348

nfXnkfJ - ;ZstK

T[g;zjko

349

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk d/ gqekfPs ekoi ft~u ;zrhs dk ftt/uBkswe

w[bzeD eoB s'A pknd fJj f;ZX j[zdk j? fe ;zrhs pko/ GkJh ;kfjp dk

frnkB nfs ftPkb ns/ pj[gZyh ;h. GkJh ;kfjp f;Zy Xow, doPB ns/

fJfsjk; d/ jh gow[~y ftdtkB BjhA ;r'A ;kfjs ns/ ;fGnkuko s'A fJbktk

ebk ns/ ;zrhs pko/ th nkg dh ikDekoh p/fw;kb j?. nkg d/ ihtB dk w[Zy

wzst f;Zy Xow dk gquko gq;ko s/ T[EkB eoBk ;h. f;Zy Xow d/

gquko^gq;ko ns/ ftnkfynk d/ ;pzX ft~u GkJh ;kfjp dk Bkw nkgD/

;wekbh b/yeK dh ;{uh ft~u ;G s'A T[gob/ Bzpo s/ nkT[Adk j?. nkgD/ fgsk

pkpk BkokfJD f;zx ih dh gq/oBk ;dek GkJh ;kfjp B/ pugB dh T[wo ft~u

jh BkG/ fty/ v/ok pkpk nikgkb f;zx fty/ ofjzd/ j'J/ tZy tZy ftdtkBK gk;'A

ftfdnk rqfjD eoBh nkozG ehsh ns/ fco fpoX nt;Ek sZe (g{oh T[wo)

ftfdne :'rsk tXkT[D d/ wzst B{z jw/Pk ;kjwD/ oZfynk.

GkJh ;kfjp dh ebkswe o[uh dk x/ok nfs ftPkb j?, fi; ft~u

Xow, yzvB, wzvB, fJfsjk;, Nhekekoh, e'Pekoh, okiBhsh ns/ ;zrhs nkfd

nB/e ftP/ Pkwb jB. nkg dk fgS'eV fJ~e iZN fIzwhdko xokD/ Bkb

i[fVnk j'fJnk ;h, p/PZe T[BQK fe;/ ekbi, :{Bhtof;Nh gk;'A ftfdnk jk;b

BjhA ehsh, gozs{ ftfdnk Bkb ;pzXs fi; y/so ft~u th T[BQK gqt/P ehsk,

T[; dhnK sfjnK co'bd/ j'J/ T[j nyho sZe nZgV/. ftfdnk fJ~e nfijh

;{\w ebk j? fi;dh geV ft~u wkBth GkJhuko/ d/ ;ko/ gfjb{ frnkB,

nkdoP s/ nkBzd nk iKd/ jB. ;kfjseko, fusze s/ ebkeko nkgD/ ;w/A

Bkb'A pj[s nZr/ ofjzdk j?. T[;dk nB[Gt T[;B{z :[Zr^fdqPNk pDk fdzdk j?

ns/ T[j nkgD/ nB[Gt B{z gkmeK sZe gj[zuk e/ nkgD/ wzst dh g{osh bJh

;cb nfGftnziBk eodk j?.

350

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk g[oksB ftfPnk d/ gz[i j[zd/ j'J/ th nkX[fBe

ftukoK d/ XkoBh ;B. T[BQK tZb'A ouhnK eJh doiBK g[;seK B{z t/y e/ nkg

dh ;w[Zuh P\;hns fJ~e ;kfjse Ezw tKr ikgdh j?. BkGk dopko u

ofjzfdnK ihtB d/ w[ZYb/ d"o *u oki Xow (1884 JhH) Nhek i?wBh n;tw/X

(1886 JhH) ns/ BkNe GktkoE dhgek (1897 JhH) nkfd rqzEK dh ouBk

ehsh. f;zx ;Gk bfjo d/ gqGkt nXhB jw fjzd{ BjhA (1897 JhH), r[o[ws

gqGkeo (1898 JhH), r[o[ws ;[Xkeo (1899 JhH), r[o[frok e;"Nh (1899

JhH) ;Zd dk gowkoE (1901 JhH) nkfd r[owfs gquko fjs ;kfjs ouBk

ehsh ns/ Pokp fBP/X (1907 JhH) torhnK g[;seK fby e/ ;wki ;[Xko d/

y/so ft~u th :'rdkB gkfJnk.

fJ;/ soQK nkgD/ ihtB d/ nyhob/ d"o ft~u nkgB/ r[o[Szd fdtkeo

(1924 JhH) r[o[Ppdkbzeko (1925 JhH) nkfd g[;seK dh ouBk eoe/ wjkB

Szd Pk;soh s/ nbzeko Pk;soh j'D dk ;p{s fdZsk. nB/ekoE s/ Bkw wkbk

nkfd e'PK dk ;zgkdB ns/ o{g dhg fgzrb (1925 JhH) dh ;[XkJh ehsh.

nkg dh ihtB Go dh sgZf;nk dk cb r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P

frnkB d/ y/so ft~u fJ~e whb gZEo j?. fi; dh ouBk bJh nkg B/ 14

to/Q ;ys fwjBs ehsh. gzikph e'Pekoh ft~u ftPte'P (Encyclopaedia)

d/ BK Bkb gSkDh ikD tkbh gfjbh feos GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk ofus

‘r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P* j?. fi; ft~u j'oBK nB/e ftfPnK d/ Bkb

Bkb ;zrhs dh th ft;fsqs ikDekoh fwbdh j?.

GkJh ;kfjp g[oksB wkgdzvK s/ fwnkoK s'A Gbh goeko tkec sK ;B

jh, gozs{ Bkb jh nkX[fBe fwnkoK s/ wkgdzvK pkps th T[BQK e'b Go';/:'r

;'Mh ;h. PkfJd fJjh tiQk j? fe T[BQK dk y'i^ekoi ;dhthA gqGkt f;oiD

351

dh Gog{o ;woZEk oZydk j?. fJj ekoi gfjb/ ;fwnK ft~u th ;koEe ;h,

nZi th ;koEe j? s/ GftZy ft~u th fJ;dh ;kofEesk pDh oj/rh.

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk B{z ;?o, pkrpkBh ns/ Pk;soh ;zrhs dk

p/jZd P"e ;h. T[BQK B{z y[d f;sko tikT[D dk pj[s P"Ae ;h. nkg B/

dopko gfNnkbk d/ Bkwto skT{; tkde wjzs r~ik f;zx gk;'A ;zrhs dh

f;~fynk jk;b ehsh ns/ wjkB e'P ft~u ;zrhse ikDekoh T[gbpX

eokT[D bJh, wjzs rZik f;zx ofus rqzE ‘r[owfs ;zrhs* s'A Gog{o

bkG T[mkfJnk. GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk d/ gqekfPs ekoi ft~u'A ;zrhs ;pzXh

ehs/ rJ/ ;ot/yD ns/ w[bzeD d/ nkXko T[Zs/ fBwB fbys f;ZN/ gqkgs j[zd/

jB, i' ;zy/g PpdK ft~u fJ; goeko gorNkJ/ ik ;ed/ jBL^

(1) ebk, wB[Zy nzdo S[gh nEkj ;[zdosk s/ f;oiBkswesk dk fJ~e T[j

nw[Zb yIkBk j?, iK e[dosh gqekP j?, fi;d/ ukBD dh b'n ft~u n;hA

nBzs ;[jZgD B{z ik S{jd/ jK. Gkos ft~u g[oksB ;w/A ebk dh tor

tzv uko{ (pk:) ns/ eko{ (dk:) Bkw G/d Bkb t/yD B{z fwbdh j?.

wjkB e'P nB[;ko ‘eko{’ dk ;pzX T[g:'rsk Bkb ns/ ‘uko{’ dk

;pzX ;[zdosk (;[ji) Bkb j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ ‘ftfdnk* ns/ ‘j[Bo*

B{z ebk dZf;nk j?. pqjw t?tos g[okD, ftPB{ g[okD, ebk ftbk;,

wjkGkos, bfbs ft;sko ns/ P[eqBhsh nkfd tZy tZy gokuhB rqzEK

d/ jtkb/ Bkb ebk d/ ftPkb noEK pko/ ikD{ eokT[D T[gozs, ebk d/

wjZst pko/ d~f;nk j? fe ebktK nBzs jB, fizBhnK ebktK e'Jh g[oy

nkgD/ ft~u fInkdk oZydk j?, UBk jh T[j tZvk ebktkB ;wfMnk

iKdk j?.

352

fjzd{ Xow rqzEK, Bhsh Pk;so ns/ f;Zy Xow d/ rqzEK B{z nkXko pDke/

ebk d/ tZy tZy gZyK B{z ;gZPN eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp f;ZNk eZYd/ jB fe

i/eo g[okD/ ethnK tKr ftfdnk dh ebk frDhJ/, sK PkfJd ;?AeV/ j' ikD,

T[BQK ftfdnk dh g{oh gqBkbh B{z S/ ebktK d/ nzsors oZy e/ ;zrhs

fusqekoh, ne; ftfdnk, T[eoD dh ftfdnk, fJwkosK dh ftfdnk ns/

e;hdk nkfd B{z ‘j[Bo* s/ ‘ekohroh* dh ebk ft~u frfDnk j?.

fe;/ d/P iK e"w dh ;z;ko ft~u soZeh bJh ebk ns/ ftfdnk d/

wjZst B{z T[ikro eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp dZ;d/ jB fe fi; d/P iK e"w d/

b'e j'oBK Bkb'A tXhe ebktkB jB, T[jh gqskgh s/ ;G s/ j[ew ubkT[D

tkb/ jB, ebkjhB b'e f;tkJ/ r[bkwh d/ j'o e[M BjhA eo ;ed/. ;gZPN

j? fe ‘ebk* dh gfoGkPk dk ftPkb x/ok T[bhefdnK S/ ebktK ft~u

T[g:'rh s/ bfbs ebktK B{z Pkwb eoe/ nkg B/ ebk B{z ftfdnk dh

;zg{oB gqBkbh wzfBnK j? ns/ f;qPNh d/ ouBjko gowkswk B{z ;G s'A

tZvk ebkeko dZf;nk j?.

(2) ;op ftnkgh ebk ;zrhs pko/ nkgD/ ft~uko gorN eofdnK GkJh

ekBQ f;zx BkGk B/ rkfJB, tkdB ns/ fBos, fszBK B{z jh ;zrhs ebk d/

nzr wzfBnk j?. ‘Bkd* B{z ;_o ftfdnk iK ;zrhs d;fdnK, Bkd dk

;zrhs Bkb ;pzX ;gZPN ehsk j? fe ‘B(gqkD), d(nrfB)*. gqkD

ns/ ;oho dh nrBh d/ ;z:'r s'A i' ;to T[gi/, ;' ‘Bkd* j?. fJ;

Bkd d/ fszB n;EkB jB, fjodk, ezm ns/ w;se. fjod/ ft~u

fJ;fEs Bkd dh ‘wzdq* ;zr:k j?, ezm ft~u Bkd dh ‘wXnw*

;zr:k ns/ w;se ft~u fJ;fEs Bkd ‘sko’ j?. Bkd d/ ;zrhs

T[g:'rh gZy pko/ uouk d/ Bkb jh fJ;d/ ojZ;wJh gZy pko/ GkJh

353

;kfjp dk eEB j? fe fu~s dh J/ekrosk (;wkXh) dh dPk ft~u

nB[Gt j'D tkb/ nkswk^wzvb d/ ;zrhs B{z ‘nBkjd Bkd* fejk

iKdk j?. :'r ns/ r[owfs ft~u ‘nBkjd Bkd*, dk Gkt tZy'^tZyok

j?.

(3) ;zrhs d/ ftdtkBK nB[;ko ‘Bkd* s'A ‘Po[sh*, Po[sh s'A ;[o, ;[o s'A

;gse ns/ ;gse d/ P[ZX ns/ fteos 12 ;[oK s'A ‘EkN* pDd/ jB.

;zrhs Bkb ;pzXs fJBQK ;ko/ seBheh gZyK pko/ GkJh ;kfjp B/ nkgD/

gqekfPs ekoi ft~u EkUA^EkJhA nfijh ikDekoh g/P ehsh j? i' fe

nekdfwe gZy'A ;zrhs dh y'i bJh nZi th gqwkfDe j?.

(4) ;zrhs dk nkXko ;_o ns/ Po[sh pko/ GkJh ;kfjp B/ pV/ jh

ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb ikDekoh g/P ehsh j?. ;_o dk noE ehsk j? fe

i' ;_ (nkgD/ nkg) o (;'GktkB) j't/, ;_o efjbkT[Adk j?. t?fde

ekb ft~u gquZbs ;zrhs d/ ;[oK T[dks, nB[dks, ;tfos nkfd dh

ikDekoh s'A fJbktk toswkB ;[oK d/ BkwK dh f;bf;b/tko

ikDekoh T[gbpX j?. GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko i' ;[o foPhnK d/ okr

ftfdnk d/ nkozG ft~u Ekg/, T[j P[ZX ej/ iKd/ jB. c/o fgZS'A eJh

okrK tk;s/ i' ‘Bht/A* ns/ T[Zu/ ;[o dh b'V gJh sK gzi ftfeqs ;[o

pDkJ/. fJBQK ftZu'A ukoL^ foPG, rKXko, X?ts ns/ fBPkd ftekoh j'

e/ e'wb j' iKd/ jB ns/ wX:w ftfeqs j' e/ shtq (eVk) j[zdk j?. fJ;

fj;kp Bkb pkoK (;Zs P[ZX ns/ gzi ftfeqs) ;[oK s'A ;ko/ okrK d/ mkN

[EkN] pDd/ jB.

(5) ;zrhs d/ ftdtkBK dk wZs j? fe ;Zs ;to fwbe/ fJ~e ;gse pDdk

j?. fJ~e ;gse ft~u 22 Bkd G/d jB, fiBQK B{z Po[sh fejk iKdk j?.

354

;z;feqs GkPk d/ ‘Po{* Xks{ s'A pD/ Po[sh Ppd dk noE j?, ;[DB iK

;[DhnK iK ;eD tkbhnK P{yw nktkiK.

GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko ‘;[o* dh wksqk nEtk nzP dk Bkw ‘Po[sh*

j?. fiBQK d/ ;[oK nB[;ko Bkw fJ; goeko jB L (1) PVi dh shtqk,

e[w[dtosh, wzdqk, Szd'tsh (2) foPG dh d:ktsh, oziBh, oefsek, (3)

rKXko dh o"doh, eq'Xk (4) wX:w dh tfiqek, gq;kfoDh, gqhfs, wkoikBh (5)

gzuw dh fPqsh, oesk, ;zdhgBh nkbkfgBh, (6) X?ts dh wdzsh, o'fjDh,

ow:k (7) fBPkd dh L^ T[rqk, eP'fGDh nkfd.

Po[sh pko/ nkgD/ nb'uBkswe ftuko g/P eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp

;gZPN eod/ jB fe Po[sh ;to dk ftGkr j?. fJ;/ s'A e'wb, e'wb so ns/

shtq G/d j' iKd/ jB.

(6) Po[sh ns/ w{oSBk dk G/d ;g~PN eofdnK d~f;nk j? fe eJh nBikD

Po[sh B{z w{oSBk ;wMd/ jB, i' Gkoh G[Zb j?. w{oSBk dk noE j?

w{oSk dPk B{z gqkgs j':k ;[o. g[okD/ ;kIK ft~u fszB ;gseK j'fJnk

eofdnK ;B, fJ; bJh fJ;fEs ;[oK B{z 21 w{oSBk efjD bZr gJ/.

(7) ;zrhs ft~u Bkd s'A Po[sh, Po[sh s'A ;[o, ;[o s'A ;gse ns/ ;gse s'A

EkN dh ouBk j'Jh wzBh rJh j?. ;[oK d/ P[ZX ns/ ftfeqs G/d Bkb

eJh goeko d/ EkN j' ;ed/ jB. T[j ;to ;w{j i' okr T[sgzB eo

;e/ w/b iK EkN efjbkT[Adk j?. gzdothA ;dh d/ ftdtkB b'uB B/ 12

w/b, (mkN), ftnzeNw[yh B/ dZyDh Gkosh ;zrhs gZXsh u 72 ns/

;zrhs d/ gow[~y ftdtkB gzfvs ftPB{z BkokfJD Gksyzv/ B/ wksq 10

EkNK B{z ;w{j okr okrBhnK dk nkXko wzfBnk j?. GkJh ekBQ f;zx

BkGk B/ ;to fbgh ;w/s ;zrhs d/ gqu~bs d;K EkNK d/ Bkw fJ;

355

goeko dZ;/ jB fit/A fe eb:kB, fpbktb, ewku, G?ot, G?oth,

nk;ktoh, N'vh, g{oth, wkotk iK wko{ ns/ ek|h nkfd. c[ZN B'N

okjhA EkN ns/ okr dk G/d th ;gZPN ehsk j?.

(8) gokuhB ;w/A s'A jh ;zrhs d/ ftdtkB wzdo, wZX s/ sko fszBk ;gseK

d/ ;[oK B{z fbyD bJh ns/ P[ZX, e'wb, shtq ;[oK th gSkD bJh e[M

fuzBK dk gq:'r eod/ nk oj/ jB. r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P ns/

nkgDhnK j'o fbysK ft~u GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk B/ th EkNK ns/ tZy

tZy okrK d/ ;[oK dh gSkD bJh e[M ;ze/s oZy/ jB sK i' gkmeK B{z

P[ZX, e'wb, shtq nkfd ;[oK dh ikDekoh bJh e'Jh w[Pfeb g/P Bk

nkt/. wjkB e'P ft~u ;{uBk j? fe fJ; rqzE ft~u fby/ P[ZX, e'wb

ns/ shtq ;[o ;wMD bJh n;hA fJj ;ze/s oZfynk j? fe w[es/

nZyo tkbk P[ZX ;[o, ezB/ tkbk e'wb ns/ fpjkoh tkbk shtq j?.

fJ;h soQK PVi foPG nkfd PpdK bJh GkJh ;kfjp B/ ;z;feqs d/ ^"k^

n~yo bJh gzikph ft~u xV/ Bt/A n~yo fuzB ‘ ’ dh tos'A ehsh j?.

fit/A fe nkfd.

(9) ;zrhs B{z pkeh ebktK Bkb'A ftfGzBsk fdtkT[D tkbk ftP/P e/Adoekoh

sZs ‘okr* j?. okr Ppd d/ ftdtkBK B/ fGzB fGzB noE ehs/ jB go

fJ;dk rfjok ;pzX ;zrhs ebk Bkb jh j?. wjkB e'P ft~u okr B{z

gfoGkPs eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp B/ dZf;nk j? fe ‘okr* T[j ;[o

gqpzX j?, fi;d/ ;[DB s'A wB ft~u okr (gq/w) T[gi/. ‘okr Bkd

Ppfd ;'jD/* r[opkDh d/ jtkb/ Bkb GkJh ;kfjp B/ ;gZPN ehsk j? fe

okr d/ w{b PVi, foPG, rKXko, wX:w, gzuw, X?ts ns/ fBPkd

fJj ;~s ;[o jB.

356

;zrhs d/ gokuhB rqzEK ‘;zrhs ;[o*, ‘;zrhs^dogD* nkfd ftZu'A

jtkb/ d/ e/ okr d/ w[Zy G/dL^ n"vt, Pkvt, ;zg{oD ns/ P[~X, Sk:kfbzzrs,

;zehoD, wkorh:, d/Ph:, nkfd dk ;g~PN ehs/ jB.

okr d/ ;pzX ftZu tZy tZy XowK ftZu gqu~bs ftPtkPK dk T[b/y

eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp dZ;d/ jB fe fJ;bkw wZs ft~u okr PoQk [Pohns]

d/ fto[ZX j?. :j{dhnK s/ Jh;kJhnK ft~u okr dk fBP/X BjhA ;r'A

ehosB ns/ fBos: Grsh dk nzr wzfBnk frnk j?.

(10) Gkosh ;zrhs gozgok d/ fJ~e gfoGkPe Ppd ‘rqkw’ pko/ GkJh ;kfjp

d~;d/ jB fe okr dh Porw dh fJ;fEsh dk w{b ;_o ;w{j ‘rqkw’

nytkT[Adk j?. ;zrhs Pk;so ft~u PVi, wX:w ns/ rKXko fszB

rqkw fby/ jBL fiBQK d/ d{i/ BkU ‘Bzd:ktos’, ‘P[Gdq’ ns/ ‘ihw{s’

jB. PVi Bz{ w[Zy oZye/ i/ pkeh ;[oK dk c?bkU eohJ/ sd ‘PVi

rqkw’ j?. n?;/ jh wZXw ns/ rKXko Bz{ ikD'. eJhnK d/ wZs ft~u

rKXko dh EK gzuw sh;ok rqkw j?. eJh ;zrhs rqzEK ftZu ‘wzdq’ rqkw

PVi j?, wX:w ‘wZX:’ rqkw j? ns/ fBPkd ‘sko’ rqkw j?.

(11) fttjkfoe gZy s'A okrK Bz{ ;wMD bJh wjkB e'P ftZu nB/e nfij/

PpdK dk EkUA EkJhA fIeo fwbdk j? fiBQK dk okr d/ ;[jikswe

gZy Bkb vz{xk ;pzX j? fit/A fe w{oSBk, tkdh, ;ztkdh, nB[tkdh

ns/ fttkdh ;to nkfd. T[go'es gfoGkPe Ppdktbh dk nkXko

ftfrnkBe j?, fi;dk ni'e/ Gkosh ;zrhs Bz{ ;wMD bJh pj[s wjZst

j?.

(12) ;zrhs fJ~e gfotosBPhb ns/ ;dk ftek;Phb ofjD tkbh ebk j?.

;w/A ;w/A nB[;ko fPt wZs, jB{ wZs, okrokDt wZs, feqPD wZs,

357

Gos wZs nkfd gquko ft~u oj/. fJ~e gokuhB okr torheoB dh

gZXsh ‘okr^okrBh’ gZXsh ;G s'A gfjbK ‘;zrhs weozd’ rqzE ft~u

T[gbpX j?. GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk nB[;ko ;zrhs ftfdnk tkfbnK

B/ ;[oK d/ w/b nB[;ko ebgBk eoe/ okrK dhnK fJ;sohnK ns/

g[Zso Ekg bJ/ jB. Bkb jh wXtkBb ;zrhs (nkbw eth feqs) d/

fjzdh nB[tkd ftZu'A S/ gow[~y okr L^ G?oT[, wkbe"A;, fjzv'b, dhge,

;qh okr, w/x nkfd dhnK okrBhnK ns/ g[~soK pko/ t/otk fdZsk j?.

fJ;/ ;pzX ft~u ‘r[o[ws gqGkeo’ ftZu ;ze/s j? fe ftdtkBK B/ ;zrhs

Pk;soK ft~u 6 noEks, ;qh okr, G?ot, w/x, dhge, wkbe"A; no

fjzv'b fPo'wDh wzB/ jB, eJh ftdtkBK d/ wZs ftZu w[Zy 6 okr wkbt,

w~bko, ;qh okr, t;zs, fjzd'b ns/ eoBkN wzB/ rJ/ jB. ;zrhs d/ fGzB

fGzB wZsK pko/ ikD{ eokT[D bJh GkJh ;kfjp B/ gqf;ZX rqzE

‘;zrhs^dogD’ d/ jtkb/ Bkb th S/ gqXkB okrL^ ;qh, t;zs, G?ot,

gzuw, w/x ns/ BN BokfJD nkfd dk fIeo ehsk j? ns/ Bkb jh fJBQK

okrK dhnK S/^S/ okrBhnK d/ Bkw dZ;/ jB.

nkgD/ nkb'usBkwe ftuko g/P eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp wjkB e'P ft~u

;gZPN eod/ jB fe ‘wsG/d eoe/’ okrK d/ nBzs o{g jB. fJ~e ws ft~u

i' okr j?, d{i/ d/ ws ftZu T[j okrBh j?. fJ;/ soQK okrBh Bz{ okr

wzfBnk j? ns/ BktK dk th pj[s G/d j?, ;orwK dk th fdB oks dk

nzso j?. GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko, okrK ft~u wsG/d t/ye/ T[dk;hB BjhA

j'Dk ukjhdk. ;fsr[oK B/ i' okr d/ T[Zsw fB:w Ekg fdZs/ jB, ;kBz{

T[BQK nB[;ko okr ftfdnk dk nfGnk; ns/ gquko eoBk ukjhdk j?.

fJZE/ ;fsr[oK s'A Gkt f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkB jB ns/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ ;qh r[o{ rqzE

358

;kfjp ftZu ;w{j w[Zy okrK ns/ T[gokrK bJh e/tb ‘okr[’ Ppd dh f;ob/y

ti'A tos'A ehsh j? ns/ fes/ th ‘okrBh’ f;ob/y t/yD Bz{ BjhA fwbdk j?.

okrK dh ftnkfynk eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp B/ okr okrBh g~Xsh Bz{ e'Jh pj[sk

wj~st BjhA fd~sk.

(13) Gkosh ;zrhs dh gozgok ft~u okrK d/ rkfJB s'A gfjbK iksh rkfJB

gqu~bs ;h. fejk iKdk j? fe okrK dk ftek; iksh rkfJB s'A j'fJnk

gozs{ GkJh ;kfjp dhnK fbysK ftZu f;oc okrK pko/ pj[gZyh

ikDekoh fwbdh j?, iK fco rqkwK pko/ ikDekoh fwbdh j?. iksh

rkfJB pko/ e'Jh fIeo BjhA.

(14) Pk;soh ;zrhs ft~u skBK dk pj[s tZvk wjZst j?, feT[Afe skBK

d[nkok jh okr dk ft;Eko j[zdk j?. wjkB e'P nB[;ko, ;zrhs ebk

ft~u PVi s'A fBPkd ns/ fBPkd s'A PVi ;_o Bz{ ikD nkT[D dk

goeko ‘skB’ j?. ;zrhs dkw'do d/ wZs nB[;ko 46 skBK, ;zrhs;ko

d/ b/y nB[;ko 84 skBK jB, gozs{ gq;sko ohfs Bkb fit/A Szd nBzs

jB, fst//A jh ;_o gq;sko eoe/ skBK Gh nBzs jB. GkJh ;kfjp B/

skBK d/ ;Zs goeko nkofue, rkfEe, ;kfwe, ;_rKso, UVt,

PkVt ns/ ;zg{oB nkfd skB G/dK dk toDB ehsk j?. Bkb jh skB

d/ d' gow[~y G/dK pko/ d~f;nk j? fe fi; ft~u f;ZX/ ;to bZrD i?;/

L^ P o r w g X B, P[ZX skB j? ns/ fi; ft~u N/v/ ;[o j'D :Ek

L^ P r o w X g nkfd ‘e{NskB skB’ efjbKT[Adh j?.

(15) Gkosh ;zrhs dhnK e[M gow[~y rkfJB P?bhnK pko/ th wjkB e'P ft~u

ikDekoh T[gbpX j?, fit/A fe Xqütgd Xwko, us[ozr, fynkb, m[woh,

NZgk }Ib nkfd. gokuhB rqzE ‘;zrhs osBkeo’ d/ jtkb/ Bkb GkJh

359

;kfjp dZ;d/ jB fe Xqütgd iK Xqüte uko skb dk rhs j?, fi;

ft~u n;EkJh nzsok, ;zukoh ns/ nkG'r gd j'fJnk eod/ jB.

Szd Pk;soh fdqPNh s'A T[b/y j? fe Xqütgd ft~u gdK dh frDsh

uko s'A b? e/ S/ sZe j[zdh j?. nZyoK dh frDsh gqsh uoD 11 s'A

b? e/ 26 sZe j'fJnk eodh j?. ;zrhs dkw'do d/ jtkb/ Bkb ;gZPN

ehsk j? fe Xüqtgd d/ ;'bK G/d jB. Sh gdK dk Xq[tgd T[~sw, gzi dk

wZXw ns/ uko dk nXw wzfBnk frnk j?.

Xqütgd s'A pknd Xwko Gkosh rkfJB P?bh dk fJ~e nfjw rhs wzfBnk

iKdk j?. wjkB e'P nB[;ko, Xwko j"bh dk rhs j? i' Xwko skb ft~u

rkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ skb d/ p'b ns/ rhs d/ T[dkjoD ti'A d/ e/ Bkb jh

GkJh ;kfjp Xwko pko/ fJ~e G[b/yk d{o eod/ jB fe eJhnK B/ ‘Xwko’ Bz{

okrBh fbfynk j?, go fJj e'Jh tZy okrBh BjhA e/tb rkT[D dh ukb j?.

fJ;/ soQK gokuhB rkfJB P?bh us[ozr pko/ GkJh ;kfjp dk ftuko j?

fe fi; gqpzX ft~u ;kXkoD rhs, ;orw, sokBk ns/ fwqdzr d/ p'b j'D

T[j ‘us[ozr’ j?. fJ;dk Bkw ‘uT[p'bk’ th j?. fJ; rkfJB P?bh dh fJ~e

T[Zsw T[dkjoD GkJh ;kfjp B/ okr ftqdKtBh ;kozr ft~u do;ke/ Bkb jh

fJ;dk Szd Pk;soh wjZst ;gZPN ehsk j? fe us[ozr d/ p'b, rkfJe, skb

;[o dk fynkb oZye/ iV b?Ad/ jB, fgzrb d/ fB:wK dk xZN jh fXnkB eod/

jB. us[ozr d/ ;zrhse gZy s'A fJbktk fJ;d/ ;kfjse gZy pko/ th ;g~PN

ehsk j? fe fi; Szd ft~u uko GkPktK (p'bhnK) ftqiGkPk, w[bskBh,

fvzrb ns/ fjzdh nkfd j'D T[j th ‘uT[p'bk’ j?.

fJ~e j'o noE gqXkB rhs ‘rIb’ pko/ GkJh ;kfjp dk ftuko j? fe

noph GkPk ft~u rIb dk noE j?, fJ;sohnK Bkb tkoskbkg. Gkt^gq/w

360

g{fos ekt: gozs{ \k; fJ~e Szd dh iksh bJh th fJj Ppd toshAdk j?.

fJ; Szd d/ nBzs G/d jBl i?;/ ;t?:k nB/e o{g dk d/yhAdk j?, s?;/ jh }Ib

d/ pj[s ;ko/ G/d jB. GkJh ;kfjp B/ }Ib d/ uko G/d T[dkjoDK ;w/s

do;kJ/ jB.

Gkosh ;zrhs dh ftPkb gozgok ft~u ;{|h ;zrhs gozgok, ;zrhs dh

fJ~e nfijh Xkok j?, fi; dk gzikph ;kfjs ns/ gzikp d/ ;zrhs Bkb ftP/P

;pzX j?. wjkB e'P ft~u ;{|h gozgok dk fJfsjk; ns/ whnK pyP, p[Zb/

Pkj nkfd wjkB ;{|h ;zsK dhnK fbyhnK ek|hnK d/ Bw{B/ T[dkjoD ti'A

EkUA EkJhA t/yD Bz[ fwbd/ jB. ek|h Ppd d/ ftdtkBK B/ tZy tZy noE

ehs/ jB. GkJh ;kfjp B/ ek|h Bz{ fJ~e okrBh th dZf;nk j?l Gkosh ;zrhs

dk fJ~e EkN ns/ rhs dh fJ~e XkoBk th dZf;nk j?. fJj th ;gZPN ehsk

j? fe e[M ftdtkBK B/ ‘skNze’ Szd dh ukb Bz{ ek|h dk ;o{g dZf;nk j? i'

fe ;jh BjhA, feT[Afe ek|h \k; Szd BjhA, fezs{ rkT[D dk fJ~e Yzr j?.

Gkosh ekft^Pk;soh gozgok ft~u rkfJB P?bh dh t?fde gozgok Bz{

co'bfdnK GkJh ekBQ f;zx B/ T[;sfs d/ rhs rkfJB, ;s'sq Bz{ rkE iK rkEk

fejk j? ns/ fJ;d/ rtZJhJ/ Bz{ ‘rkEe’ dZf;nk j?. ‘rkEk’ ;[ji nkBzd

gqdkB eoB tkbh gozgfoe ekft ouBk j?. fJj rhskswe Ppd^ ;w{j ;wK

gk e/ Xo[tK (/kqzok) ns/ ‘gqpzX’ nytkT[D bZr/. wjkB e'P ft~u nfijh

ekft ouBk fi;d/ gq;zrK dk f;bf;bk T[Zsw ohsh Bkb j't/, Bz{ ‘gqpzX’

fejk j?. gqpzX o{gh rhs d/ fjZ;/ T[drqkj, w/bkge, Xo[t nkfd ejkT[Ad/ jB.

;wK gk e/ Xo{t dk o{gKso ‘Xq[tgd’ dk ;wK nkfJnk, fi;dk pj[gZyh toDB

gokuhB rqzEK Bz{ nkXko pDk e/ GkJh ;kfjp B/ ehsk j?. ;zrhs d/ y'iekoK

bJh wjkB e'P ft~ubh nfijh ikDekoh dk fJfsjk;e wjZst j?.

361

(16) wjkB e'P fJ~e nfijh gkJ/dko ouBk j?, fi; ft~u jo ftP/ Bkb

;pzXs e[M Bk e[M ikDekoh Io{o T[gbpX j?. ;to, Po[sh, okrK,

EkNK dh soQK ;zrhs d/ gow[~y rkfJeK ns/ ;zrhs rqzEK pko/

tkechns eokT[D pko/ th GkJh ;kfjp B/ Gog{o e'fPP ehsh j?. d/t

b'e d/ rtZJhJ/ Bkod, rzXotK pko/ ikDekoh T[gbpX j?. t?fde :[Zr

d/ ;to T[dks, nB[dks, ;tfos nkfd ns/ sh;oh ;dh d/ gqf;ZX

ftdtkB Gos pko/ fIeo fwbdk j?. okr dh gfoGkPk bJh

;zrhs;ko, ;zrhs^dogD nkfd gow[~y rqzEK d/ ;z;feqs GkPk d/ ;b'e

gqwkD g[PNh bJh wjkB e'P ft~u tos/ fwbd/ jB. eth b'uB d/ rqzE

;zrhs gkohiks ns/ wszr d/ rqzE fpqjd/Ph Bz{ th nkgDh ;zrhse

y'i bJh nkXko pDkfJnk j?. skB;?B, p?i{pktok, i?d/t,

wkXtkBb, ekwezdbk, fcozdk nkfd ;zrhs d/ ftdtkBK pko/ ;zy/g

fttoD fwbdk j?. ihtoki dhefPs, eP/weoD, wjzs rZik f;zx,

vkeNo uoB f;zx nkfd ;zrhs d/ e[M j'o ftdtkBK ns/ T[BQK tZb'A

ou/ ;zrhs rqzEK dk fIeo th wjkB e'P ft~u fwbdk j?.

(17) ;zrhs Ppd d/ nzsors rkfJB, tkdB ns/ fBos fJBQK fszBK ebktK

dk ;wkt/P j[zdk j?. fBos ebk T[sBh jh g[oksB j?, fiBQK g[okDk

wB[Zy id'A s'A wB[Zy B/ nkgD/ GktK Bz{ nzr ;zukbB d[nkok gorN eoB

dk :sB ehsk, T[d'A s'A jh fBos ebk dk nkozG j'fJnk. wjkB e'P

ft~u, b: sko Bkb nzrK d/ c?bkT[D ns/ ;ze'uD dh feqnk Bz{

‘‘fBos:’’ dZf;nk j?. fBos bJh Bku ns/ fBos eoB tkb/ bJh

GkJh ;kfjp B/ bk;e, Bose, fBoseko, Bkuko nkfd PpdK dh

tos'A ehsh j?. r[o[ws wkoszv ft~ubh ikDekoh nB[;ko, okr rkfJB

362

;w/A b:, skb Bkb i' Gkt gorN eoB tkbh nzrK dh joes j?,

T[;dk BkT[A fBos: j?, fi;d/ ;zrhs rqZEK ftZu sKvt ns/ bk;: d'

w[Zy G/d jB. T[SbDh fBos sKvt ns/ e'wb bk;: j?. ;zrhs rqzEK

nB[;ko sKvt ns/ bk;: d/ w[ZYb/ nZyo b? e/ skb Ppd pfDnk.

fBos d/ d' j'o G/d uZeq wzvb ns/ P:B th dZ;/ jB. P:B fBos d/

;zrhs ft~u S/ G/d jB. wjkB e'P nB[;ko, szv foyh dh ubkJh j'Jh

BZuD dh ohfs ‘sKvt’ j?.

iqa u`R;a rk.kMoa izksd`ra L=h u`R;a ykL;eqP;rs

noEks, nkdwhnK dk Bku ‘sKvt’ ns/ fJ;sohnK dk Bku

‘bk;:’ j?.

wjkB e'P ftZu tofDs u"dK ftfdnk ns/ u";N ebktK ft~u th fBos

ebk Pkwb j?. e[M fBos P?bhnK eZEe, w'fjBh nZNw, uouoh, x{wfo,

M{wo nkfd pko/ th ;zy/g ikDekoh t/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?. g[okDK nB[;ko

fBos w[esh dk wkor j?. GkJh ;kfjp dk eEB j? fe f;Zy r[o[ ;kfjpkB

nB[;ko, gq/w Grsh Bkb fwbh j'Jh fBos jh ;G fBosK ft~u'A T[~sw j?.

wzfdoK ftZu Pk;soh fBos dh d/tdk;h gqEk ft~u nkJh froktN tZb th

;ze/s j?.

(18) Pk;so d/ fB:wK nB[;ko, fB:wK, f;XKsK dh pzfdP, ft~u ofjD tkb/

;zrhs Bz{ ‘Pk;soh ;zrhs’ ns/ b'e wBK d/ fjod/ *u nkg w[jko/

gorN j'D tkb/ ;zrhs Bz{ ‘b'e ;zrhs’ fejk iKdk j?. GkJh ekBQ f;zx

nB[;ko rkT[D :'r Szd nEtk tke Bz{ jh rhs fejk iKdk j?. wjkB

e'P ft~u ;s'sq T[;sfs d/ rhs Bz{ ‘rkE’ dZf;nk j? ns/ e[M b'e

rkfJB P?bhnK pko/ fttoD fJ; goeko j?L

363

(T) pkbe d/ bkbB (b[GkT[D) ns/ ;[bkT[D bJh ;[o dk nkbkg

‘b'oh’ j?.

(n) nfPPN pkDh, rkbh ftnzr Bkb ejh j'Jh pkDh f;ZmDh j?,

ftnkj ;w/A fJ;sohnK i' rkbhnK Bkb fwbke/ rhs rkT[AdhnK

jB, T[BQK dh ‘f;mZDh’ ;zr:k j?.

(J) T[j rhs fi; ft~u fe;/ d/ r[D rkJ/ ikD \k; eoe/ w'J/ gqkDh d/

r[D eow efj e/ i' rhs rkfJnk iKdk j?, T[; dk BkT[A

‘nbkj[Dh’ j?.

GkJh ;kfjp B/ T[BQK ;ko/ b'e^ekft ns/ b'e^;zrhs nzr Bkb rkJ/ ikD

tkb/ ekft^o{gK dk Gog{o toDB ehsk j?. fiBQK o{gK dh r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/

oZph pkDh d/ ;zd/P Bz{ ;zukfos eoB fjZs tos'A ehsh j?. fit/A fe nbkj[Dh,

ek|h, x'VhnK, nkosh, nzi[bh, ;d, ;'fjbk, eojb/, uT[p'b/, Szs,

vyD/, fEsh, fdB o?fD, gjo/, gZNh pkojwkj, pktB nZyoh, fpojV/,

o[sh, wzrb, tDikok, tko nkfd.

(19) vkH rhsk g/Asb nB[;ko, gqpzXkswe b'e rhsK ft~u pj[sk eoe/ fgnko

dh eftsk rhsK d/ o{g ft~u rkJh iKdh j?. fJ; rkJh ikD tkbh

eftsk ft~u jho^oKMk, ;Z;h^g[B{z, ;'jDh^wkjhtkb, fwoIk^;kfjpk,

g{oB^Grs, :{;c^:{b?yk nkfd gq/w rkEktK dk ftP/P wjZst j?.

wjkB e'P ft~u T[go'es b'e rhsK dhnK nkgDhnK ftP/P ;[o

;zrshnK ns/ X[BK pko/ p/P~e e'Jh ikDekoh T[gbpX BjhA, gozs{

gzikph b'e ;zrhs Bkb ;pzXs T[go'es fgnko eEktK pko/ GkJh

;kfjp tZb'A g/P ehsh ikDekoh feZ;kekoK ns/ gzikph b'e rkfJeK

bJh fJfsjk;e wjZst tkbh j?. feXo/ feXo/ fJBQK eEktK d/

364

ouBkekoK pko/ ns/ T[BQK dh ouBk dh T[sZwsk pko/ th ;ze/s j?, fit/A

fe tkfo;Pkj pko/ fIeo j?. “Gkt/A jho oKM/ dk feZ;k gzikph

ft~u nB/e ethnK B/ fbfynk j?, go tkfo; Pkj dk w[ekpbk e'Jh

BjhA eo ;edk.”

(20) gzikph b'e ;kIK ns/ e[M skbK pko/ th GkJh ;kfjp B/ fIeo ehsk j?

gozs{ skbK pko/ fdZsh nbg ikDekoh ;zrhs d/ y'iekoK dh b'VK dh

g{osh eoB tkbh BjhA wzBh ik ;edh.

(21) GkJh ;kfjp dhnK fbysK *u Gkosh ;zrhs dh gfoGkPe Ppdktbh dk

fJ~e Gzvko j?. ;zrhs ebk Bkb ;pzXs pj[s ;koh ngqu~bs

Ppdktbh th wjkB e'P ft~u doi j? fit/A fe “;zrhs nB[;ko

fBos: t/b/ x[zxo{ tikT[D tkbk s/ jk;h d/ tuB efjD tkbk ‘ukoD*

ejbkT[Adk j?. BkNe d/ nozG t/b/ dk wzrb ‘BKdh* j?. ;zrhs d/

nkuko: Gos w[Bh B/ ‘BKdh* d/ d; gd ftXkB ehs/ jB. rkT[D dh

ebk iK okr ftd:k dk frnksk ‘ebkts iK ebktzs* efjbkT[Adk j?.

fJ;/ soQK wjkB e'P ft~u fIeo j? fe ;zrhs nB[;ko wB'jo rkT[D

Bkb ftbk; ;fjs nzrK dh joes ‘bhY* j?. i; ehosB efjD dh

feqnk dk Bkw ‘fto[d* j?. fit/A nzro/iK dk e"wh rhs ‘God Save

The King* j? fJ;/ soQK f;Zy fonk;sK dk e"wh rhs (National

Anthem) j?. d/r s/r' |sfj B[;os p/dozr, :k|sI BkBe r[o{

r'fpzd f;zxHHH nkfd. GkJh ;kfjp tZb'A fby/ fBpzXK ft~u th nfijh

Ppdktbh t/yD B{z fwbdh j?. ;zrhs Bkb ;pzXs pj[noEh PpdK d/

noE pV/ jh ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb ;gZPN ehs/ jB. fit/A fe

Xwko Ppd d/ noE^BZuD e[ZdD dh feqnk, j'bh dk rhs, skb dk

365

fJ~e o{g, fJ~e rkfJB P?bh nkfd tZy tZy noEK s'A fJbktk fJj

th ;ze/s j? fe eJhnK B/ ek|h okrBh B{z th ‘Xwko* dk BkT[A

fdZsk j?.

(22) GkJh ;kfjp r[owfs ;zrhs dh ftPkb s/ wjkB gozgok dh ;KG ;zGkb

ns/ fJ;B{z T[ikro eoB bJh Gbh GKs ;[u/s ;B. T[BQK wfj;{; eo

fbnk ;h fe nkX[fBe ehosBhJ/ g[oksB rkfJB P?bhnK B{z G[bd/ ik oj/

jB. fJ; wjkB gozgok dh ;zGkb bJh nkg B/ ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp

ft~u ftdwkB f;ob/yK dh Gog{o ftnkfynk ehsh, r[opkDh ;zrhs d/

;[szso ftneshst B{z ;theko s/ ;Ekfgs ehsk. ;gZPN ehsk fe

r[owfs ft~u okr Bkb fwfbnk eosko dk ehosB Xow dk nzr j?.

GkJh ;kfjp B/ wjkB e'P ft~u ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ft~ub/ 31 w[Zy

okrK d/ Bkdkswe ;o{gK pko/ pj[gZyh ikDekoh nZyo eqw nB[;ko

d/ e/ Bkb jh r[owfs ;zrhs ;ze/sKl ojkT[, xo, ifs, ;[Xzr nkfd

;pzXh ;{uBk fdZsh j?. ojkT[ pko/ dZf;nk j? fe N/e, ;EkJh, T[j

gd, i' rkT[D t/b/ nzso/ fgZS'A tko tko tofsnk ikt/, ojkT[ Ppd dk

fJj' Gkt j?. fi~E/ ‘ojkT[ d{ik* gd r[opkDh ft~u nkT[Adk j?, fJ; s'A

Gkt ;EkJh dhnK d' s[eK ouhnK jB, ns/ rkT[D tkb/ dh woih j?,

fi; N/e B{z ukj/ tos/. fJ;/ soQK r[owfs ;zrhs ft~ub/ ‘xo[* Ppd

dh ftnkfynk eofdnK dZf;nk j? fe r[owfs ;zrhs ft~u xo[ d/ d'

noE jB fJ~e skb, d{ik ;_o w{oSBk d/ G/d eoe/ fJ~e jh okr d/

;orw gq;sko nB[;ko rkT[D d/ goeko. ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ft~u

fJ~e s'A ;skoK she i' xo fby/ jB, fJ; s'A rtZ:/ B{z ;{uBk j? fe

fJ; Ppd B{z fJ; okr d/ fJsBt/A ;to gq;sko nB[;ko rkU. Bkb jh

366

c[ZN B'N ft~u ;{uBk j? “P'e j? fe r[o{ ;kfjpkB ih d/ dZ;/ ;qh r[o{

rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ okrK d/ xo[ (;to gq;sko) j[D okrh G[bk p?m/

jB.”

;qh r[o{ rqzE ft~u nzfes 22 tkoK ftZu'A 9 tkoK T[s/ tZy tZy

X[Bh$X[Bh f;ob/y nzfes ehs/ rJ/ jB, fiBQK dk ;pzX tkoK rkfJB dh soI

Bkb j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ fJBQK tkoK Bkb ;pzXs :'fXnK wbe w[ohd \kB,

n;oki, f;ezdo, bZbk^pjbhw, wfjwk j;Bk nkfd d/ pjkd[oh Go/

ekoBkfwnK dh ikDekoh d/fdnK, Bkb jh fJzBQK pko/ ouhnK e[M

gozgfoe tkoK d/ ekft Bw{B/ th T[dkjoD tZi'A g/P ehs/ jB. fJ; s'A

fJbktk fJj Pzek th Bftos ehsk j? fe tkoK dhnK X[BK dh nfijh u'D ;qh

r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjp B/ BjhA, ;r'A ;qh r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ ehsh. r[owfs

;zrhs gqpzX dh gSkD bJh r[opkDh ft~u nkJ/ ;zrhs ;ze/sK s'A fJbktk

r[opkDh ;zrhs ft~u gq:[es ftfGzB rkfJB o{gK ns/ rkfJB P?bhnK,

nPNgdh nkfd pko/ th wjkB e'P ft~u b'VhAdh ikDekoh T[gbpX j?. i' fe

T[BQK s'A fgSb/o/ ;ko/ :sBK s'A nrb/o/ gVkn dh j?.

(23) Gkosh ;zrhs gozgok ft~u ‘ehosB* Ppd dh tos'A eJh o{gK ft~u

j[zdh nk ojh j?. r[opkDh ehosB dh ftbZyDsk T[ikro eofdnK

GkJh B/ fJ~e fBpzX ‘ehosB* okjhA dZf;nk j? fe ‘ehosB* ;z;feqs

dk Ppd j?, fi;dk noE j? T[ukoB eoBk ns/ r[DK dk rkT[Dk.

Gkt/A ;z;feqs rqzEK ft~u ehosB dk fIeo nkT[Adk j? ns/ ehosB :'r

nB/e Szd foPhnK ns/ ethnK d[nkok ou/ rJ/ jB, fiBQK ft~u fPzrko

o; Go/ jkt Gkt, d/tfsnK, okfinK, ;{ophoK d/ :P ns/ ntskoK dh

bhbk okr, b:, skb ft~u rkT[D d/ goeko dZ;/ jB, gozs{ “fBopkD

367

ehosB” dk e/tb ;fsr[o BkBe d/t ;tkwh B/ ihtK d/ T[Xko bJh

ehsk ns/ nfBzB f;Zy GkJh wodkB/ ;G s'A gfjbK fJj dks pyPh.

(24) ehosB dh gozgok ns/ fJ; d/ fttjkoe gZy pko/ GkJh ;kfjp d/

ftuko pV/ jh wjZstg{oB jB. okrK pko/ tZy tZy g[oksB

tfjwK^GowK B{z BekofdnK GkJh ;kfjp ;gZPN eod/ jB fe wsG/d

eod/ e'Jh okr w[Zy, e'Jh r"D, e'Jh wzrb no e'Jh nwzrb o{g

j?, go r[o{ ;kfjp T[;/ okr B{z P[ZG ns/ ;op'sw wzBd/ jB, fi;

d[nkok tkjr[o{ wB ft~u tZ;/. r[owfs f;XksK pko/ ouh rJh nkgDh

g[;se r[o[ws ;[Xkeo (1899 JhH) ft~u GkJh ;kfjp B/ GkJh wBh

f;zx feqs ‘r:kB osBktbh* d/ jtkb/ Bkb eoskog[o fty/ gqu~bs

ehosB gozgok pko/ th ikD{ eotkfJnk j?.

GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko ;qh r[o{ noiB ;kfjp B/ ;ozdk ;kI oue/ gq/wh

f;ZyK B{z ;zrhs ftfdnk f;ykJh, PpdK dhnK wB'jo XkoDk dZ;hnK, ns/

ehosB dhnK uko u"AehnK dh wfonkdk Ekgh, i' fJ; t/b/ sZe ;qh jowzfdo

nkfde gqf;ZX r[oXkwK ft~u ekfJw j/. nzfwqs t/b/ nk;K dh tko rkT[D dh

ohfs GkJh bfjDk ih (r[o{ nzrd d/t) B/ r[o{ BkBe ;tkwh dh nkr:k

nB[;ko eoskog[o ;EkgB ehsh. r[o{ noiB ;kfjp B/ nk;k d/ Szs

(SZe/) fiBQK d/ 24 gd jB, 24 gT[VhnK Bkb rkT[D dh wfonkdk ekfJw

ehsh.

gT[Vh J/e skb (:Zek), fszB skb, gzi skb (n;tkoh), YkJh skb

(o{ge) ft~u rkJhnK iKdhnK jB. gT[Vh rkT[D t/b/ gykti dh rfs BjhA

tikJh iKdh, fezs{ ;kE tikJhdk j?. fJ;/ bJh gT[Vh rk e/ T[;dk gkm

;[DkfJnk iKdk j? fi; s'A ;q's/ PpdK dk noE ;wM ;eD. P"Ae j? fe j[D

368

ehosB eoB tkb/ gT[VhnK d/ rkT[D dh XkoBk G[bd/ ik oj/ jB. ;t/o,

;zM, oks B{z u"Aeh dk G'r gkT[D t/b/ fpbktb, ekBV/ nkfd dhnK g"VhnK

g[okDh ohfs nB[;ko BjhA gVQd/.

(25) GkJh ;kfjp B/ gVskb B{z ‘gNskb* (uko skb dk fJ~e G/d) ft~u

rkJ/ ikD tkbh ouBk wzfBnk j?, gozs{ w"i{dk fInkdkso ftdtkBK B/

GkJh ;kfjp d/ gVskb ;pzXh ftukoK Bkb n;fjwsh gorN ehsh j?.

GkJh ;kfjp d~;d/ jB fe gVskb rkT[D dhnK g[okDhnK ohsK th j[D

b'g j' ojhnK jB. GkJh ;kfjp B/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ;wekbh r[o{ xo

d/ okrh^opkphnK GkJh p{~bk, GkJh MkM{, GkJh fedkok, GkJh

w[ezdk, GkJh pkpe, GkJh BZEk ns/ GkJh ;Zd{^wZd{ nkfd wjkB

ehosBhnK pko/ ns/ r[o{ xo ft~u tos/ iKd/ g[oksB ;kIK pko/

s;thoK ;w/s ikDekoh d/ e/ r[o[wfs ;zrhs d/ ftfGzB gZyK B{z T[ikro

ehsk j?.

(26) GkJh ;kfjp ofus ;w[Zu/ Xkowe ;kfjs ns/ r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB

e'P d/ ;w[Zu/ nfXn?B T[gozs fJj nB[wkB ehsk ik ;edk j? Gkosh

;zrhs dh gow[~y Ppdktbh ns/ fJfsjk;e ftek; dh nkg B{z g{oh

ypo ;h. ;zrhskukohnK wjzs rZik f;zx, GkJh w[ezd f;zx, okrh

GkJh itkbk f;zx (mZm/ fNZp/ tkb/) ;w/s ;zrhs d/ gow[~y ftdtkBK

Bkb nkg Bz{ ;zrhs ftP/ T[go uouk eoB dk w"ek fwfbnk. nkg

dhnK gow[~y t;sK ft~u f;sko th Pkwb j?, fi; Bkb nkg ;zrhs dk

nfGnk; eod/ ;B.

(27) ;zrhs d/ uzr/ gkodoPh ftdtkB j'D ekoB nkg eJh tZv/ ;zrhs

dopkoK d/ gqXkB th oj/ ;B. fJ~ehthA f;Zy n?i{e/PBb ekBcqz; dh

369

gqXkBrh eofdnK, 4 ngq?b 1931 JhH d"okB nkg B/ nkgD/ gqXkBrh

GkPD u f;Zy pZfunK dh ftfdnk ns/ gzEe J/esk tor/ w~[fdnK s'A

fJbktk r[o[wfs ;zrhs ;pzXh th pV/ T[;ko{ fynkb ns/ ;[Mkn g/P

ehs/. fi; nB[;ko okrh f;zxK B{z Po[sh gZXo dk frnkB, Szd

Pk;soh fB:wK nB[;ko skB b?D d/ fB:wK pko/ ikDekoh ns/ r[opkDh

dk P[ZX T[ukoB nkfd rZbK t~b fXnkB d/Dk Io{oh dZf;nk j?.

(28) GkJh ;kfjp B/ fBpzXK okjhA th ehosB dh gfoGkPk, g[okD/ ehosBh

f;ZyK d/ ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh, okr dk P[ZX nkbkg, wzrbkuoD,

rtZJhJ/ ns/ ;kIK dh nktki dk ;zs[bB, ehosB ;w/A p?mD dk sohek,

ehosB d/ Gkt g[PNh bJh gqwkD nkfd rZbK pko/ tZvw[bh ikDekoh

g/P ehsh.

GkJh ;kfjp B/ ;kok I'o fJ; rZb T[Zgo fdZsk, fe r[o[wfs ;zrhs

gqpzX dh gSkD eoe/ T[;B{z gquko ft~u fbnKdk ikt/. ;zrhs d/ ftdtkB vkH

pfuZso f;zx nB[;ko, wjkB e'P dh ouBk s'A gfjbK Gkt/A Gkosh ;zrhs

Bkb rqzE sK T[gbpX ;B gozs{ r[owfs ;zrhs ;pzXh ikDekoh Bk wkso

;h. ;zrhs d/ nkX[fBe y'ikoEhnK ftfdnkoEhnK dh g[oksB r[owfs

;zrhs sZe gj[zu bJh wjkB e'P fJ~e g[b ti'A ;jkfJe j[zdk j?, GkJh

;kfjp f;Zy Xow d/ T[BQK w[ZYb/ ftdtkBK ft~u'A gow[~y jB, fiBQK

r[opkDh dh ftnkfynk eofdnK, fJ;d/ ;zrhse gZy t~b th T[u/uk

fXnkB fdZsk.

(29) GkJh ;kfjp dhnK ouBktK ft~u ;zrhse d/D eJh tzBrhnK dh j?.

okrK d/ Bkdkswe ;o{g dh ftnkfynk bJh nkg B/ pVh jh fwjBs

ns/ T[sPkj Bkb ezw ehsk. Pqh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ft~u doI 31 w[~y

370

okrK pko/ GkJh ;kfjp B/ pVh jh ftdtsk Gog{o ikDekoh g/P ehsh

j?.

e[M okrK pko/ ftdtkBK d/ wZsG/d th EkT[A T[ikro eoe/ ;pzXs okr

dk ;o{g pj[ws nB[;ko do;kfJnk j?. p/PZe pj[s/ okrK Bkb okrBh th

Ppd th fbfynk fwbdk j?, gozs{ okrK B{z okrBh d/ s"o s/ ftnkfyT[D iK

T[BQK dh tzP gozgok T[go fInkdk I'o d/D dh EK GkJh ;kfjp B/ okrK d/

Bkdkswe ;o{g ;gZPN eoB tZb ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk j?.

(30) GkJh ;kfjp B/ nkfd rqzE ft~ub/ P[ZX okrK s'A fJbktk T[BQK okrK d/

;o{gK dk th toDB ehsk j?, fijV/ ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ft~ub/ okrK

Bkb fwbke/ rkJ/ iKd/ jB fit/A fe ek|h, fpGk;, g{oph, nk;ktoh,

bfbs, fjzv'b, BN, G'gkbh nkfd. GkJh ;kfjp dZ;d/ jB fe ;qh

r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ft~u ek|h tZyoh BjhA fbyh rJh fezs{ nk;k,

fsbzr, ;{jh ns/ wko{ Bkb fwbke/ fbyh rJh j?.

fJ;/ soQK g{oph okr d/ fttoD s'A pkd T[b/y j? fe nkfd rqzE ft~u

rT[Vh Bkb fwbke/ g{oph fbyh rJh j?. nk;ktoh, nk;k ft~u ns/ bfbs

B{z ;{jh ft~u fwbke/ fbfynk j?.

nkX[fBe ;w/A d/ r[o[wfs ;zrhs d/ pj[s/ y'iekoK B/ p/PZe pj[s ;ko/

okrK d/ ;o{gK B{z wjkB e'P ft~u fby/ nB[;ko BjhA gqtkfBnk j?, gozs{

toswkB ;w/A ft~u th id'A ed/ ftdtkBK B/ Pqh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ft~ub/ okrK d/

;o{gK pko/ fBoDk eoB dk :sB ehsk j? sK T[BQK wjkB e'P ft~u tofDs

okrK d/ ;o{gK B{z gqkfJwoh ;q's ti'A, nkgDh y'i dk nkXko pDkfJnk j?.

r[owfs ;zrhs d/ ftdtkB vkH pfuZso f;zx nB[;ko, GkJh ekBQ f;zx d[nkok

fd~s/ okrK d/ e[M ;o{g nkX[fBe ;o{gK s'A tZyo/ jB, gozs{ GkJh ;kfjp dh

371

XkoDk dk nkXko fBPu/ jh T[BQK d/ ;wekbh ;zrhs ftdtkBK s/ ehosBhnK dh

ftjkoe gq;s[sh j?.

(31) GkJh ;kfjp B/ ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp s'A fJbktk f;Zy Xow d/ rqzEK ;qh

d;w rqzE ns/ ;qh ;op b'j ft~u gq:'r ehs/ okrK B{z th nkgDh y'i

dk ftPk pDkfJnk. T[go'es d't/ rqzEK ft~u gq:[es pj[s ;ko/ okr ;qh

r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ft~u gq:[es okr jh jB, gozs{ pj[s ;ko/ nfij/ okr

th jB i' nkfd rqzE ft~u Pkwb BjhA. nfij/ jh e[M okrK pko/ wjkB

e'P ft~u t/otk fwbdk j? fit/A fe wkbe"A;, fpjkr, wkbtk, goi,

Ghwgbk;h, jwho nkfd. wjkB e'P ft~u tofDs e[M nfij/ okr

th fwbd/ jB, fiBQK dk GkJh ;zs'y f;zx feqs ‘r[o gqskg ;{o:*

ft~u fIeo nkfJnk j?, fit/A fe wkbf;oh, ewku, ;[xoJh nkfd.

f;Zy Xow d/ rqzEK ft~u gq:[es fJBQK okrK dk Gkosh ;zrhs ft~u

ftP/P ;EkB j?.

(32) wjkB e'P ft~u e[M nfij/ okrK dk fttoD th fwbdk j?, fiBQK dk

f;Zy Xow d/ rqzEK, nkfd rqzE, d;w rqzE, ;op b'j, r[o gqskg

;{o: nkfd ft~u fIeo BjhA, gozs{ Gkosh ;zrhs ft~u fJBQK B{z nfjw

;EkB jk;b j?. fit/A fe d/tfroh, d[ork, ghb{, Pzeok, ;zX{ohnK,

gzuw, j/w, BkokfJDh, dhge, pkr/;_oh, pzrkb, f;zdT{ok, G?oth

nkfd. Gkosh ;zrhs d/ e[M y/soh okrK pko/ th wjkB e'P ft~u

;[uZih ikDekoh T[gbpX j? fit/A fe gjkVh, wkM, w[bskBh nkfd.

T[go'es ft~uko uouk s'A fJj sZE ;kjwD/ nkT[Ad/ jB fe GkJh ;kfjp

B/ fiE/ f;Zy Xow d/ gow[~y rqzEK ft~u nkJ/ okrK d/ Bkdkswe ;o{gK B{z

ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb ;"yh p'bh ft~u tofDs ehsk, T[ZE/ Gkosh ;zrhs d/ okrK

372

pko/ th T[BQK dhnK fbysK ft~u Gog{o ikDekoh fwbdh j?. p/PZe fJj ;zrhs

d/ y'iekoK dhnK ;kohnK b'VK g{ohnK eoB tkbh ikDekoh BjhA, go ;zrhs

d/ y/so ft~u fJ; d/D dk nkgDk fJ~e ftP/P wjZst j?.

(33) Gkosh ;zrhs ft~u Pkwb fsB' ebktK rkfJB, tkdB fBos ft~u'A tkdB

;zrhs dh th nkgDh fJ~e ftPkb gozgok j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ wjkB e'P

ft~u ;kI bJh tkik, tkfdqs, tkd: nkfd PpdK dk gq:'r ehsk j?.

T[BQK nkgDhnK ouBktK okjhA t?fde ekb d/ ;kIK s'A b? e/ nkX[fBe

:[Zr d/ ;kI jow'Bhnw sZe dk fIeo ehsk j? ns/ e[M otkfJsh ;kIK

d/ fuZso th nkgDhnK fbysK ft~u fdZs/ jB. r[o[ws gqGkeo,

r[o[ws wkoszv ns/ wjkBe'P nkfd rqzEK ft~u eJh o{gK ft~u ;kIK

dk torheoB eofdnK nyho ;g~PN ehsk j? fe ;zrhs rqzEK ft~u

ss, ftss (ftqs), xB ns/ ;[fPo (;[fyo) nkfd ;kIK d/ uko G/d

jh w[~y jB.

(34) tZy tZy torK d/ ;kIK dh ikDekoh d/AfdnK GkJh ;kfjp B/ sZs tor

d/ thDk, f;sko, szp{ok, opkp, prb sozr, ftqs iK ntBE tor

ft~u fwqdzr, gykti, vkT[o{, Y'b, YZv nkfd. ;[fPo iK ;[fyo

tor d/ pK;[oh, PjBkJh, phB, nbr'i/, Bof;zr, ;js{o, ;zy

nkfd ns/ xD tor d/ ;kIK ft~u xzNk, yVskb, S?D/, ibsozr,

wzihok, MKi, x[zxo{, skb nkfd B{z uouk dk ftPk pDkfJnk.

Pk;soh ns/ b'e ;zrhs d/ Bkb ;pzXs e[M ;kIK pko/ fJfsjk;e ns/

seBheh ikDekoh th gqdkB ehsh j?. fit/A fe fIeo fwbdk j? fe

T[so gqd/P ft~u fi; EK B"t/ gksPkj B/ v/ok ehsk, T[ZE/ GkJh r[opyP

f;zx B{z ‘fwqdzr* pyPh i' j[D T[; EK ;BwkB Bkb oZyh j'Jh j? ns/

373

T[ZE/ pD/ r[od[nko/ dk Bkw ‘;zrfs fwqdzr tkbh* j?. ;zrhs d/ gzfvs

fcozd/ B/ r[o{ BkBe d/t dh nkfrnk Bkb GkJh wodkB/ B{z okr ftd:k

f;ykJh ns/ opkp ;kI ;fsr[o{ Bz{ G/AN ehsk. ;zrhs rqzEK ft~u ‘opkp*

dk Bkw oktD thDk j? ns/ fJj oktD dh ekY j?.

(35) e[M ;kIK d/ BkweoB ns/ seBheh g~y pko/ th ikDekoh T[gbpX j?

fit/A fe fwqdzr pko/ T[b/y j? fe fwqd (fwZNh) d/ Y'b B{z nkth ft~u

gek e/ ns/ uzw Bkb wVe/ pDkJ/ iKd/ ;kI dk Bkw ‘fwqdzr’ fgnk

i' m'eo bZrD s'A c[ZN iKdk ;h, fJ; bJh f;nkfDnK B/ bZeV ns/

Xks{ dk pDkT[Dk nozfGnk. fJ;/ dk o{gKso gykti i'Vh j?. ;kIK

Bkb ;pzXs seBheh PpdK ;[oXoh, fwIokp nkfd pko/ seBheh

ikDekoh th fes/ fes/ t/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?. y[d fJ~e f;sko tkde j'D

ekoB ;zrhse ;kIK gqsh GkJh ;kfjp ftP/P ;B/j oyd/ ;B.

(36) tZy tZy torK d/ ;kIK dh rZb eofdnK ;kIK pko/ nkgD/

nkb'uBkswe ftuko th GkJh ;kfjp B/ gorN ehs/ jB GkJh

;kfjp nB[;ko ‘;kI* T[jh T[Zsw j? i' rkT[D t/b/ ;[o dh ;jkfJsk

eo/. fi; ;kI, jow'Bhnw nkfd ft~u ;to dh Po[sh BjhA

T[gidh, T[j okr dk ;jh ;o{g BjhA gorN eo ;edk. Po[sh

g?dk eoB tkb/ ;kI sko (szs[) iK c{e d/ jh j' ;ed/ jB. tkdB

ns/ rkfJB dh nktkI fJ; nB[gks dh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe rkfJe

dh nktkI ;kIK T[Zgo Sk ikt/. tkfinK ft~u ewkb oZyD tkb/

nkukohnk nkgD/ wB d/ GktK B{z ;kIK ftZu'A nZyo o{g eoe/

gorN eo fdykT[Ad/ jB.

374

;koKP tZi'A fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;kIK pko/ GkJh ;kfjp g{oB frnkB

oZyd/ ;B. T[BQK fiZE/ Gkosh Pk;soh ;zrhs d/ w[ZYb/ s/ gokuhB ;kIK pko/

ikDekoh fdZsh j?, T[BQK d/ fJfsjk;e s/ fwfEjk;e fgS'eV dh uouk ehsh

j?. T[ZE/ r[owfs ;zrhs d/ gozgokrs ;kI opkp, ;ozdk, skT{;,

skBg[ok, f;sko, d[skok i'Vh nkfd pko/ s;thoK ;w/s th tvw[~bh

ikDekoh fd~sh j?.

(37) nkgD/ wB nzdob/ ;{\w GktK d/ gorNkt/ bJh wB[Zy B/ ;kfjs ns/

;zrhs B{z ;op'sw wzfBnk j?. ;zrhs dk w{b nkXko ‘Bkd* ns/

‘Ppd* j? ns/ fJBQK d't/A ebktK dh rfjoh ;KM wkBth goftoshnK

Bkb j?. ;kfjs d/ jh fJ~e o{g ekft ns/ fJ;d/ ;zrhs ebk Bkb ;[w/b

pko/ GkJh ;kfjp d/ ft~uko ek|h w[btkB jB. eftsk ;[fjod wB[Zyh

GktBktK dk ;zrhse s/ b?npZX gorNk j?, fi; ft~u ebgBk dh

;jkfJsk Bkb nBzd ns/ ;ukJh B{z gqsZy gZXo s/ ;keko ehsk iKdk

j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ ekft d/ ;[jiksfwe sZsK o;, Szd, nbzeko

nkfd dk toDB pV/ jh ft;Eko Bkb ehsk j?. ekft ns/ ;zrhs dk

;[w/b rkfJB (rhs) T[d'A jh ;[ji Gog{o j' ;edk j? id'A fJ; ft~u

o;^fBPgsh w"I{d j't/. GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko o;kswe tke jh

ekft dk doik o~yd/ jB. wjkB e'P ft~u T[b/y j? fe ‘o;* ekt:

nB[;ko wB ft~u T[sgzB j'D tkbk T[j Gkt j? i' ekt:, gVB, ;[DB

nEtk BkNe d/yD s'A T[sgzB j[zdk j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ B" o;K fPzrko

jk;:, eo[Dk, o"dq, tho, G:kBe, thGs;, ndG[s, fBot/d nkfd

dk ;pzX wB[Zyh wB d/ p[fBnkdh Iip/ ‘;EkJh GktK* gqhfs, y[Ph,

rw, eq'X, T[sPkj, vo, frbkBh, ft;w:, t?okr: nkfd Bkb

375

doPke/ pV/ jh ebkwkJh Yzr Bkb ;kfjs ns/ ;zrhs ft~ub/ o;K dh

wB'ftfrnkBe fdqPNh s'A ftnkfynk ehsh j?. id'A n;hA gqf;ZX

wB'ftfrnkBh ftbhnw w?ev:{rb ;w/s toswkB wB'ftfrnkBeK tZb'A

ehsh rJh fPo'wDh GktK dh tzv dh iKu gVskb eod/ jK sK T[j GkJh

;kfjp tZb'A dZ;/ B" o;K Bkb ;pzXs ;EkJh GktK Bkb ;"y/ jh w/b e/

t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. eftsk, rhs nkfd dh o; GktBk B{z ;wMd/ jh fJ~e

T[Zsw rkfJe Ppd, ;[o, b?n ns/ skb dh ;z:[es^Pesh okjhA

;o'fsnK d/ wB ft~u ;[ji dk p'X T[sgzB eodk j?.

(38) eftsk ns/ rhs ft~u Szd ns/ ;zrhs ft~u skb d't/A jh ekb (;w/A) d/

g?wkB/ jB. ;zrhs ebk d/ ;[jiksfwe sZsK ft~u gd, Szd, Gkt, b?n,

skb ns/ nbzeko nkfd dk ftP/P wjZst j?. wjkB e'P nB[;ko T[j

gd, BIw nkfd Szd efjbkT[Adk j?, fi; ekft ft~u wksqk, nZyo rD

nkfd d/ fB:wK dh gkpzdh j't/. GkJh ;kfjp ofus g[;se ‘r[o[Szd

fdtkeo* (1924 JhH) fgzrb nEtk Szd Pk;so dh nkgD/ t/b/ dh fJ~e'

fJ~e nfijh g[;se j?, fi;B/ ;"yh p'bh ft~u r[opkDh ns/ j'o gow[~y

Xow rqzEK d/ ekft^;[ji dh goy ;zGt pDkJh. Gkosh ;zrhs d/

ftdtkBK ;kozr d/t nkfd B/ ‘o;K* dh soQK jh ‘SzdK* dk ;zpzX th

;toK Bkb do;kfJnk j?.

GkJh ;kfjp B/ rkfJB ;zrhs Bkb ;pzXs SzdK s'A fJbktk tkdB ;zrhs

d/ T[BQK gow[~y SzdK dk th toDB ehsk j?, fiBQK ft~u fwqdzr d/ p'b nkT[Ad/

jB fit/A fe ;zrhs SZg:, ;zrhs Bkoki, ;zrhs gkXVh nkfd. ;zrhs dhnK

fsB' ebktK rkfJB, tkdB ns/ fBos ft~u SzdK dk ftP/P wjZst j?. GkJh

;kfjp Szd d/ ;{\w G/dK bx[, r[o[, gb[s nkfd dk rkfJB ft~u fttjkfoe

376

gZy dk fIeo eofdnK f;ZNk eZYd/ jB fe id'A s~e ;zrhs ns/ Szd

Pk;so dh g{oh ;wM Bk j't/, sd she r[opkDh d/ gd ;jh gVQB/ xo

rkT[D/ nfs efmB jB.

(39) Gkosh ekft Pk;soh gozgok ft~u o; ;zgqdkfJ tKr jh nbzeko

;zgqdkfJ dk th wjZstg{oB ;EkB j?, fi;B/ nbzeko B{z ekft dh

nkswk wzfBnk j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ Szd Pk;so dh soQK jh, ekft d/

fJ~e j'o gZy d/ ;gZPNheoB bJh ‘r[o[Ppdkbzeko* (1924 JhH),

g[;se dh ouBk ehsh, fi; ft~u ‘nbzeko* dh gfoGkPk ns/ fJBQK d/

G/d doI jB. GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko i' ekt: B{z G{fPs (nbz) eo/,

noEks P'Gk d/t/, ;' ‘nbzeko’ j?. Gkosh ekft^Pk;so ft~u

nbzeko fJ~e goeko dk GkPk ;[ji j?, fi; d/ wkfXnw Bkb eth iK

rhseko nkgD/ shpo GktK dk gorNktk eodk j?. rhs ft~u

nbzeko ;gZPNsk fbnkT[Ad/ jB, Gkt B{z shyDsk godkB eod/ jB.

;zrhs ft~u nbzeko Ppd dk ftnkge o{g ft~u gq:'r j[zdk j?. GkJh

;kfjp B/ ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb y'i eoe/ ;w[Zu/ f;Zy ekft ft~u'

nbzekoK dk uwsekoh o{g gorN ehsk j?, i' fe ;kfjs ns/ ;zrhs

d't/A y/soK d/ y'iekoK bJh bkGekoh ;kfps j'fJnk. fBos ebk d/

ftdtkBK nB[;ko fi; soQK ekft ft~u toD ns/ PpdK dh ftdtsk

g{oB ouBk ft~u nbzeko dk j~E j[zdk j? T[;h goeko fBos d/ p'bK Bz{

th nbzekoK okjhA ;ikfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK ;zrhs ft~u o;, Szd,

dh soQK jh nbzekoK dk th nkgDk wjZst j?. gqf;ZX ftdtkB gq'H

gqhsw f;zx nB[;ko r[opkDh s/ j'o f;Zy ;kfjZs d/ ekft^;[ji dh

goy Szd s/ nbzeko Pk;so dh ;'Mh s'A fpBk ;zGt BjhA ;h GkJh

377

ekBQ f;zx BkGk B/ ;'yh p'bh ft~u fJj ;'Mh gfjbh tkoh ;zGt

pDkJh.

(40) ;zrhs ns/ ekft d'jK bJh GkPk dk ftP/P wjZst j?. rkfJB ft~u

T[fus ns/ Y[et/A Ppd, ;[ji p'X bJh g{ok wjZst oZyd/ jB.

nukohnk e;/Aw/Adq dk ftuko j? fe ekft ft~u tos/ rJ/ gd, Ppd

nkgD/ noEK dh T[u~sk, n"fus: ekoB dh ;[fjod fdbK ft~u fJ~e

nb"fee uwseko g?dk eoB d/ ;woZE j[zd/ jB.

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk nB[;ko, GkPk (p'bh) o;, nbzeko nkfd

ekft d/ gqXkB nzr jB. fJBQK ;kfonK ftZu'A w[Zy nzr GkPk j?. fi; eth

B{z p'bh dk g{ok r:kB BjhA no i' Ppd T[j tos fojk j? T[; d/ Xks{ B{z

BjhA ikDdk ns/ Ppd B{z nkgD/ Szd dh ukb bJh ftrkV e/ fbydk j?,

T[j edh th eth dh gdthA dk nfXekoh BjhA j' ;edk. nukohnk

eP/Aw/Adq d/ n'fus: f;XKs tKr GkJh ekBQ f;zx th T[fus sZs dh wjZssk

tZb ;ze/s eod/ jB fe PpdK d/ o{g B{z ftrkV e/ fbyDk eftsk B{z ebzfes

eoBk j?. eth Bz{ gdkoEK d/ ;o{g, fJfsjk; nkfd dk frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk

j?. i/ fPzrko o; dk tke wB ft~u gqhfs T[sgzB BjhA eodk ns/ pho o;

dh ouBk fus nzdo T[sPkj BjhA fbnkT[Adh sK T[j ekt: BjhA. GkJh

;kfjp B/ wjkB e'P ft~u nfij/ 16 ekt: d'PK tk toDB ehsk j?, fijV/

nkukohnk eP/w/Adq d/ tofDs gow[~y n"fus:k Bkb ek|h fwbd/ i[bd/

jB. fJ; soQK ;[ji p'X bJh ;zrhs ns/ ekft d'tK ft~u GkPk dk ftP/P

wjZst j?. vkH v/HihH tkbhnk nB[;ko, i/eo ;toK B{z T[fuZs Ppd ns/

PpdK B{z T[g:[es ;to Bk fwbD sK ‘o; ns/ gq;zBsk’ d'tK dh jh ;zGktBk

BjhA ofjzdh. GkJh ;kfjp B/ ekft^ouBk ft~u wX[o:, Ui ns/ gq;kd

378

fJzBK fszB r[DK dk j'Dk Io{oh dZf;nk j?. ;gZPN j? ekft ns/ ;zrhs dk

nfijk ;[uZik ;[w/b jh nkgDh Pesh okjhA ;fsnw^fPtwz^;[dowz dh

nB[G{sh eokT[Adk j?.

(41) ;kohnK bfbs ebktK dk f;ZXk ;pzX wB[Zyh wB Bkb j?. nkfd ekb

s'A nfXnkswtkdhnK, dkoPfBeK s/ ftfrnkBhnK bJh wB y'i dk

ftPk pfDnk fojk j?. GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko, nzsjeoD nzso dh

fJzdqh, fi;d/ ;zi'r Bkb pkjobhnK fJzdqhnK ekoi eodhnK jB,

fJ;d/ uko G/d (wB, p[~Xh, fuZs, njzeko) jB. wjkB e'P ft~u

t/dKse wZs nB[;ko ehsh ftnkfynk nB[;ko wB fJ~e ;{\w fefonk

j? fi; dh e'Jh gdkoEe j'Ad BjhA. wB'ftfrnkBhnK nB[;ko

nzsfjeoB dh dPk B{z gorN eoB tkb/ ftukoK iK fynkbK B{z

‘wB'Gkt’ fejk iKdk j?. wB[Zyh wB ftub/ ;{\w GktK dk nkg w[jkok

gorNk id'A ;[ji fposh okjhA j[zdk j?, sK T[;Bz{ ebk fejk iKdk j?,

fi; dk w[Zy gq:'iB ihtB B{z ;[zdo pDkT[Dk j?. wjkB e'P ft~u ;E{b

;oho s'A gkorkwh ;{\w ;oho noEks, ‘wB'w: e'P* B{z gzi

frnkB fJzdqhnK (;gZo;, ;tkd, rzX, PqtB, fdqPNh) ns/ wB dk

;z:'r dZf;nk j?. fJj frnkB fJzdqhnK jh tZy'^tZy o{gK ft~u

;[ji iK nBzd dh nB[G{sh eodhnK jB. wB ft~ub/ ‘Gkt* fiBQK

dk ;pzX ;kfjs ns/ ;zrhs Bkb j?, pko/ GkJh ;kfjp dk ftuko j?

fe nzsfjeoB dh dPk B{z gorN eoB tkb/ wkBf;e fteko

(Emotion) dk Bkw ‘Gkt* j?, fi; d/ gzi G/dL ftGkt, nB[Gkt,

;EkJh Gkt ns/ ;kfs_e Gkt, t:fGukoh Gkt nkfd jB. GkJh

;kfjp tZb'A wB nzdob/ GktK dh nfijh r{V ftnkfynk ;zrhs d/

379

wB'ftfrnkB B{z ;wMD bJh ek|h bkGekoh j?. tZy tZy ebktK okjhA

gorN j'D tkb/ B" o;K dk wB[Zyh wB s/ tZy tZy gqGkt g?Adk j?. o;,

wB ft~ub/ T[BQK ;EkJh GktK B{z irkT[Ad/ jB, fijV/ f;rwzv cokfJv

tZb'A dZ;/ nB[;ko u/sB, nu/sB s/ ntu/sB wB ft~u ;[Zs/ gJ/ ofjzd/

jB. ekBQ f;zx BkGk nB[;ko fiBQK dh nyzv gqhfs (fbt) d[nkok,

Ppd Bkb ;[ofs dh ;zXh fwbh j?, T[BQK Bz{ wB ft~ub/ fteko ed/ Sb

BjhA ;ed/.

(42) e'Jh th ;zrhs T[g:'rh Bkd ;kvh PqtD fJzdqh B{z fe; goeko gqGkfts

eodk j? ns/ wB ft~u fejV/ fejV/ Gkt T[sgzB j[zd/ jB, fJj ;G

;zrhs d/ wB'ftfrnkB dh Pq/Dh ft~u nkT[Adk j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ Ppd

d/ d' G/d wzzB/ jB, fJ~e X[Bh o{g s/ d{ik toD o{g. Y'b Brko/

nkfd dk Ppd X[Bh o{g ns/ wB[ZyK dh pkDh toDkswe j?. fPt

t~b'A sKvt fBos: fg~S'A v"o{ tikT[D s'A T[gi/ u"dK ;{sqK d/ jtkb/

Bkb nkg d~;d/ jB fe fe;/ ftfdnk ft~u ewkb oZyD tkb/

nkukohnk, iV gdkoEK B{z u/sB ;wkB pDk fdzd/ jB ns/ nkgD/

wB d/ GktK B{z tkfinK (;kIK) ftZu'A nZyo o{g eoe/ gorN eo

fdykT[Ad/ jB. GkJh ;kfjp fJ; eEB dh g[PNh bJh ;qh r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih dh opkp ns/ ;qh r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ oDihs ‘Brko/* d/

jtkb/ g/P eofdnK dZ;d/ jB fe r[o{ ih dk wB'jo Brkok tZy

tZy ;fwnK dh wzr nB[;ko ;q'fsnK d/ fuZs ft~u PKs, tho

nkfde o; g?dk eo fdzdk ;h.

(43) ;zrhse ;[ji ;pzXh G"fsetkdh ns/ Gkttkdh ftdtkBK B/ tZy'^tZy

ftuko g/P ehs/ jB. e[M ftdtkBK dk fJj th ftuko j? fe

380

‘o;kB[G{sh* ns/ ‘;[ji p'X* d't/A gq:k:tkuh jB. GkJh ;kfjp B/

;zrhs d/ nkXko sZsK tkdh, ;ztkdh, ;[oK dh ebkwJh tos'A, ;to

ns/ ;kI dk o;kswesk tkbk T[fuZs ;[w/b, ns/ ;zrhs d/

;fj:'rh sZsK ekft, o;, Szd, nbzeko, GkPk nkfd pko/ i'

ftnkfynk ehsh j?, T[; fgZS/ ‘;[ji* (Aesthetic) dh GktBk

;gZPN fdqPNhr'uo j?. GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko wkBth GbkJh bJh

wk:k d/ sq?r[DK oi'^sw'^;s' d/ i[It dk ;jh fwedko jh

bkGdk:e ns/ g{oB ;[Zy dk ;kXB pD ;edk j?. T[dkjoD ti'A ;qh

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh nd[Zsh Py;hns B{z nkg ;ko/ o;K dk nkXko

wzBd/ jB, fizBK d/ ekft ft~u sq?r[D wkX[o:, Ui, ns/ gq;kd j'D

ekoB nkg fJ;B{z wB'jo ekft dk doik d/Ad/ jB, fi; ft~u ftfdnk

s'A fJbktk PKs ns/ tho o;K dk ;[uZik ;[w/b j?.

(44) GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk B{z GkJh r[odk; s'A pknd d/ r[opkDh d/

ftnkfynkekoK ft~u gow[~y ;EkB jk;b j?. r[opkDh ftnkfynk

eofdnK nkg B/ r[owfs ;zrhs gqpzX dh ;Ekgsh bJh ns/ fJ;dh

gozgok dh gSkD bJh ftP/P I'o fdZsk, Bkb jh soe ns/ dbhb

d/ nkXko s/ ;zrhs Bkb i[V/ wB'ebfgs ftukoK dk yzvB eoe/

nkgD/ ftfrnkBe ftuko g/P ehs/ ns/ r[opkDh ;zrhs Bz{ ;wMD,

;wMkT[D bJh Gkosh ;zrhs d/ ftzfGB gZyK dh goy gVu'b eoe/

Gkosh nfXnkswtkdh ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe fuszB XkoK dh o'PBh ft~u

e[ZM Bt/A f;ZN/ eZY/. ;zrhskukohnk gq'H skok f;zx nB[;ko r[opkDh

;zrhs Gkosh ;zrhs dk Pop Pq/;N ns/ nfByZV nzr j? fi;B{z nkgD/

;w/A d/ wkorh ;zrhs dk P[ZX ;o{g wzfBnK ik ;edk j?. GkJh ;kfjp

381

B/ fJ; nw'be s/ bk;kBh fto;/ B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD dk Gog{o :sB

ehsk.

(45) ;zrhs Bkb oziB j'D s/ fus PKs j[zdk j?. fJ;/ B{z :'r Pk;sq ft~u

;wkXh ;[Zy fejk j?. “;ksx f'pro`fÙk fujks/k% rnknz"Vq%Lo:isLFkkue~”

noEks fuZs dhnK ftqshnK dk id'A fBo'X j' iKdk j?, T[d'A fdqPNk

nkgD/ ;to{g ft~u bhB j' iKdk j?.

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk nB[;ko, r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ “jfo fbt wzvb”

dk nBzd wkBD bJh “fBopkD ehosB” B{z T[Zsw wzfBnK j?, i' okrK d/

fB:wK T[go nkXkfos j? ns/ :'r ;kXBk s'A ftP/P fuZs dh ftqZfs

fJekro eoB tkbk ns/ f;Zy Xow dk w[Zy nzr j?. r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ y[d

;[ozdk tor/ ;kIK dh ouBk eoe/ gq/wh f;ZyK B{z r[owfs ;zrhs ftfdnk

f;ykT[Dh nkozGh. ekft ns/ ;zrhs d/ ;[jikswe gZyK Gkt, o;, Szd,

nbzeko nkfd toDB eofdnK nkg fJ;/ f;ZN/ s/ g[Zid/ jB fe gow/Po

dh Grsh tkbh ekft ouBk r[owfs ekft, gow nkBzd, ;[ji ns/

wjko; dk T[Zsw ;'qs j?. fJ;/ soQK okr, b?:, skb Bkb Gkt gorNkT[D

tkbh nzrK dh joes noEks ‘fBos ebk* pko/ nkg dk ftuko j? fe gq/w

Grsh Bkb fwfbnk j'fJnk fBos jh ;G s'A T[Zsw j?.

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk d/ gqekfPs ekoi dk ;zrhse ftPb/PD fJ; f;ZN/

s/ gj[zuKdk j? fe GkJh ;kfjp fJ~e gqf;ZX ftdtkB j'D d/ Bkb Bkb ;zrhs

ebk d/th pV/ wkfjo ;B. T[BQK Gkosh ;zrhs d/ ftfGzB gZyK dh ftnkfynk

eofdnK w[Zy o{g ft~u r[owfs ;zrhs gqpzX B{z T[ikro eoB ftP/P I'o

fdZsk. ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ft~u Szd :'iBk, nbzeko :'iBk, o;, Gkt

nkfd ;[jiksfwe r[DK dk toDB eofdnK nkg Ppd T[gk;Bk B{z jh

382

;zrhs dk w[Zy gq:'iB wzBd/ jB, fi; Bkb ;[ofs, wfs, wB, p[ZfX ft~u

b'e ;[j/bk ns/ gob'e ;cbk wzst tkb/ gow ;[ji dk nB[Gt j[zdk j?.

GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko nfXnksfwe ;zrhs jh ;fudkBzd dh nB[G{sh

eokT[D tkbk j?. ehosB ;wkB e'Jh i'r sg BjhA. Ppd ns/ ;zrhs d/

fJ; nd[Zsh ;[w/b okjhA ifrnk;{ d/ nzsjeoD ft~u id'A gow nBzd ns/

;[ji dh nB[G{sh j? sK “BkBe Grsk ;dk ftrk;” tkbh nzsjeoD dh

T[; nt;Ek B{z GkJh ;kfjp ‘;uyzv’ nkyd/ jB. ftdtkBK nB[;ko ;zrhs

d/ nkX[fBe y'ikoEhnK, ftfdnkoEhnK dh g[oksB r[owfs ;zrhs gozgok sZe

gj[zu bJh wjkB e'P fJ~e g[b tZi'A ;jkfJe j[zdk j?.

Gkosh fJfsjk; dh gozgok ft~u ;zrhs pko/ fbyD dh gozgok nfs

gokuhB j?. fJ; gozgok nXhB gzikph GkPk ft~u ‘r[oPpd osBkeo wjkB

e'P* GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk dk fJ~e nfijk Pbkxk:'r T[Zdw j?, fi;d/ x/o/

ft~u ;zrhs dk Pk;soh ns/ fttjkfoe gZy, okrK dk ftek;, rkfJB P?bhnK,

;zrhs d/ ftdtkB ns/ rqzE, wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ;[jikswe gZy nkfd nkT[Ad/

jB. fiBQK dk toDB GkJh ;kfjp dhnK fbysK ft~u fyzvt/ ns/ ;zy/g o{g

ft~u fwbdk j?. ftfdnkoEhnK, y'iekoK, nfXnkgeK ns/ ;zrhs gq/whnK bJh

;zrhs pko/ GkJh ;kfjp dk :'rdkB jw/PK bkGekoh pfDnk oj/rk. T[BQK dh

fJj tvw[Zbh xkbDk Gkos dh ;w[Zuh dkoPfBe ftok;s Bkb frnkB dk

foPsk i'VB ft~u T[ikro j[zdh j?.