanoR> AerM _mPr g_OyV hmoVr. nU ho\$ma àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMo gwb^rH$aU Pmbo. XmoZ _w»` ~mOmanoR>mApñVËdmV AgVmV.

Economic market :- mV CËnmXZ, {dH«$s,{dVaU, g§nÎmr, (capital, CËnmXZmer g§~§{YV àË`j gmYZo-B_maVr, §Ìgm_J«r, IoiVo ^m§S>db) Aem g§H$ënZm oVmV.Free markets, Demand and Supply dJ¡ao AmnU ~mobVmo.`m ~mOmanoR>m g_mO{hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$ømV H$em R>odm`À`m mdad¡Mm[aH$, Am{U àË`jmV Iyn à`moJ PmboV. H$mhr EH$ A§XmO{Z_m©U Pmbm`.

1) Financial market :- hr ZdrZ g§H$ënZmAmho. àM§S> à_mUmda Am{W©H$ ì`dhma dmT>ë`mda ì`dhmamV"_wÐm, MbZ" `m§Mrhr _mJUr {VVH$s àM§S> Pmbr. `m EdT>çmMbZmbm gwdUm©Mo nmR>~i XoUo AeŠ`M hmoVo Am{U Gold

Standard Jobo.AmVm Finance market, stock market,

currency market, equity lending, credit expansion,undervalued / overvalued companies, collateraltrading, forward trading, derivating trading,speculation---Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>r AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm H$go R>odm`Mo`mMm AOyZ nwaogm AZw^d H$moUmH$S>oM Zmhr`o. {edm`Finanacial capital A{Ve` M§Mb AgVo, AJXr {dOoÀ`mdoJmZo Vo {OWo CÎm_ g§Yr AgVo {VH$S>o YmdVo. It is notcommited to anything, anybody but only to reward,profit.

`m Financial market Mo OmJ{VH$sH$aU Pmbo ._mÌ amOH$s` Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Mo Vgo OmJ{VH$sH$aU PmboboZmhr. wamonmVrb à`moJ gVV Aä`mgm`bm hdm.

Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam~Ôb AmUIr EH$ _wÔm bjmV ¿`mdmbmJob. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ EH$ Jmoï> J¥hrV AgVo. AmnUÁ`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmo Vr Aä`mgdñVy self motivated ZgVo.EH$m AWm©Zo hm à`moJ EH$V\$s© "nyd©{ZpíMV VÎdmda"deterministic predictive AgVmo. AW©ì`dhma hmReflexive AgVmo. Ë`m_wio BWo predictive \$ma H$_r AgVo.gVV {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m Mmby AgVmV. pñWa g§X © Mm¡H$Q>MJdgV Zmhr.

nwT>rb MM}gmR>r Am{UH$ H$mhr _wÔo gwMVmV. :-1. Voluntary simplicity AgVo H$m ZgVo ?

VioJmdMm AZw d2. dmT>Vo {dnwb CËnmXZ, dmT>Vo {dnwb Q>mH$mD$

nXmW©, Am{U n`m©daU3. g_Vm Zìho g_Ý`m` - AZoH$ JQ>mVrb, qbJ,

XmoZ {nT>çm§Vrb.4. dmT>Vm \w$agVrMm doi Am{U time pass.

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n`m© r {dH$mgZrVrMm {dMma H$aVmZm empãXH$ nmVirdaH$mhr AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

"gwImMm emoY" åhUOo OrdZ_mZ dmT>{dUo B. Ago J¥hrVYabo Amho. dmñV{dH$ Vmo gw~ÎmoMm emoY AgVmo.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg, Vm§{ÌH$ {dH$mg, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg`m g§H$ënZ§m_Ü o "{dH$mg" eãXmMm gH$mamË_H$ AW© J¥hrVYabm OmVmo. Z-Z¡{VH$ nmVirda ZdrZ emoY hm Vm§{ÌH$KS>m_moS>rVrb EH$ Q>ßnm _mZVm oB©b. EImXm V§Ìk Z-Z¡{VH$^y{_H$m KoD$Z Amnbo g§emoYZ Mmby R>ody eHo$b. na§Vy,CXmhaUmW©, n{hë`m _hm wÕmVrb ~m°å~nojm Xwgè`m _hm wÕmVrbAUw~m°å~Mr j_Vm A{YH$ Agë`m_wio Vmo {dH$mgmMm {ZXe©©H$Amho Ago gm_m{OH$ nmVirda åhUVm oUma Zmhr.

"BH$m°Zm°{_H$ [a\°$måg©" qH$dm$"Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm" øm{df`m§À`m MM}Vhr CXmarH$aU, d¡ídrH$aU øm YmoaU§mMm"gwYmaUm" åhUyZ {ZX}e hmoV AgVmo. dmñV{dH$ AZoH$ n`m© rYmoaUm§n¡H$s Vo EH$ AgVo. g§X^m©Zwgma Vo lo ñH$a H$s à{VJm_rho R>ê$ eH$Vo.

AmVm "{dH$mg", "gwYmaUm", "àJVr" `m eãXm§Mm AW©g§Hw${MV Pmbm Amho. MM}V ho eãX ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo KoVbo OmD$Z oV. åhUOo n`m©daUdmXr "{dH$mgmÀ`m AmS> oVmV" AgmAmamon Pmë`mg "Amåhr øm {d{eï> {dH$mgmÀ`m {damoYmV AmhmoV.EHy$U {dH$mgmÀ`m Zìho" Ago CÎma R>m_nUo XoVm oB©b.

øm MM}gmR>r KoÊ`mV Amboë`m {df`m§g§~§Yr {Za{Zamù`m{dMmad§Vm§Zr AmOda _yb yV nmVirda {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV.CXmhaUmW© Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr Am{U Ë`mbm _mZdr _Z Am{U g_mO`m§Mm à{VgmX mV V\$mdV H$er AgVo ho Q>m°\$abZo XmI{dboAmho. AZoH$ doim EImXr à{H«$`m MwH$sMr R>aVo Am{U Ë`m_wioË`m MwH$sÀ`m _mJm©Zo \$ma nwT>o OmÊ`mnydu _mJ© ~XbVm oUoAmdí`H$ dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio "ñ_m°b BO ã w{Q>\w$b" øm ~amo~aM

H$mhr ÌmoQ>H$ {dMmalr. am_Xmg ^Q>H$i

"ñ_m°b ñQ>oßg Ama dmB©O" ÜdZr {ZKVmo.^maVmÀ`m g§~§YmV øm gd© àíZm§Mm {dMma Jm§YtZr

gdmªJmZo Ho$bm hmoVm, Ago dma§dma {XgyZ oVo. øm MM}V EH$AS>MU _yb yV J¥hrVm§MrM Amho.Eo{hH$ {dH$mg åhUOo _mZdrgwImMr Jwé{H$„r hr {dMmaàUmbr Vnmgë`m{edm` \$ma nwT>oOmVm `oUma Zmhr. nmM-ghm dfm©nydu _w§~B©V E{e`m{Q>>H$gmogm`Q>r, Or. Ama. ^Q>H$i \$m¢S>oeZ `m§Zr "Am°ëQ>aZoQ>ñQ—°Q>oOrO Am°\$ S>oìhbn_|Q' øm {df`mda ì`m»`mZ_mbm Am`mo{OVHo$br. Ë`mV S>m°. ~r. S>r. e_m©, ~Jmam_ Vwinwio BË`m{XH$m§Zr _yig§H$ënZm§MmM H$gm nwZ{d©Mma hmoD$ eHo$b `m§g§~§Yr gyVmodmMHo$bo Amho. H$moUmhr EH$m {dMmad§VmMo ~moQ> YéZ {dMmam§À`màm§VmV {eê$ Z o ho Iao, na§Vw Jm§YtMo ~moQ> gmoS>Ê`mnydu Ë`m§Zrg§Mma Ho$bobm n[aga EH$Xm nmhUo _hËdmMo Amho.

~moH$sbm§Zr " OZmMo AZw d nwgVm§" _Ü o _m§S>bobo Aä`mgqH$dm Joë`m nÞmg dfm©§Vrb EHy$U àH$ënm§Mr JmWm g_moa R>odbrVa EH$ Jmoï> bjmV oVo. gwédmVrMr H$mhr df} {_l AW©ì`dñWm,Ë`mZ§Va g_mOdmX Am{U 1990 nmgyZ _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm m§MmYmoem Mmby Agbm Var àË`jmV ZmoH$aemhr, m§S>dbXma, Am{UamOH$maUr ho EH$_oH$m§Zm gm§ miyZ gmar 'Eo{hH$" àJVr Amnë`mdVw©imVM IoidV R>odVmV. ¹${MV {d._.Xm§S>oH$a `m§ZrXmI{dë`mZwgma 'Am °J ©ZmB ©ÁS> >B§S>ñQ—>r'(g§K{Q>V CÚmoJ) ~amo~a "Am°J©ZmBÁS>> bo~a" (g§K{Q>V_OyadJ©) mV gm_rb hmoV Agob. na§Vw EH$ \$ma _moR>m OZg_yhhm m gd© "{dH$mgm" nmgyZ d§{MV amhVmo. AmÎmmn ©V nwT>o Amboë`m{dH$mgmÀ`m n`m© m§Zm '_mZdr" Mo öX` XoUoM Zìho Va Ë`mVàmU H$gm am`Mm hm àíZ Amnë`mg_moa R>mH$Vmo. ~moH$sbm§À`mCXmhaUm§VyZ H$mhr n`m© {Xgy bmJVmV.

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àmñVm{dH$mMo gÌMMm©gÌmÀ`m gwédmVrbm "à`mg' À`m dVrZo lr. e§VZy

Xr{jV m§Zr CnpñWVm§Mo ñdmJV Ho$bo d "à`mg' ~Ôb WmoS>Š`mV_m{hVr {Xbr. 1994 gmbr d¡ÚH$s` Am{U B§{O{ZA[aJ nmíd© y_rAgboë`m§Zr "à`mg' hr g§ñWm gwê$ Ho$br. g_mOmgmR>r Amnë`mkmZmMm Cn`moJ ìhmdm hm hoVy m _mJo hmoVm. D$Om©, Amamo½`, {ejUd nmbH$Ëd, VgoM g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m øm Mma {df`m_Ü oà`mgÀ`m Mma JQ>m§ _m\©$V H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo. AmB©H$Sy>Z _wbmbm hmoUmarEMAm`ìhr ES²>gMr bmJU H$er Wm§~dVm oB©b `mda ZdrZàH$ën A{bH$S>oM gwê$ Ho$bm Amho. drOoÀ`m àíZm~m~V gaH$marYmoaUmMm Aä`mg, Ë`mdarb {díbofU d g§emoYZ bmoH$m§n ªVnmoM{dUo Ago D$Om© JQ>mÀ`m H$m_mMo ñdê$n Amho.g§gmYZo CnOr{dH$m JQ>mMo H$m_

Ë`mZ§Va am_M§Ð H$m¡bJr Am{U H$ënZm Xr{jV `m§Zr'g§gmYZo d CnOr{dH$m' JQ>mÀ`m H$m_mMr _m{hVr {Xbr. g§gmYZoAm{U CnOr{dH$m JQ> H$moH$Um_Ü o H$m ©aV Amho. d§{MV KQ>H$m§MmCnOr{dHo$Mm àíZ {dH$mgmdarb MM}À`m d à`ËZm§À`m H|$ÐñWmZrH$gm AmUVm oB©b mda g§gmYZo Am{U CnOr{dH$m JQ> H$m_ H$arVAmho. H$moH$UmVrb d§{MV KQ>H$mVrb {deofV… am`JS> {OëømVrbAm{Xdmgr Hw$Qw>§~mMr CnOr{dH$m H$er gwa{jV H$aVm oB©b øm{df`mda {d{dY A§Jm§Zr g§emoYZ d {díbofUmMo H$m_ gwê$ Ho$boAmho. H$moH$UmVrb AmR> g§KQ>Zm§À`m H$m ©H$Ë`mªÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo hoH$m_ Amåhr H$arV AmhmoV. m~m~V Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJH$ê$Z emídV eoVrÛmao d§{MV Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm CnOr{dHo$Mr gwa{jVVm{_idyZ XoUo øm g§H$ënZo modVr ho H$m_ Mmby Amho.

Ë`m{edm` emídV CnOr{dH$m (SustainableLivelihood) m {df`mda Am§Vaamï>r` nmVirda Or MMm©Mmby Amho, {VMm Aä`mg m JQ>mV\}$ Ho$bm OmV Amho. m MM}VH$mhr Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoVbm Amho. n[aUm_r `mMM}bm EH$ amOH$s` A§J Ambo Amho. `m Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm§Zr`m MM}_Ü o emídV CnOr{dHo$Mm _wÔm OmJ{VH$sH$aUm~amo~aMOmoSy>Z KoVbm Amho. `m MM}Mm Aä`mg H$aUo Am{U Ë`mMo"{H«${Q>H$' C o H$aUo hm øm JQ>mÀ`m H$m_mMm EH$ ^mJ Amho.VimJmimVë`m H$m ©H$Ë`mªg_moa m MM}Mo {díbofU _m§S>Uo Am{UË`m§Mr Ñï>r, Ë`m§Mm AZw d Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb MM}_Ü oH$gm ZoVm oB©b mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr m JQ>mMr BÀN>m Amho.`m H$m_mMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ {dH$mgmÀ`m n`m© r à{V_mZmdag§H$ënZmË_H$ H$m_ `m JQ>mV\}$ H$aÊ`mV oV Amho.

MMm©gÌm_mJrb y{_H$m

`mZ§Va gw~moY dmJio m§Zr àmñVm{dH$ Ho$bo. Vo åhUmbo…S>m °. {_qbX ~moH$sbm§À`m nwñVH$mVrb {ddoMZ d Ë`mbmàm. g. h. Xoenm§S>o m§Zr {b{hbobr àñVmdZm m_Ü o {dH$mg,

"à`mg' Am`mo{OV {dH$mgà{V_mZ {df`H$ MMm©gÌmMm g§{já Ahdmb(a{ddma, {X. 15 {S>g|~a 2002)

Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo, Ë`mdarb ñWmZH$m§Mo h¸$, n`m© r {dH$mg øm{df`mda Or MMm© Pmbr Amho Ë`mMo à`mgÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _moR>o_hÎd Amho. `m MMm©gÌmMo Vo EH$ H$maU Amho ho `mAmYr _m§S>boJobo AmhoM. nU Ë`m~amo~arZoM MMm©gÌmÀ`m Am`moOZm_mJo BVahrhoVy AmhoV. nwñVH$mVrb {ddoMZm_YyZ Oo AO~ agm`Z g_moaoVo, Ë`mVyZ {_qbX ~moH$sb hm {eñV~Ô g_mOemók Am{U

gm_m{OH$ OmUrd Agbobm göX` boIH$ åhUyZ OmUdVmo. Ë`mbmXmX XoÊ`mMm hm EH$ à`ËZ Amho. g. h. Xoenm§S>o `m§À`màñVmdZo_Yrb n`m© r {dH$mgmÀ`m MM}bm g_moa R>odyZ ho MMm©gÌKoV AmhmoV. g.h. Jobr drg df} H$mhr {ddmÚ, H$mhr Xwb©{jV Ago{df` KoD$Z Ë`m§da EH$m d«VñW kmZH$_uÀ`m ~m§{YbH$sVyZ H$m_H$arV AmhoV. Am_À`mgma»`m AZoH$m§Zm g_mO{hVmgmR>r g§emoYZH$aÊ`mMr gh§Zr Or àoaUm {Xbr Ë`m~ÔbMr H¥$VkVoMr ^mdZmì`º$ H$aUo hohr `m MM}_mJMo à_wI H$maU Amho.

`m MMm©gÌmg {_imbobm à{VgmX hm mamdyZ Q>mH$UmamAmho. JS>{Mamobr, ZmJnya Aem bm§~bm§~À`m Jmdm§hÿZ oD$ZbmoH$m§Zr Am_À`mda Omo {dídmg XmIdbm Ë`mMo MrO H$aÊ`mMmAmåhr à`ËZ H$ê$. {dH$mgmÀ`m joÌmV H$mhr XeHo$ {dMma H$aUmarAm{U OmJ{VH$ ñVamda H$m_ H$aUmar H$mhr _§S>ir oWo AmbrAmhoV; hm Amåhr Am_Mm gÝ_mZM g_OVmo.

AmOÀ`m MM}bm "ê$T> à{V_mZmMr g_rjm' BWnmgyZAmnU gwédmV H$ê$ m. n{hë`m MMm©gÌmMo g§MmbZ d g_mamonàm. Eg². S>r. Hw$bH$Uu H$aVrb d OodUmZ§VaÀ`m Xwgè`mMMm©gÌmMo g§MmbZ d g_mamon àm. a_oe nmZgo H$aVrb.S>m°. {_qbX ~moH$sb `m§Mo {ZdoXZ

`mZ§Va {_qbX ~moH$sbm§Zr Amnbr y{_H$m {deX Ho$br.Vo åhUmbo… {dH$mg{df`H$ àíZm§Mr MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ _rho nwñVH$ {b{hbobo Zmhr. nU {dH$mg åhUOo H$m`, H$emgmR>rH$am`Mm, Vmo H$aÊ`mMr nÕV ~amo~a Amho H$m ho gJio àíZAQ>inUo nwT>o Ambo AmhoV. nwñVH$mbm gh§Zr àñVmdZm {bhÿZ{M{H$ËgH$ ~wÕrZo O~aXñV ~m¡{ÕH$ AmìhmZ gJù`m§g_moa C oH$ê$Z R>odbo Amho. Ë`mVyZ Oo àíZ CnpñWV Pmbo AmhoV Ë`m§Zm{^S>Ê`m_Ü o ~m¡{ÕH$ AmZ§XmMm mJ Amho. AmnU Oo àíZ _m§S>VmoAmhmoV Vo {Od§V _mUgm§Mo AmhoV, Ë`m§À`m YS>nS>rMo AmhoV.AmOMr MMm© hr H$moaS>çm VH©$dmXmMr Zmhr. m {dH$mgmMo n[aUm_bmoH$m§Zm moJmdo bmJV AmhoV. m_wioM m MM}bm _mZdr agaerVg§dmXMo Ago n[a_mU {_iUo Ano{jV Amho.

`m nwñVH$m_mJrb Ñï>r g_mOemókmMr Amho. Aemàg§Jr g_mO H$gm dmJVmo ho g_mOmdyZ KoÊ`mMr y{_H$m Amho.gÜ`m g_mOmV EH$ X~bobr AñdñWVm Amho. m g§X^m©V _bmVrZ _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>r OmUdVmV. (1) ho n[aàoú` maV XoemMoAmho. (2) `m XoemV `m jUr bjmdYr bmoH$ Xm[aÐç Am{U

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{df_Vm m§Mr {eH$ma Pmbo AmhoV. (3) m XoemMm m jUr EH$m{dH${gV OJmer AË §V OdiMm K{Zï> g§~§Y Ambm Amho.

Ë`m_wio ~XbmÀ`m AË §V doJdmZ à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmë`mAmhoV. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Kf©U V`ma Pmbo Amho. hr ~XbmMrà{H«$`m Oer doJdmZ Amho VgoM Ë`m_mJo EH$ AÅ>mhmg, KmB©g§~§Y dmVmdaUm_Ü o Amho. m AmJ«hm_wio m XoemVrb Xm[aÐçAm{U {df_VoMm àíZ A{YH$ doJmZo C\$miyZ Ambm Amho. Ë`m_wio`m XoemÀ`m dómda VmU Amboobm Amho Am{U Vo \$mQ>Vo Amho.g§~§Y dmVmdaUmV AñdñWVm Amho. m AñdñWoVoMr MMm© H$ê$Z{H$_mZ H$mhr Var H$ê$ m. à`mgZo ho MMm©gÌ Am`mo{Obo Amho,Ë`m~Ôb _r Am^mar Amho.àm. g.h. Xoenm§S>o `m§Mo {ZdoXZ

`mZ§Va g.h. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr Amnbr y{_H$m _m§S>br. VoåhUmbo… VWmH${WV Am¡Úmo{JH$ ehar à{V_mZ, Ë`mdarb Q>rH$mAm{U Ë`mdarb n`m© hmM _wÔm KoD$Z _r ~mobUma Amho. gw~moYÀ`m{Q>nUmVbr EH$_od _wÔm _hÎdmMm Amho. ho Oo ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZAmho Vo OJmda Ambobo A[aï> Amho Ago Ë`mZo {b{hbo Amho. OUyH$mhr hm ßboJ Amho. {ZH$amMo à`ËZ H$ê$Z Vo g§H$Q> Q>miÊ`mMoà`ËZ _mUyg H$aVmo Amho. Á`m ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V_mZm{df`rVo AñdñWVm ì`º$ H$aVmV Ë`mMr ì`m»`m Zo_H$s H$m` Amho? VoåhUVmV, '`m à{H«$ oVrb CÚmoJm§Mm AmH$ma, Ë`m§Mr H|$Ðr yV aMZm,Ë`m_Ü o I{ZO qH$dm nwZ{Z©{_©Vrj_Vm ZgUmè`m D$Om©gmYZm§MmhmoUmam dmao_mn d Anì``r dmna, Ë`m_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmarn`m©daUmg d _mZdr OrdZmg KmVH$ AgUmar {dfmar agm`Zo,Ë`m_Üò H$m_Jmam§da hmoUmam AÝ`m`, CÚmoJmÀ`m _hmH$mÀmH$mam§_wio Ë`m§À`m R>m`r EH$dQ>Umar A_`m©X Am{W©H$-amOH$s`gÎmm, Ë`m CÚmoJm§Mr _`m©{XV amoOJmaj_Vm...' Ago Ë`m§Zr dU©ZHo$bo Amho. ho dU©Z EH$m {d{eï> V§ÌmMo Amho. EdT>oM Oa Q>rHo$Mobú` Agob Va CÎma gai Amho. hr Or V§Ì{dÚm Amho Vr ~Xbbrnm{hOo, {VÀ`mV gwYmaUm Ho$br nm{hOo. ho H$m_ {Z`moOZH$mam§M§Amho. ñd §godr g§ñWm§Mo H$m_ Aem {Z`moOZmg CÎmoOZ XoUo; gw{dYm,gm_J«r CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo; Ë`m§À`m_mJo C o amhUo ho Amho. hoAdKS>> Amho. _mÌ Ë`mhrnojm _bm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, hr Or ì`m»`mgw~moYZr Ho$br, Ë`m_mJo AmUIr H$mhr Var Amho. Ë`mMm ÜdZrAgm {ZKVmo H$s, `m V§Ì{dÚo_mJrb AW©ì`dñWm åhUOoM^m§S>dbemhr. m {dñVmamV Vo Jobobo ZmhrV. ZwgVo V§ÌM ~XbyZMmbUma Zmhr Va AW©ì`dñWmhr ~Xbbr nm{hOo Ago gw~moYZråhQ>bo Amho. ImgJr _mbH$r, _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm, ~mOmanoR>m hr OrAW©ì`dñWm Amho Am{U Ë`m{df`r Oo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho Vo ho à{V_mZAgy eH$Vo. _J `m gJù`m AW©ì`dñWobm n`m© r AW©ì`dñWmH$moUVr hm àíZ _Zm_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

ho IamoIa A[aï> Amho H$m? `m AW©ì`dñWoZo OJmÀ`mg§ñH¥$Vrbm H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m XoÊm½`m {Xë`m AmhoV. ì`º$sñdmV§Í`,_yb^yV h¸$ àË`jmV `m`Mo AgVrb Va Ë`mbm Am{W©H$ñdmV§Í`mMo nmR>~i bmJVo. `m AWm©Z§ bmoH$emhrMr,ì`{º$ñdmV§Í`mMr à{Vð>mnZm H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ `m AW©ì`dñWoZo

Ho$bobo Amho. Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Va KS>dyZ AmUbobmM Amho. Á`mXoemVyZ g§nyU© g§nÎmrMo amï´>r`rH$aU Pmbo, Ë`m§Mr AdñWm H$mÀmho Am{U Á`m XoemV ImgJr _mb_ÎmoMo ajU Ho$bo Jobo Ë`m§MrAdñWm H$m` Amho ho AmnU nmhVmo AmhmoV. m XmoZ ~mOy bjmVKoD$Z ho à{V_mZ V`ma Pmbo Amho. Z¡{VH$ ~Xb Pmbm H$m?WmoS>mgm Pmbm. ñdmV§Í` Am{U g_Vm _yë o Amnë`m ^maVr`g§ñH¥$VrV H$YrM ZìhVr. Vr nmíMmÎ`m§H$Sy>Z AmnU KoVbr Am{UbmoH$emhr_wio Vr ~iH$Q> Pmbr. {ZXmZ EH$m ~m~VrV _mUgmMrCÞVr Pmbr Amho. _mUgmbm _mUyg åhUyZ OJmÀ`m H$mhr WmoS>çm^mJmV Var à{Vð>m {_iy bmJbr Amho. åhUyZ ho Ho$di A[aï>Amho Ago _bm åhUVm oV Zmhr.

^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V AW©ì`dñWoMo EH$ _hÎdmMo A§J åhUOoOm{Vg§ñWm Amho. Oa Om{Vì`dñWm _moS>m`Mr Agob Va _wº$AW©ì`dñWm hoM Ë`mÀ`mda CÎma Amho. H$maU _wº$ AW©ì`dñWmEH$ _yë`~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVo. AW©ì`dñWobm hmV^ma bmdUmamOmo H$moUr Agob Ë mZwgma _mUg§ Zo_br OmVmV. _mUgmÀ m à{Vð>oMm{ZH$f H$moUVm>? Va _mPm Z\$m dmT>dUmam Agob Ë`mbm _r à{Vð>mXoB©Z. hm _yë`~Xb hmoÊ`mg Amnë`mH$S>o gwédmV Pmbr Amho.OÝ_mYm[aV, Hw$bmYm[aV à{Vð>m AmYr Amnë`mH$S>o hmoVr. _wº$ñnY}_YyZ Am{U Z\$m nmhÊ`m_YyZ hm ~Xb KSy>Z oVmo.

CËnmXZ g§~§Ym§da AmYmabobr {H$Vr à{V_mZo AgyeH$Vrb Vo gd© à`moJ OJmV H$ê$Z nm{hbobo AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ\$º$ ^m§S>dbemhr {Q>Hy$Z am{hbr. H$maU _mZdr ñd^mdmer VoOmñV OwiUmao Amho. gm_mÝ` _mUyg ñdmWu AgVmo. nU Amnë`mñdmWm©bm Y¸$m Z bmJVm Xwgè`mgmR>r H$m` H$aVm oB©b VodT>o VmoH$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ñd^mdmbm Or gwg§JV Agob Vr AW©ì`dñWm`mo½` Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. nU m ì`dñWoV Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmV. VoXya Ho$bo nm{hOoV. ho à{V_mZ H$m`_ R>odyZ Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$am`À`mH$s {Vbm {damoY H$am`Mm hm àíZ Amnë`mnwT>o Amho. nU _J`mbm n`m© H$m`? AÚmn n`m© r à{V_mZ Ago H$moUr XmIdboboZmhr. gÜ`m Oo Mmby Amho Ë`mbm Wm§~{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va_mZdmMm {dH$mg Wm§~ob Aer _bm rVr dmQ>Vo.

Omon ªV Vw_À`m S>moù`mg_moa Xwgam H$mhr n`m© Zmhr;Vmon ªV hr ZH$mamË_H$ y{_H$m Amho Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. gw~moYMoåhUUo Ago Amho H$s amOH$s` eº$s C^r am{hbobr Zmhr. AJmoXa{dMma Am{U _J A§_b~OmdUr Agm WmH«$_ _bm mo½` dmQ>Vmo.OJmVrb Zdo {dMma bmoH$m§Zr àW_ {Z_m©U Ho$bo. _mŠg©Zo Zdm{dMma gm§{JVbm. Ë`mZ§Va hr ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmbr. AJmoXaamOH$maU, Am§XmobZo Ago Pmbo Va Vo {XemhrZ hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`VmAmho. åhUyZ AmYr VÎdkmZmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br nm{hOo.

eodQ>r _bm EH$ _wÔm _m§S>m`Mm Amho. g_Om hr gd©ì`dñWm gS>bobr Amho. Vr Amnë`mbm Zmhrer H$am`Mr Amho.{VÀ`mEodOr Xwgao H$mhr AmUm`Mo Amho. Vwåhr OJmV EH$_od XoeAgVm Va R>rH$ Pmbo AgVo. nU gÜ`mMo OJ Vwåhmbm gwImgwIrAgm à`moJ H$ê$ XoUma Zmhr. Vwåhmbm Iyn eÌy AmhoV.Am§Vaamï´>r` n[apñWVr H$m` Amho? nwT>À`m {nT>çm Ho$ìhm

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ApñVËdmV oVrb? AmnU amï> åhUyZ OJbmo Va ! g_W© PmbmoVa ! nU ho Oo à`moJ AmnU H$ê$; Ë`m doir ho ^mZ Agm`bmnm{hOo H$s, OJmÀ`m ñnY}_Ü o AmnU _mJo nS>Vm H$m_m Z o. VoñdmV§Í` Amnë`mbm Zmhr.

S>m°. gw~moY dmJio… XmoZ g§{já Iwbmgogw~moY dmJio m§Zr g.h. Xoenm§S>çm§À`m y{_Ho$Z§Va XmoZ

Iwbmgo Ho$bo. Vo åhUmbo… gh§Zr _mPr åhUyZ à{V_mZmMr Orì`m»`m dmMyZ XmI{dbr; Vr XmoZ H«$_m§H$mÀ`m nmZmda Amho. VrIaoVa Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oMr _r Ho$bobr ì`m»`m Amho.nmZ AH$amda _mPr à{V_mZ {df`mMr ì`m»`m Amho Ago åhUVmoB©b. 'kmZ{dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ, Am{W©H$ nañnag§~§Y, {dÎmr`

ì`dñWm d g§ñWmË_H$ g§aMZm Aemgma»`m KQ>H$m§À`mKS>Ur_Ü o g_mOmVrb 'amOH$s`' eº$sMm _moR>m dmQ>m AgVmo dË`mVyZM {dH$mgmÀ`m à{V_mZmMr OS>UKS>U hmoVo. n[aUm_r,øm à{V_mZm_Ü`o _mZdr {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m ~mhoaMo `m AWm©ZoAn[ahm ©, AmnmnV… _yë`{da{hV, Anm¡éfo Ago \$mago H$mhrAgV Zmhr.' Ago _r m§g§~§YmV åhQ>bo Amho.

Xwgam EH$ Iwbmgm Agm H$s, n`m© r à{V_mZ àË`jmVApñVËdmV Zmhr Ago _r åhQ>bo Amho. nU Ë`mda MMm©M Pmbr ZmhrAgo _bm dmQ>V Zmhr. Iyn {dMma, MMm© Pmbr Amho. àË`jmV \$magoH$mhr Pmbo Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r nyaH$ amOH$s` ~i C o am{hbo Zmhr.

n{hbo gÌ… àñWm{nV à{V_mZmMr g_rjm`mZ§Va n{hë`m gÌmV 'àñWm{nV à{V_mZmMr g_rjm'

`m {df`mda MMm© Pmbr. m gÌmMo g§MmbZ àm. Eg.S>r. Hw$bH$Uu`m§Zr Ho$bo. m gÌmV N>m`m XmVma, Hw$_ma §S>mar, _mohZ {ham~mB©{hambmb, _oYm nmQ>H$a, VmË`m H$m§~io, àH$me Jmoio, A{OVAä §H$a, am. n. ZoZo, am_Xmg ^Q>H$i, {Jare gmohmoZr, gXmSw>§~ao, O §Vamd nmQ>rb, M§ÐH$m§V Ho$iH$a, a_oe nmZgo `m§Zr^mJ KoVbm. Ë`m gÌmVrb MM}VyZ AZoH$ _hÎdmMo _wÔo nwT>o Ambo.Ë`m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV Jmofdmam nwT>o {Xbm Amho.� Om{Vì`dñWm _moS>rV H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMm Cn`moJ

hmoB©b Ago gh åhUmbo. órdmXmMr gwédmV Am¡Úmo{JH$aUm_wioMPmbr Amho. E{\${eAÝgr hm _wº$ AW©ì`dñWoMm H$Um Amho.^m§S>dbemhrV 'E{\${eAÝgr' hm eãX _`m©{XV AWm©Zo dmnabmOmVmo. Zdè`mZo KamV H$m_ H$am`Mo Zmhr H$maU Vmo ~mhoaE{\${eA§Q> Amho. `m_Ü o Jmoï>r EŠgQ>Z©bmBO hmoVmV. EHy$U

AW©ì`dñWon¡H$s \$º$ EH$ Aï>_m§e AW©ì`dñWoMm {dMma Ho$bmOmVmo. bmBìhbrhþS> hm eãXhr Amjonmh© Amho. H$maU Ë`mMo XmoZ^mJ AmhoV. àm°S>ŠeZ Am{U [aàm°S>ŠeZ. `mVrb \$º$ Xe©ZrCËnmXZmMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. ór Zoh_r nwZéËnmXZmÀ`mH$m_mer {ZJ{S>V amhVo. Ë`mMm {dMma AmnU OdiOdi H$arVZmhr. ho Oo nwéfm§Mo H$m_ ór H$arV Amho Vo _Ü`^mJr `m`bmhd§. _wbm§Zm _moR>o H$aUo, Ë`m§Mo g§JmonZ H$aUo mV OmUmam doibjmV KoD$Z gJir g_mOaMZm H$am`bm hdr. {ó`m§Zm H$amdobmJUmao nwéfm§Mo H$m_, åhmVmè m _mUgm§À m d _wbm§À m g§JmonZmMoH$m_ m§Zm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ g_mOmMr aMZm Ho$br nm{hOo. Z¡g{J©H$g§gmYZm§er {ó m ~m§Yboë m am{hë m AmhoV. {VÀ mda g§Mma~§XrbmXbr Jobr. Ë`m_wio {Vbm KamV R>odUo Ambo. KamVrb H$m_m§MrO~m~Xmar åhUyZ Vr ñWbm§V[aV hmoD$Z ~mhoa H$mhr H$ê$ eH$VZmhr. Aem órM§ OrdZ ~Xbm`bm nm{hOo. _wi§ CIS>Ê`mMrà{H«$`m AmVmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Ü o hmoVo Amho.

� Am¡Úmo{JH$aU _mUgmer OmoS>bo OmVm H$m_m Z o. eharH$aUqH$dm Am¡Úmo{JH$aU ho Mm§JboM Amho qH$dm dmB©Q>M Amho AgoZo_Ho$ åhUVm oUma Zmhr. AmYr Mm§Jbo H$m` m{df`rMo {ZH$f~Zdmdo bmJVrb. Ë`m {ZH$fm§À`m VnmgUrZwgma H$moUVoà{V_mZ `mo½` ho R>admdo bmJob. gJio n`m© emoYyZ PmboVAgo åhUUo ho ~amo~a Zmhr. maVr` g§X^m©Vrb XmoZ {dMmad§VJm§Yr Am{U {dZmo~m ho {Xdg|{Xdg A{YH$ g_n©H$ hmoV MmbboAmhoV. 1909 gmbr {b{hbobo Jm§YtMo 'qhX ñdamO' ZmdmMonwñVH$ Ë`m Ñï>rZo Aä`mgZr` Amho. {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr'ñdamÁ`emó' `m nwñVH$mVhr gdm© VZ amÁ`ì`dñWoMr_m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. gh åhUVmV Ver {dMmaà{H«$`m _hÎdmMrAmhoM. nU BVHo$ An[ahm © Amho Ago _bm dmQ>V Zmhr.EImXm {dMma _mhrV Zgbobm g_mOgwÕm Ë`m {dMmamergwg§JV Aer H¥$Vr H$aVmo.

� Eo{hH$ gwImMm emoY A_`m©X Amho, Ago åhUUo ~amo~a Zmhr._mUyg Amnë`m gwImbm ñdV…M EH$ _`m©Xm AmIyZ KoVmo. VmoñdV…À`m n{bH$S>o g_ï>r _mZrV AgVmo ho Amnë`mbmA{^_mZmZo _mÝ` H$amdo bmJVo. {dH$mgmÀ`m Amnë`m _yë`m§ZmYê$Z H$mhr Jmoï>r Amnë`mbm {ZpíMV H$aVm oVmV. _mZdmÀ`mñdm^m{dH$ n[adV©Zm_YyZ AmnU Ë`m gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$Vmo.g§Vwï>r, g§ _, Ë`mJ _mUyg H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Vmo {H$Vr, mMo mZ

àmW{_H$ {Q>nUm§_YyZ nwT>o Ambobo _wÔog_rjmË_H$1. Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU - eharH$aU2. {dH$mg Am{U amOH$maU3. _mZdr g§ñH¥$Vr d {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm4. {dH$mgàH$ën Am{U {dñWmnZ5. AmnmVV… V§ÌkmZ6. M§JidmX Am{U {dH$mg

n`m© r1. y_r AmYm[aV {dH$gZ à{V_mZ2. O¡{dH$ {d{dYVm

n`m© r à{V_mZmgmR>r {dMmamW© _wÔo1. n`m© r ì`dñWoMm Z¡{VH$ Ame`2. V§ÌkmZmË_H$ d¡{eîQ>ço3. g§ñWmË_H$ aMZm4. amOH$s` d¡{eîQ>ço5. Am{W©H$ aMZm/d¡{eîQ>ç

36

R>odyZ AmnU Ë`mVyZ g§nyU© {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm _m§Sy> eH$Vmo.Ë`mbm {ZH$f åhUVm oB©b. C{Ôï>mMr gwg§JV Aer m§S>dbmMrOmoS> (Z¡g{J©H$ m§S>db) Agë`m{edm` H$mhrM hmoD$ eH$VZmhr. Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo Am{U _Zwî` eº$s `m§À`m gmømZoAmnU ^m§S>db {Z_m©U Ho$bo. `m gJù`mMm {dMma Ho$bm VaAmnë`m {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZoMm _{VVmW© AmnU _m§Sy> eH$Vmo.g_Vm, Ý`m` hr _w»` _yë o _mZbr nm{hOoV. ñdmdb§~Z hogwÕm _hÎdmMo _yë` Amho. {df_Vm hm gÜ`mÀ`m ì`dñWoMm\$ma _moR>m AmYma Amho. ho g_OyZ KoV AmnU g_mOdmXmMmnwañH$ma Ho$bm nm{hOo. V§ÌmMr {ZdS> Amnë`m {dH$mgmdaAdb§~yZ Amho. V§ÌmMr {ZdS> hm AË §V _hÎdmMm _wÔm R>aVmo.V§ÌkmZmMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Amnë`mbm _Zwî`~i, Z¡g{J©H$^m§S>db, bm^mMo dmQ>n `mMm A§XmO ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Ho$diCƒ V§ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo gd© Jmoï>r gwQ>V ZmhrV.

� Ý`m` Am{U g_Vm m§Mm C„oI AmnU H$aVmo nU n`m©daUr`H$m`Úm§Mm {dMma H$arV Zgë`m_wio m Jmoï>r àË`jmV oV ZmhrV.nydu {ZgJm©VyZ l_eº$s dmnê$Z _mUyg g§gYmZo KoV hmoVm.CÚmoJm§Mo à_mU dmT>bo Vgo M¡ZrÀ m Jmoï>tÀ m JaOm nwa{dÊ mgmR>rMho nadS>Vo Ago bjmV Ambo. Ë`m_wio M§JidmX \$mo\$mdbm.gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mr H«$`eº$s H$_r hmoVo. åhUyZ R>am{dH$ dJm©bmnadS>ob AemM dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ hmoVo. gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m JaOmnwa{dÊ`mè`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mH$S>o bj nwa{dUo eŠ`hmoV Zmhr. m {df_Voda _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r n`m©daUmH$S>o OmdobmJVo. {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z Vwåhmbm àmW{_H$ JaOm ^mJ{dVm oVAgVrb VaM Vw_À`m hmVmV CÚmoJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r eº$s amhrb.`mgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmr am{hbr nm{hOo. Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrbg§Vwï>r, g§ _ Am{U Ë`mJ m§Mo _hÎd OmUbo nm{hOo.

� _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm hr ñdm^m{dH$ Amho Ago gh§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.nU _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm Z¡g{J©H$ Zmhr. Vr {Q>H$mdr `mgmR>rB§½b§S>, A_o[aH$m m§Zm àM§S> qhgm H$amdr bmJbr. \$ma _moR>obîH$ar ~i dmnamdo bmJbo. hr ì`dñWm à`ËZnyd©H$ {Q>H$dmdrbmJbr. Vr AmnmoAmn {Q>H$br Zmhr.

� n`m© mMr ÌmoQ>H$ Mm¡H$Q> Z¸$s Z H$aVm n`m© m{df`r AmnUH$mhr gm§Jy eH$Vmo H$m hm _wÔm _hÎdmMm Amho. Hw$R>ë`m àH$maMràm°S>ŠeZ [aboeZMr Mm¡H$Q> Vo AmYr ñnï> H$am. m à{H«$ o_YrbH$moUVr Mm¡H$Q> mo½`>? hr Mm¡H$Q> ImgJr _mbH$s Am{U _wº$~mOmanoR>m hr Va Z¸$s Zmhr. _J H$moUVr? Amnë`mbm EH$Mm¡H$Q> {ZdS>mdr bmJob ({Xboë`m MmanmM n`m© m§n¡H$s) _wº$AW©ì`dñWm Am{U amï´> {Q>Hy$Z amhUo m§Mm g§~§Y oD$ eH$VZmhr. ho XmoZ eãX {dg§JV AmhoV.

� Á`m ì`dñWo_Ü`o Vw_À`m ñdmV§Í`mMm g§H$moM hmoV AgobVr ì`dñWm `mo½` Zmhr. CËnmXZ dmT>bo, Ë`mMr JwUdÎmmdmT>br, bmoH$m§Zm {ZdS> {_imbr na§Vw nyU©ËdmZ§ nm{hb§ Va{VWo {ZdS> Zmhr Ago bjmV oB©b. `m gJù`mgmR>r AmnUH$emMr qH$_V XoUma AmhmoV m{df`r AmnU OmJê$H$ am{hbo

nm{hOo. Vw_Mr ewÕVm OmUma Agob Va g_mO EH$g§Y Pmbm,oX Zmhrgm Pmbm Ago åhUÊ`mbm AW© Amho H$m? S>m`ìh{g©Q>r

hmoUma Agob Va àmYmÝ` H$embm Úm`Mo ho R>a{dbo nm{hOo?� g_mOmÀ`m nwZa©MZoMr JaO CËnÞ Pmbr Amho. ho eŠ` Amho

H$m ho AmnU nmhmV AmhmoV. _mZdmÀ`m JaOm§M§ {j{VO é§XmdUoAn[ahm © Amho. JaOm§M§ {j{VO é§XmdUma Zgob Va Vmo_mUygM Zmhr. _mZdr g§~§Y H$go AgmdoV>? Vmo CƒVanmVirda ZoÊ`mMm gmaIm à`ËZ H$arV amhUo ho nwZa©MZMoXwgao C{Ôï> Agmdo. åhUOoM Vo g_mOmÀ`m nmVirda ZoUo.`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$br VaràË`jmV Vgo hmoV Zmhr.

� gmao OJ _wº$ AW©ì`dñWoZo nwT>o OmV Agob Va Amnë`mbmXwgam H$moUVm n`m© Amho Ago gh åhUmbo. Ooìhm _wº$AW©ì`dñWm _wimV Ambr Voìhmhr Xwgam n`m© Zmhr Agm{dMma hmoVm. Xwgè`m n`m© mMm {dMma AmnU H$ê$ eH$V ZgbmoVar _J AmnU bmoH$emhr_Ü o AmhmoV Ago H$go åhUm`Mo?

� _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm hr m§S>dbemhrMoMo ê$n Amho. àË`jmV hrì`dñWm H$YrM _wº$ ZìhVr. Ë`mVyZ {df_Vm V`ma hmoVo.dmñVd CËnmXZmMm Omo ì`dhma Amho Ë`mÀ`m nÞmgnQ> Q>Zm}ìha{dÎm m§S>dbmMm Amho.

� ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWo_Ü o H$mhr VmoQ>o {XgVmV. dñVy Am{UnwadR>m `m§Mo à_mU A_`m©X Pmbo. ~oH$mar dmT>br. Z¡g{J©H$g§gmYZm§Mm \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna hmoVmo. `mVyZ àXyfUhmoVo. `m H$Mè`mMo H$m` H$am`Mo, hm àíZ Amho.

� B§S>moZo{e`mZo _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm ñdrH$mabr. B§S>moZo{e`meoVr_Ü o ñd §nyU© hmoVm. _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ë`m_wio VoWrbbmoH$m§À`m AZoH$ gd`r ~Xbë`m AmhoV. VoM BWohr hmoÊ`mMreŠ`Vm Amho.

� EH$ emofH$ Amho, m§S>dbXma Amho Am{U Ë`mZo gdmªZm Jar~R>odbo Amho Ago J¥{hV Yabo OmVo. gdU©, nwéf `m§MrM gd©O~m~Xmar Amho Ago g_Obo OmVo. nU Oo {eH$ma PmboË`m§Mrhr m ~m~VrV O~m~Xmar Amho.

� g_mO~XbmMr Or AmnU MMm© H$aVmo Ë`mV e¡j{UH$n[apñWVr, amOH$s` ì`dñWm m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Va Amnë`mXoem_Ü o Or H$mhr dmB©Q> ì`dñWm Amho; Ë`m~Ôb H¥$VrVyZH$mhr ~mhoa Ambobo {XgV Zmhr. Á`mMr {nidUyH$ hmoVo VmohrË`mbm O~m~Xma Amho, ho MyH$ Amho. ImbÀ`m ñVam_Ü oH$m` àíZ Amh oV V o OmUyZ KoVbo VaM AmnUOmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm `mo½` VèhoZo {dMma H$ê$ eHy$. Z¡g{J©H$gmYZg§nÎmr_Ü o àË oH$ _mUgmMm dmQ>m Agbm nm{hOo. nmUr,O_rZ m_Ü o _mUgmbm H|$Ðq~Xy _mZyZ H$m_ H$aVm oVo.

� ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m àoaUm Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmIoarO BVahr AmhoV. ñdmW©hr Z¡g{J©H$ Jmoï> Amho. ñdmWm©nojm g§M` m Jmoï>r_wio H|$ÐrH$aUhmoVo Amho. {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$ê$Z n`m© emoYVm oB©b. kmZ ho \$ma_moR>o m§S>db Amho. {dH$mgmMr {Xem kmZmYm[aV Agbr nm{hOo.

37

Xwgao gÌ … n`m© r à{V_mZmMo {d{dY n¡by

� `mZ§Va Xwgè`m gÌmV 'n`m© r à{V_mZ' À`m {d{dY n¡by§daMMm© Pmbr. `m gÌmMo g§MmbZ d g_mamon àm. a_oe nmZgoøm§Zr Ho$bo. gÌmVrb MM}_Ü o {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uu, gXm Sw>§~ao,_oYm nmQ>H$a, N>m`m XmVma, _mohZ {ham~mB© {hambmb, àH$meJmoio, àm. _wQ>mQ>H$a, em_ AgmoboH$a, am. n. ZoZo, VmË`mH$m§~io, am_M§Ð H$m¡bJr, X`mZ§X à y, A{OV Aä §H$a, {dZà.a. d a_oe nmZgo øm§Zr ^mJ KoVbm. gÌmVrb MM}_Yrb_hÎdmÀ`m _wÚm§Mm Jmofdmam nwT>rb à_mUo…

� _wº$ AW©ì`dñWm AmnU ñdrH$mabr Var A_o[aHo$Vrb V§ÌkmZVrZeo dfmªnmgyZMo Amho Va Amnë`mH$S>rb n§Mdrg dfmªnydvMoAmho. Amnë`m bmoH$g§»ò_Üò \$aH$ Amho. åhUyZCËnmXH$Voda AmYmabobo Oo à{V_mZ Amho Vo Amnë`m XoembmAZwHy$b Zmhr. gdmªZm amoOJma XoUma§ à{V_mZ Amnë`mbmAmdí`H$ Amho. åhUyZ n`m© r à{V_mZmMm {dMma H$amdmMbmJob. E{\${eAÝgrer g§~§{YV AW©ì`dñWm Agmdr AgoåhUUo ~amo~a Zmhr. ZrVrda AmYmaboë`m AW©emómVyZ V`maPmbobr CËnmXZoM _hÎdmMr AmhoV. gdmªZm amoOJma {_iy eHo$bAer ì`dñWm AmUbr nm{hOo.

� g_VoMm {dMma _mŠg©Zo {Xbm. nU n`m©daUmMm, {ó`m§À`mH$m_mMm {dMma Pmbm Zmhr. nwZéËnmXZmÀ`m H$m_mMm {dMmahm m g§X^m©V PmbmM nm{hOo. Or nwZéËnmXZmMr H$m_o {ó`mH$arV hmoË`m Vr H$moUr H$am`Mr? _mŠg©Zo åhQ>bo Amho H$s,Vr g_mOmZo H$amdrV. {ó`m§Mo H$m_ Zï> hmoUo åhUOo Vr H$m_o~mOmanoR>oV oUo Ago Pmbo Amho. _moR>çm à_mUmV CËnmXZ,dmhVyH$ `m gJù`m Jmoï>r EHo$H$Q>çm órbm eŠ` ZgVmV.Ë`mMm {dMma H$am`bm hdm. ho H$m_ H$moUr, H$go H$am`Mo, VoH$moUË`m ñdê$nmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWo_Ü o eŠ` hmoB©b mMm {dMmaìhmdm. O{_ZrMm h¸$, nmÊ`mMm h¸$ {ó`m§Zm {_im`bm hdm.H$m_ {_iUo hm Ogm Amnbm h¸$ Amho VgoM Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZo{_iÊ`mMmhr h¸$ nm{hOo.

� AW©ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z _yë mH$S>o OmUmam Agm hm {df Amho. m¡Jmo{bH$n[apñWVr Am{U _mZ{gH$ JaOm `m§Mr gm§JS> Kmbm`bm hdr.ì`dhmamH$Sy>Z VÎdmH$S>o OmUmam {dMma gwê$ ìhmdm.

� ^m§S>dbemhr Am{U gmå`dmXr ì`dñWoZo {ZgJm©Mm {dMma Ho$bmZmhr. åhUyZ H$moUË`m à{V_mZmVrb {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZm H$mÀgUma AmhoV mMm {ZH$f R>admdm bmJob. Ogo OJyZ XmIdboJobo Vo A{YH$ MmJ§bo hmoVo. J§JoÀ`m Imooè`mV Amnbo nyd©O OoCËnmXZ H$arV hmoVo Vo AmOhr OJmÀ`m {ZH$fmda CVaUmaohmoVo. Cn^moJm§Mr dmT> ho AmOÀ`m ì`dñWoMo n[a_mU Amho. hm{dH$mg Amho H$m? {ZgJm©Vrb g§gmYZo Oa dmT>V ZgVrb VaKQ>Ë`m g§gmYZm§Ûmam CËnmXZo dmT>V R>odUo ho H$go eŠ` Amho?Ë`mVyZ _yë`m§Mo AY…nVZ hmoV Amho. maVmMo VÎdkmZ {dYm`H$Amho Vgo {dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> R>adbo nm{hOo.

� AmnU gd© {ZU© ñdV§ÌnUo KoD$ eH$Vmo H$m? Amnë`m_yb yV _mZdr àoaUm§Zm gmjr R>oD$Z Amnë`m {dH$mgmMm AmH$ma{H$Vr R>odmdm ho AmnU AmVm R>ady eH$Vmo H$m? Amnbo gaH$maVar BVHo$ à^mdr, ñdV§Ì am{hbo Amho H$m? {dH$mgmgmR>rdrg Q> o$ IM© AmnU H$ê$ eH$Vmo. H$moUVrhr moOZm àË`jmVAmUVmZm ì`dhmaV… H$m` eŠ` Amho hoM nm{hbo nm{hOo.

� ñdmdb§~Z ho ì`º$snmgyZ amï>mn ªV bmJy hmoUmao _hÎdmMo _yëÀmho. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` Agbonm{hOo. Iè`m bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo gmYZm§Mo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mMoñdmV§Í` Agbo nm{hOo. {Z`moOZmÀ`m nm`è`m Am{U à{H«$`mH$moUË`m AgUma ho gdm©V _hÎdmMo. AmOn ªV {Z`moOZmMrH|$ÐrH$aUmMr ì`dñWm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {damoY hmoVam{hbm. hm {damoY {df_Vobm Am{U MwH$sÀ`m {Z`moOZmbm Amho.bmoH$m§Mr gmd©^m¡_ gÎmm Agm`bmM hdr. hmVmVë`mg§gmYZm§nmgyZ {H$_mZ JaOm mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$am`MoAmhoV. H|$ÐrH$aUmH$Sy>Z d¡ídrH$aUmH$S>o Or ì`dñWm JobrAmho Vr ZmH$maUo Amnë`mbm Amdí`H$ Amho. A{YH$m{YH${dH | $ÐrH$aU A§_bmV AmUbo nm{hOo. X oemVë`mImgJrH$aUmnmgyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmH$S>o OmUmam {dH$mg^maVmVrb JaOm§À`m ~mOyZo C^m amhÿM eH$V Zmhr.

� gÜ`mÀ`m amÁ`ì`dñWo_Ü o bmoH$eº$s àJQ> ìhm`Mr AgobVa Vr H$moR>o hmoD$ eHo$b? g_Vm Am{U ñdmV§Í` `m§Mo Xe©ZH$go hmoB©b Vo nhmdo. ór Am{U nwéf EH${ÌVnUo Amnë`m{ZU©`mV OmñVrV OmñV gh^mJr hmoD$ eH$Vrb Aerì`dñWm nm{hOo. ~hþ_VmZo {ZU© KoUo ho gwÕm KmVH$ R>aboAmho. `m_wio g_mOmMr XmoZ njmV {d^mJUr hmoVo. gd©g_mOmZoM {ZU© KoD$ Ago R>a{dë`mg g_mO EH$g§Y amhrb.ñdmV§Í` mMm AW© Agm H$s Oo H$aVrb Ë`mMr \$io Ë`m§ZmM^moJmdr bmJVrb. AmO Ago hmoVo H$s, {ZU© doJio bmoH$KoVmV Am{U Ë`mMr \$i§ doJir bmoH$ moJVmV. Ooìhm gd©g§_VrAgob, Voìhm ñdV…M ñdV…Mm {ZU© KoVbm OmB©b. VoìhmIè`m AWm©Zo ñdmV§Í` àñWm{nV hmoB©b. {ZgJm©À`m aMZo_Ü oì`º$s A_`m©X ñdV§Ì ZgVo. åhUyZ Aem ì`º$sMr aMZm nm{hOoH$s Oo {ZgJm©da AmYm[aV {ZU© KoVrb.

� {ZgJm©Mo kmZ Amnë`mH$S>o ÌmoQ>H$ Amho. Amnbm {dH$mgnaH$s` H$ënZm§da AmYm[aV Amho. Or Z¡g{J©H$ n[ag§ñWmAmho {VÀ`m JaOm nwa{dë`m VaM g_Vmob {Q>Hy$Z amhVmo.Amnë`m ApñVËdmgmR>r Vo Amdí`H$ Amho. {Z`moOZ H$aVmZmZ¡g{J©H$ {d{dYVm AmnU H$_r H$aVmo AmhmoV. IoS>§ hm H|$Ðr yVKQ>H$ _mZm`bm hdm. Ë`m Ñï>rZ§ {Z`moOZ ìhm`bm hdo.IoS>çm§À`m nmVirdaM AmnU AZoH$ CÚmoJ gwê$ H$ê$ eHy$.IoS>çm§Zm nyaH$ Aer ehao AgmdrV. AmO CbQ> Amho.eham§gmR>r IoS>r AmhoV. CËnmXZ dmT>rda \$ma a {Xbm OmVmo.Ë`mnojm {dVaU Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$go hmoB©b `mda bj {Xbonm{hOo. IoS>çm§_Ü o CÚmoJ {Z_m©U Pmbm Va ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§À`m

38

JaOm ^mJyZ Caboë`m Jmoï>r ~mOmamV OmVrb. Am{U VaMM§JidmXmbm Wm§~dVm `B©b. O_rZ Am{U nmUr `m§À`mOVZmH$S>o Jm§ r`m©Zo nmhm`bm hdo.

� w{ZQ> Am°\$ ßb°qZJ {Z_m©U Ho$bo nm{hOo. OmñVrV OmñVg_mOmbm H$m` hdo Amho Ë`mZwgma ho ßb°qZJ hdo. gÜ`mMonmÊ`mMo gmR>o Zï> Pmbobo AmhoV. bmoH$g§»`m dmT>br Amho.OmJ{VH$ n[apñWVrVrb {dH$mgmMr _m°S>oëg V`ma H$am`bmhdrV.

� {dH$mgmMm n`m© H$gm ~XbUma ho R>a{dUo AË §V _hÎdmMoAmho. emídV AgUo hr g§H$ënZm R>a{dVmZm Amnë`mH${_Q>_|Q²>g Z¸$s Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. Q´>mpÝPeZ åhUyZ AmnUH$m` ñdrH$maUma hohr R>a{dbo nm{hOo. ho Q´>mpÝPeZ H$aVmZmË`mVrb _hÎdmMo Q>ßno AmnU ñnï> Ho$bo nm{hOoV. [añQ>moaoeZhrË`mVbr EH$ ñQ>on Amho. E{\${eAÝgr dmT>dUo _hÎdmMo Zmhr.\y$Q>{àÝQ> bhmZ H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. EH$ àmoOoŠQ> R>a{dUoAm{U Xwgao ZrVr R>a{dUo Aem XmoZ Jmoï>r AmhoV.

� X§S>eº$s _hÎdmMr AmhoM. H$m Úmbm nyaH$ Cnm moOmdo bmJVrb.nU H$m`Xm nm{hOo. ê$b Am°\$ OpñQ>g ho VÎd Agm`bm hdo.AÝ`mæ` H$m`ÚmÀ`m {déÕ Om`Mo Agob Va Ë`mbm gd©g§_Vr{_iVoM Ago Zmhr. ~hþ_V ho nwT>o Q>mH$bobo nmD$b Amho. Vo _mJoKoD$ Z o. VgoM Amnë`m XoemV Am_ybmJ« Ago H«$m§{VH$maH$ ~XbPmbobo ZmhrV. m§S>dbemhr m XoemV H«$m§{VH$maH$ nÕVrZo AmbrZmhr. Vr bmXbr Jobr. Ë`m_wioM Amnë`mH$S>rb Om{Vì`dñWm^m§S>dbemhr oD$Zhr Zï> Pmbr Zmhr.

� bmoH$gÎmm {dH|${ÐV Pmë`m{edm` bmoH$emhr éOUma Zmhr.JmodmJmdr nrnëg H${_Q>r Agmdr Ago am° m§Mo _V hmoVo. bmo{h`m`m§Zr gm§{JVë`mà_mUo Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ C^maë`mg Ë`mVyZ IoS>rñd § y hmoVrb. bhmZ §Ìm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo Mm¡Im§~m gmaIrì`dñWm bmo{h`m m§Zr gwM{dbr hmoVr. AmO gd© emór` emoY^m§S>dbemhrgmR>r {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. _mUgmMr {Z{_©Vrj_VmH$er dmnabr OmB©b ho AmnU AmO nm{hbo nm{hOo.

� ImgJr _mbH$rdarb OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR> gd© Xw[aVm§Mr {Z{_©VrH$aVo. '{dH$mgàH$ën Am{U {dñWmnZ' Am{U '{dH$mg Am{UamOH$maU' ho Oo Mma Am{U nmM H«$_m§H$mMo _wÔo AmhoV Ë`m{df`r_r ~mobVmo . gm_m{OH$ ì`dhmam§da ImgJr _mbH$s AgVmH$m_m Z o. Á`m§Zm ho _mÝ` Amho Vo ~mOmaì`dñWm ZmH$maVmV.hm g_mOgÎmmdmX Amho. H|$Ðr` ì`dñWoV H$mhr Xmof {XgyZAmbo Va Vo Xya H$aVm òVrb. V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ~m~VrVQ´>mpÝPeZMo _wÔo R>admdo bmJVrb. g§ñWmË_H$ aMZm H$erAgm`bm hdr ho R>adm`bm hdo. ñd§ godr g§ñWm ~moH$sbm§ZmAmemXm`H$ dmQ>VmV. nU Á`m g§ñWm amOH$s` ZmhrV Ë`m hoH$ê$ eH$Uma ZmhrV. amOH$s` eº$sMr JaO mgmR>r Amdí`H$Amho. `m ~XbmÀ`m à{H«$ oMo amOH$s` à{V{Z{YËd H$moUH$aUma? Ë`mMm C„oI Hw$R>o Ho$bm Zmhr Va hr MMm© åhUOo\$º$ gw m{fV hmoB©b.

� V§Ìmbm {damoY H$ê$Z MmbUma Zmhr. _mUgmbm dOm H$arbAgr V§Ìo ZH$moV. H$ï> ZH$mo nU l_ amhVrb Ago V§Ì nmhm`bmhdo. `m XoemV Oo V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV Pmbo Ë`m V§ÌkmZmMmAä`mg Pmbm Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mMm g_mdoe Aä`mgH«$_mVZìhVm. Ë`mbm Vgo ñWmZ Úm`bm hdo. AmVmMo V§ÌkmZOm{V{Zhm` Amho. Ë`mMr _ºo$Xmar _moSy>Z H$mT>br nm{hOo.

� d§{MVm§H$S>o Mbm hm g§Xoe AmnU KoVbm nm{hOo. g§nyU© nmÊ`mMo{Z`moOZ H$moUmÀ`m Var hmVmV gmondbo OmV Amho. Ë`mgmR>rAmnU gdmªZr EH$Ì Ambo nm{hOo. nmÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ H$mÀgm`bm hdo `mMo _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎd AmnU _m§S>m`bm nm{hOo.~w{ÕOrdtMm gh^mJ Aem Midit_Ü o AË §V Amdí`H$Amho. {ZgJm©nmgyZ d§{MV Pmboë`m gd© bmoH$m§Mr _m{hVr¿`m`bm hdr. Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdahr Amnë`mbm H$m` hdoAmho ho ^maVmbm gm§JVm `m`bm hdo.

� JmdnmVirdarb {Z`moOZmMm à`moJ H$am`bm hdm. n`m©daUAm{U Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr hm à_wI ^mJ Yê$ZM{Z`moOZmMm {dMma Pmbm nm{hOo Ago {dMma AmVm _m§S>boJobo. {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm XrK©H$mbrZ H$s gÚ…pñWVrMm {dMmaH$amd`mMm hohr bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. amï´>r` nmVirdaÀ`m{dH$mgmEodOr ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdaÀ`m à{V_mZmda mdo Ago_bm dmQ>Vo. H$mhr Jmdo, n§MH«$moerMm àXoe, nmUbmoQ> joÌAem VèhoZo EH$m {d{eï> àXoemda bj H|${ÐV H$ê$Z Aem{R>H$mUr bmoH$emhr {Z`moOZ H$amdo. Hw$Qw>§~m{^_wI {Z`moOZH$amdo Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. _mUgmMr {H$_mZ CnOr{dH$m H$mÀgm`bm hdr mMm {dMma ìhmdm bmJob. V§ÌmMm {dMma Am{UË`mbm Agbobo amOH$s` n[a_mU `m§Mm {dMmahr H$am`bmhdm. amOH$s` eº$s Ë`mbm nyaH$ R>aVrb H$s {damoYr hoR>admdo bmJob. MM}gmR>r Am{U à`moJmgmR>r EH$Ì Amë`mdaMidirgmR>r EH$Ì ooUo eŠ` Amho. Ago JQ> {Z_m©U ìhm`bmbmJVrb.

� JmdmÀ`m à_wI nXmda X{bV Agbm Var {ZU© KoUmao nmQ>rbnQ>dmar AgVmV. gÎmoMo dmQ>n Pmbo nm{hOo. gÎmm EH$m OmVrVEH$dQ>Vm H$m_m Z o.

CÎma_m§S>UrMo gÌ`m MM}bm CÎma XoUmar _m§S>Ur àm. g.h. Xoenm§S>o, S>m°.

{_qbX ~moH$sb d S>m°. gw~moY dmJio m§Zr Ho$br.

àm. g. h. Xoenm§S>on`m©`r à{V_mZo XmoZM Ambr AmhoV. EH$ åhUOo

gmå`dmXmMo à{V_mZ. `m ~m~VrV _mPo åhUUo Ago Amho H$s,g_mOdmXm_Ü o g_mOmMr eº$s amhV Zmhr. CXma_VdmXmMr YmaUmAer Amho H$s, amÁ`g§ñWm à~i AgVmZm MrZ_Ü o XwîH$mi nS>bm.gmopìhEQ>_Ü o Xeghó O_rZ AmogmS> Pmbr. VoWo bmoH$eº$sMmX~md Zmhr Aer pñWVr hmoVo. gd©gÎmmYmar ì`dñWo_wio ho hmoVo.Ë`m gÎmmYrembm dmQ>bo Va Vmo g_mOmMm \$m`Xm H$ê$Z XoVmo; ZmhrdmQ>bo Va Zmhr. g_mOdmXmMm n`m© _bm ng§V Zmhr.

39

Xwgam n`m© Jm§Yr Am{U {dZmo~m. Jmd nmVirda Am{UWmoS>r Jmd§ {_iyZ Ago {Z`moOZ H$amdo Agm EH$ {dMma nwT>o Ambm.Xwgam {dMma åhUOo Jmd nmVirdaMo ñdmb§~Z! Ago Oa Ho$boVa JmdmJmdm_Ü o hmoUmam ì`mnma nyU© ~§X H$amdm bmJob. åhUOoË`m Jmdm^modVr EH$ H$S>oM {Z_m©U hmoUma. ho àË`jmV oUo eŠ`Zmhr. bhmZ n[agamV V§ÌkmZ gr{_V amhVo. _J ^mVm Am{UMmH$ mnbrH$S>o Vwåhr OmD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. AemZo Vw_Mo Xm[aÐçH$YrM Zï> hmoUma Zmhr. Aer VwH$S>çmVwH$S>çmZo Jmdo am{hbrVa gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>çm Vr àJV hmoV ZmhrV. nydu Jmd§ ñdmdb§~rhmoVr `mM§ H$maU dmhVyH$ì`dñWm gwYmabobr ZìhVr. Ë`m_wioAer ì`dñWm hr Jmdm§da bmXbobr hmoVr. Ë`mVyZ _J hr Jmd§Om{Vì`dñWoV AS>Hy$Z nS>VmV. amOH$s` {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMm {dMmaam° , bmo{h`m `m§Zr gm§{JVbm. nU Vo Ë`m§Mo ñdßZa§OZ hmoVo.Ë`mMo à{V_mZ Am{U à{H«$`m Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbr Zmhr.

AZoH$ Xoem§Zr doJdoJir à{V_mZo A§{JH$mabr. Ë`m§MmAä`mg AmnU H$am`bm hdm. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmUr, drO `m§À`mQ>§MmB©Mm àíZ Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mer nS>VmiyZ ^maVmÀ`mpñWVrV Ë`m à{V_mZm§Mm {dMma H$am`bm hdm.

H$moUË`mhr à{V_mZmMm {dMma H$aVmZm Xoe{hVmMm {dMmaH$am`bm hdm. amï>m{^_mZ _mUgmÀ`m _ZmV AgVmo Am{U VmoH$m`_Mm amhrb BH$S>o Xwb©j hmoD$ Z o. A_o[aHo$Zo amîQ>dmX gmoS>bmZmhr. Amåhmbm H$mhrVar doJi§, AmH$f©H$ nm{hOo Amho H$m?_bm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, Oo Amho Vo _mÝ` H$am. Ë`mV H$m` gwYmaUmH$aVm oVrb Ë`mMm {dMma OmñV \$bXm`r R>aob. AmVmÀ`mn[apñWVrV Oo AÝ`m` hmoV AmhoV Ë`mda MMm© H$ê$ m. Ë`mgmR>rg§KQ>Zm H$er H$aVm oB©b, Ë`mda amOH$s` Cnm` H$gm H$mT>VmoB©b mda MMm© Am{U à`ËZ H$am`bm hdm. J[a~r Zï> H$aUo ho

_bm _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo._YwgyXZ gmR>|Zr amoOJma h_r moOZoMm Aä`mg Ho$bm.

Ë`mdarb Ë`m§Mo {ZîH$f© Ago H$s, amoOJmar XwßnQ> Pmbr.CnpñWVr H$_r hmoD$ bmJbr. m§S>dbr Jw§VdUwH$s_wio Jmdo AmogmS>Pmbr. _mUgo eoVmdaM AgVmV. nmUrnwadR>çmMr AmH$S>odmarOr Ë`m§Zr {b{hbr Amho Ë`mVyZ Zo_Ho$ {MÌ ñnï> hmoV Zmhr. gmR>oåhUVmV H$s, VrZVrZ {nHo$ KoVmV; nU _J Vo {XgV H$m Zmhr?

Xwgao Ago H$s, 1986-87 _Ü o XwîH$mir ^mJmV _rJobmo Voìhm X{bV dñVr_Ü o qhS>V hmoVmo. BWo ^`mZH$ Xm[aÐçAmho Ago _bm AmT>ibo Zmhr. H$mog~mS>_Yrb Xm[aÐç ~KyZA§Jmda ehmam oVmo. _r _mÂ`m Aä`mgH$ {_Ìm§Zm `mg§~§Yr{dMmabo Voìhm Ë`m§Zr Ago CÎma {Xbo H$s, "_hmamï>mV BVH$o Xm[aÐçZmhrM Amho.' hm n[aUm_ amoOJma h_r `moOZo_wio Pmbm qH$dmH$m` Vo nhmdo bmJob. b±S> Am_u_Ü o dmB©Q> H$m` Amho? AemàH$mao H$m_ H$am`Mo H$s Zmhr ho R>a{dÊ`mMo Vwåhmbm ñdmV§Í`Amho. ho g_yh ^Q>Ho$ amhVrb Ago dmJio åhUVmV. Vo ^Q>Ho$AmhoVM. m moOZoH$S>o VwÀN>VoZo nmhÿ Z o. åh¡g qH$dm Jm` KoD$ZXoÊ`mZo Ë`m§Mm H$mhrhr \$m`Xm hmoV Zmhr ho _r nm{hbo Amho.

Xm[aÐç {Z_©ybZmMm n`m© amoOJma h_r `moOZm hmM Amho Ago_bm dmQ>Vo.

S>m°. {_qbX ~moH$sbEH$ ñnï>rH$aU åhUOo, _r Ooìhm g§ñWm åhUVmo Voìhm

_bm bmoH$m§Mo g_yh, åhUm`Mo AgVo. Ago g_yh Oo ñdmWm©n{bH$S>oOmD$Z H$m_ H$aVmV.

_mÂ`m {Q>nUmV _r åhQ>bo Amho VrM y{_H$m _bm H$m`_H$amdrer dmQ>Vo. _wº$ ^m§S>dbemhr qH$dm g_mOdmX hr H$mhr_mZdr g_mOmMr A§{V_ Ü o o ZmhrV. bmImo dfmªÀ`m ñn°Z_Ü oA_wH$M EH$ A§{V_ à{V_mZ Amho Ago _mZÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr.`m XmoÝhrnojm H$mhr Var {Zamio _mZdr g_mOmV oB©b. Ë`m_wioÁ`m Á`m doir g_mOmV AñdñWVm {Z_m©U hmoVo {Vbm n`m©H$mT>Ê`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ hmoVmV. EImXr Jmoï> AmH«$_H$nUo g_moaoVo Voìhm {VVŠ`mM g_W©nUo Ë`mbm n`m© g_moa oD$ bmJbo.

Oo n`m© C o amhmV AmhoV {VH$S>o AmnU S>moignUo nm{hbonm{hOo. n`m© emoYÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ åhUOoM {Od§VnUm Amho.Ë`m_wioM AmnU ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vmo.

S>m°. gw~moY dmJioMM}_Ü o _m§S>ë`m Joboë`m AZoH$ _wÚm§Mr, àíZm§Mr CÎmao

{_imbobr ZmhrV Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. n`m© m§~ÔbÀ`m MM}_YyZ(H$Xm{MV doioA^mdr) {VVH$s ñnï>Vm Ambr Zmhr. Ë`m~m~VMoJ¡ag_O Xya Pmbo ZmhrV ho gh§À`m CÎma_m§S>UrVyZ {XgyZ oVo.Ë`m§Zr CnpñWV Ho$boë`m e§H$m§Zm {dñVmamZo CÎma XoUo doioA^mdrH$R>rU Amho. nU H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m _wÚm§~m~VMo {ZamH$aU ìhm`bmhdo. Z_wÝ`mXmIb ~mobm`Mo Va ñdmdb§~Z åhUOo nmo{bgr~imda H$amd`mMo Vm{b~mZrH$aU Zmhr. Agm [aVrZo IoS>çmH$S>oOmUo åhUOo ñdmdb§~Z Zìho. goë\$ gm{\$e§gr d goë\$ [abm`ÝgømVrb \$aH$m§da Iyn MMm© Pmbobr Amho. Vr bjmV Z KoVmñdmdb§~Zm~m~V ~mobUo Anwao R>aob. _wº$ ñnY}Mo bm°{OH$ hoamï>dmXmÀ`m {damoYmV Amho qH$dm Zmhr, _wº$ AW©g§H$ënZoV amï>mbmH$m` ñWmZ Amho, m àíZm§Zm ZrQ> CÎmao {_imbr ZmhrV.

doJio à{V_mZ H$emgmR>r? H$maU m à{V_mZmMo rfU,XmhH$ n[aUm_ moJUmao H$moQ>çdYr bmoH$ Amnë`m^modVr AmhoV.n`m© r à{V_mZmMm emoY KoÊ`mMo ho _w»` H$maU Amho. AmVmMon«{V_mZ gneob \$gbo Amho mMm T>iT>irV nwamdm modVr {XgVmoåhUyZ n`m© r à{V_mZmMm emoY!

''b±S> Am_u_Ü o ñdmV§Í` Amho, AmOhr _Oya {\$aVmVMZm?''> Ago gh åhUVmV. b±S> Am_uVë`m _OwargmR>r Z OmÊ`mMoñdmV§Í` åhUOo Cnmer amhÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`. Aem Cnm``moOZobmn`m© Zmhr H$m? _mUgmbm O_rZ d nmÊ`mMm h¸$ Úm. Ë`mO_rZ d nmÊ`mMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dÊ`mMo V§Ì ~gdm. Ë`mgmR>rYmoaUmË_H$ Or aMZm hdr Amho Vr C^r H$am. CËnmXZ dmT>rVyZhmoUmam \$m`Xm gdmªZm {_imbm nm{hOo. _hmamï´>mVrb Xm[aÐçg§nbo Ago åhQ>bo Jobo. _mÌ g§ wº$ amï>m§À`m g§KQ>ZoZo V`ma H$adyZKoVboë`m _mZdr {dH$mg Ahdmbm_Ü o (øy_Z S>oìhbn_|Q> [anmoQ>©)

40

Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, _hmamï>mVrb 37% OZVobm {H$_mZnmVirdaMo åhUOo 2700 H°$bar XoUmao AÞ AmOhr {_iVZmhr. mZ§Va mn¡H$s H$mhr _wÚm§da Anwar MMm© Pmbr. doioA^mdrhr MMm© Wm§~dÊ`mV Ambr.

{dMma{d{Z_`mÀ`m à{H«$òg§~§Yr gyMZm`mZ§Va MMm©gÌm_Üò gh^mJr Pmboë`m ì`º$s¨Zr

{dMma{d{Z_`mMr hr à{H«$`m nwT>o Mmby R>odÊ`mg§~§Yr H$mhr gyMZmHo$ë`m.� EH$mM R>mog _wÚmda gdmªZr MMm© H$amdr. \$m°_© Am{U H$ÝQ>oÝQ²g

ho XmoÝhr ~XbVo Agy Z oV.� EH$ à{V_mZ g_moa R>oD$Z Ë`mV H$m` ~Xb H$am`Mo `mMr

MMm© H$amdr.� XmoZVrZ OUm§Zr àW_ MMm© H$ê$Z H$mhr _wÔo _m§S>mdoV. _J

Ë`m~m~V BVam§Zr MMm© H$amdr. Ho$boë`m à`moJm§{df`r MMm©ìhmdr.

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� VÎdqMVH$ {Z_m©U hmoUo, n`m© r à{V_mZm§Mr MMm© hmoUo ho_hÎdmMo Amho. _bm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, gmVË`mZo Aä`mg H$aUmaoAgo EH$ kmZnrR> V`ma ìhmdo. Vo H$m ©H$Ë`mªer g§nH©$ R>odVrb,à`moJ H$aUmè`m§er (CXm. XmVo, Xm^moiH$a) g§nH©$ R>odVrb,`mVyZ Zì`m {dMmad§Vm§Mr {nT>r {Z_m©U ìhmdr. OoWo gmVË`mZoAä`mg Mmbob Ago ì`mgnrR> qH$dm kmZnrR> à`mg qH$dmVËg_ BVa g§ñWoZo gwê$ H$amdo. doJdoJù`m g§ñWm§_Üò\$gbobo à`moJ nwÝhm nwÝhm hmoV amhVmV. H$maU Ë`mMo aoH$m°S>©MHw$R>o ZgVo. Vo Oa g_moa Agbo Va ZdrZ g§ñWm H$m_ H$aobVoìhm Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$arb.

H$m ©H«$_mÀ`m eodQ>r lr. gw~moY dmJio m§Zr CnpñWVm§MoAm^ma _mZbo Am{U H$m ©H«$_mMr g_már Pmbr.

MMm©g§~§Yr à{V{H«$`m§Mm JmofdmamMMm©gÌmg§~§Yr gh^mJr bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Á`m à{V{H«$`m Amë`m

Ë`mV ~è`mM bmoH$m§Zr MMm© g_mYmZH$maH$ Pmë`mMo {b{hbo Amho.H$mhr bmoH$m§À`m _Vo MMm© R>mog ZìhVr, doi H$_r nS>ë`mZo g{dñVaMMm© H$aVm Ambr Zmhr VgoM MMm© Anwar Pmbr. ~hþg§»` bmoH$àñWm{nV à{V_mZmÀ`m {déÕ Agë`mZo g.h§. Mr ~mOy b§JS>rnS>br d àñWm{nV à{V_mZ _mÝ` AgUmè`m CÚmoOH$-àemgH$`m§Zm ~mobdm`bm hdo hmoVo Agohr _V _m§S>bo Jobo.

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