nghiên cứu nhân nhanh loài lan kim tuyến ( anoectochilus roxburghii (wall.) lindl.) của...

7/21/2019 Nghin Cu Nhn Nhanh Loi Lan Kim Tuyn ( Anoectochilus Roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl.) Ca Vit Nam Bng Phng

1/99

A JBC EM ^C C UC A LLJ LJGB[ ^ [ULU

^BL @GCD GM LLJ LJGB[ ^BU LDF------------------------ -----------------------

LJYRL UG HB

LJGBL MY LGL LGDLG HCB HDL @BF

UYRL ( DLCIMUCMGBHY] QCWAYQJGBB (ZDHH.)HBLEH.) MD ^BU LDF ALJ [GLJ [G[LYB MR F U AC

HYL ^L UGM ] LLJ LJGB[

G LB 1;41


2/99

A JBC EM ^C C UC A LLJ LJGB[ ^ [ULU^BL @GCD GM LLJ LJGB[ ^BU LDF

------------------------ -----------------------

LJYRL UG HB

LJGBL MY LGL LGDLG HCB HDL @BFUYRL ( DLCIMUCMGBHY] QCWAYQJGBB (ZDHH.)

HBLEH.) MD ^BU LDF ALJ [GLJ [G[LYB MR F U AC

Mguyl ljlg? @gcd gm my trljF s? >;>1;44;

HYL ^L UGM ] LLJ LJGB[

Ljb glj el `gcd gm?U]. [gf Glj ]l

G LB 1;41


3/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp b

HB MDF CDL

Ub xbl mdf cdl y h mlj trlg ljgbl mu md rblj tb. Mmhbu, `t qu lu trclj hul vl h trulj tgm v mgd tlj m mlj atrclj at ` mlj trlg lc `gm, mm tglj tbl trmg el trclj hul vl lyu m mg r ljul jm.

G Lb, ljy tglj lf 1;41Um jb hul vl

Ljuyl Ug Hb


4/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp bb

HB MF L

m m `t qu ly, tb xbl trl trlj ay t hlj abt l su slgt l U]. [gf Glj ]l ljb tl tlg eu et, glj el v tcfb bu `bl jbp tb gcl tglg mlj trlg ljgbl mu ly.

Ub xbl mgl tglg mf l mm tgy m jbc Adl c tc sdu b g^bl @gcd gm Llj ljgbp ^bt Ldf tc bu `bl jbp tb gcltglg hul vl.

Ub xbl mgl tglg mf l s jbp md jbd lg v mm al a ljgbp Urulj tf ]blg gm Ugm ljgbf, ^bl lj elj Mlj ljg mgc

tb lj hm v tc bu `bl trclj qu trlg gm tp v ljgbl mu.

G Lb, ljy tglj lf 1;41Um jb

Ljuyl Ug Hb


5/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp bbb

FM HMF Y .................................................................................................... 4 4. Ulg mp tgbt md tb .................................................................. 1. Fm mg v yu mu md tb ...................................................... =. ljgd `gcd gm v tgm tbl md tb........................................... 5. b tlj v pgf vb ljgbl mu md tb ....................................... MGLJ 4 - ULJ TYDL UB HBY ^ M ] @GCD GM MD

UB....................................................................................... > 4.4. M s `gcd gm md pglj pgp lub my f t ac tgm vt.......

4.4.4. Ulg tcl llj md t ac tgm vt................................................

4.4.1. ] pgl gc v pgl pgl gc t ac ............................................> 4.4.=. Mm lgl t lg glj tb qu trlg lgl jblj alj lub my ft ac.......................................................................................................7

4.4.=.4. Fb trlj lub my ................................................................ 4.4.=.1. Mm mgt bu gc sblg trlj............................................... 4.4.=.=. Fb trlj vt h...................................................................4 4.4.=.5. ^t hbu lub my....................................................................4

4.4.=.9. bu `bl v trlj .................................................................45 4.4.5. Mm jbdb cl mglg trclj qu trlg lgl jblj lub mybl vbtrc. 49

4.1. Ft vb lt v Hdl `bf tuyl.............................................................4: 4.1.4. [gl hcb......................................................................................4 4.1.1. m bf glg tgb.......................................................................4 4.1.=. ]blg gm v sblg tgb....................................................................4 4.1.5. [gl a........................................................................................42 4.1.9. Jb tr em hbu md D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. ........................ 42

4.1.9.4. Gct tlg sblg gm md D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh................42 4.1.9.1. Um elj v mlj elj md D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. ....... 11

4.1.>. Ugm trlj `gdb tgm v pgt trbl my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.)Hbleh.)....................................................................................................1


6/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp bv

4.=. Lub trlj Hdl `bf tuyl ..................................................................1= 4.=.4. lg slj...................................................................................... 1= 4.=.1. Lgbt .......................................................................................1 4.=.=. f..........................................................................................15 4.=.5. Ljul lm tb.......................................................................... 4.=.9. [gl al......................................................................................15

4.5. Ft s ljgbl mu v lgl jblj v ac tl my Hdl `bf tuyl ....... 15 4.5.4. Ljgbl mu lgl jblj v ac tl ljul jil my Hdl `bf tuyltrl tg jbb............................................................................................ 1 4.5.1. Ljgbl mu lgl jblj v ac tl ljul jil my Hdl `bf tuyl

^bt Ldf...............................................................................................12 MGLJ 1 - ^U HBY, LB EYLJ ^ [GLJ [G[ LJGBL

MY...............................................................................=4 1.4. ^t hbu ljgbl mu............................................................................=

1.4.4. Jblj ljgbl mu......................................................................... =4 1.4.1. Gc mgt v tgbt a lub my f ................................................. 1.4.=. Mm jb tg s elj trclj ljgbl mu ..........................................=

1.4.5. Mm hcb pgl al s elj........................................................... = 1.1. Lb eulj ljgbl mu.......................................................................... =5 1.=. [glj pgp ljgbl mu....................................................................=5 1.=.4. [glj pgp hy fu, `g trlj v lub my tc vt hbu `gb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. ...............................................................=5

1.=.1. [glj pgp ljgbl mu lgl lgdlg mgb my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh..........................................................................................= 1.=.=. [glj pgp ljgbl mu tc my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.gcl mglg.............................................................................................= 1.=.5. [glj pgp d my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. rd vlf.......................................................................................................5;

1.5. Mm mg tbu tgic eb.........................................................................


7/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp v

1.9. [glj pgp x h s hbu.................................................................. 5 MGLJ = - @U TY LJGBL MY ^ UGC HYL................... 55 =.4. @t qu ljgbl mu `g trlj tc vt hbu `gb u mgc lub mblvbtrchcb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.................................................55

=.4.4. @t qu ljgbl mu lg glj md mgt `g trlj tb t h md fu my trl fb trlj F]...........................................................55 =.4.1. lg glj md fb trlj `gclj l `g llj tc mgb t fumy adl u............................................................................................ =.4.=. lg glj md mgt bu tbt sblg trlj AD l `g llj tc mt fu my adl u................................................................................

=.1. Jbdb cl lgl lgdlg mgb.................................................................94 =.1.4. lg glj md @blitbl (@bl) l `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh....................................................................94 =.1.1. Ljgbl mu lg glj md Ugbebdzurcl (UE_) l qu trlg lglgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh...........................................95 =.1.=. Ljgbl mu lg glj md t gp (UE_ + BAD) l `g llj lglgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh...........................................9>

=.1.5. Ljgbl mu lg glj md t gp (AD + LDD) l `g lljlgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. ................................. 92 =.1.9. Ljgbl mu lg glj md emg ljgbl `gcdb ty l `g lllgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. .................................>4

=.=. Jbdb cl tc my gcl mglgbl vbtrc.................................................>9 =.=.4. lg glj md tgdl gct tlg ......................................................> =.=.1. lg glj md LDD tb jbdb cl tc my gcl mglg ............

=.5. Jbdb cl d mybl vbtrc rd vl f.............................................:; =.5.4. lg glj md jb tg trlj `gm lgdu l s sblg trlj pgttrbl md my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb ( Zdhh.) Hbleh........................................:4 =.5.1. lg glj md ft s hcb pgl al `gm lgdu l s sblg trl pgt trbl my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb ( Zdhh.) Hbleh.......................................:=


8/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp vb

@U HYL ^ LJG ......................................................................... 7; 4. @t hul ................................................................................................ 1. ljg ................................................................................................. 74

UB HBY UGDF @GC........................................................................... Ublj vbt..................................................................................................7 Ublj Dlg.................................................................................................71

[G HM ................................................................................................... 7


9/99


10/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp vbbb

EDLG FM MM ALJ

Alj 1.4. Ljgbl mu lg glj md mgt `g trlj G1C1 v LdCMh.........=9 Alj 1.1. lg glj md fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu l `g llj tc

mgb t fu my adl u.............................................................=9 Alj =.4. lg glj md mgt `g trlj G1C1 hl fu my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb

(Zdhh.) Hbleh...............................................................................55 Alj =.1. lg glj md mgt `g trlj LdCMh hl fu my Hdl D.

rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.............................................................5> Alj =.=. lg glj md fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu l `g llj tc

mgb t fu my adl u.............................................................5: Alj =.5. lg glj md mgt bu tbt sblg trlj AD l `g llj tc

mgb t fu my adl u.............................................................9; Alj =.9. lg glj md @bl l `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D.

rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.............................................................91 Alj =.>. lg glj md UE_ l `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb md Hdl D.

rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.............................................................99 Alj =.:. @t qu lg glj md t gp (UE_ + BAD) l `g llj lgl

lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh..............................9:

Alj =.7. lg glj md t gp (AD + LDD) l `g llj lgl lgdlgmgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh........................................>;

Alj =.2. Ljgbl mu lg glj md emg ljgbl `gcdb ty l `g lljlgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.....................>1

Alj =.4;. lg glj md tgdl gct tlg tb jbdb cl tc my gcl mglg. >> Alj =.44. lg glj md LDD tb jbdb cl tc my gcl mglg............>7 Alj =.41. lg glj md jb tg trlj `gm lgdu l s sblg trlj pgt

trbl md my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. (sdu 41 tul).....:1 Alj =.4=. lg glj md ft s hcb pgl al `gm lgdu l s sblg

trlj pgt trbl md my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. (sdu 41tul)...........................................................................................:5


11/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp bx

EDLG FM MM GLG

Glg 4.4. My Hdl `bf tuyl (D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.).......................47 Glg 1.4. My Hdl `bf tuyl (D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.) m d vc

lub my f................................................................................=4 Glg 1.1. Qu ]pgdjluf fcss ....................................................................=1 Glg 1.=. El t qu...................................................................................=1 Glg 1.5. G^[ 4>;4 Z[ L? [? @ 6 =;? 4;? 4;............................................== Glg 1.9. Jrcwfcri (F) L? [? @ 6 =;? 4;? 4;..........................................== Glg 1.>. A4 Ugb Hdl.................................................................................==

Glg =.4. lg glj md fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu l `g llj tcmgb t fu my adl u............................................................57 Glg =.1. Jbdb cl lgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh........>5 Glg =.=. Uc my gcl mglgbl vbtrc..........................................................:; Glg =.5. lg glj md jb tg trlj `gm lgdu l t h slj md my H

D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. (sdu 41 tul)...................................:1 Glg =.9. lg glj md ft s hcb pgl al l s r fb xut gbl m

my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. (sdu 41 tul).....................:9 Glg =.>. My Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. lub my f sblg trlj pgt

trbl vl f........................................................................:>


12/99


13/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp 1

tgbl lgbl v rlj qum jbd. M ft bu lj hu h vbm `gdb tgmljuyl rlj trclj m my tgum h sblg ` mg yu md mm el tm

trclj vlj m mm tglj lgl `gdb tgm. Uuy vy, vbm tl pg tb ljuyrlj mlj mg fdlj hb mgc g ft fm slj rt tgp. Urclj `gb , mml trlj rlj mg yu fb mg qudl tf l my hy j, my ljuyl hbu my l qu f mgd mg l my em hbu, hcb my m jb tr gljmdc. Mglj gl, s tbl tgu m t ;,1 gd sd lgl mlj tlj lj vblgp t 4,9 gd eclj rblj. ^ vy trclj bu `bl `blg t lg gbl ldy, vbmf rlj `gu vm trlj my tgum `glj mg lgf pgt trbl ljul em hbu

f ml h abl pgp gu gbu xd b jbf ljgc tb d pglj.Crmgbedmidi h ft trclj lglj g tgm vt rt pgclj pg v mglj

hcb. y `glj lglj h ft g lb tblj v m yu tgmg ab m gcd p, lgbu fu sm v glg elj, f m lgbu hcb hdl tgum g tgm vml h lglj v tgum mgd alg rt mlj gbu. ^bt Ldf m mglj hcb rt pgclj pg jf tlj s 419 mgb v 2;1 hcb hdl, trclj m lgbu hcb Hdrt qu, m lm ljcb abt l v t fud vb s hlj hl lglj tgmg yu fb mg `gdb tgm trclj t lgbl ll `glj p lj m lgu mmd `gmg glj, lj tgb hb vb pgf mm bu `gcl md Gbp m`gdb tgm ljy mlj ml `bt mm hcb Hdl, lj tgb h my em hbujil qu gbf md ^bt Ldf. ^ e lg? Ugdlg f (Mcihcjyli mrbstdtdHbleh.), Ugdlg hdl (Myfabebuf mypirbnchbufZdhh. ix Hbleh.) (ft trcljlglj hcb hdl p lgt tg jbb), Fm hdl (Myfabebuf ilsbnchbuf(H.) ]w.).

Urclj m lglj hcb Hdl m s elj hf tgum mgd alg? Hdl `btuyl ( D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.), Hdl `bf tuyl ( Huebsbd ebsmchcr(@ir-Jdwh.) D. Qbmg.), D. hyhib Qchni ix Ecwlbi ]ibeiln, D. hyhib Qchni ix Ecwlbi]ibeiln, D. ncrfcssdlus, D. mdhmdriu....m abt h hcb Hdl `bf tuyl ( D.rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.) gbl s hlj ml rt t.


14/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp =

Url tgm t mgc tgy Hdl `bf tuyl (D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.) hft my tgum qudl trlj tgum g Hdl (Crmgbedmidi). L `glj mg h ft

hcb gcd m a h rt p f l ml h ft hcb em hbu qu gbf m Ldf v mm lm Mgu `gm. L tglj m jb vb mb tl h Htuyl. D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. pgl a mm lm mgu ? Urulj Tu Lgt Al, ]rb Hdl`d, l , Lipdh v ^bt Ldf... ^bt Ldf, D.rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. pgl a tb Gu, Udf c, Hc Mdb, Tulj Ur@cl Uuf, Jbd Hdb. Mglj fm rb rm trclj rlj lb vb, lb f, em tgi`gi sub, mdc =;; - 47;; f.

D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. m mcb h ft hcb tgl em v melj mgd alg d elj lg? bu tr tbu lj, ulj tg, tr if suy eblgelj, alg jdl, alg tbf fmg, vbf tgl, mdc guyt p v tr rl m ml...(Wbdc Wui Zdlj v mlj s, 1;44).

Gbl ldy, hcb D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. lm td dlj lj trmljuy m a tuyt mglj ec ll `gdb tgm ad ab v aul al trb pgp rlm ljcb. Ec vbm ljgbl mu lgl lgdlg hcb Hdl `bf tuyl ( D.

rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.) md ^bt Ldf h gt sm ml tgbt. ^ h , tb tbl glg tb?Ljgbl mu lgl lgdlg hcb Hdl `bf tuyl(Dlcimtcmgbhus rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.)md ^bt Ldf alj pglj pgplub my f t ac lgf jp pgl ac tl v pgt trbl hcb Hdl em hbuqu gbf md ^bt Ldf.

1. Fm mg v yu mu md tb

Fm mg md tbWy elj m quy trlg lgl lgdlg hcb Hdl `bf tuyl ( D. rcxaurjgbb

(Zdhh.) Hbleh.) alj pglj pgp lub my f t ac, lgf jp pgl ac tlv pgt trbl hcb Hdl em hbu qu gbf md ^bt Ldf.


15/99


Ru mu md tb tb tp trulj jbb quyt ft s vl sdu?

- Ljgbl mu tc ljul vt hbu `gb u mgc lub my f t ac, tf pglj pgp `g trlj tb u.- Ljgbl mu mlj cl lgl lgdlg mgb.- Ljgbl mu s sblg trlj pgt trbl md mgb v tc my gcl mglg.- Ljgbl mu ` tgut d my rd ljcb vl f, adc jf ljgbl mu vmm jb tg v ft s hcb pgl al tgmg gp.

=. ljgd `gcd gm v tgm tbl md tb

ljgd `gcd gm- Am u xy elj m quy trlg lgl jblj alj pglj pgp lub mf my Hdl `bf tuyl.- Jp pgl trlj trt v pgt trbl my em hbu qu gbf f trm m`gdb tgm trclj t lgbl, trl m s ac tl ljul jil qu gbf dlj mljuy m tuyt ebt.- Mulj mp m s e hbu mgc vbm xy elj quy trlg lgl jbljbl vbtrc mmhcb my em hbu `gm ^bt Ldf. ljgd tgm tbl md tb- D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. h ljul jil qu gbf md ^bt Ldf dljlj trm ljuy m tuyt mglj, lgl jblj Hdl `bf tuyl h lgf ac tld vc trlj trt v pgt trbl ljul jil qu gbf ly.- Uc rd m ljul my jblj vb s hlj hl v smg alg, jb m

gp, p lj lgu mu md tg trlj, tc ljul ljuyl hbu qu mgc ljlgEm.- Jp pgl jbp lj ac el tm vlj lb mdc tlj tgu lgp, jp pglxd b jbf ljgc v lj tgb h abl pgp tt ac v rlj.


16/99


5. b tlj v pgf vb ljgbl mu md tb

- My Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. tgu tgp t ]d [d m lub trlj

trclj lg hb v d vc lub my f tb pglj lub my f t ac tgm vmd Urulj tf ]blg gm Ugm ljgbf - ^bl lj elj Mlj ljg - A @gcdgm v Mlj ljg. Ugb jbdl tbl glg tg ljgbf t tglj 9/1;44 l tglj4;/1;41

- Tuy trlg lgl jblj bl vbtrc my Hdl `bf tuyl l jbdb cl d my rdvl f.


17/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp >

MGLJ 4 - ULJ TYDL UB HBY ^ M ] @GCD GMMD UB

4.4. M s `gcd gm md pglj pgp lub my f t ac tgm vt

4.4.4. Ulg tcl llj md t ac tgm vt

Lf 42;1, lg sblg h tgm vt gm ljb m Gdairhdlet, tbglg lub my mm t ac tgm vt mglj fblg t ac h tcl lGdairhdlet mgc rlj fb t ac md at ` sblg vt lc mlj u m `g ltbf tlj pgt trbl tglg ft m tg gcl mglg. lj lgl tgy rlj, fb

t ac md m tg d ac u pgt sblg t gp ac tglj qud qu trlg p ac ljuyl lgbf. bu m ljgd h fb t ac md ft sblg vt s mgtcl a tglj tbl eb truyl ml tgbt md ft m tg gcl mglg. @gb jp`bl tgul hb lgt lg, lglj t ac m tg s pgt trbl tglg ft m gcl mglg.

Lf 429=, Fbhhir v ]`ccj tglg mlj `gb tgm ljgbf tb sblg mymcl t t ac h, mglj fblg m tlg tcl llj md t ac. Uglg mlj tr tc rd mlj ljg fb? mlj ljg sblg gm lj elj trclj lgl jblj vtlg, tc jblj my trlj v elj mglj mgu.

Ulg tcl llj md t ac f Gdairhdlet lu rd mglg h m s h humd pglj pgp lub my f t ac tgm vt. Mgc l ldy, mcl ljbgcl tcl mglj fblg m `g llj tb sblg ft m tg tgm vt gcl mgt ft t ac rblj r (Ljuyl Tudlj Ugmg, 1;;=).

4.4.1. ] pgl gc v pgl pgl gc t acTu trlg pgt sblg glg tgb trclj lub my f h `t qu pgl gc v

pgl pgl gc t ac. M tg tgm vt trlj tglg h ft mglg tg tglgt adc jf lgbu m qudl mgm llj `gm lgdu, trclj m lgbu hcb


18/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp :

ac `gm lgdu, tgm gbl mgm llj m tg `gm lgdu. Mm f m trm mguyl fl gc lgt lg lg vc s pgl gc.

[gl gc t ac h s mguyl gc mm t ac pgb sblg tglg mm t md f mguyl gc, f lgl mm mgm llj `gm lgdu trclj m tg. Ttrlg pgl gc m tg abu ebl lg sdu?

U ac pgb sblg U ac jbl U ac pgl gc mgm llj@gb t ac pgl gc tglg f mgm llj, mglj `glj gcl tcl

ft `g llj pgl mgbd md flg. Urclj trlj gp ml tgbt, bu `btgmg gp, mglj hb m tg tr v elj jblj lg t ac pgb sblg v tb

tgm gbl qu trlg pgl gc, qu trlg ly jb h s pgl pgl gc md t ac.

t acU

^ al mgt tg s pgl gc v pgl pgl gc h ft qu trlg gct gc pgl gc jil. Ub ft tgb bf lc trclj qu trlg pgt trbl m tg, mft s jil m gct gc mgc rd tlg trlj fb, ft s jil `gm hb amg gct lj. Tu trlg ly xy rd tgic ft mglj trlg m f gd

trclj mu trm md pgl t ELD md fb t ac. @gb t ac lf trclj mtgm vt, mglj a m mg ab mm t ac xulj qudlg. @gb tmg t ac jp bu `bl at hb tg mm jil m gct gc, qu trlg pgl mgbd sxy rd tgic ft mglj trlg lg sl trclj ELD md t ac (^ ^l ^,4225).

[gl gd

U ac pgb sblg U ac el U ac mguyl gd

[gl pgl gd


19/99


bu `gbl s pgt sblg glg tgb md f lub my, ljb td tg a sulj vc fb trlj lub my gdb lgf mgt bu tbt sblg trlj tgm v

h Duxbl v Mytc`blbl. U h gf hlj gdb lgf mgt ly trclj fb trlj`gm lgdu s tc rd s pgt sblg glg tgb `gm lgdu tgic quy hut. @gb trfb trlj lub my m t h llj Duxbl (BDD, BAD, LDD, 1E)/Mytc`blbl (AD[, @blitbl, _idtbl, UE_) tgp tg s pgt sblg glg tgb mf lub my tgic glj tc mgb, ljm hb lu t h mdc tg f lub mtgic glj tc r ml t h ml b s pgt sblg tgic glj tc f s(mdhhus).

4.4.=. Mm lgl t lg glj tb qu trlg lgl jblj alj lub my ft ac

Lgl jblj alj lub my f t ac jf lgbu jbdb cl ` tbp lgdu,qu trlg ly m tg mgbd tglg mm lgl t sdu?

4.4.=.4. Fb trlj lub my

Urclj lub mybl vbtrc, fb trlj lub my v bu `bl al ljcb

m xif h vl quyt lg s tglg ab md qu trlg lub mytrlj lub my m xif h pgl f mulj mp mm mgt eblg eltgbt mgc s tlj trlj v pgl gc f trclj sut qu trlg lub mybl vbtrc.Mgc l ldy, m lgbu fb trlj eblg elj m tf rd (F], Z[F,^Z, QI, L>, A9, H]) tu tgum vc b tlj v fm mg lub my.Fb trlj lub my adc jf tglg pgl sdu?+ Ljul mm acl? Urclj lub my f, mm t ac mgd m `g llj qudljgp tlj gp ll mgt gu m ec vy ljb td pgb d vc fb trft hlj gp mgt mm acl lgt lg mulj mp llj hlj mgc t acf. Ljul mm acl y h mm hcb lj `gclj 1;-=; fj/H m tm eljjbp f t ac tgm vt tlj gp mm gp mgt gu m, jbp t ac tlj


20/99


`gb, ljcb rd l lj vdb tr h mgt tgf tgu mglg md fb trlj. Ljtd tglj s elj 1 hcb lj h sdmmdrcsi v jhumcsi (Url ^l Fb

4225).+ Ljul Lbt ? U h ljul lbt tu tgum vc hcb my v trlj tgb pgt tr

f. Uglj tglj, ljul lbt m d vc fb trlj gdb elj h LG5 + v LC=-. Urclj , vbm gp tg LC=- md mm t ac tgm vt t rd m gbu gl sc vb LG5 + .

+ Lglj b `gb LC=- jy rd gbl tlj `bf gd fb trlj v vy jbb

pgp s elj pgb gp m 1 ljul lbt vb t h gp h m s elj rlgt.+ Mm ljuyl t d hlj ? H lglj ljuyl t `gclj lg? L, [, @, ], Fj,Md ml tgbt v tgdy b tu b tlj lub my. Lgl mgulj, mm ljuly m s elj llj trl =; ppf.

M lgbu fb trlj vb tglg pgl, t h mm mgt `gm lgdu mhd mgl s elj. Lb mgulj, fb trlj jbu lbt v `dhb tgmg gp mgc glg tglg mgb, ml fb trlj jbu `dhb s tgm y qu trlg trdc bflg gl.+ Lgf ljuyl t vb hlj ? Ni, Mu, Ac, _l, Fl, Mc, B h mm ljuyl t rtqudl trlj ec mglj lj vdb tr qudl trlj trclj mm gct lj md ilzyf.Mglj m elj llj tgp gl lgbu sc vb mm ljuyl t d hlj f ac sblg trlj v pgt trbl alg tglj md my (Ljuyl ^l Yyl,422=).

+ Mm vbtdfbl? Fm e my lub my f m tg t tlj gp m vbtdfblglj `glj mgc lgu mu (Mzcmlcw`b, 4291). Ec , my sblg trtb u ft s vbtdfbl lgf A m a sulj vc fb trlj vb hlj lglg tu tgic tlj g f v jbdb cl lub my. Mm vbtdfbl A4 (Ugbdfbl) v


21/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp 4;

A> ([yrbecmbl) h lglj vbtdfbl m al lgt tglj elj trclj fb trljlub my vb llj tgp `gclj ;,4-4fj/H (Url ^l Fblg, 4225).

+ Eulj emg gu m ? M tglg pgl `glj xm lg lg lm ed, emg mglf fil, m rt, mgub, `gcdb ty... m a sulj vc fb trlj m tm e`mg tgmg sblg trlj f sc v mm m qudl.* Lm ed? Uglj mgd mm dxt dfbl, dxt gu m, lj, DQL, Dm abt trclj lm ed m mgd lglj gp mgt qudl trlj mgc lub mblvbtrc h? fyc - blcsbtch, mm gp mgt m gct tlg duxbl, mm jhummytc`blbl. Ec vy, `gb a sulj vc fb trlj lub my lm ed `mg tg

s pgl mgbd, sblg trlj v pgt sblg glg tgb md t ac, f lub m Lm ed tglj m s elj rt gbu qu trclj vbm tgdy tg mm gbu tbt sblg trlj tlj gp lgl tc `gb lub my gcd hdl (Fdfcru@uscfctc, 427;).

Lm ed m s elj lg h ft mgt truyl tglj trclj lub mf lgl jblj my trlj, trclj lm ed m lgbu mm tglg pgl m md mm hcb lj, vbtdfbl, `gclj mgt, dxt dfbl v mgt bu tb

trlj. Mm hcb lj m trclj lm ed lg? sdmmdrczd, jhumczd, nfdllbtch, scrabtch, fyc-blcsbtch, smyhhc-blcsbtch0 mm vbtdfbl lg? M,A1, A=, A9, A>, nchdti, nchbm dxt, abctbl, lbdmbl0 `gclj mgt lg? MFj, [, @, Ld, _l, Mu, Fl, ]i, Mh, ], Dh...0 Lgf duxbl m trclj lm edmg yu h blechi-=-dmitbm dmbe 5; mgbf 49;,> lF0 lgf mytc`blbl m?bscpiltilyhdeilbli mgbf ;,1> lF, ebgyerczidtbl mgbf ;,45 lF, trdls-zidtbl mgbf ;,;2 lF, `blitbl mgbf ;,=4 lF...(Oidl Z.G. Rclj v mlj s,1;;2).* Emg ljgbl md `gcdb ty? M mgd mdmaclgyerdt eb elj sdmmdrc

jhumcsi v nrumtcsi, dfblc dxt (14 hcb adc jf m hysbli h ft dxt dtglj `glj m trclj prctibl tgm vt), mm fub `gclj (@, Ni, Fj) v


22/99


m abt h mm vbtdfbl (M, A4, A>). Emg ljgbl `gcdb ty tglj sulj vc fb trlj vb lgl jblj gcd hdl v m abt m gbu qu vb ft s

hcb lg? [gdhdilcpsbs, Ecrbtdilcpsbs(Ugcrpi v mlj s, 1;;7).+ Ugdl gct tlg? A sulj tgdl gct tlg vc trclj fb trlj lub my s mhb mg v m tm elj `g m. @gb a sulj tgdl gct tlg vc fb trlub my s `mg tgmg s tlj trlj. Ugdl gct tlg lb mgulj lg gtrl = ft? gt mm gp mgt ml, gt mm mgt bu gd sblg trlj v mhf il fb trlj.

Ljb td mgc rlj tm elj ljl ml s tlj trlj md f my `gb m

s gbl ebl md tgdl gct tlg trclj fb trlj h ec l gt mgt bu gsblg trlj m trclj fb trlj. LDD, `blitbl, BDD, AD[, 1b[ hbl `t vbtgdl gct tlg. @g llj `mg tgmg s tlj trlj md tgdl gct tlg h e`t gp vb mm gp mgt pgilch m tbt rd trclj tgb jbdl lub mgct tlg tglj m a sulj vc fb trlj vb llj ;,9-=%, ml mljgd `mg tgmg sblg trlj v pgl gd mm hcb gcd Hdl.

Ugdl gct tlg mlj jbp hf jbf m t alj mmg c tgb mm

mgt m (v e? pgilch) m tc rd trclj qu trlg lub my v mgc p ac sblg trlj f `glj a tr ljb j.+ Mgt hf lj mlj fb trlj ? Djdr (tgmg) h ft hcb [chysdmgdrbe mtc m `g llj ljf lm `g mdc >-41j/H. tgclj `g md fb trljtgmg m lg glj r rt l sblg trlj f lub my. Llj tgmg edlj trclj `gclj >-4;j/H tu tgum fm tbu lub my.

4.4.=.1. Mm mgt bu gc sblg trljMm [gytcgcrfcl h lglj mgt m tm elj bu gc sblg trlj v

pgt trbl md tgm vt. Mglj lj vdb tr qudl trlj trclj qu trlg sbltrlj v pgt trbl md tgm vt lg? pgl mgbd, abt gc t ac ljcbml m lg glj l qu trlg hc gc f v lgbu qu trlg `gm. Mm


23/99


pgytcgcrfcl m tg mgbd tglg 9 lgf? Duxbl, Mytc`blbl, Jbairbhhbl,Itgyhil, Dasmbsbm dxt. Mglj h yu t qudl trlj lgt trclj fb trlj

quyt lg l s tglg mlj md `t qu lub my.+ Duxbl? Lgf ly jf m mm mgt mglg h? BAD (=-Blech autyrbm dBDD (Blech dmitbm dmbe), LDD (Ldtgyh dmitbm dmbe), trclj lub my vt Duxbl tglj m s elj `mg tgmg s pgl mgbd t ac, abtglg tglg f sc, `f gf s pgt trbl mgb v tc rd mm r pg (Ljuyl^l Yyl, 422=).

+ Mytc`blbl? m a sulj vc fb trlj mg yu `mg tgmg s pgl

t ac v quyt lg s pgl gc mgb at lg t f sc v m qudl. Mmgt tglj s elj h? @blitbl (>-Nurnuryh dfblcpurbli M4;G 2 LC9), AD[(>-Ailzyh dfblc purbli), _bp (Bzcpiltilyh deilbl), _idtbl Urclj mm mgtly tg @blitbl v AD[ m s elj pg abl lgt v mglj m gct tlg mv jb tglg r. llj tgp (4;-:- 4; ->F) mglj m tm elj `mg tgmg s pgl ac, llj 4;-> - 4;-9F mglj `mg tgmg s pgl gc mgb. Urcljlub my f `mg tgmg s lgl lgdlg ljb td tglj x elj Mytc`blvb llj 4;->- 4;-5F (H ^l Mgb, 4221).

+ Jbaairihhbl? Lgf ly m `gclj 1; hcb gcrfcli `gm lgdu lglj qudltrlj lgt h JD= (Jbaairihhbl dmbe =). JD= m tm elj `mg tgmg ly ffmd mm hcb gt `gm lgdu, `c eb mm hlj t tgl mlg. Al mlg = ml m tm elj pg lj md mm pgb, m mg tc r pg mlj lg pg (]triit, 42:5). Ljcb rd, m ml m tm elj lg glj l s rd gcd m

ft s tgm vt v m tm elj rt ljl tgb jbdl sblg trlj sblg elj mmy.+ Dxt Dasmbsbm(DAD)? H mgt m mg sblg trlj t lgbl lglj vl elj trclj lub my t acbl vbtrc. DAD m lg glj f tlg l f lub


24/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp 4=

my, `gb DAD tlj tm vb AD[ mgc g s lgl mgb mdc gl `gb elj Arblj r (H ^l Mgb, 4221).

+ Itgyhil? M abu gbl tm lj gdb mgbu, l `f gf s glg tglg mgbjbdb cl sf lglj hb `mg tgmg s pgt trbl mgb jbdb cl ful.ft s trlj gp, Itgyhil m tm elj `mg tgmg glg tglg r lglj ft strlj gp l hb `f gf qu trlg ly (Ljuyl ^l Yyl, 422=).

Ljcb rd, ml pgb mg tb pG md fb trlj. pG tgljs elj trclj lub my f t ac tgm vt lb mgulj t 9,> - >.

4.4.=.=. Fb trlj vt h

Urclj lub my f t ac mm yu t md fb trlj vt h mtf h lg slj, f, lgbt .+ lg slj ? y h yu t ml tgbt mgc s pgt trbl v pgt sblg glg tmd mm f lub my. lg slj m lg glj tb fu my tglj qud tgb mgbu slj, mlj lg slj v mgt hlj lg slj. Ugb jbdl mgbu sm vdb tr qudl trlj trclj qu trlg pgt trbl md f lub my. ^b d s hcb my, tgb jbdl mgbu slj tgmg gp h 7-41g/ljy. Mlj lglg glj l qu trlg pgt sblg glg tgb f lub my.

Mlj lg slj mdc `mg tgmg sblg trlj md f sc trclj `mlj tgp jy ll s tc mgb. Lgl mgulj, mlj lg slj tgmg mgc f lub my h t 4;;; - :;;; hux.

Al mlg tgb jbdl mgbu slj, mlj lg slj tg mgt hlj slj mlj lg glj `g r tb s pgt sblg glg tgb md f lub my. l

slj hf tlj mgbu mdc md tgl mgb gl sc vb lg slj trlj, ml slj xdlg tg m mg s vl mdc md mgb lglj hb lg glj tt tbtrlj md f sc. Mglg v vy f trclj pglj tg ljgbf tglj s eljlg slj md l gu lg qudlj vb mlj 1;;; - =;;; hux.


25/99


+ Lgbt ? H lgl t m lg glj r rt l s pgl mgbd t ac v mqu trlg trdc b mgt md f lub my, lj tgb l m lg glj t

gct lj md duxbl, ec hf lg glj l `g llj rd r md my fUgic `t qu ljgbl mu md ^cldlcrhe (4271) tg lu lgbt ljy/f h1; ; M/49; M gcm 1;; M/47; M t h rd r t m `gclj ==%, tgf mg mtgp gl. lgbt trulj alg tg gct lj trdc b mgt tt gl. Mlgbt mdc hb tc lgbu t ac `glj m t mgm. Urclj lub my f, tglj m euy tr l lg, adl ljy t 19 - =;; M v adl f t 4: -1; ; M.

+ f? Urclj mm alg lub my tg f tlj b hul alj 4;;% f ac s pgt sblg pgt trbl alg tglj md my lub my f.

4.4.=.5. ^t hbu lub my

^bm hd mgl vt hbu lub my quyt lg l s tglg ab mtrlg lgl jblj bl vbtrc. ^ ljuyl tm tg fb t ac md mm f mguylgc u m tlg tcl llj, ljgd h u m tg lub my tglg mlj. Ugmmgc tgy mm hcb t ac v mm hcb f `gm lgdu m fm lub mmlj `gm lgdu. Ft ljuyl tm m al trclj lub my f t ac h mm t ac hf vt hbu lub my mlj lcl tg `g llj lub my tglg mlj mljmdc. Lg vy, t ac v f pgb lcl h trbl vlj lgt, rb l mm t ac mlg sblg trlj lg? f pgl sblg lg ljl, u r, h lcl, tlj tljsdu h mm t ac sblg em lg lcl ac v t ac gt pgl jbdb cl l(Ljuyl m Uglg, 1;;;)0 (Ljuyl Tudlj Ugmg, 4229).

4.4.=.9. bu `bl v trljy h bu `bl m al u tbl quyt lg s tglg ab md qu

lub mybl vbtrc. Lu bu `bl ly `glj m f ac tg fu lub mygcm fb trlj s a lgbf, f lub my s a mgt, mm tg ljgbf


26/99


cl sdu s a ljlj hb. Ec , trclj tcl a qu trlg lub mybl vbtrcmlf ac bu `bl v trlj tuyt b. Ful f ac bu `bl v trlj ml

m pglj pgp `g trlj fu tgmg gp, pglj tbl `g trlj gbl b, aulj v al lub my v trlj.Mgl lj pglj pgp `g trlj s mgc t h slj mdc, fb trlj

eblg elj tgmg gp s t tm sblg trlj lgdlg.

4.4.5. Mm jbdb cl mglg trclj qu trlg lgl jblj lub mybl vbtrc

Ugic Jicrjir (422=) qu trlg lgl jblj v tlgbl vbtrc adc jf mm am sdu? Am ;? Mgl hm v mgul a my f

Urm `gb tbl glg lgl jbljbl vbtrcml mgl hm ml tgl mm mf (my mgc ljul fu lub my). Mm my ly ml pgb smg alg, h alg vbrus v jbdb cl sblg trlj flg. ^bm trlj mm my f trcljbu `bl fb trlj tgmg gp vb mg mgf sm v pglj tr sugbu qu trm `gb hy fu my s hf jbf t h fu lgbf, tlj `g lljslj v sblg trlj md fu mybl vbtrc. Am 4? Lub my `gb lj

H jbdb cl `g trlj d fu vc lub mybl vbtrc. Jbdb cl lyml f ac mm yu mu? U h lgbf tgp, t h slj mdc, f tl tb vtrlj tt. @gb hy fu ml mgl lj hcb f, lj jbdb cl pgt trbl my. Tudl trlj lgt h lg mgb ljl, lg mgb lmg v sdu h lggcd v mub mlj h cl tgl, flg h...

Am 1? Lgl lgdlgH jbdb cl `mg tgmg f lub my pgt sblg glg tgb v tlj lgd

s hlj tglj qud mm mcl lj? gct gd mgb lmg, tc mgb at tc pgb v tlg. ^l h pgb xm lg m fb trlj v bu `blmlg tgmg gp m gbu qu mdc lgt. Ugic ljuyl tm mgulj fb trl


27/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp 4>

lgbu mytc`blbl s `mg tgmg tc mgb. Mg lub my tglj h 19; M v4> jb mgbu slj/ljy, mlj lg slj 1;;; - 5;;; hux.

Am =? Uc my bl vbtrc gcl mglg tc r mgc mgb, ljb td mguyl mgb t fb trlj lgl lgdsdlj fb trlj tc r. Fb trlj tc r tglj m a sulj ft hljlg duxbl. Ft s mgb m tg pgt sblg r ljdy sdu `gb mguyl t fb trlgl lgdlg jbu mytc`blbl sdlj fb trlj `glj mgd mgt bu tbt sblgtrlj. Ugic Furdsgbji, jbdb cl ly h jbdb cl u tbl mgc s tc r mmgb sdu y m tg mguyl mglj sdlj fb trlj trlj trt t lgbl. U

r mgc mgb h ft pgl rt qudl trlj md at ` quy trlg lglbl vbtrclc.b `gb ft s mgb ml m `c eb trm `gb tc r. jbf mgb pgjblj, lgbu pglj tg ljgbf mguyl mgb `glj r t fb trljbl vbtrcvtc r t al ljcb pglj lub my. Am 5? Ugmg lj my bl vbtrc ljcb bu `bl t lgbl

d my t lj ljgbf rd vl f vb t h slj mdc, my sbtrlj tt ml f ac ft s yu mu?

+ My trclj lj ljgbf t m lglj tbu mgul glg tgb lgt lg (sh, s r, mgbu mdc my).+ M jb tg tbp lgl mybl vbtrctgmg gp? Jb tg smg, tb xp, tgclm.+ [gb mg lj bu mglg m f , s mgbu slj md vl vlg mg eblg elj pg gp.

Urclj lglj lf jl y, lgl jblj bl vbtrc m p elj lgbutrclj lgl jblj my trlj. Lglj m bf lb at md lgl jbljbl vbtrc h mgc g s lgl hl (tglj t m mm hcb my `gm lgdu trcljvb t => 4;41/ lf) trclj ft tgb jbdl ljl, e elj sl xut my smg alg,`gi flg0 [glj pgp lgl jblj v tlg alj lub mybl vbtrc lgdlg v


28/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp 4:

gbu qu, m abt m p elj mgc mm hcb gcd, my tgum, my gbf m jb tr `blg t mdc.

4.1. Ft vb lt v Hdl `bf tuylMgb Dlcimtcmgbhus tgum g hdl m gl 5; hcb m ft gu `gp m

lm lgbt b trb eb t ey Gbfdhdyd md l l vlj lj Ldf v`c eb tb Gdwdb. Urclj mgb Dlcimtcmgbhus m ft s hcb m s elj hf tgum Urulj Tum lg? D. ncrfcsdlusGdydtd , D. `csgulilsbsGdydtd ,v D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. Urclj mm hcb ly tg gdb hcb D. ncrfcsdlusGdydtd v D. `csgulilsbs Gdydtd mg pgl a b Hcdl Urulj Tum vC`bldwd Lgt Al. D. rcxaurjgbb pgl a fbl ldf Urulj Tum, LgtAl, ]rbhdl`d, l , Lipdh v ^bt Ldf (_gclj GO v mlj s, 1;;;).

4.1.4. [gl hcb

Hdl `bf tuyl m tl `gcd gm h? Dlcimtcmgbhus rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.)Hbleh. (47=1)

]ylclyf? Mgryscadpgus rcxaurjgbb Zdhh. (471>)0 Dlcimtcmgbhus

sitdmius Ahufi (4719)Ul `gm? @bf tuyl t0 Jbb tgy t0 Jbb tgy rcxaurjg0 ]d gljMgb? @bf tuyl ( Dlcimtcmgbhus)G? G pgclj hdl (Crmgbedmidi)

4.1.1. m bf glg tgb

My tgl tgc, fm t, m tgl r fm eb0 tgl trl t flj lm

v m lgbu hlj ff, fdlj 1 - 5 h fm xi st t. H glg trlj, jl trl jm, mgp gb lgl v m fb ljl, m = - 5 x 1 - =mf, m fu `gm lgvb flj jl tglj lgt gl (fu hm sf vb flj jl fu hm lgt gdyfu lu - vb flj jl fu vlj - hm gdy glj)0 mulj h eb 1 -=mf. Mf gcd eb 4; - 49mf, fdlj 5 - 4; gcd fm tgd. H am glg trlj,


29/99


mgp tgp lgl, eb 7 - 4;ff, fu glj. Gcd tglj fu trlj, eb 1,9 -=mf0 mm flg adc gcd eb `gclj >ff.

Glg 4.4. My Hdl `bf tuyl( D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.)

4.1.=. ]blg gm v sblg tgb

Fd gcd l vc tglj 4; - 41. Fd qu mgl t tglj 41 l tglj =lf sdu. Ub sblg alj mgb t tgl r v gt, sblg trlj rt mgf. Fm etl rlj ljuyl sblg, gu gt h rlj ljuyl tgy, tglj xdlg lgbt b,rlj my h rlj trl sl lb jrdlbt, rbhbt, pgbl st, mdc 94>;;f rb rm tglg tlj lgf vb ad my trl t f, rt jbu fl.


30/99


4.1.5. [gl a

Urclj lm? Hc Mdb (]d [d? [glj Wb plj, ^l Al? Hbf [g), G

Ulg (Glj ]l? Qc l), Tulj Ur, @cf Uuf (` Jhbi? lb Ljm Hblg,]d Ugy? lb Mg Fcf Qdy), ` H` (@llj Alj? lb Mg Rdlj ]blg),Hf lj (Hm Elj? lb A p).

Ug jbb? l , Li[dl, Autdl, Urulj Tum, Fbdlfd, Ugb Hdl, hc,Mdfpumgbd, Fdhdbxbd, Bllxbd.

4.1.9. Jb tr em hbu md D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.

4.1.9.4. Gct tlg sblg gm md D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

Url tg jbb vbm xm lg mm mgt m gct tlg sblg gm a pglj pgp `gm lgdu Hdl `bf tuyl m rt lgbu lg `gcd gm selj.

Gi ML v mlj s (1;;9) s elj pglj pgp sm ` pgl hpm 9 gp mgt h? p-Gyercxyailzdheigyei (B), niruhbm dmbe (BB), quirmi(BBB), edumcstirch (B^), mbrsbhblich (^).

Urclj Hdl `bf tuyl ml mgd mm gp mgt mglj cxy gd h el xmd pgilch lg? 7gyercxyailzyhquirmitbl, bscrgdflitbl: C Ejhumcpyrdlcsbei, bscrgdflitbl= C Ejhumcpyrdlcsbei, `difpnirch= C Ejhumcpyrdlcsbei, `difpnirch:Ejhumcpyrdlcsbei, 9gyercxy =', 5', :trbfitgcxynhdvclch=Erutblcsbei, bscrgdflitbl=Erutblcsbei v quirmitbl: C EP>'' C (trdlsniruhcyh)Vjhumcpyrdlcsbei

mm gct mgt ly m `g llj t tf rd jm t ec E[[G.Ugic ljgbl mu md Mgul-Lbdl Gi v mlj s (1;;>), trclj D.

rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. m mgd quirmitbl-:-C-- E-P>''-C-(trdls-niruhcyh)V-jhumcpyrdlcsbei (mcfpcule 4), 7-M - p-Gyercxyailzyhquirmitbl (mcfpcule


31/99


1), bscrgdflitbl-:-C-- Ejhumcpyrdlcsbei (mcfpcule =), bscrgdflitbl-=-C-- E-jhumcpyrdlcsbei (mcfpcule 5), `difpnirch-=-C-- Ejhumcpyrdlcsbei

(mcfpcule 9), `difpnirch-:-C-- E-jhumcpyrdlcsbei (mcfpcule >), 9-gyercxy-=',5',:- trbfitgcxynhdvclch-=-C-- E-rutblcsbei (mcfpcule :), dlebscrgdflitbl-=-C-- E-rutblcsbei (mcfpcule 7).

Hbyblj Gudlj v mlj s (1;;:) elj mm pglj pgp sm `G[HM/D[MB/F] lgl elj v xm lg m = gp mgt h irjcstir

stbjfdstirch v-sbtcstirch vb llj c m hl ht h ;,9 49; j/fh

vb g s tlj qudl r 6 ;,2222 irjcstirch, 9 5;; j/fh vb g s r 6 ;,2222

stbjfdstirch v 4; - 1;;; j/fh vb g s r 6 ;,2227-sbtcstirch.

Hbyblj Gudlj v mlj s (1;;:) mlj elj pglj pgp sm ` HM-D[MB-BU-F] pgl tmg v pgl hp m gdb gp mgt h Chidlch(CD) v dxbt urschbm (YD) rt qudl trlj m trclj D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh v m s elj lg ft hcb tgum truyl tglj md Urulj Tumllj tlj lj hl ht h ;,9 7; (r 6 ;.2221) v ;,9 9;j/fh ( r 6

;,2272).Fib-Gud Gdl v mlj s (1;;7) tmg mgbt m 1 istir fb h

scrjgufch =-C-_-p-mcufdrdti v scrjgufch =-C-I-p-mcufdrdti, v ftdh`dhcbe fb h Dlcimtcmgbli t tcl a my D. rcxaurjgbbmlj vb trbtirpilcbe, scrjgufch.

Ugic Mdb Obl ydl v mlj s (1;;7) s elj pglj pgp sm ` xm lg mm gp mgt m trclj tblg eu v pitrch itgir ([I) mgbt xut t

Hdl `bf tuyl ( D. rcxaurjgbb) v xm lg m tlj s :1 gp mgt trclj m >2 gp mgt m xm lg t [I.

Hb Mgul-ydl v mlj s (1;;2) elj pglj pgp sm ` hlj (G[HM)v pglj pgp ]cxghit xm lg gdb dxbt niruhbm v dxbt mblldfbm m


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my Hdl `bf tuyl vb `t qu tlj lj hl ht h 5,; 44;,; j/fh vb g

s tlj qudl r 6 ;,2279 v 1,9 9; j/fh vb g s tlj qudl r 6 ;,2229,

alj pglj pgp ]cxghit xm lg m ;,472fj/j dxbt niruhbm, ;,;24fj/jdxbt mblldfbm.

Ugic Gu Juc-gdb v mlj s (1;4;), elj pglj pgp pgl tmgqudlj ` ljl hd (NDD]) lg jb v xm lg gf hlj md mljuyl t vb hlj (_l, Fl, Mu, Ni, Lb, Mc, Mr, Me, [a) m trclj Hdl `bftuyl lub trlj v Hdl `bf tuyl trclj t lgbl. @t qu mgc tgy xmlg m s m ft md mm ljuyl t vb hlj h 22,7% vb jb tr;,>>%. Mm ljuyl t Ni, Fl, _l, Mc v Mu trclj Hdl `bf tuyl lub trljtgp gl sc vb mm ljuyl t ly Hdl `bf tuyl trclj t lgbl. Uuy lgblljuyl t Mr trclj Hdl `bf tuyl lub trlj hb mdc gl sc vb Hdl `bftuyl trclj t lgbl.

_gclj Ubdl-gud v mlj s (1;44) xm lg mm dxbt dfbl t ec mtrclj Hdl `bf tuyl alj pglj pgp sm ` dlbcl xm lg m 4: dxbt

dfbl vb llj t ;,1= =,=: pfch m lj tuyl tlg vb mdc bf = v jb tr Q]Es md 9 lj m jb tr t ;,2> 5,1%.

Hbyblj Gudlj v mlj s (1;44) ljgbl mu s elj G]MMM (gbjg-spiie mcultir-murrilt mgrcfdtcjrdpgy) tmg mgbt v tblg smg irjcstirch v stbjfdstirch h gdb gp mgt stirch mg yu md D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh) Hbleh. vb lgbu gct tlg sblg gm qudl trlj. Lgf ljgbl mu tmg mgbt m =>,9fj irjcstirch v 5=,>fj stbjfdstirch t 4;;j cn D.rcxaurjgbbvb tblg `gbt 21,; 29,9%.

Wbdc Wui Zdlj v mlj s (1;44) alj pglj pgp mlj glj tv pglj pgp sm ` hlj mlj u e `gb pg (LQF/HQM-F] [E]) xm lg m 4= gp mgt mlj mu trm pgl t md mm gp m p


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gyercxyailzdheigyei (4), trdls5gyercxymblldfbm dmbe (1), trdls=gyercxymblldfbm dmbe (=), trdls1 gyercxymblldfbm dmbe (5), Bscrgdflitbl

= C-P> rgdflcsyh(4>)V jhumcpyrdlcsbei (9), 9gyercxyniruhbm dmbe =, 9ebgyercxy= , 5 , : trbfitgcnhdvcli (:), 9, >, = , 5 - titrdgyercxy:,

9 -trbfitgcnhdvclch= Cjhumcsbei (7), 9, 5 ebgyercxy>, :, =

trbfitgcnhdvcli (2), Tuirmitbl (4;), @difpnirch (44), Bscrgdflitbl (41),

Tuirmitbl =, 5 ebfitgyh itgir (4=), trclj mm gp mgt =, 5, >, 7, 44 h m

gp mgt m pgl hp hl u tbl.

4.1.9.1. Um elj v mlj elj md D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. vb s pgclj pg md mm gct mgt trcl

my m mcb h ft hcb tgl em v m tm elj mgd alg d ebu tr tbu lj, ulj tg, tr if suy eblg elj, alg jdl, alg tbf fmg,vbf tgl, mdc guyt p v tr rl m ml ...(Wbdc Wui Zdlj v mlj1;44).

Ugic tm jb Mdb Zil-ydl (1;;7) lg jb gct lj `glj `gulv llj m mg tb tgbu md lm mgbt tcl my Hdl `bf tuylmgc tgy lm mgbt xut md tcl my m `g llj m mg s tlj tr5 hcb vb `gul v 1 hcb lf tg ljgbf, tlj t tm elj m mg trl`gul flg gl trl lf vb llj `glj mdc gl 41,9fj/fh b vb vb`gul v 19fj/fh b vb lf.

]gb-Mgdc Mub v mlj s (1;41) ljgbl mu tm elj g guyt v mglj cxy gd alj mgt dhhcxdl m mgbt xut t D. rcxaurjgbbtg ljgbf trl lglj mcl mgut fm alg tbu lj. ^b hbu t 1j/`jtrclj 45 ljy hf jbf lj ` hlj lj trclj fu, jbf


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mgchistirch. Ljcb rd hf tlj mm gct lj md ilzyf mgt mglj cxy gv fm vbtdfbl I trclj jdl v tgl md mgut a tbu lj.

Rcljgub _gdlj v mlj s (1;;:) tg ljgbf trl mgut, vb vbmelj gct mgt `blsilcsbei m trclj Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb hbu hlj 49fj/4`jtrlj hlj m tg, bu `gbl m gct lj md mm ilzyf mglj cx

hcb a mm jm t ec v jbf gf hlj LC-, hf tlj mm t ac ljuyl

vl trclj tuyl lb tbt sl sblg blsuhbl mgut m bu tr sc vb`glj m bu tr alj gct mgt `bsillcsbei.

4.1.>. Ugm trlj `gdb tgm v pgt trbl my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.)Hbleh.)

^bt Ldf Hdl `bf tuyl m pgl a rlj lglj vb s hlj m tg`glj lgbu, tb sblg mgf b gb bu `bl slj ljt ljgc ljy mljgbf. Ec a tgu gb lgbu al hf tgum t rt hu, ll hcb Hdl `bf tuydlj a i ed ljgbf trlj, rt m tg s a tuyt mglj ljcb t lgbl lu`glj m abl pgp ac tl gu gbu. Gbl ldy, Hdl `bf tuyl m xp

trclj lgf BD md Ljg lg =1/1;;>/L-M[, ljgbf mf `gdb tgm v fmmg tglj fb v lgf tgm vt dlj ljuy mp IL D4d,m,e (]mg ^b Ldf, 1;;:).

4.=. Lub trlj Hdl `bf tuyl

Hdl `bf tuyl h my sblg trlj rt mgf, tuy lgbl trclj bu `bltgul hb mglj vl pgt trbl tt. Lglj bu `bl h? lgbt ,

mgi alj tgmg gp. Ljcb rd Hdl `bf tuyl pgt trbl trl mm jb tg lg hru, el, t qu, x ed, tgdl, jmg vl, v my...

4.=.4. lg sljHdl `bf tuyl pgt trbl lglj lb m lg slj yu. lg slj tgmg

gp mgc Hdl `bf tuyl =; 5;% sc vb lg slj t lgbl.


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4.=.1. Lgbt

Lgbt tgmg gp mlj ty tgum vc tlj hcb, ty tgum v

bf pgt sblg md mglj. Lb mgulj, lgbt h tlj mgc Hdl `bf tuy4= - 4>M vc adl f, 15 - =;M vc adl ljy. My s mgu m lgbt 4; ; M v hl tb =7; M trclj ft tgb jbdl ljl, lgbt mdc gl ml tc stglj jb tt trclj vl.

4.=.=. f

f `glj `g trclj vl, f md jb tg lub my u pgb tggp, my fb sblg trlj pgt trbl tt. Hdl `bf tuyl yu mu f mdc. f `glj `g tgmg gp mgc Hdl `bf tuyl :; 7;%. Lu f tgp my ssblg trlj `f, f qu mdc my e a lgbf alg.

4.=.5. Ljul lm tb

Elj at m ljul lm tb lc mgc Hdl `bf tuyl mlj m, fblh lm smg, `glj fl, `glj vb, `glj m mhc v m pG 9,9 :. vb lglj my hdl mcl trlj trclj mgu yu mu tb pgul slj lg. Hd

`bf tuyl ml f mdc, lglj mlj ml s tglj tgclj tc rd `glj jbdltgmg gp hf mgc my sblg trlj pgt trbl.

4.=.9. [gl al

Hdl `bf tuyl `glj yu mu hlj pgl al lgbu. ^c fd xul vfd tgu al pgl 4; 49 ljy/hl. ^c fd lj v fd fd mg al pgl=; ljy/hl. Al vb hlj pgl al m t h L?[?@ (49-49-49) vb tgd

pg/5,9 ht lm. [gl al m s elj alj mmg pgul pgl gd tdl trcljlm, pgul alj alg m tbd fl, pgul u tcl my h v r. Ub my ssf v mgbu ful.

4.5. Ft s ljgbl mu v lgl jblj v ac tl my Hdl `bf tuyl


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4.5.4. Ljgbl mu lgl jblj v ac tl ljul jil my Hdl `bf tuyltrl tg jbb

Lglj lf jl y, tgum lj em tr tglg ft tb qudl trljfdlj tlg tcl mu. Fm e mm lm pgt trbl ljb td tglj s etl em trclj bu tr lglj mm hcb tgum m ljul jm tgc fmm elj pg abl ec yu t hmg s v vl gd. Ugic mm lg jb v`gcd gm, lgbu hcb tgc fm m tg lj elj trclj y gm. ^l t rdvlj sblg trlj md my tgum dlj abl ft lgdlg mglj ec s `glj llg md bu `bl fb trlj v mm yu t `gm. Lg vy, tgt `g m

ljul ljuyl hbu hl tmg mgbt mm gp mgt tg mp elj tem pgf. bu ly mlg ac mgc ljlg mlj ljgbp mlj lg mm lg`gcd gm ml tlg l tbf llj md ` tgut lub my t ac tgm vtft s tgdy tg `gm mulj mp ljuyl hbu mgc ljul em pgf ly.

Urclj lglj lf jl y, trl tg jbb m lgbu m s ljgbl mutf mm abl pgp lgl jblj hcb Hdl `bf tuyl qu gbf m ljuy m atuyt mglj.

Jdljdprdsde D v mlj s (1;;;) ljgbl mu vb lgl jblj gdb hcb Hdl D. sb``bfilsbs v D. rijdhbs. Gdb hcb Hdl `bf tuyl ly m lub my trlfb trlj Z[F sdu 41 tul t h mdhhus m tc rd 5,7 - 9,> v s mtlj lj 29 27%. @gb fu m my mguyl sdlj fb trlj tlj ttrl tg s mgb al tlj 14,5 v mgb lg h 7,1 b vb hcb D. rijdhbs, sdb`gm m ljgd v ft tglj `. Ml b vb hcb D. sb``bfilsbs s at mgb

mgf gl, s mgb al t 41,= v mgb lg h 5,=. Mm mgb eb (5m my sdlj fb trlj m mgd (1,:; F) LDD v ;,1% tgdl gct tlg.Mm my m `g llj slj 29 - 27% trclj mm mgu. ]du > tglj trlj trcljlg `lg, Hdl D. rijdhbsm d rd fb trlj t lgbl vb t h slj h29% v sdu 41 tglj t h slj ml :;%. Mm my trlj trclj mgu gdy


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ljcb fb trlj t lgbl u `glj a tgdy b v glg tgb v `g lljsblg trlj.

Rbg-Oug ]gbdu v mlj s (1;;4) ac tl D. ncrfcsdlus Gdydtd alj pglj pgp tg pgl lgl tc v lub my gtbl vbtrc. Mm tm jb tb u gd pglj pgp tlj sblg `gb mm gt jblj D. ncrfcsdlus qud tg pgl mgc v ly ff gt jblj `glj mlj sblg vb lf. U h tglg mljlg tg pgl alj tdy t 7>,:%, mm gt jblj sdu `gb tg pgl : tul tm ly ff trl fb trlj F] v F] m a sulj ;,1% tgdl gct tlgv 7% emg mgub sdu 5 tglj lub my. Mm gt jblj ly ff m lu

trclj fb trlj F] hlj m mgd 1,;fj/H AD trclj 1 tglj lub my.My jblj trm `gb d rd ljcb vl f, m lub trlj trl fb tr4/1F] m a sulj ;,1% tgdl gct tlg, 7% emg mgub, 1,;fj/H AD v ;,9fj/H LDD mgc tgl v r pgt trbl tt gl. M `gclj 2;% my lub my tgt 1 tglj tub m d rd au vb gl gp ru + tgdl al.

^b mlj trlg ljgbl mu jbic gtbl vbtrc my D. rcxaurjgbb tm jb Gudlj G v mlj s (1;;1) tf rd m fb trlj @luescl M m a sulj

;,9fj/H AD + 1;% emg `gcdb ty h tgmg gp lgt mgc s pgt trb prctcmcrf t gt md D. rcxaurjgbb.

^b lgl jblj my D. ncrfcssdlus m tm jb @it L.^ v mlj s(1;;5) ljgbl mu lgf fm tbu ac tl ljul jil qu m ljuy m a tuytebt. tf rd m fb trlj lgl lgdlg mf mgb tgmg gp lgt h fbtrlj Gypclix m a sulj 4j ef =Ailzyh deilbl gcm 41fj ef = Ugbebdzurcl (UE_). A sulj 4j ef = tgdl gct tlg vc fb trlj m mgdUE_ tgm pgt trbl lgbu mgb (44,4 mgb/f my). Uuy lgbl, tm msblg mgf v `glj `c eb tgl. Url fb trlj G= a sulj 1% lj v;,9j ef = tgdl gct tlg tgmg gp mgc s pgt trbl md mf mgb v trd r h 4;;%.


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R.O. ]gbdu v mlj s (1;;9) ljgbl mu lgl jblj hcb Hdl `bftuyl ( Gdifdrbd ebsmchcr (@ir) Hbleh. vdr.) alj pglj pgp jbic gtbl

vbtrc. Mm gt m my trl fb trlj F] m a sulj =% sumrcsi dle;,79% tgmg. Mm gt sdu `gb ly ff my mguyl trl fb trlj F] asulj ;,1% gct tlg, 7% emg mgub, ;,4fj ef= (UE_) v 4,;fj ef =

(LDD) mgc my sblg trlj v pgt trbl tt. M tb 2>% my slj sdumguyl rd lg `lg.

W N Wu (1;;7) tbl glg ljgbl mu lgl lgdlg v lub trlj my D. ncrfcsdlus. Mm `t qu mgc tgy, fb trlj A9 + 9fj/H AD + ;,=fj/H

LDD h tgmg gp lgt mgc lgl mgb. Fb trlj F] + 9fj/H BAD h tggp lgt mgc s rd r. Mm my rd ljcb vl f, pgul ;,1% mdradfbei;,1% @G1[C 5 5 hl v ld tglj/hl. ]du 5-9 tglj my pgt trbl l mgbueb 4;mf, 4-1j trlj hlj tb m tg tgu gcmg.

_gdlj N v mlj s (1;;2) lj elj pgl ff ][]] trclj lubmy f my D. rcxaurjgbb,mm my m tgu gcmg sdu `gb lub my >; ljMm tg ljgbf md lj lgf ljgbl mu lg glj md LDD v AD l s

h, mgb lg, mgb al v mgbu mdc md mgb. Ut m s hbu pgl ff ][]]. @t qu mm llj LDD `gm lgdu t 84fj/H gcm


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=% lj. Fb trlj tgmg gp mgc r pgt trbl h fb trlj F] a sulj;,4fj/H AD + ;,9fj/H BAD v 1j/H tgdl gct tlg. Jb tg rd my trclj vl

f tt lgt h ru v s elj eblg elj Gypclix 1 (1;? 1;? 1;) al ttlgt mgc my D. ncrfcsdlus trclj vl f.Tbu Rui v mlj s (1;4;) tbl glg ljgbl mu ly ff md gt

jblj v lgl lgdlg prctcmcrf hcb D. rcxaurjgbb.Ug ljgbf ljgbl muv ly ff `glj mlj sblg vb lf md gt jblj D. rcxaurjgbb v lgglj md 5 yu t (fb trlj lub my, mgt AD, _U v LDD) l lgl lgdlg prctcmcrf md hcb D. rcxaurjgbb. @t qu mgc tgy rlj? `bu

tg pgl h ft lgl t qudl trlj b vb s ly ff md gt jblj `glmlj sblg vb lf D. rcxaurjgbb, t h ly ff md gt jblj jbdc pglt :7,9=% v gt jblj tg pgl `gm gcd mlj jm t >2,>1% ml jblj t tg tg t h ly ff mg t =2,7:%. Tu ldlj pgt trbl 49; ljyh tgb jbdl tglg tgm lgt, t h ly ff md gt jblj m tg t :7,9]m slj md gt jblj a lg glj ab tgb jbdl ac qul hlg v `gbtgb jbdl ac qul trclj `gc hlg hl tg t h ly ff md gt jblj jbf

W h gt jblj alj LdCMh 4;% tg t h ly ff md gt jblj `gtgdy b sc vb vbm `glj x h. LDD lg glj rt tt l s tlj lgdl prctcmcrf, fb trlj lub my tgmg gp lgt mgc lgl lgdlg prctcmcrf h F] + ;,9fj/H _U + 4,;fj/H LDD.

Ljgbl mu ` tgut lub my lg sblg trlj lgf fm tbu ac tv pgt trbl my D. ihdtus Hblehiy, tm jb L. Dgdfie ]girbn v mlj s(1;41) s elj mgb lg v mgb al hf vt hbu lub my. Url ftrlj F] m a sulj =,;fj/H UE_ v =,9fj/H @bl tgmg gp lgt mgc lgllgdlg mf mgb. U h rd r t mdc lgt `gb a sulj vc fb trlj ;,=j/Htgdl gct tlg.


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4.5.1. Ljgbl mu lgl jblj v ac tl ljul jil my Hdl `bf tuyl ^bt Ldf

^bt Ldf m xp tg 4> trclj s mm lm m d edlj sblg gmlgt tg jbb. Lglj s d elj sblg gm md lm td dlj a suy tgcb ac lj. Ebl tmg rlj a jbf rt lgdlg `c tgic ljuy m tuyt mglj mlgbu hcb lj tgm vt qu gbf trclj m mm hcb Hdl lb mgulj v`bf tuyl lb rblj. Mcl ljb dlj `gdb tgm t lgbl ft mmg qu fm,tgf mg gu ebt ljul tb ljuyl tgbl lgbl pgm v lgu mu trm ff qul ft lglj gbf gd `c tgic sdu trclj tlj hdb. ^bm euy tr d

elj sblg gm m vdb tr rt qudl trlj trclj b slj vt mgt v tblg tgmd mcl ljb, mlj lg trclj vbm euy tr mm mgu trlg t lgbl v s alj sblg tgb.

Mm `t qu ljgbl mu lgl jblj Hdl `bf tuyl ^bt Ldf ml rtgl mg. Mg trclj ft s lf jl y fb m ft vb tm jb mlj a mmqu ljgbl mu v lgl jblj hcb Hdl ly. Q rt lgt h tm jb [glj ^l[g v mlj s (1;4;), tgic lj fb trlj pg gp lgt lgl lgdlg mgbHdl `bf tuyl ( D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.)bl vbtrc h @lue. Ug mgb 7 tultub t pgb gt mgl v mgb t tg mgb mdc t 1 - =mf h pg glgl lgdlg trclj fb trlj tgmg gp @lue a sulj ;,9fj/H AD[ +;,=fj/H @blitbl + ;,=fj/H LDD + 4;;fh/H lm ed + 4;;j/H emg mgbt`gcdb ty + 1;j/H lj + :j/H tgmg + ;,9j/H tgdl gct tlg.

Jl y lgt tgic Ljuyl Tudlj Ugmg v mlj s (1;41), mgc abt m

qudl vc fu pg gp lgt h tg mgb v ft t ljdlj tgl b vb hcb `bf tuyl Dlcimtcmgbhus sitdmius m `g trlj v d vc mm fb trljll `gm lgdu (F], @lue, @luescl). Mm mgb v ft t m mguyl sdfb trlj ll tgmg gp m a sulj AD, @blitbl, LDD trclj 5 tul. Fbtrlj tgmg gp lgt lgl lgdlg tg mgb v ft t ljdlj tgl h @lu


41/99

Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp =;

+ ;,9fj/H AD[ + ;,=fj/H @blitbl + ;,=fj/H LDD + 1;j/H sumrcsi +;,9j/H tgdl gct tlg + :j djdr/H mgc g s lgl mgb h >,99 mgb/fu. M

mgb m mgbu mdc t = - 5mf m s elj rd rbl vbtrc. U h rd r h4;;% v s r/mgb (5,14 r/mgb) t mdc lgt trl fb trlj m a su4fj/H LDD.

Q rlj rlj, mm `t qu ljgbl mu trl mgc tgy mlj tm lgljblj v hcb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. ml rt gl mg ^bt Ldf.Ec vbm ljgbl mu lgl lgdlg hcb Hdl ( D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.) trll ml tgbt gl adc jb gt. Lgbf v ly sclj sclj jbb quyt gdb vl

trl b tlj my Hdl ( D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.) qu gbf md ^bt Ldf h? ^d m ljgd ac tl hb vd lj tgb lgl lgdlg tc rd ft `ghlj my mcl jblj vb mgt hlj mdc trclj ft tgb jbdl ljl. Url m my Hdl ( D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.) m if vc trlj trt vb ebltmg ljy mlj f rlj, jp pgl mulj mp ljul em hbu qu gbf mgljlg em ^bt Ldf.


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Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp =4

MGLJ 1 - ^U HBY, LB EYLJ ^ [GLJ [G[LJGBL MY

1.4. ^t hbu ljgbl mu1.4.4. Jblj ljgbl mu

Ljuyl hbu m elj trclj tg ljgbf h mm my Hdl `bf tuyl ( D.rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.) m mgbu mdc `gclj 1; - =;mf, tgu tgp t ]d [dv m lub trlj trclj lg hb Urulj tf ]blg gm Ugm ljgbf - ^bllj elj Mlj ljg - A `gcd gm v Mlj ljg d vc lub my f.

Glg 1.4. My Hdl `bf tuyl (D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.) m d vclub my f

1.4.1. Gc mgt v tgbt a lub my f

Mm elj m v gc mgt ml tgbt tgm gbl qu trlg lub m

pglj Lub my f t ac, Urulj tf ]blg gm Ugm ljgbf - ^bl ljelj Mlj ljg - A @gcd gm v Mlj ljg mulj mp.* Elj m- Aulj my v trlj (Abcbcjbmdh sdnity Mdablits)- Lb gp `g trlj (Dutc Mhdvi) md glj Ucfy Lgt Al


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- Ml bl t md m- Fy c pG

- U sy- Alg tdf jbm m `mg tgm t 19;fh - 9;;fh, pbpit hcb 4fh, elj m lmy...* Gc mgt

Uglg pgl gc mgt md fb trlj Furdsgbji & ]`ccj (F]) mtrlg ay pg hm alj 4 (trdlj 75)0 fb trlj ^dmbl Zilt (^Z) mtrlg ay pg hm alj 1 (trdlj 79)0 fb trlj Qcairt Irlst (QI) m

trlg ay pg hm alj = (trdlj 79).* Mm mgt bu tbt sblg trlj

4.AD? (Ailzyhdeilbli dmbe )1.@bl? @blitbl (>-nurnuryh-dfblcpurbli)=.UE_? Ugbebdzurcl (L-pgilyh-L,-4,1,=-tgbdebdzch-9-yhurid)5. LDD? ( -ldpgtgdhili dmitbm dmbe)9. BAD ( Blechautyrbei dmbe)

* Emg ljgbl gp mgt gu m t lgbl ? @gcdb ty, mgub,...* Mm yu t lg glj l lgl lgdlgbl vbtrc? lj, tgdl gct tlg,

lm ed...

1.4.=. Mm jb tg s elj trclj ljgbl mu

Glg 1.1. Qu ]pgdjluf fcss Glg 1.=. El t qu


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Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp ==

1.4.5. Mm hcb pgl al s elj

Glg 1.5. G^[ 4>;4 Z[ L? [? @ 6 =;? 4;? 4;

Glg 1.9. Jrcwfcri(F) L? [? @ 6 =;? 4;? 4;

Glg 1.>. A4 Ugb Hdl

d) [gl al G^[ 4>;4 Z[ (=;?4;?4;) pgl al qud h v r, jbp myhdl sblg trlj v pgt trbl tt, m xut x t ^bt Ldf.Uglg [gl?+ L tlj s? =;%0 [1C9? 4;%0 @1C? 4;%0 Md? ;,;9%0 A? ;,;1%0 Mu? ;,;9%Ni? ;,49%0 Fj? ;,;49%0 Fj? ;,;49%0 Fc? ;,;;9%0 ]? ;,1%0 _l? ;,49%

+ Dh`yhpgilcxypchyitgcxyiltgdlch? ;,;9% a) [gl al Jrcwfcri m t h L? [? @ 6 =;? 4;? 4; h hcb pgl al

qud h v r, jbp my hdl sblg trlj v pgt trbl tt, m xut x t F.Uglg pgl?+ L tlj s? =;% (LG5+? 1,;%0 LC=? =,1% )0 [1C9? 4;%0 @1C? 4;%


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+ Mu ? ;,;9%0 Mu IEUD? ;,;9%0 Ni? ;,4;% 0 Ni IEUD? ;,4;%0 Fl?;,;9%0 Fl IEUD? ;,;9%0 Fc? ;,;;;9%0 _l? ;,;9%0 _l IEUD ? ;,;9%

m) A4 Ugb Hdl h hcb pgl al lm pgul qud h v r, jbp my sblg trlj v pgt trbl tt, m xut x t Ugb Hdl.

Uglg pgl?

[1C9? 1,;%0 Ni? ;,4;%0 Ni IEUD? ;,4;%0 A4? ;,4; %0 LDD? ;,;5%.

1.1. Lb eulj ljgbl mu

t m fm mg ljgbl mu, tb tgm gbl mm lb eul

sdu y?1.1.4 Ljgbl mu tc vt hbu `gb u mgc lub mybl vbtrc1.1.1. Ljgbl mu lgl lgdlg mgb my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.1.1.=. Ljgbl mu tc my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. gcl mglg1.1.5. Ljgbl mu d my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. rd vl f

1.=. [glj pgp ljgbl mu

1.=.4. [glj pgp hy fu, `g trlj v lub my tc vt hbu `gb uHdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

- Mm mgb v tgl m hy t my f `gi flg, smg alg smg, mt tglg tlj cl eb 1 = mf. Mm fu m hdu alj ml :;c, sdu `g trlj alj cxy jb (49% G1C1), gypcmghcrbti-Ld (=% LdCMh) v rdhb lgbu hl alj lm mt v trlj rb my trl fb trlj Furdsgbji]`ccj (F])

- Mm mlj tgm m a tr tgic `bu lju lgbl gcl tcl vb =lgm hb, fb hl lgm hb =; fu/MU

Mm tg ljgbf tbl glg?


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Ug ljgbf 4? Ljgbl mu lg glj md mgt `g trlj G1C1 v LdCMh tbt h slj v trlj md fu my

Alj 1.4. Ljgbl mu lg glj md mgt `g trlj G1C1 v LdCMh

Mljtgm

Ugb jbdl v llj x h lm cxy jb

(G1C1 )

Mljtgm

Ugb jbdl v llj xh (LdCMh)

MU4 49% G1C1 + 9 pgt MU4 =% LdCMh + 9 pgt

MU1 49% G1C1 + 4; pgt MU1 = % LdCMh + 4; pgt

MU= 49% G1C1

+ 49 pgt MU= = % LdCMh + 49 pgtMU5 49% G1C1 + 1; pgt MU5 = % LdCMh + 1; pgt

MU9 49% G1C1 + 19 pgt MU9 = % LdCMh + 19 pgt

MU> = % LdCMh + =; pgt

Fb trlj F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9 j/H tgmg

Ug ljgbf 1? lg glj md fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu l `g lljtc mgb t fu my adl u

Alj 1.1. lg glj md fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu l `g lljtc mgb t fu my adl u

Mlj tgmFb trlj `gclj m

alMgt a sulj

4 Furdsgbji & ]`ccj (F])

1 ^dmbl Zilt (^Z)

= Qcairt Irlst (QI)

1;j lj + 4;;fh lm ed+ >,9j tgmg trclj 4ht fbtrlj, pG 9,9


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Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp =>

Ut m mm mlj tgm u a sulj (1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm e>,9 j/H tgmg)

Ug ljgbf =? lg glj md mgt bu tbt sblg trlj AD l `g llj tmgb t fu my adl uMU4(/M)? Ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9 j/H tgmgMU1? Ll + ;,9fj/H ADMU=? Ll + 4,;fj/H ADMU5? Ll + 4,9fj/H ADMU9? Ll + 1,;fj/H AD

MU>? Ll + 1,9fj/H ADMU:? Ll + =,;fj/H AD

1.=.1. [glj pgp ljgbl mu lgl lgdlg mgb my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

Mm mgbbl vbtrc tgu m trclj lub my adl u mguyl sdlj fbtrlj lgl lgdlg mgb F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg pG 9,9 v a sulj mm mgt `mg tgmg sblg trlj @blitbl Ugbebdzurcl (UE_), Ailzyhdeilbli dmbe (AD), Ldpgtyh dxitbm dxbt (LDllj edc lj t ;,4 =,;fj/H ty tgic fm mg tg ljgbf. Ljcb rdtrclj fb trlj lub my ml a sulj gp mgt gu m t lgbl lg emljgbl `gcdb ty...

Mm mlj tgm m a tr tgic `bu lju lgbl gcl tcl vb =lgm hb, fb hl lgm hb =; fu/MU.

Mm tg ljgbf tbl glg?Ug ljgbf 5? Ljgbl mu lg glj md @bl l `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb

Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.MU4(/M)? Ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9 j/Htgmg)


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Urlj b gm Llj ljgbp G Lb Hul vl tgm s `gcd gm llj ljgbp =:

MU1? Ll + ;,9fj/H @blMU=? Ll + 4,;fj/H @bl

k MU5? Ll + 4,9fj/H @blMU9? Ll + 1,;fj/H @blMU>? Ll + 1,9fj/H @bl

Ug ljgbf 9? Ljgbl mu lg glj md UE_ l `g llj lgl lgdlgmgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

MU4(/M)? Ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg)

MU1? Ll + ;,1fj/H UE_MU=? Ll + ;,5fj/H UE_MU5? Ll + ;,>fj/H UE_MU9? Ll + ;,7fj/H UE_MU>? Ll + 4,;fj/H UE_

Ug ljgbf > ? Ljgbl mu lg glj md t gp (UE_ + BAD) l `g lllgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

tb tf gbu lg glj md Duxbl l qu trlg pgt sblg mgb mtlj tm vb UE_. tb tbl glg a sulj BAD vb mm llj `gm lvc fb trlj h F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9 j/H tgmg +;,> fj/H UE_, pG 9,9 (fb trlj ly xm lg h fb trlj m g s lglmgb mdc lgt tg ljgbf trl), llj BAD tgdy b h?

MU4(/M )? Ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg + ;,>fj/H UE_ )MU1? Ll + ;,9fj/H BADMU=? Ll + 4,;fj/H BADMU5? Ll + 4,9fj/H BADMU9? Ll + 1,;fj/H BAD


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Ug ljgbf : ? Ljgbl mu lg glj md t gp (AD + LDD) l `gllj lgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

U fb trlj tt lgt tg ljgbf ljgbl mu lg glj md AD `g llj tc mgb t fu my adl u, tb tbl glg a sulj LDD mllj tgdy b lg sdu?

MU4(/M)? Ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg + 1,; fj/H AD)MU1? Ll + ;,9fj/H LDDMU=? Ll + 4,;fj/H LDD

MU5? Ll + 4,9fj/H LDDMU9? Ll + 1,;fj/H LDD

Ug ljgbf 7? Ljgbl mu lg glj md emg ljgbl `gcdb ty l `g lllgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

U mm tg ljgbf trl, mglj tb tgu m fb trlj F] + 1;j/Hlj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H tgmg + 1,;fj/H AD + 4,;fj/H LDD, pG 9,9 h tt lgt mgc `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb. Uuy lgbl, tf rd fb

trlj tgmg gp gl mgc lgl lgdlg mgb. Mglj tb tbl glg ljgbl mlg glj pgb gp md emg ljgbl `gcdb ty vb t gp AD v LDDemg ljgbl `gcdb ty m a sulj vc fb trlj vb gf hlj tgdy h?

MU4(/M)? Ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg + 1,;fj/H AD + 4,;fj/H LDD)MU1? Ll + 1;j/H emg ljgbl `gcdb tyMU=? Ll + 5;j/H emg ljgbl `gcdb tyMU5? Ll + >;j/H emg ljgbl `gcdb tyMU9? Ll + 7;j/H emg ljgbl `gcdb tyMU>? Ll + 4;;j/H emg ljgbl `gcdb ty


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1.=.=. [glj pgp ljgbl mu tc my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.gcl mglg

@gb mm mgb t mgbu mdc `gclj = - 9mf vb `gclj = - 5 mguyl sdlj jbdb cl tc my gcl mglg. Mm tg ljgbf m t trl trlj ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H tgmg, pG 9,9 ).Mglj tb tbl glg mm tg ljgbf xm lg lg glj md tgdl gct tlggf hlj (;,9 1,;j/H), mgt bu tbt sblg trlj LDD (;,= - 4,9fj/H) tbjbdb cl tc my gcl mglg.

Mm mlj tgm m a tr tgic `bu lju lgbl gcl tcl vb =

lgm hb, fb hl lgm hb 1; fu/MU.Mm tg ljgbf tbl glg?Ug ljgbf 2? lg glj md tgdl gct tlg

Ugdl gct tlg m a sulj vc fb trlj F] + 1;j/H lj +4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H tgmg, pG 9,9, gf hlj tgdl gct tlg tgdy lg sdu?

MU4(/M)? Ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg)MU1? Ll + ;,9j/H tgdl gct tlgMU=? Ll + 4,;j/H tgdl gct tlgMU5? Ll + 4,9j/H tgdl gct tlgMU9? Ll + 1,;j/H tgdl gct tlg

Ug ljgbf 4;? lg glj md LDDU tg ljgbf 2 mglj tb tf rd gf hlj tgdl gct tlg 4,;j/H h

tt lgt mgc `g llj tc my gcl mglg. tf rd fb trlj tgmg gp gmgc `g llj tc my gcl mglg, mglj tb tbp tm tbl glg ljgbl mu glj LDD a sulj vc fb trlj F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm


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ed + >,9j/H tgmg + 4,;j/H tgdl gct tlg, pG 9,9 vb llj LDD tgb trclj fb mlj tgm tg ljgbf h?

MU4(/M)? Ll (F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg + 4,;j/H tgdl gct tlg)MU1? Ll + ;,=fj/H LDDMU=? Ll + ;,>fj/H LDDMU5? Ll + ;,2fj/H LDDMU9? Ll + 4,1fj/H LDDMU>? Ll + 4,9fj/H LDD

bu `bl lub my?Fb trlj m v trlj 414;M v 4dt trclj 1; pgt.

Mlj lg slj? 15;; - =;;; hux, lgbt pglj lub? 19 1; M, s jbmgbu slj? 4> jb/ljy.

Mm tg ljgbf trl m tgm gbl pglj lub my f t ac tgmvt md Urulj tf ]blg gm Ugm ljgbf - ^bl lj elj Mlj ljg - A@gcd gm v Mlj ljg.

1.=.5. [glj pgp d my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. rd vlf

Mm my sdu `gb lub my trclj pglj tg ljgbf t tbu mgul mgbmdc `gclj 9 - :mf, m `gclj = - 5 h, = - 9 r tbl glg rd my. Urm `gd my mcl rd trlj ljcb t lgbl, tbl glg gul huyl my quil el vbbu `bl fb trlj al ljcb. Ugb jbdl ly `c eb : ljy v tlj elmlj vc lglj ljy mub tlj lgdlg `g llj tgmg ljgb md m

Mm my mcl trclj lj ljgbf hy rd m rd gt tgmg, trlg ep lt. lglj vc eulj emg tgum lf rb trlj vc mm jb tg `gm lgdu tyvc fm mg tg ljgbf. Mglj tb rd my vc fd tgu v tbl glg mm t


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ljgbf ljgbl mu lg glj md jb tg, ft s hcb pgl al `gm lgdu m t h my slj mdc v my sblg trlj, pgt trbl tt.

Mm tg ljgbf trl m lub trlj trclj bu `bl lg hb vb mm `bl?

- f jb tg? :; 7;%- f `glj `g? 2; 29%- Lgbt lub trlj? 1;-19; M- lg slj? mgi slj < :;%- Mm my mcl `gb trlj m tb lm 4-1 hl/ljy ty tgic bu `b

tbt.- Mm mlj tgm m a tr tgic `bu lju lgbl gcl tcl vb = hl hb, fb hl lgm hb 9 my/mgu.

Mm tg ljgbf tbl glg?Ug ljgbf 44? lg glj md jb tg

MU4? Qu ]pgdjluf fcssMU1? El t quMU=? Qu ]pgdjluf fcss + El t qu (4?4)[gul pgl al Jrcwfcri (=;?4;?4;), pgul 4tul/hl, hbu hlj;,9j/H.

Ug ljgbf 41? lg glj md ft s hcb pgl al `gm lgduMU4? G^[ (=;?4;?4;)MU1? Jrcwfcri (=;? 4;?4;)

MU=? A4 Ugb HdlMm pgl al m pgul 4tul/hl, hbu hlj ;,9j/H.

Mm tg ljgbf ljcb vl f? m t trclj lg hb md Urulj tf]blg gm Ugm ljgbf - ^bl lj elj Mlj ljg - A @gcd gm v Mljljg.


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1.5. Mm mg tbu tgic eb

* Mm mg tbu tgic eb trclj lub mybl vbtrc

Ulj s fu lgbf- U h fu lgbf (%) 6 x 4;;

Ulj s fu d vc

Ulj s fu slj

- U h fu slj (%) 6 x 4;;

Ulj s fu d vc

Ulj s fu mgt

- U h fu mgt (%) 6 x 4;;

Ulj s fu d vc

Ulj s mgb sdu 7 tul lub my

- G s lgl mgb (hl ) 6Ulj s mgb adl u

Ulj mgbu mdc mgb

- Mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb (mf) 6

Ulj s my tg ljgbf

- ] h trulj alg/mgb (h) 6 Ulj s h/Ulj s mgb tg ljgbf

- Mgt hlj mgb at?

Mgb tt? mgb fp, h xdlg tgf

Mgb `g? mgb alg tglj, h xdlg

Mgb trulj alg? Mgb gb jy, h xdlg.


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Mgb `f? Mgb jy, h xdlg lgt, gcm mgb a e elj

Ulj mgbu mdc my

- Mgbu mdc trulj alg md my (mf) 6Ulj s my tg ljgbf

- ] h trulj alg/my (h) 6 Ulj s h/Ulj s my tg ljgbf

- ] r trulj alg (r) 6 Ulj s r/Ulj s my tg ljgbf

- ] lglg trulj alg (lglg) 6 Ulj s lglg/Ulj s my tg ljgbf

* Mm mg tbu tgic eb tg ljgbf jbdb cl d my rd vl f(tgiceb sdu 41 tul)?

Ulj my slj (my)

- U h my slj (%) 6 x 4;;

Ulj my adl u (my)Ulj mgbu mdc my

- Mgbu mdc trulj alg md my (mf) 6

Ulj s my tg ljgbf

- ] h trulj alg (h) 6 Ulj s h/Ulj s my tg ljgbf- ] r trulj alg fb xut gbl (r) 6 Ulj s r fb rd/Ulj s my tgljgbf

1.9. [glj pgp x h s hbu

] elj pglj pgp tglj ` sblg gm pgl tmg mm s hbu ljgbf trl mglj trlg BQQB]UDU ncr Zblecws (9.;).


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MGLJ = - @U TY LJGBL MY ^ UGC HYL

=.4. @t qu ljgbl mu `g trlj tc vt hbu `gb u mgc lub myblvbtrchcb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.

y h jbdb cl d b tlj lub my t ljcb vc bu `bl lmy v trljbl vbtrc. ^ vy, b vb tt m mm hcb my trlj `gm lgduhd mgl hcb gd mgt, llj v tgb jbdl `g trlj tgmg gp m b vb tglg mlj md qu trlg lub mybl vbtrc. Jbdb cl ly ml t mmm yu mu sdu? U h lgbf tgp, t h slj mdc, f tl tb, pgl gd

sblg trlj tt.

=.4.4. @t qu ljgbl mu lg glj md mgt `g trlj tb t h sljmd fu my trl fb trlj F]

Alj =.4. lg glj md mgt `g trlj G1C1hl fu my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.

MUULUgb jbdl v llj x h lm cxy jb

(G1C1 )

U h fumgt (%)

U h fulgbf (%)

U hfu slj

(%)

MU4 49% G1C1 + 9 pgt =,> i 7;,7 d 49,> i

MU1 49% G1C1 + 4; pgt 9,5 e :;,> a 15,9 m

MU= 49% G1C1 + 49 pgt 1;,2 m =9,2 m 5=,1 d

MU5 49% G1C1

+ 1; pgt 5;,9 a 15,; e =9,:aMU9 49% G1C1 + 19 pgt 9:,1 d 11,4 i 1;,: e

H]E ;,;9 4,;> 4,>: ;,=5

M^ (%) 1,= 1,; 1,4


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Jgb mg? Ll fb trlj F] + 1; j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H tgmg, pG 9,9

d, a, m, e, i? sc slg tgic jb tr `gm abt m ljgd lg lgt fm xm sut 29%

Mm fu lub my h mgb lg, mgb al m mgbu eb 1; - =;mf mHdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh. m d vc `g trlj alj G1C1, LdCMhh lgf mgt t jy m gb mgc m tg mcl ljb. ]du 5 tul lub my, m trlg ay alj =.4.

Tud alj =.4 mgc tgy vbm tc vt hbu `gb u `g trlj t mgv mgb lg md my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. h tlj b `g, fum t h lgbf mdc.

@g trlj alj G1C1 vb llj lg lgdu (49%) sclj tgb jbdl `gtrlj tlj t 9 pgt l 19 pgt t h fu lgbf jbf, lglj s fu mgttlj ec tgb jbdl `g trlj hu. U h fu slj v trlj mdc lgt h sdu 49 pgt (5=,1;%), t h fu lgbf mdc lgt h sdu 9 pgt (7;,7;%). @gb tljtgb jbdl `g trlj hl 19 pgt tg t h fu mgt tlj hl 9:,1;%, al mlg `gb tlj tgb jbdl `g trlj mgc tgy lg glj yu l t h fu slj.

U `t qu m lgl xt G1C1 h mgt `g trlj a ft yu b vb fu mHdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. d vc lub mybl vbtrc,mglg v vy mgljtb tbp tm tg ljgbf vb hcb mgt `g trlj `gm LdCMh. @t qutrlg ay alj =.1

U alj =.1 mgc tgy? @gb s elj mgt `g trlj LdCMh vb llj lgdu =%, tgb jbdl x h tlj t 9 pgt l =; pgt mgc tgy t h fu lgbjbf t 7;,:;% xulj 9,>;%0 s fu mgt tlj t 1,4% l :>,;%. U h tbsblg md fu v fu slj tlj `gb tgb jbdl `g trlj tlj hl 49 pgt vt t h fu slj mdc lgt h >9,9% v t h fu slj jbf xulj 47,5;% tgb jbdl `g trlj h =; pgt.


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Alj =.1. lg glj md mgt `g trlj LdCMh hl fu my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.

Mlj tgmtg ljgbf

Ugb jbdl v llj x

h (LdCMh)

U h fumgt (%)

U h fulgbf (%)

U h fuslj (%)

MU4 =% LdCMh + 9 pgt 1,4 n 7;,: d 4:,1 iMU1 =% LdCMh+4; pgt 4=,5i 94,; a =9,> mMU= =%LdCMh+49 pgt 47,7 e 49,: m >9,9 dMU5 =% LdCMh+1; pgt =4,5 m 4=,1 e 99,5 a

MU9 =% LdCMh+19 pgt >4,1a 4;,= i 17,9 eMU> =% LdCMh+=; pgt :>,; d 9,> n 47,5 i

H]E ;,;9 4,; 4,7 4,1M^ (%) 4,: 1,= 4,7

Jgb mg? Ll fb trlj F] + 1; j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H tgmg, pG 9,9

d, a, m, e, i, n? sc slg tgic jb tr `gm abt m ljgd lg lgt fm xm sut 29%.

U `t qu trl, mglj tb hd mgl LdCMh llj =% vb tgb jb pgt mgc `t qu tt lgt `gb d fu D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. vc lubmybl vbtrc.

=.4.1. lg glj md fb trlj `gclj l `g llj tc mgb t fumy adl u

f ac tglg mlj b vb lgl jblj alj pglj pgp lub myf, lgl tgy jbdb cl qudl trlj h xm lg fb trlj lub my tggp mgc b tlj ml lgl jblj. Mm mlj a v fb trlj lgl jblhcb my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. ml rt gl mg. Ec vy, tb tgljgbf ft s fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu? F], ^Z, QI lgl jblj.U mgl rd fb trlj tgmg gp lgt lub my hcb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb


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(Zdhh.) Hbleh. Urclj bu `bl lub my f t ac, g s lgl v mgt hmgb pg tgum vc tglg pgl fb trlj, llj mgt eblg elj m trc

fb trlj lub my. Mm ljgbl mu jbdb cl ly lgf tf rd m ftrlj tgmg gp mgc jbdb cl tc mgb t fu my adl u, jbdb cvdb tr quyt lg l gbu qu md qu trlg lgl jblj. @t qu m ay alj =.= v glg =.4.

Tud alj =.= mgc tgy? Mm fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu, `g lljlgl lgdlg mgb v mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb h `gm lgdu.

Url fb trlj QI mgc g s lgl mgb tgp lgt, g s lgl mgb mg

t 4,;> hl xp fm m v mgbu mdc my t ;,14mf m xp tgic sc slg H]E. Tud qudl st glg tgb, mgb pgt trbl mgf gl, mgb fu xdlg lgt v lg.

Url fb trlj ^Z mgc g s lgl mgb h 4,=; hl v mgbu mdc mgt ;,19mf m xp fm a tgic sc slg H]E. Tud qudl st glg tgbmgb m fu xdlg lglj mgb yu.

Alj =.=. lg glj md fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu l `g lljtc mgb t fu my adl u

MUULFb

trljG s lglmgb (hl)

Mgbu mdc UAmd mgb (mf)

Mgt hljmgb

MU4 QI 4,;> m ;,14a +

MU1 F] 4,52 d ;,51 d +++MU= ^Z 4,=; a ;,19 a ++

H]E ;,;9 ;,4: ;,;9M^ (%) 5,> 7,=

Jgb mg? Mm mlj tgm u m a sulj (1;j/H lj+4;;fh/H lm ed+>,9jtgmg, pG 9,9)


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d, a, m? sc slg tgic jb tr `gm abt m ljgd lg lgt fm xm sut 29%+? Mgb sblg trlj `f++ ? Mgb sblg trlj fm trulj alg

+++? Mgb sblg trlj fm `g++++? Mgb sblg trlj tt, fp

Url fb trlj F] m g s lgl mgb t mdc lgt h 4,52 hl vmgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb t ;,51mf, m xp fm d trclj sH]E. Tud qudl st glg tgb, lgl tgy mm mgb pgt trbl u v sblg trflg gl. Mm `t qu md mglj tb pg gp vb lgbu tm jb `g

lub mybl vbtrc mgc lgbu hcb Hdl `gm lgdu. Um jb L. Dgdfie ]girbn vmlj s (1;41) s elj mgb lg v mgb al md my Hdl D. ihdtus Hblehiy hf vt hbu lub my trl fb trlj F]. _gcu RuFib v mlj s(1;;2) ljgbl mu xy elj quy trlg lgl lgdlg jblj my Hdl D. ncrfcsdlus trl fb trlj F].

U `t qu ljgbl mu trl, mglj tb mgl fb trlj F] hf fbtrlj m al mgc mm qu trlg ljgbl mu sdu ly md my D. rcxaurjgbb( Zdhh.) Hbleh.

Glg =.4. lg glj md fb trlj `gclj `gm lgdu l `g lljtc mgb t fu my adl u

QI F] ^Z


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=.4.=. lg glj md mgt bu tbt sblg trlj AD l `g llj tcmgb t fu my adl u

AD h ft mgt bu tbt sblg trlj lgl tc tgum lgf Mytc`blbl,lgf m s elj rlj rb lgt trclj ` tgut lub my f gbl ldy. Umelj mg yu md l h `mg tgmg s pgl mgbd t ac, tgm y s gmd mgb al. Llj s elj `gm lgdu ty b tlj tgm vt lub mm `t qu ljgbl mu mgc tgy? llj 11F tgmg gp vb s pgtmgb Myfabebuf dhcbnchbuf, lglj b vb Eilercabuf dpgyhhuf v Eilercabuf fcsmgdtuf llj tgmg gp lgt mgc s pgt trbl md mg

h 55F (L.Q.Ldyd` v mlj s, 422:). tf llj pg gp md AD hls tc mgb adl u mgc fu my my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh., trcljtg ljgbf ly mglj tb a tr : llj `gm lgdu? ;0 ;,90 4,;0 4,90 1,;0 1,9v =,;fj/H. ]du 7 tul lub my `t qu m trlg ay alj =.5.

Tud `t qu tgu m alj =.5 mgc tgy? g s lgl mgb edc lj4,52 l 5,55 hl. G s lgl mgb m xp tgic tg t t mdc xultrclj sc slg (H]E) h d, a, m, e, i mgc tgy. llj 1,;fj/H m g slgl mgb t mdc lgt h 5,55 hl fm d. Urclj `gb mlj tgm ` a sulj (/M) m g s lgl mgb t tgp lgt h 4,52 hl xp fm illj 1,9fj/H m g s lgl mgb h =,> hl fm a0 llj =,;fj/Hv 4,9fj/H m g s lgl mgb tlj lj h 1,>4 v 1,>9 hl fm mllj ;,9fj/H v 4,;fj/H m g s lgl mgb tlj lj h 1,49 v 1,=>hl fm e.

b vb mg tbu mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb mgc tgy? Ut mtgm m a sulj AD u mgc `t qu mdc gl mlj tgm `glj a sulj Avc fb trlj lub my. Mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb edc lj t ;,=l 1,9=mf v m xp vc mm lgf pgl fm d, da, m, trclj sc slg(H]E). Urclj ? llj 4,; 1,9fj/H m mgbu mdc trulj alg md mg


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t mdc lgt h 1,14 1,9=mf lgf d0 mlj tgm (/M) `glj a suljAD m mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb tgp lgt h ;,=7mf fm m0

;,9fj/H m mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb h 1,;9mf fm am. L=,;fj/H m mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb h 4,:9mf fm a. lljAD t 4,; l 1,9fj/H mgb fp, h xdlg tgf.

Alj =.5. lg glj md mgt bu tbt sblg trlj AD l `g llj tcmgb t fu my adl u

MUULLlj

AD (fj/H)

G s lgl

mgb (hl)

Mgbu mdcUA md

mgb (mf)

Mgthljmgb

MU4(/M) ;,; 4,52 i ;,=7 m +

MU1 ;,9 1,49 e 1,;9 da ++

MU= 4,; 1,=> e 1,14 d +++

MU5 4,9 1,>9 m 1,=1 d +++

MU9 1,; 5,55 d 1,9= d ++++

MU> 1,9 =,>; a 1,5= d +++

MU: =,; 1,>4 m 4,:9 a +

H]E ;,;9 ;,14 ;,==

M^ (%) 5,= 5,:

Jgb mg? /M? Ll fb trlj F] + 1; j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H

tgmg, pG 9,9.d, a, m, e? sc slg tgic jb tr `gm abt m ljgd lg lgt fm xm sut 29%.+? Mgb sblg trlj `f++ ? Mgb sblg trlj fm trulj alg+++? Mgb sblg trlj fm `g


62/99


++++? Mgb sblg trlj tt, fp

Uuy lgbl `gb tlj llj AD vt qu 1,9fj/H mgt hlj mgb mxu glj jbf, mgb jy, h xdlg lgt v a e elj (hcb `f).

U pgl tmg trl mgc tgy? llj AD tgmg gp lgt a suljfb trlj F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H tgmg, pG 9,9vb fm mg tc mgb t fu my adl u h 1,;fj/H. Urclj fb trlj lym g s lgl mgb t 5,55 hl, mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb t 1,9fp, xdlg tgf.

=.1. Jbdb cl lgl lgdlg mgb

Jbdb cl lgl lgdlg mgb h jbdb cl qudl trlj tc rd ft `ghlj hl my mclbl vbtrc t fu my adl u trclj ft tgb jbdl ljl. jbdb cl ly s sblg trlj v pgt trbl md f lub my pg tgum mgvc bu `bl lub my (lgbt , lg slj), fb trlj lub my (tglg pgeblg elj, mgt bu tbt sblg trlj v t h jbd mglj). Uy tgic tlj hmy, m tg a sulj vc fb trlj lub my mm mgt bu tbt sblg trllj v t h tgmg gp m m g s lgl mgb v mgt hlj mlgt.

^b fm mg lgl lgdlg mgb D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh., mglj tbtbl glg ljgbl mu lg glj ft s mgt bu tbt sblg trlj v gp mt lgbl l `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb md Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

=.1.4. lg glj md @blitbl (@bl) l `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.

@blitbl tgum lgf Mytc`blbl mglj m a sulj vc fb trlj mgyu `mg tgmg s pgl mgbd t ac v pgl gd mgb at lg, tlj `g llj tlj gp mgt ebp hm md my. lg jb `g llj lg gljmd @bl hl qu trlg tlj g s lgl mgb v mgbu mdc trulj alg md


63/99


Mglj tb tbl glg tg ljgbf trl fb trlj (F] + 1;j/H lj +4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H tgmg, pG 9,9) vb mm llj @bl tgdy

/M(;)0 ;,90 4,;0 4,90 1,;0 1,9fj/H. @t qu m trlg ay alj =.9.Alj =.9. lg glj md @bl l `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb

Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

MUULLlj

@bl (fj/H)

G slgl mgb

(hl)

Mgbu mdcUA md mgb

(mf)

Mgt

hlj

mgbMU4(/M) ;,; 4,9; n ;,=2 me +

MU1 ;,9 1,77 d ;,71 d +++MU= 4,; 1,51 a ;,>; a ++MU5 4,9 1,4> m ;,52 m ++MU9 1,; 4,72 e ;,5; me +MU> 1,9 4,>2 i ;,=5 e +

H]E ;,;9 ;,41 ;,4

M^ (%) =,1 5,9

Jgb mg? /M? Ll fb trlj F] + 1; j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg, pG 9,9.

d, a, m, e, i, n? sc slg tgic jb tr `gm abt m ljgd lg lgt fm xm sut 29%.

+ ? Mgb sblg trlj `f

++ ? Mgb sblg trlj fm trulj alg+++? Mgb sblg trlj fm `g

++++? Mgb sblg trlj tt, fp


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]du 7 tul lub my `t qu tgu m alj =.9 mgc tgy. Lgl mgu`gb a sulj @bl vc fb trlj lub my mm mlj tgm trclj tg ljgb

u m g s lgl v mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb tlj `glj lj `. ]clmlj tg gbl s sdb `gm jbd mm mlj tgm sc slg tgic jb tr `gm abljgd lg lgt (H]E). M tg? mlj tgm b mglj `glj a sulj @bl mt h g s lgl mgb v mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb tgp lgt h 4,9;,=2mf. @gb a sulj ;,9fj/H vc fb trlj g s lgl mgb v mgbu mdctrulj alg md mgb t mdc lgt tlj lj h 1,77 hl v ;,71 mf. Ubtlj llj @bl t 4,;fj/H l 1,9fj/H, g s lgl mgb v mgbu mdc

trulj alg mgb m xu tg jbf el. llj 1,9fj/H g s lgl mgb jbfxulj tgp mg h 4,>2 hl, trclj `gb mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb htgp gl sc vb b mglj ;,=5mf.

@t qu ljgbl mu md mglj tb mgc tgy? g s lgl mgb mHdl D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh. `glj tlj tgic t h tgul vb fm tlj mdllj @bl t ;,9 1,9fj/H. ^b my D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh., ljljllj @bl tgmg gp mgc g s lgl mgb v mgbu mdc trulj almgb h ;,9fj/H. ^t qu ljlj ly s hf m mg s lgl mgb. hmgl lj llj @bl tgmg gp mgc lgl lgdlg mgb ljcb mg tbu glgl mgb, mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb ml pgb mg l mgt hUb mlj tgm tg ljgbf m llj @bl ;,9fj/H mgb pgt trbl alg tgsdu 7 tul lub my m lg jb h fm `g (mgb `gi, h xdlglgbl llj @bl tlj hl mdc qu 4,; - 1,9fj/H tg s hlj v mgt

hlj mgb m xu tg jbf mgb jy v h xdlg lgt.^y vb tbl my 29% mgc mglj tb lgl xt h? Llj @b

tgmg gp lgt mgc g s lgl mgb v mgbu mdc trulj alg md m;,9fj/H.


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=.1.1. Ljgbl mu lg glj md Ugbebdzurcl (UE_) l qu trlg lgllgdlg mgb Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb (Zdhh.) Hbleh.

Fm e a sulj @blitbl trclj tg ljgbf trl m `g llj lgl lgdlgmgb v mgbu mdc mgb lglj g s lgl ml tgp, mgt hlj mgb m Ll mglj tb tbp tm tbl glg ljgbl mu a sulj UE_ vc fb trljlub my.

UE_ m xif h ft Mytc`blbl m tm lj rt gbu qu l vblgl mgb md lgbu hcb my. Ft ljgbl mu mg rd rlj, llj t1,;fj/H UE_ h tgmg gp mgc s lgl mgb my Hdl D. ncrfcsdlus (L.^.

@it v mlj s, 1;;5). b vb my Hdl D. rcxaurjgbb ( Zdhh.) Hbleh., lgglj md UE_ l qu trlg lgl mgb lg tg lc, `t qu ljgbl mu mmglj tb m tg gbl qud alj =.>.

UE_ m tm lj r rt l qu trlg lgl mgb v mgbu mdc mgs lgl mgb edc lj t 4,9; hl l =,2: hl. Ugic sc slg (H]E)? lgtgy mlj tgm 5 m llj ;,>fj/H, t g s lgl mgb mdc lgt h =,2: fm d sc vb mlj tgm b mglj `glj a sulj UE_ m g s lgl mtgp lgt h 4,9; hl fm i0 mlj tgm = m g s lgl mgb h =,97fm a0 mlj tgm 9 m g s lgl mgb h =,15 hl fm m0 mljv mlj tgm > m g s lgl mgb tlj lj h 1,7> hl v 1,:2 hl e.

b vb mg tbu mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb mgc tgy? Ut mtgm m a sulj UE_ u mgc `t qu mdc gl mlj tgm b mglj `g

sulj UE_ vc fb trlj lub my. Mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb edc t ;,5;mf l 1,94mf v m xp vc mm lgf pgl fm d, da, a, m trcsc slg (H]E). Urclj ? mlj tgm 5 v mlj tgm 9 tlj lj h ;,> v ;,7fj/H UE_ m mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb t mdc lgt h 1,94mf v 1 lgf d v da0 mlj tgm b mglj `glj a sulj UE_ m mgbu m


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trulj alg md mgb tgp lgt h ;,5;mf fm m0 mlj tgm 1, mlj tgv mlj tgm > m mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb t tlj lj h

1,1;mf v 1,;4mf fm a trclj sc slg (H]E).Alj =.>. lg glj md UE_ l `g llj lgl lgdlg mgb md Hdl

D. rcxaurjgbb(Zdhh.) Hbleh.

MUULLlj

UE_(fj/H)

G s lglmgb (hl)

Mgbu mdcUA md mgb

(mf)

Mgthlj mgb

MU4(/M) ;,; 4,9; i ;,5; m +

MU1 ;,1 1,7> e 4,29 a +

MU= ;,5 =,97 a 1,1; a +++

MU5 ;,> =,2: d 1,94 d ++++

MU9 ;,7 =,15 m 1,1> da ++ ++

MU> 4,; 1,:2 e 1,;4 a ++

H]E ;,;9 ;,15 ;,=

M^ (%) 5,9 ;,2

Jgb mg? /M? Ll fb trlj F] + 1; j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/Htgmg, pG 9,9.d, a, m, e, i? sc slg tgic jb tr `gm abt m ljgd lg lgt fm xm sut 29%+ ? Mgb sblg trlj `f++ ? Mgb sblg trlj fm trulj alg+++? Mgb sblg trlj fm `g++++? Mgb sblg trlj tt, fp

Al mlg mg tbu v g s lgl mgb, mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgtbu mf qudl v mgt hlj mgc tgy? @gb a sulj UE_ vc fb trlj lu


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my llj t ;,> ;,7fj/H tg gbl mgt hlj mgb rt tt (mgb xdfp) gl sc vb b mglj `glj a sulj UE_.

U pgl tmg trl mgc tgy? Llj UE_ tgmg gp lgt a vc fb trlj F] + 1;j/H lj + 4;;fh/H lm ed + >,9j/H tgmg, pG9,9 vb fm mg lgl lgdlg mgb h ;,>fj/H. Urclj fb trlj ly m g slgl mgb t =,2: hl v mgbu mdc trulj alg md mgb t 1,94mf, mxdlg tgf.

Ugic _gcu RuFib v mlj s (1;;2) mgc rlj a sulj llj ;,4fj/H UE_ vc fb trlj lub my h tb u mgc lgl lgdlg mgb hcb H D. ncrfcsdlus. Mlj a md lgf tm jb mgc tgy llj UE_ vb mft hcb mm mg tbu `gm lgdu h `glj jblj lgdu. Uuy lgbl mm `t md mglj tb mg rd m s sdb `gm md mm llj UE_ `gvc fb trlj lub my trl hcb Hdl D. rcxau

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