nghjj; njhlhghly; nfhs;if 2011 - asian development bank · 2014-04-10 · nghjj; njhlhghly; nfhs;if...

nghJj;

njhlHghly;

nfhs;if 2011jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy;

kw;Wk; ghpkhw;wk;

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gw;wp

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; J}uNehf;F MrpahitAk;> gRgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;ijAk; tWikapy;

,Ue;J kPl;gjhFk;. mjd; gzp mjd; mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; tWikia

Fiwj;J kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;a cjTtjhFk;. gpuhe;jpaj;jpd;

gy ntw;wpfSf;F Gwk;ghf cyf twpa kf;fs; njhifapy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;fpdhpd;

,y;ykhf ,J ,Uf;fpwJ: 1.8 gpy;ypad; kf;fs; ehshe;jk; 2 nlhyUf;Fk; Fiwthd

tUthapy; tho;fpd;wdh;. 903 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ehshe;jk; 1.25 nlhyUf;Fk; Fiwe;j

tUthAld; tho;f;ifapy; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdh;.

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp> Rw;whly; hPjpahd epiyNgwhd tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa

xUikg;ghL vd;gdtw;wpd; Clhf tWikia Fiwg;gjw;F ADB mh;g;gzpg;Gld;

nraw;gLfpwJ. kzpyhit jiyikafkhf nfhz;bUf;Fk; ADB 67 mq;fj;jth;fSf;F

nrhe;jkhdJ. ,jpy; 48 mq;fj;jth;fs; ,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,Ug;gth;fs;. mjd; mgptpUj;jp

mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;F cjTk; gpujhd rhjdq;fshf nfhs;if fye;Jiuahly;> fld;fs;>

chpik %yjdk;> cj;juthjq;fs;> cjtpfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cjtp vd;gd cs;sd.

kPs; Row;rp fhfpjj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ ifj;Jwg;G

Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippineswww.adb.orgISBN 978-92-9092-640-5gjpg;gpj;jy; ,Ug;G ,y: RPT124562

nghJj;

njhlHghly;


kw;Wk; ghpkhw;wk;


© 2011 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

midj;J chpikfSk; gjpg;gpj;jtUf;Nf. 2011 ,y; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.gpypg;igd;rpy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ.

ISBN 978-92-9092-640-5 (mr;R)

ISBN 978-92-9092-641-2 (PDF)gjpg;gpj;jy; ,Ug;G ,y: RPT124562

gjpg;gpj;jy; gl;bayply; juT

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if 2011: jftiy ntspg;gLj;jYk; ghpkhwYk;. kd;lhY}nahq; efuk;> gpypg;igd;];: Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp 2011.

1. jfty; ntspg;ghL. 2. jfty; ghpkhw;wk. 3. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp. I. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp.

,e;j Mtzj;jpy; Ml;Gy gpuNjrk; my;yJ Gtpapay; gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLtjhNyh ~ehL| vd;w gjj;ijg; ghtpg;gjhNyh> ve;jnthU Ml;Gy gpuNjrj;jpw;F rl;l my;yJ Ntnwe;j me;j];ijAk; toq;FtJ vd;w Kbit Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Kiwahd mq;fPfhuj;Jld; jdpg;gl;l my;yJ tHj;jf Nehf;fkw;w ghtidf;fhf jfty;fis mr;rpLtij my;yJ gpujpapLtij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Mjhpf;fpwJ. ghtidahsh;fs; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; vOj;J %ykhd rk;kjkpd;wp tHj;jf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kWtpw;gid nra;tJ> kPs; tpepNahfpg;gJ my;yJ tUtpj;J cUthf;FtJ vd;gd jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fwpg;G: ,e;jg; gpuRuj;jpy; '$" vd;gJ mnkhpf;f nlhyiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F njhlHGnfhs;s Ntz;ba Kfthp Public Information and Disclosure Unit (InfoUnit) Department of External Relations Fax +63 2 636 2649 [email protected]

NkYk; jfty;fSf;F: www.adb.org/Disclosure

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gzpg;ghsh; rigapdhy; 2011 xf;Nlhgh; 25 Mk; jpfjp mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l cj;jpNahfg+h;t nfhs;if gj;jpuj;jpd; jkpo; nkhopngah;g;G tbtkhFk;.

,e;j Mtzk; mjpfstpyhdtHfSf;F thrpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,Ue;J nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j nkhop ngaHg;G rupahdJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Kaw;rpfis vLj;JtUk; mNj

Ntisapy; Mq;fpyNk Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ehshe;j NritfSf;F filg;gpbf;Fk; nkhopahFk;. ,e;j Mtzj;jpd;

Mq;fpyg; %yg;gpujpNa kpfTk; rupahdnjd;W ehk; cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;. (,JNt cj;jpNahfg+Ht MtzkhFk;) ,J rk;ge;jkhf

VjhtJ xU tplaj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; Mq;fpy %yg;gpujp Mtzj;ij ghHg;gJ nghUj;jkhFk;.

kPs; Row;rp fhfpjj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ

iii

nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if 2011

cs;slf;fk;

RUf;fq;fs; ivnrhy;tpsf;fk; vkPsha;Tf; FO viepiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; 1

1 mwpKfk; 5

2 gfpuq;fj; njhlHghlypy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mDgtk; 6

nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fk; 6

nfhs;if eilKiw gw;wpa kjpg;gPL 7

3 gfpuq;fj; njhlHghlypy; mz;ika cyfshtpa Nghf;Ffs; 10

4 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;ifia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd MNyhrid 11

5 nfhs;if 13

6 ntspg;gLj;Jif tpguq;fs; 15

cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G

%Nyhghaq;fs; 15

nraw;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;lq;fs; 16

nraw;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSld; njhlHGila NtW jfty;fs; 21

nfhs;iffSk; %Nyhghaq;fSk; 22

nraw;ghl;L tpjpfSk; nrad;KiwfSk; 23

NtW jfty;fs; 23

Cfpf;fg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlHgpyhd tpjptpyf;Ffs; 26

7 nghJj; njhlHghly; mZFKiw 30

,yf;Ff; FOtpdh; 30

,yf;Fitf;fg;gl;l FOtpdiu miltjw;fhd mZFKiwfs; 30

nkhopngah;g;G 31

8 eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Vw;ghLfs; 32

tfpgq;Fk; nghWg;GilikfSk; 32

jftiy mZFtjw;fhd nrad;Kiwfs; 35

fz;fhzpg;Gr; nra;jYk; mwpf;ifaplYk; 38

nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpdKk; nfhs;if kPsha;Tk; 38

9 tsq;fis <LgLj;jy; 39

10 ,zf;fg;ghl;L kPsha;T 40

ml;ltiz

1. ntspaf MNyhrid nraw;ghL 41

2. Vida gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfspd;

jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy; 43

3. 2005 Mk; Mz;L nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if> nghJj;

njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;tpd; R gj;jpuk;> kw;Wk; cyf

tq;fp kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp

tq;fpapd; jfty; nfhs;iffis mZFjy; gw;wpa xg;gPL 49

4. nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;iff;fhd ngWNgWfs; fl;likg;G 60

iv


RUf;fq;fs;

ADB – Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

ADF – Mrpa mgptpUj;jp epjpak;

AfDB – Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

CPS – ehl;Lg; gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghak;

DEC – mgptpUj;jp tpidj;jpwd; FO

DER – ntspaf njhlHGfs; jpizf;fsk;

DMC – mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehL

EBRD – kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fp

EIA – Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPL

EIB – INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp

IAP – Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO

IDB – mnkhpf;fhTf;fpilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

IED – Rje;jpu kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

IEE – Muk;g Rw;whly; ghpNrhjid

IFC – rh;tNjr epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

IPP – G+h;tPf kf;fs; jpl;lk;

IPSA – Muk;g tWik kw;Wk; r%f Ma;T

MDB – gd;Kf mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

MIGA – gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ik

NGO – mur rhHgw;w mikg;G

OAI – Coy; vjph;g;G kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G mYtyfk;

PDS – epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj; juTj;jhs;

PDAC – nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FO

PID – nray; jpl;l jfty; Mtzk;

RCS – gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghak;

RRP – jiythpd; mwpf;ifAk; rpghhpRfSk;

TA – njhopy;El;g cjtp

TCP – nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if

v

nrhy;tpsf;fk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs;

– Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; cjtpaspf;fg;gLk; nraw;jpl;l my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jhy; gadilaf;$ba kf;fs; my;yJ vjpuhf ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba kf;fs;

rig – NtW tifahff; Fwpg;gpl;lhNyad;wp> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gzpg;ghsh; rigiaf; Fwpf;Fk;

fld; ngWeh; – ,iwik nraw;jpl;;lq;fSf;Fg; gpuNahfkhFk;NghJ ADB cjtp ngWgth; vd mHj;jkhFk;

thbf;ifahsh; – ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fspd; gpuNahfkhFk;NghJ fld; ngWeh;> cj;juthj gadhsp> epjp Kfhikahsh;> KjyPL nra;ag;gl;lth; my;yJ ADB fld; my;yJ cj;juthjq;fis toq;ff;$ba Kaw;rpahz;ikfs; my;yJ ADB KjypLk; mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;

KOikg;gLj;jy; – KOikg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ Mtzk; njhlHgpy; mjd; jahhpg;Gf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd ADB jpizf;fsj;jpd; Njitg;ghLfis re;jpf;Fk; fl;lk; cs;slq;fpa kw;Wk; mf;fl;lk; tiuahd jahhpg;G vdg; nghUs;gLk;

,Wjp mwpf;if – (i) ,Wjp mwpf;ifahf ADB aplk; cj;jpNahfg+h;tkhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if> (ii) ADB ahy; cjtpaspf;fg;gLk; nraw;jpl;lk; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahhpg;gjpy; ghtpf;fg;gLtjw;F NghJkhd juk; ,Ug;gjhf ADB KbTnra;j mwpf;if> kw;Wk; (iii) NtW khw;wq;fis Njitg;gLj;jhj mwpf;if

,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lk;

– fld;> cj;juthjk;> chpik KjyPL vd;gtw;why; epjpAjtp mspf;fg;gLk; nraw;jpl;lk; my;yJ (i) mur cWg;gpdh; my;yJ murhq;fk; xd;why; cj;juthjk; nra;ag;glhj my;yJ (ii) vd;gtw;why; cWg;G ehL my;yJ murhq;fj;jhy; cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;l NtW VjhtJ epjp Vw;ghL. ,jd;gb cj;juthjp jtwpiof;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ADB f;Fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mq;fj;Jt ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtW VjhtJ fld; my;yJ cj;;juthjj;ij tpiuTgLj;j> ,ilepWj;j my;yJ ,uj;Jr; nra;a ADB mDkjpf;fg;gl khl;lhJ vd;w epajpapd; fPo; ,e;j cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ

,iwik nraw;jpl;lk;

– (i) mq;fj;Jt ehl;Lf;F toq;fg;gl;l my;yJ (ii) mq;fj;Jt ehl;bdhy; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;l fld; cjtp my;yJ NtW epjp Vw;ghLfshy; epjpAjtp mspf;fg;gl;l VjhtJ nraw;jpl;lk;

kPJ – mq;fPfhuk;> Rw;Nwhl;lk;> KOikahf;fy;> Kiwg;gb mq;fPfhpj;jy;> fye;Jiuahly;> toq;fPL> ngWjy; my;yJ rkHg;gpj;jy; ~kPJ| vd;gJ tpiutpy; fhhparhj;jpakhff; $ba kw;Wk; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l> Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy;tplg;gl;l> KOikahf;fg;gl;l> Kiwg;gb mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l> fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l> toq;fg;gl;l> ngwg;gl;l my;yJ rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l jpfjpia mLj;J tUk; ,uz;L thuq;fSf;Fg; (14 ehl;fs;) gpe;jpajhf ,Uf;Fk;


vi


kPsha;Tf; FO

topelj;Jk; FO Mh;.vk;.ehf;> jiyth; kw;Wk; Kfhikg; gzpg;ghsh;

ehafk;

Mh;.vy;.hP.jhrd;> nrayhsh;> mYtyf nrayhsh;

N[.vr;.`t;yd;l;> MNyhrfh; ehafk;> mYtyf

MNyhrfh; ehafk;

Nf.rfha;> gzpg;ghsh; ehafk;> nraw;jpl;l kw;Wk;

nfhs;if jpizf;fsk;

gP.rP.,Ua;fh> gzpg;ghsh; ehafk;> jdpahh;Jiw

nrayhw;Wj; jpizf;fsk;

N[.kpuz;lh> gzpg;ghsh; ehafk;> kj;jpa kw;Wk;

Nkw;fhrpa jpizf;fsk;

vf;];.ahX> gzpg;ghsh; ehafk;> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk;

njhlh; mgptpUj;jp jpizf;fsk;

V.Nfhd;> jiyikg; gzpg;ghsh;> ntspAwTfs;

jpizf;fsk;

kPsha;Tj; jiyth; V.Nfhd;> jiyikg; gzpg;ghsh;

MNyhrfh; v];.N`h> ntspAwTfs; jiyik epGzh;

FOj; jiyth; B.Nuhr;> njhlh;ghly; epGzh; (jfty; ntspaPL)

FO mq;fj;jth;fs; vy;.hP.e]hh;NgNfhth> rpNu\;l MNyhrfh;> OGCNf.KNyNd> rpNu\;l MNyhrfh;> OGC v];. `Pgu;> rpNu\;l njhlh;ghly; epGzh;, DERvd;.V.rP.tpyhY}];> njhlHG mjpfhhp> (jfty; ntspaPL), DER Mu;.gp.v]; knkhdq;> ,ize;j njhlh;ghly;

,izg;ghsh; (jfty; ntspapL), DER

1

epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mJ Nrit GhpAk; kf;fsplk; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikAld; elf;Fk;

Kaw;rpfSf;F xU thOk; topfhl;b Mtzkhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghJj; njhlHGf; nfhs;if mike;Js;sJ. tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpfSf;F gfpuq;fj;jd;ikAk; gjpy;$Wk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij ,e;jf; nfhs;if Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ gq;fhspfspd; Njit Fwpj;J> mwpe;jpuhj gl;rj;jpy;> Mrpah kw;Wk; gRpgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;ij tWik mw;w gpuhe;jpakhf khw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,yf;F vl;lg;gl khl;lhJ. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> ,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,f;nfhs;if Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gq;fspg;Gf;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;Fk; Mjutspj;J tUfpwJ.

2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;ifahdJ> jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ntsp tptfhuq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mq;fj;jth;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaj; jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; jPHkhdk; vLg;gth;fs;> rptpy; r%fk;> fy;tpkhd;fs;> Clfk; kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nraw;ghLfshy; gadilAk; kf;fs; MfpNahUf;F jfty; toq;fp> mth;fSld; njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;j Mtzk; xU KOikahd topfhl;bahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; eltbf;iffs; njhlHgpy; jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s> mZf kw;Wk; ntspapLtjw;F kf;fSf;F cs;s chpikia Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ];jhgd hPjpahd epUthfj;jpd; Kf;fpa ghfkhd ,f;nfhs;if mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ. gfpuq;fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik Mfpatw;iw nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; njhlh;ghlYf;F Kf;fpa gq;F ,Ug;gij ,J ntspr;rkpl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ. mj;Jld;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mgptpUj;jp tpisTj; jpwidAk; Nkk;ghlilar; nra;fpwJ.

2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;if gw;wpa kPs;ghHit. ,f;nfhs;if nraw;gl Muk;gpj;j jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh;> ,JFwpj;J

KOikahd kPsha;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf; nfhs;if Njitg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jw;fikthf> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp 2010 ngg;uthpapy; ,f;nfhs;ifapd; tpidj;jpwd; Fwpj ;J kPsha;Tnra;J ,f;nfhs;ifia Nkk;gLj;jp tYt+l;Ltjw;Fj; Njitahd khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd rpghu;Rfisr; nra;Ak; eltbf;ifia Muk;gpj;jJ. mf;fiw nfhz;l jdpg;gl;l egh;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; ,e;j kPsha;tpy; gq;Fnfhs;sr; nra;ag;gl;lJ. MNyhrid efy; 2010 [{d; khjj;jpYk; etk;gh; khjj;jpYk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. nfhs;if njhlHghd jPtpu fUj;Jg; ghpkhwy;fs; Mrpah kw;Wk; gRgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;Fs;Sk; ntspapYk; cs;s Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspYs;s gyjug;gl;l gq;fhspfSld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly;fs; Fwpj;j jkJ gq;fhsh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cyfshtpa hPjpapy; ,U Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. fpilf;fg;ngw;w cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; kw;Wk; cyfshtpa fUj;njLg;G Ma;Tfspd; mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; vd;gdtw;iw ,e;j Mtzk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;lJ.

2005 Mk; Mz;Lf; nfhs;ifAldhd mDgtk;.nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if 2005 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lNghJ> ,J xU Kd;Ndw;wfukhd nraw;ghL vdTk;> gd;Kf mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfspd; kj;jpapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; rpwe;j eilKiwahfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. mJKjy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ nghJj; njhlHghly; tplaj;jpy; fzprkhd Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,f;nfhs;ifahdJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;Fs; ghhpa fyhrhu khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Lte;jJ. ,jdhy;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ];jpukhd eltbf;ifr; nrad;Kiwahf ,e;j ntspg;gLj;jy; fUjg;gLfpwJ. 2007 Mk; Mz;by; ~td; Nth;s;l; bu];l;| mikg;gpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l cyfshtpa nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik mwpf;ifapy; rpwe;j gfpuq;fj;jd;ik nraw;ghl;bw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp 100%Gs;spiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,f;nfhs;iff;F Mjutspf;Fk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd;


2

ntsptptfhu %Nyhghak;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Njhw;wg;ghl;il caHj;jTk; %Nyhghak;> ADB apd; Profile I caHj;jTk;> mjd; gzpfs; Fwpj;J jfty;fisg; gfpuTk; Njitahd mjpf Kw;nraw;ghl;ilAk; ,yf;F Kw;nraw;ghl;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;s toptFj;jJ. mjd; gzpfs; Fwpj;j jfty;fisg; ghpkhwTk; Njitahd mjpf mstpyhd Kw;nraw;ghl;ilAk;> ,yf;F Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s toptFj;jJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ gfpuq;fkhd nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; khehLfspy; mjd; Kfhikahsh;fshYk; Copah;fshYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gfpuq;f ciufs; %yk; mJ> Clfq;fspy; jdJ Njhw;wg;ghl;il caHj;jpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> 2005 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 145% My; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. mjpy; jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd 6>000 Ntz;LNfhs;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. ,tw;wpy; 95% Mdtw;Wf;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jfty;fis toq;fpAs;sJ.

khwptUk; Rw;whly;. mjpfkhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F Gwk;ghf> vjph;fhyj;jpy; NkYk; mjpfstpy; gfpuq;fj;jd;ikia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cWjpg+z;Ls;sJ. nghJ mikg;Gf;fspy; mjpf gfpuq;fj;jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf ;ifahdJ nghJkf ;fspd ; vjph ;ghHg ;Gf ;fisAk; mjpfh pj ;Js;sJ. mz;ikapy; Vida gd;Kf mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs; gfpuq;fj; jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Gjpa nfhs;iffis filg;gpbf;Fk; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L my;yJ mJ njhlHgpy; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sd. gy tplaq;fspy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Kd;dzpapy; nraw;gl;L tUk; mNjNtis> rpy tplaq;fspy; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> jfty; ntspapLk; kl;lj;ij mjd; xg;gPl;lhsh;fSld; rkg;gLj;j Ntz;ba epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp rk;ge;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jfty; fpilf;fr;nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfisAk; mjpfg;gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; kf;fis mZFtjw;F r%f tiyaikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nry;yplj; njhiyNgrpj; njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;w Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs; Gjpa re;jh;g;gq;fis cUthf;fpj; je;Js;sd. mNjNtis> ngUkstpyhd gq;fhspfSf;F njhopy;El;gj ;ij mZff;$ba trjp ,y;iy vd;gijAk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. MfNt> ghuk;ghpaj;

njhiyj;njhlHG Kiwfs; ,th;fis mZFtjw;F mtrpag;gLfpd;wd. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ePz;lfhy %Nyhgha fl;likg;ghd 2020 Mk; Mz;L %Nyhghak; 2008 Mk; Mz;L mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik> gq;Nfw;wy; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik vd;gdtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mq;fPfhpj;Js;sJ.

nghJ mZFKiwAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; cWjpnra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifahdJ mbg;gilapy; rpwg;ghdJ vdTk;> rpwe;j Kiwapy; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sJ vdTk; kPsha;T KbTnra;Js;sJ. Mf> ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fk; khw;wkila khl;lhJ.

nfhs;ifia ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;. rpwe;j eilKiwfis iff;nfhs;tjpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpia Kd;dzp tfpf;fr; nra;tjw;fhd khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Ie;J gug;Gf;fis kPsha;T milahsk; fz;Ls;sJ.

(i) Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kWf;fg;gl;;l Ntz;LNfhs;fSf;fhd cs;sf Nkd;KiwaPl;Lg; nghwpKiwahd gfpuq;f ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FOTf;Fg; Gwk;ghf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOit mwpKfg;gLj;jTs;sJ. Nkd;KiwaPl;Lr; nraw;ghl;L ek;gfj;jd;ikiaAk; nrad;KiwfisAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ,uz;lhtJ epiyapy; ,Ue;J ,f;FO nraw;gLk;.

(ii) tpjptpyf;Ffs; njspthf;fg;gl;ld. ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd tpjptpyf;Ffs; gw;wpa gl;bay; njspthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtjpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fspf;fg;gLk; 07 tifahd jfty;fSf;F jiyg;Gf;fs; Nrh;f;fg;g-l;Ls;sd. tpjptpyf;fhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; eyd;fSf;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; jftiy milahsk; fz;L rpy tpjptpyf;Ffspd; gug;Gfs; ,Wf;fkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

(iii) rigj; jPHkhdq;fis mZFtJ mjpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpfkhd rig Mtzq;fs; Vffhyj;jpy; nghJ kf;fSf;Fk; rigf;Fk; ntspaplg;gLk;. ,iwikj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd fld; MNyhridfs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fspd; ,Wjpr; rpghHRfs; kw;Wk; ehLfspd; gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,J cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. ,J> mj;jifa tpiuthd ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlH-


3

mjpfhpf;Fk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; Njrpa khehLfs; %yk; mjd; mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;tNjhL> mur mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; gpujhd gq;fhsh;fSld; fz;Nzhl;lq;fisAk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;Sk;.

(v) Vida khw;wq;fs;. Vida kPsha;Tfs; nkhop njspthf;fy;fs;> ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;fs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; th;j;jf nraw;ghLfSld; ,ize;JNghjy;> tpjptpyf ;fhd #o;e piyfspy; jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd chpiia kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jdpr;rpwg;Ghpik kw;Wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis cs;ehl;L gq;fhsh;fs; rpwg;ghfg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tw;fhf> Njrpa nkhopfspy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l juT mwpf;iffis nkhopkhw;wk; nra;tJ Nghd;w ntspg;gLj;jy;fis mjpfhpj;jy;> fzf;fha;Tnra;ag;gl;l epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;l fzf;Ffis ntspg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Kfhik kw;Wk; rig mq;fj;jth;fspd; mbg;gil rk;gsq;fis ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;.

nfhs;if. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAld; njhlHGfis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; gq;fhspfspd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; jpwidAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fq;fis ,f;nfhs;if nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; eltbf;iffspy; mgptpUj;jp Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilfs; gpd;tUkhW:

(i) ntspg;gLj;jypy; Ke;jpf;nfhs;sy;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ jdJ gq;fhsh;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fSld; mjd; gzpfs;> mJNghy; mjd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; njhlHgpy; mjd; mwpT kw;Wk; jfty;fisg; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;tjpy; Ke;jpf;nfhs;Sk;. ,e;j tifapy; ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd Kjd;ik thfd-khf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;;jsk; ,Uf;Fk;. nghUj;jkhd Vida topKiwfs; %ykhfTk; jfty;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. Ke;jpf; nfhz;L ntspg;gLj;jy; Fwpj;j fhy tiuaiwia gpd;gw;Wk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;fhspfspd; gq;Fgw;wYf;Fk; trjpnra;Ak;. jdpg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs;fspd; NghpYk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;. ,f;nfhs;ifapd; Vida Vw;ghLfshy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj tiu rigf;F jftYf;fhfr;

gpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mq;fj;Jt ehl;bd; rk;kjj;jpw;F mikthf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;> gfpuq;f MNyhrid nrad;Kiwapy; ghtpf;fg;gl;l nfhs;if MNyhridfs; kw;Wk; %Nyh-gha gj;jpuq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. ,J> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jPh;khdpf;Fk; nrad;Kiwfspy; gq;fhspfspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfhpg;gjw;F topnra;Ak;. rigf; $l;lq;fspy; nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; khwhj Mtzq;fs;> 10 tU lfhyj;jpd; gpd;dh; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J> ,f;nfhs;iff;fhd tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; cs;slq;fhj jfty; tifapy; mlq;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidf;Fl;gl;lJ.

(iv) gfpuq;fj; njhlHghly; mZFKiw ,w;iwg;glj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; nfhs;iff;F Mjutspg;gjw;fhf 2005 Mk; Mz;L Mtzj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ntsptpfhu %Nyhghaf; nfhs;ifahdJ> gfpuq;fj; njhlHghlypy; ftdf; Ftpg;igr; nra;tjw;fhf Kidg;Gg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpa kw;Wk; gRgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mjpfhpj;J tUk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd rthy;fis rkhspg;gjpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ mjd; gq;fhsh;fSld; njhlHghly;fisj; jPtpug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitg;ghl;il tq;fpapd; gfpuq;fj; njhlHghly; mZFKiw Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mZFKiwahdJ> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; njhlHghly;fs; mjpfhpj;J tUk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJk;> 2020 Mk; Mz;L %Nyhghaj;ld; KO mstpy; ,ize;jjhfTk; ,Ug;gij cWjpnra;fpwJ. gfpuq;fj; njhlHghly; mZFKiwahJ Fwpj;j gq;fhspfspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;s gq;fhspfs; MfpNahUldhd njhlHGfs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpd; Clhf gyg;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> mtrpakhd njhlHghly;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; ghpkhw;wg; ghHit Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapdhy; Mjutspf;fg;gl;LtUk; nraw;jpl;l kw;Wk; epfo; ;r ;rpj; jpl;lq;fSld; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ> gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mwpT mbg;gilapyhd mgptpUj;jpg; gzpfSf;F Mjutspg;gjw;fhf – xd;iyd; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W RUf;fg; gpujp Nghd;w mjd; mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fis tpepNahfpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfis

epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;

4

mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; fUj;ijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

(v) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpjptpyf;Ffs;. ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpjptpyf;FfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. nfhs;ifapd; tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; mlq;fhky; ,Uf;Fk;tiu Mrpa mgptpUj;j p tq;fpahdJ mJ Kd;itf;Fk; my;yJ Kd;itf;fj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; jfty;fs; midj;ijAk; ntspg ;gLj;Jk;. jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; fsq;fj;ij tpQ;Rtjhf jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; kf;fspd; eyd; rk;ge;jg;gl;bUg;gpd;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ nfhs;if tpjptpyf;Ffis xJf;fpj; js;Stjw;fhd chpikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ> rhjhuzkhf ntspapLk; jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; eyd;fistpl mt;thW ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; jfty; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; NtWgl;l tpjptpyf;fhd #o ;e piya pd ; f Po ; mtw ;iw ntspg;gLj;jhky; ,Uf;Fk; chpikia jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ.

(vi) Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf;fhd chpik. jfty;fisg; ngw ehLgth;fs; jkJ Ntz;LNfhs; kWf;fg;gl;lJ ,f;nfhs;iff;F Kuzhd nray; vdf; fUJk; gl;rj;jpy;> mth;fspd; jfty; ngWk; chpikia epiyehl;l ,uz;Lfl;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L nrad;Kiwfis nfhs;if mq;fPfhpj;Js;sJ. Nkd;KiwaPl;L nrad;Kiwfspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,uz;lhtJ fl;lkhdJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapYk; ,Ue;J Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLk;. Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis mZFtij kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;if tpjptpyf;Ffis xJf;fpj; js;Stjw;fhf gfpuq;f ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FOtplk; Nkd;KiwaPL xd;iwAk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. mj;jifa ntspg;gLj;jyhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fis tpQ;Rtjhf jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJeyd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

cs;sf eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Maj;jq;fs; khw;wg;gl khl;lhJ. vdpDk;> gfpuq;fj; njhlh;ghly; Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Mjuthf Nkyjpf tsq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs;> rigapy; Gof;fj;jpy; tplg;gl;ljd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. rigapd; ftdj;jpw;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l mjpfkhd rig Mtzq;fs; rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;ij my;yJ Gwf;Fwpg;ig ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. Vida rig Mtzq;fs; rigapd; mq;fPfhuk; my;yJ Gwf;Fwpg;ig ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd;dh;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

(ii) ntspg;gLj;jYf;F rhh;ghd Cfk;. ,e;jf;nfhs;ifahdJ ntspg;gLj;jYf;F rhh;ghd Cfj;jpd; kPJ mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Kd;itf;Fk; my;yJ Kd;itf;FkhW Njitg;gLj;Jk; midj;J Mtzq;fSk; nfhs;ifapd; tpjptpyf;F tifawhf;fSf;Fs; cl;glhjtplj;J> mJ ntspaplg;glf; $Lk;.

(iii) jfty;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhridfis mZFtjw;Fk; gug;Gtjw;Fkhd chpik. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; cjtp mspf;fg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;j jfty;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhrid-fis ngWtjw;Fk; gug;Gtjw;Fk; kf;fSf;F cs;s chpikia Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nghUj;jkhd Neuj;jpy; njspthf> rhpahd Kiwapy; ,e;j jfty;fis toq;Fk;. epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l tbtikg;G kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; mh;j;jG\;bahd cs;sPLfis KjypNyNa toq;Ftjw;F topnra;Ak; tifapy; ngz;fs;> Viofs;> ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba FOtpdh; cs;spl;l ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fhspfs; MfpNahUf;F jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy;fspy; ghugl;rk; fhl;lhJ. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd;fPo; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ kf;fs; jfty;fis rkj;Jtkhd Kiwapy; mZFtjw;F topnra;fpwJ.

(iv) ehl;L chpikahz;ik. mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Mjutspf;Fk; nraw;ghLfspy; me;ehl;bd; chpikahz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy;> rpy tifahd Mtzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dh;> mjpYs;s tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;iw ntspapLtjw;fhd cfe;j Neuk; Fwpj;Jk;


5

1nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if 2011

mwpKfk;

1. 2005 Mk; Mz;by; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mq;fPfhpj;j nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if1 vd;w Mtzj;ij ,e;j Mtzk; ,w;iwg;gLj;JfpwJ. 2011 xf;Nlhgh; 25 Mk; jpfjp rigapduhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l ,J> 2012 Vg;uy; 02 Mk; jpfjpia nfhs;if nraw;gl Muk;gpf;Fk; jpdkhff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;ifahdJ> 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;if Mtzj;jpy; cs;s Vw;ghLfis tpQ;Rtjhf cs;sJ.

2. gfpuq;fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; Kd;Kidg;G kpf;f gfpuq;fj; njhlHghly;fs; jw;Nghija nfhs;ifapy; Kf;fpa J}z;lyhf njhlh;e;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd. jfty; kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd ,U NtWgl;l nfhs;iffis khw;wPLnra;tjd; %yk; 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf; nfhs;ifahdJ kpfTk; mw;GjkhdJk;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; njhlHghly; Kaw;rpfSf;F cjTtjhfTk; jd;id epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epiyg;ghl;bYk; xU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJld; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpfSf;F Mjutspg;gjpy; ntspj; njhl-HGfspd; gq;fspg;igg; ngWtjpYk; ,J ghhpa gzpahw;wpAs;sJ. 2005 Mk; Mz;L

nfhs;ifapd;fPo; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;lthW KOikahd kPsha;T 2010 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

3. Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpg;ghsh; ehafj;jpd; jiyikapy; nraw;gl;l topelj;Jk; FOtpdhy; ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapy; kPsha;T topelj;jg;gl;lJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,e;jf; nfhs;ifAld; jkJ Copah;fSf;F Vw;gl;l mDgtq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ,tw;iw vt;thW Nkk;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; fUj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. nfhs;if kw;Wk; mjd; mKyhf;fk;> Nkk;gLj;jYf;fhd MNyhridfs; njhlHghf gpd;D}l;ly;fis toq;FkhW ntsp gq;fhsh;fsplk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. vOj;J %yk; fUj;Jf;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; cs;spl;l mf;fiwnfhz;l gy tifahd gq;fhsh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf 12 mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; 20 cs;ehl;L MNyhrid gl;liwfis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. 500 f;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; Ntiyg;gl;liwapy; fye;Jnfhz;ldh;. (ml;ltiz 1 ntsp MNyhrid nrad;Kiwia tpghpf;fpwJ) ,e;j MtzkhdJ fpilf;fg;ngw;w cs;sPLfis fUj;jpw;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1 ADB 2005 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gfpuq;f njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;jYk; ghpkhw;wKk;. kzpyh.

6


gfpuq;fj; njhlHghlypy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mDgtk;

nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fk;

4. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ jPtpu nghUshjhu tsh;rp> Rw;whly; epiyNgz; tsh;r;r;rp kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xUq;fpizg;G vd;gtw;iw Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; tWikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;F mh;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Nehf;fj;ij va;Jtjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> gy;NtWgl;l epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfSf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Vida eltbf;iffSf;F epjpAjtp nra;J tUfpwJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wp> mtw;iw tpidj;jpwDld; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mjd; fld;ngWeh;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh;fs; gq;fhspfs; kw;Wk; Vida gq;Fjhuh;fs; Mfp-Nahhpd; fUj;Jf;fis ngWtJld;> jkJ nraw;ghLfspy; mth;fisAk; xd;wpizj;Jr; nry ;f pwJ. gu];gu Gh pe ;Jzh ;itAk ; tpRthrj;ijAk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;Fk; mjd; gq;Fjhuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Utop jfty; ghpkhw;wg; gha;r;ry; mtrpakhFk;. ,J> cWjpahd gq;fhz;ikf;fhd mj;jpthuj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. mjd; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd gfpuq;fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; gq;fhspfsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhFk;. ,J> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; ntw;wpailtjw;F mbg;gilahdjhFk;. NkYk;> ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpdJk; rpwe;j eph;thfj;jpw;fhd gpujhd nfhs;ifahdJ> me;epWtdk; mjd; nraw;ghLfSf;F nghWg;Gf;$w KbAkhd epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhFk;. gfpuq;fj; jd;ikahdJ nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikf;fhd Kd;Njitg;ghlhFk;.

5. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd; nkhj;j Nehf;fk;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gq;fhspfspd; tpRthrj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jp mjDld; njhlHG nfhs;Sk; jpwidAk; Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; eltbf;iffs;

2 ADB. 2008. %Nyhghak; 2020: Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ePz;lfhy %Nyhgha fl;likg;G> 2008–2020. kzpyh.3 E}w;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd ehLfs; kw;Wk; ADB mjd; 19 mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; cs;spl;l mgptpUj;jp mikg;Gf;fs;

2005 khh;r; 02 Mk; jpfjp mq;fPfhukspj;jd.

Fwpj;J jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> gfph;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; kf;fSf;F cs;s chpikia ,e;jf; nfhs;if Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSld; mwpTg; ghpkhwy; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;G mgptpUj;jp my;yJ ,Utop njhlh;ghly;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpwJ. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifahdJ> ntspg;gLj;jhikia mtrpag;gLj;Jk; fhuzq;fs; vJTk; mw;w epiyapy;> ntspg;gLj;jYf;F Mjuthd Cfj;jpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ epWtd> epjp kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis mjd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Kd;Kidg;Gld; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; fl;Lg;ghL kpf;f fhy tiuaiwia gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fk; gjpyspg;gjw;Fk; Kiwg;ghLfis ifahs;tjw;Fkhd nghwpKi-wfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpia mJ eph;g;ge;jpj;Js;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mgptpUj;jp tpisit mjpfhpg;gjw;F ,e;jf; nfhs;ifahdJ> Muk;gkhf nghJj; njhlHghly; nraw;ghLfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mjd; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Nthh; kw;Wk; mgpg;gpuhaj; jiyth;fSld; cwTfis fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; %yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kw;Wk; mjd; eltbf;iffs; njhlHghd Ghpe;Jzh;it Nkk;gLj;Jtij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

6. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; rpy Kd ;Kaw ; r p fs ; ,f ;nfhs ;ifia tsg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjd; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; cjtpAs;sd. 2010 %Nyhgha gj;jpukhdJ> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; njhlHgpy; nghWg;Gf; $Wk; jd;ik> gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.2

ghhpastpyhd gfpuq;fj; jd;ikahdJ> epthuz tpidj;jpwd; njhlh;ghd ghhp]; gpufldj;jpd; ika Nehf;fkhfTk; mike;Js;sJ.3 rh;tNjr epthuz gfpuq;fj;jd;ik Kd;Kaw;rp – epthuzj; jfty;fis mZFtij tpiuTgLj;Jtjw;fhd

7


xU gy;jug;G cld;gbf;if - Mtzj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;ljd; %yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ tWikia xopg;gjpy; mjd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfhpg;gJ njhlh;ghd jfty;fis fpukkhfTk; tpgukhfTk; chpa fhyj;jpy; gfpuq;fg;gLj;Jk; jdJ mh;g;gzpg;Gj;jd;ikia kPSWjp nra;Js;sJ.

nfhs;if eilKiw gw;wpa kjpg;gPL

7. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp 2005 Mk; Mz;L gfpuq;fj; njhlHghly; nfhs;ifapd; eilKiwg;gLj;;jiy mtjhdpj;J ehd;F tUlhe;j kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;iffis ntspapl;Ls;sJ.4 ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd; Vw;ghLfSf;F ,zq;fp Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp rpwg;ghf ele;Jnfhz;lik> gfpuq;fj; jd;ikia Cf;fg;gLj;jp njhlHghly;fis Nkk;gLj;jpaik kw;Wk; gq;fhspfSf;F mjpf jfty;fis toq;fpaik vd;gd ,e;j tptukhd kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;iffspy; Rl;;;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. MNyhrid ngwg;gl;l mjpfkhd ntspg; gq;Fjhuh;fshy; ,e;jf;nfhs;if rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; tuNtw;fg;gl;lJld;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Copah;fshy; rpwg;ghf Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk; gl;Ls;sJ.

8. nkhj;jj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; epWtd hPjpahd kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj; njhlHgpyhd jfty;fs; gq;Fjhuh;fs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fSf;F ngUkstpy; Kd;Kidg;Gld; my;yJ Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpy; fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Kd;Kidg;G ntspAwTj; njhlHGfspy; Ke;jpf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;jy;fs; vd;gd gu];guk; Mjutspj;J tUtij ,e;jf; nfhs;if gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifia iff;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp tpopg;Gzh;T kw;Wk; Ghpe;Jzh;it Nkk;gLj;JtJld; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; kPJ tpRthrj;ijAk; mjpfhpg;gjw;F fzprkhd msT Kd;Nehf;fpr; nrd;Ws;sJ. mNjNtis> ,iwik kw;Wk; ,iwikaw;w epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd Mtzq;fisAk; gfpuq;fkhf fpilf;fr;nra;tij mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. ntspaf nry;thf;F kw;Wk; jfty; ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mgptpUj;jp mwpit tsh;g;gjw;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sJ. ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l gq;fhspfSf;F jfty;fs; fpilg;gjw;Fk; topnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it>

mgptpUj;jp tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtJld; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kPjhd gfpuq;f tpRthrj;ijAk; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.

9. nghJthf> ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F rhh;ghd Cfj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntw;wpfukhf iff;nfhz; LtUfpwJ. ntspg;gLj;Jiff; fhyk; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw Ntz;LNfhs;fis ifahs;jy; cs;spl;l ntspg;gLj;jy; cld;ghlhdJ njhlHr;rpahf Nkk;ghlile;J te;Js;sJ. ~td;Nth;s; bu];l;| mikg;ghy; 2007 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l cyfshtpa nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikf;fhd mwpf;ifapy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; rpwg;ghd gfpuq;fj;jd;ik eilKiwf;fhf 100% Gs;spfis ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.5

10. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfkhd jfty;fs; ,g;NghJ fpilf;ff; $bajhfTs;sd. 2005 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; Kjy; 2010 brk;gh; tiu Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fspy; vz;zpf;if 145% My; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. jftYf;fhf ,izj;jsj;ij mZFtJk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jfty; my;yJ Mtzq;fSf;fhd 6000 ntspg;Gw Ntz;LNfhs;fis Jah;e;J nrd;W nray;Kiwg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fg;gl;l jfty;fspy; 95% khdit toq;fg;gl;ld. ,jpy; miuthrpf;Fk; mjpfkhdit epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l jftYld; njhlHGgl;lit. Vida Ntz;LNfhs;fspy; mjpfkhdit tHj;jf re;jh;g;gq;fSld; njhlHGgl;lit. RkhH 7% khd Ntz;LNfhs;fs; epjpaply; kw;Wk; murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fSld; xj;Jioj;jy; njhlHgpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpy; 5%Md Ntz;LNfhs;fs; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jpy; kpfg;nghpa tifapdk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gpiz tptfhuq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jfty;fshFk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;dh; cUthf;fg;gl;l gy Mtzq;fis ifahz;L ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. vdpDk;> nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfSf;F KO mstpy; ,zf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;l RUf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; ntspaplg;gl my;yJ ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. mj;Jld;> ,e;jr; RUf;fq;fspd; juTf;fsq;fs; mjpf KOikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4 ADB gfpuq;fj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jy; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL.

http://www.adb.org/documents/series/assessment-pcp-implementation 5 td;Nth;s; bu];l; 2007. 2007 cyfshtpa nghWg;Gf;$wy; mwpf;if. yz;ld;.

8

11. ,f;nfhs;iff;F mq;fPfhuk; fpilj;jJ Kjy; mjd; ntspaf cwT Kaw;rpfs; %yk; tq;fp njhlh;ghd mq;fPfhuq;fspy; gfpuq;fj;jd;ikAk; mjpfhpj;Js;sij cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf kPsha;Tfs; nghJthf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J> fzprkhd msT Clff; fhl;rp> ntspaZfy;> Clf mtjhdk; kw;Wk; ,izaj;js Nghf;Ftuj;J Gs;sptpguq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s fzprkhdsT mjpfhpg;ghy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ ntspaZfy; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr khehLfspy; Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; Copah;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l nghJ ciufs;> %ykhf jdJ Njhw;wg;ghl;il Clfq;fspy; fzprkhd msT tsHj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU %d;W tUlq;fSf;nfhUKiw ntspaf fUj;Njhl;lq;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cyfshtpa gq;fhspfs; fUj;Njhl;l Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. 2006 kw;Wk; 2009 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Fwpj;J mjd; gq;fhspfSk; mgpg;gpuhaj; jiyth;fSk; rhjfkhd ghHitiaf; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sd. mj;Jld; mJ> Mrpa gRpgpf; gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; tYthd tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk; vdTk; mth;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ cah;e;j ek;gpf;if> ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; jifikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. gjpyspj;j mjpfkhNdhH Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; njhlh;ghly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjhfTk; jfty; Njitg;ghLfs; njhlh;gpy; ey;y Kiwapy; gjpyspj;J tUtjhfTk; czh;fpd;wdh;. Nkk;ghliltjw;F ,d;Dk; ,lKs;sjhfTk; mth;fs; njhptpj;Js;dh;. Fwpg;ghf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fis mjd; gq;fhspfs; tpNrlkhf mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; murhq;fq;fSld; gfph;e;Jnfhs;tjpy; mjpf Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. PCP kPsha;T njhlHgpy; gq;fhspfspd; MNyhridfs; thapyhf ngwg;gl;l gpd;D}l;ly;fs;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSld; njhlHGnfhs;tJ kw;Wk; jftiyg; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;tJ njhlHgpy; rpwg;ghd njhlh;ghly;fs; Njitg;gLtijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

12. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Copah;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fhspfs; ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd; fPo; ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfis Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf 2005 Kjy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gy $l;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpopg;g+l;ly; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L te;Js;sJ. nfhs;ifapy; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;lthW jfty;fis ntspapLtjw;F ,e;j Kaw;rpfs; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

13. nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jy; tpjpfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F cjtpahf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ Gjpa Copah; epakdq;fs;> fpukkhd gapw;rpfs;> nkhopngah;g;G fl;likg;ig mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; vd;gdtw;Wf;F Nkyjpf tsq;fis xJf;fpAs;sJ. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifahdJ 12 nkhopfspy; nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L gutyhf tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2005 [{iy khjj;jpy; ,e;j nfhs;ifapd; eilKiwg;gLj;jiy fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhf ntspaf njhlHGfs; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; nghJj; jfty; kw;Wk; ghpkhw;w gphpT cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gphpthdJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Copah;fs; nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd Nritfs;> jahhpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; fUtpfis toq;fp tUfpwJ. ,J ,g;NghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fis ifahs;tjw;fhd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ikakhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

14. nghJj; njhlh;ghly;fspy; Ke;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mjpfk; ,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; $l;lhz;ik Rw;whliy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; Kfhikj;Jtk; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuj;ij tfpj;J te;Js;sJ. tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Kiwapy; njhlh;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jifikia mjpfhpg;gjw;F ntspaf njhlHGfs; mYtyfk;> ntspaf njhlHGfs; jpizf;fskhf juKaHj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J> jiytUf;F Neubahf mwptpj;jy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,NjNtis> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspAwT njhlu;GfSf;fhf Nkyjpf tsq;fis xJf;fPLnra;Js;sJ Fwpg;ghf> cs;ehl;L ntsp mZfypy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wtjw;fhd tifapy; fs mYtyfq;fs; tYt+l;lg;gl;Ls;sd. 2005 Kjy; 8 ntspaf njhlh;Gfs; Njrpa mYtyh; gjtpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L fsj;jpy; ntspaf njhlh;Gfspy; Ke;jpf;nfhz;L nrayhw;Wtjw;F Mjutspf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

15. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp KOtJk; ntspg;gLj;jy; nra;ag;gLtJ njhlHghd elj;ijfis Kfhikj;Jt jiyikj;Jtj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhs;if khw;wpaikj;jJ. nkhj;jj;jpy; Copah;fs; gfpuq;fj; jd;ikapd; gy ed;ikfis milahsk; fz;Ls;sdh;. mj;Jld;> ntspg;gLj;jy; Fwpj;J kdr;rhl;rpAld; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wdh;. vdpDk;> ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfisg; nghWj;jstpy; ,zf;fg;ghL cah;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> fhyf;nfLit mDrhpg;gJ cs;spl;l KO mstpyhd ,zf;fg;ghl;il miltjw;F mjpf Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.


9

16. Mrpa kw;Wk; gRgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp njhlh;ghd jftiy mZFtij Nkk;ghlilar; nra;tjw;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghJj; jfty; ikaq;fs; kw;Wk; E}yf fsQ;rpaj; jpl;lk; vd;gd kPsha;Tnra;ag;gl;L mjd; nrad;Kiwfs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 2009 kw;Wk; 2010 Mk; Mz;by; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ njhpTnra;ag;gl;l Mrpa mgptpUj;jp ts epiyaq;fspYs;s E}yf fsQ;rparhiyfis

juKaHj;jpaJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> rpy ehLfspy; gd;Kf ed;nfhilahsh; nghJ jfty; epiyaq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; Gjpa gq;fhz;ik Kd;Ndhbj; jpl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jJ. ,e;jg; Gjpa Kd;Kaw;rpfs; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fspd; Njhw;wg;ghl;ilAk; mZFk; jd;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd;gJ Fwpj;J kjpg;gpl kPsha;T eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.


10


gfpuq;fj; njhlHghlypy; mz;ika cyfshtpa Nghf;Ffs;

17. fle;j ,uz;L Kjy; %d;W jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhf jfty; Rje;jpuk; njhlh;ghd cyfshtpa epiyg;ghL fzprkhf khw;wkile;Js;sJ. jftYf;fhd chpik mbg;gil chpikahf rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfSf;fhd gpufldj;jpy; mq;f Pfhpf ;fg ;gl ;Ls;sJ. gpuirfs; ghhpastpyhd gfpuq;fj;jd;ikia Njitg;gLj;JtJld;> murhq;fq;fSk; jdpahH $l;lhz;ik epWtdq;fSk; cah; juj;jpy; gfpuq;fj;jd;ikia filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; NfhUfpd;wdh;. gy ehLfs; jkJ murpay; ahg;gpy; jftYf;fhd chpikia Nrh;j;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sd. fle;j tUl fhyq;fspy; ,e;jg; Nghf;F tYtile;J tUfpwJ. jftYf;fhd chpik vd;gJ> ntWkNd milag;glNtz;ba xh; ,yf;fhf kl;Lky;yhky;> mJ eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;ba xU chpik vd typAWj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. gy murhq;fq;fs; jkJ gpuirfs; murhq;f jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij cj;juthjg;gLj;jp gy Kd;Ndw;wfukhd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpAs;sd. 80 f;Fk; mjpfkhd ehLfs; ,t;thwhd rl;lq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.

18. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; gfpuq;f njhlh;ghly; nfhs;ifia cUthf;fpaJ Kjy; njhiyj;njhlHG njhopy;El;gk; njhlh;e;Jk; Kd;Ndwp tUfpwJ. r%f Clfk; cs;spl;l Gjpa Clfq;fspd; ghtid mjpfhpj;jpUg;gjd; %yk; mjpfkhd kf;fSf;F gy topfspy; jfty;fis ,g;NghJ toq;f KbAk;. nghJ> jdpahH kw;Wk; murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;why; toq;fg;gLk;

jfty;fs; mjpfhpj;Js;sd. gfpuq;fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mtw;iw miltjw;fhd eilKiwfs; njhlHgpyhd Ghpe;Jzh;Tk; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; nryT kw;Wk; gad;ghL njhlHgpy; kpfTk; cd;dpg;ghf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

19. Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fp> INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp> mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> rh;tNjr epjp $l;Lj;jhgdk; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp cs;spl;l mjpfkhd gd;Kf kpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs; mz;ikapy; jkJ jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd nfhs;iffis kPs;ghprPyid nra;Js;sd> my;yJ nra;Jnfhz;L tUfpd;wd. (ml;ltiz 2 gd;Kf mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfspy; jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy; Ma;it jUfpwJ> ml;ltiz 3 - 2005 Mk; Mz;L Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nfhs;if> ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nfhs;if kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp vd;gdtw;wpd; jftiy mZFtjw;fhd nfhs;iffs; Fwpj;J xg;gPL nra;fpwJ) iff;nfhs;sg;gl;L rpghupR nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Gjpa nfhs;iffs; gy nghJthd gz;GfisAk; rpwg;gk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf> ,e;jf; nfhs;iffs; ntspg;gLj;jy; rhHghd Cfk; kw;Wk; mjpfgl;r mstpy; jfty;fis mZFjy;> nghJkf;fSf;F jfty; fpilg;gjw;Fs;s tpjptpyf;Ffis FWfr;nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

11


2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;ifia

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd MNyhrid

20. 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;if kPsha;thdJ> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nfhs;if nghUj;jkhdjhf njhlh;e;J ,Ug;gijAk;> Vida gd;Kf mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfSld; jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J xg;gpLifapy;> mtw;iw tpl Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp rpwe;j epiyapy; ,Ug;gijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. vdpDk;> 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf; nfhs;ifia tYg;gLj;jf;$ba Ie;J gug;Gf;fs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jg; gug;Gf;fs; 21–25 ge;jpfspy; tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

21. Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO – 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf; nfhs;ifahdJ jfty; njhlHghd kWf;fg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs;fis kPsha;Tnra;tjw;F gfpuq;f ntspg;ghl;L MNyhridf; FO vDk; cs;sf mq;fj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. ,f;FOtpd; Kd;dhy; Ie;J tof;Ffs; khj;jpuNk nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. vdpDk;> nfhs;if kPsha;tpd; NghJ> gq;fhspfs; Rje;jpukhd ntspaf Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOf;fs; ,y;yhj epiyia xU gytPdkhff; fz;ldh;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp rpwg;ghd nraw;ghLfspy; Kd;dzp tfpg;gjw;F> nghJ ntspg;ghl;L MNyhridf; FOtpd; jPHkhdj;jpw;F mika mJ Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOit ];jhgpf;fTs;sJ.

22. tpjptpyf;Ffis njspthf;Fjy; –ntspg;gLj;jy; rhh;ghd Cfk; njhlHgpy; ,Uf;Fk; tpjptpyf;Ffs; gw;wpa gl;baiy 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf; nfhs;if cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. fpilf;fg;ngw;w gpd;D}l;ly;fs;> ,e;jg; gl;bayhdJ njspthd Kiwapy; fl;likf;fg;gltpy;iy vdTk; Ghptjw;F fbdkhf ,Ug;gjhfTk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. mJ> njspthd jiyg;Gf;fspd;fPo; kPs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy #o;epiyfspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjdhy;> tpjptpyf;Ffshy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l eyd;fSf;F CW Vw;gLk; vd;gij milahsk; fz;Lnfhz;L tpjptpyf;Ffspd; gug;G ,Wf;fkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

23. jPHkhdj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; rig Mtzq;fis mZFjy; – 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;if kPsha;thdJ efy; Mtzq;fis

nghJ kf;fSld; gfph;e;Jnfhs;sNtz;ba jUzj;ij rPh;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU gug;ghf milahsk; fz;Ls;sJ. nfhs;if mwpf;ifiag; ghJfhj;jy; (2009) kw;Wk; JiwrhH kw;Wk; fUg;nghUs; nfhs;if kw;Wk; %Nyhghaq;fs; Nghd;w gq;Fjhuh;fis Neubahf ghjpf;ff;$ba nfhs;iffs; njhlHgpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; efy; MNyhrid gpNuuizfis ntspapl;Ls;sJld;> gq;Fjhuh;fsplk; ,Ue;J gpd;D}l;ly;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf cs;ehl;Lf; $l;lq;fis xOq;FgLj;jpAs;sJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j MNyhridfSf;Fg; gpd;dh;> rigapy; jPHkhdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l efy;fis mZFtJ tpyf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rigapdhy; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l gpd;dNu Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ,Wjp KbT mwpf;if ntspaplg;gLk;. ,e;j nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; %Nyhghaq;fis jahh;gLj;jp gq;Fjhuh;fspd; gq;Nfw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jtjw;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; Mtzq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; %Nyhgha gj;jpuq;fs; kPjhd ,Wjp MNyhridfs; ntspaplg;gLtjw;F gfpuq;f njhlHGf; nfhs;if topnra;fpwJ. rigapd; jPHkhdj;jpw;fhf ,e;j Mtzq;fs; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gl;Ls;s Ntisapy; ,it nghJ MNyhridf;Fr; nrd;W te;Js;sit vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,NjNghy; ,iwik epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd fld; MNyhridfs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fSf;fhd ,Wjp MNyhridfs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gd rigapd; jPhkhdj;jpw;fhf Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. vdpDk;> ,J rk;ge;jg;gl;l mq;fj;Jt ehl;bd; xj;jpirTld; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidf;F cl;gl;lJ.

24. nghJ njhlHghly;fs; mZFKiw –,e;jf; nfhs;ifia Mjhpg;gjw;fhf 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;if gj;jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;bUe;j ntspaf njhlHGfs; %Nyhghak; nghJj; njhlh;ghly;fspy; ftdf; Ftpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;


12

tifapy; nraw;jpwd; kpf;fjhf Mf;fg;gLk;. ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty;fshdJ kf;fsplk; nrd;wilfpwjh vd;gij cWjpnra;tjw;F NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,NjNtis> 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;ifahdJ gy;NtWgl;l jug;gpdUk; jfty;fis mZFtjw;F topnra;Ak; rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J> rpyNtisfspy; chpa ,yf;if vl;ltpy;iy. cjhuzkhf> NeUf;F Neh; njhlHGfSk; Fiwe;jkl;l njhopy;El;g mZFKiwfSk; jfty;fis gfph;tjw;fhf rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. nfhs;ifia Mjhpg;gjw;F Njitahdtw;Wf;Fk; mg;ghy; nry;Yk;> KOikahd ntspafj; njhlh;Gfs; %Nyhghaj;ij tpghpg;gjw;F mOj;jk; jUtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> midj;J nfhs;if ,yf;FfisAk; tYt+l;Ltjw;fhf jftiyg; ghpkhWtjw;fhd eilKiw tplaq;fspy; typAWj;jy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cjtpngWk; nraw;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;lq;fSld; mtrpakhd njhlh;ghly;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; ghpkhw;w Nehf;fq;fs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;l tl;lj;jpd; Clhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida mf;fiwAs;s gq;fhspfisAk; <Lglr;nra;tJ tYt+l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mwpT mbg;gilapyhd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F Mjutspg;gjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fis xd;iyd;

kw;Wk; ,aw;gpujp thapyhf gfph;tJ mjpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fis gfpuTk; murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; Vida gpujhd FOtpdh;fsplk; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngwTk; gpuhe;jpa my;yJ Njrpa khehLfis xU Nkilahf ghtpj;J tUfpwJ. -jfty; ghpkhw;wypd; eilKiwf; $WfSf;F mOj;jk; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

25. mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;jy;fs; –rigf; $l;lq;fspd; nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy;yhd Mtzq;fis mZFtjw;F 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;if mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j rigf; $l;lq;fspd; nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy;gbahd gpujp-fis ntspg;gLj;Jtij gj;J tUl fhyj;jpd; gpd;dh; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ntz;LNfhs;fs; kPJ nfhs;if mDkjpf;fpwJ. ,J> nfhs;if tpjptpyf;Ffs; tplaq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;glhj jftyhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidf;Fl;gl;lJ. (84 Mk; ge;jp) mj;Jld;> ,e;jf; nfhs;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; fzf;fha;T mwpf;if (62 Mk; ge;jp) Kfhik kw;Wk; rig mq;fj;jth;fspd; mbg;gil rk;gsq;fs; (90 Mk; ge;jp) kw;Wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Njrpa nkhopfspy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l juTfspd; nkhopngah;g;Gf;fs; (42 Mk; ge;jp) vd;gdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jTk; mDkjpf;fpwJ.

13

nfhs;if 5nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if 2011

26. gq;Fjhuh;fspd; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAld; ,ize;J nraw;gLjy; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jtij nghJj; njhlHGf; nfhs;if Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nraw;ghLfspy; mgptpUj;jp jhf;fj;ij mjpfhpf;f ,f;nfhs;if cjTfpwJ. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifahdJ gfpuq;fj; jd;ik> nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik kw;Wk; gq;fspg;G mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;iw Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,J> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jahhpf;Fk; my;yJ jahhpf;ff; NfhUk; Mtzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitg;ghLfis ];jhgpf;fpwJ. nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilfs; 27–33 ge;jpfspy; tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

27. Kw;nraw;ghl;L (Proactive) ntspg;ghL –Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ gzpfs; mJNghy; jdJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; vd;gd njhlHghd mwpT kw;Wk; jfty;fis gq;Fjhuh;fSlDk; nghJ kf;fSlDk; gfph;e;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Kw;nraw;ghl;L eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kw;nraw;ghl;L ntspg;gLj;Jiff;fhd Kjd;ik thfdkhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsk; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jf; nfhs;ifahdJ> ,yf;F ngWeh;fs; my;yJ gphptpdh; mJNghy; jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nehf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Vida ntspg;gLj;Jif my;yJ gug;Gif topfSf;fhd miog;ig tpLj;Js;sJ. tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fhy tiuaiwfSf;F mikthf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kw;Wk; mjd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa mtrpaj; jfty;fs; gfpuq;fkhf fpilf;Fk; vd;gij gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F cj;juthjk; nra;tjw;F ,e;j Kw;nraw;ghl;L ntspg;ghL mtrpakhFk;. ,jd;%yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; nraw;ghl;by; ,th;fs; gq;nfLg;gjw;F trjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. jfty;fis NfhUk; jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; Nfhhpf;iff;F mika Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;.

28. nfhs;ifapd; Vida Vw;ghLfs; kl;Lg;gLj;jhj epiyapy;> rigapd;

jfty;fSf;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs;> rigapd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gl;ljd;kPJ> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. rigapd; ftdj;jpw;fhfr; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghd;ikahd Mtzq;fs; rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;ij my;yJ rk;kjj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. (38> 58 kw;Wk; 72 Mk; ge;jpfs;) rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l Vida Mtzq;fs; rigapd; mq;fPfhuk; my;yJ rk;kjj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

29. ntspg;gLj;jYf;F rhh;ghd Cfk; – ,e;jf; nfhs;ifahdJ ntspg;gLj;Jiff;Fr; rhHghd Cfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MfNt> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Kd;itf;Fk; my;yJ Kd;itf;ff; NfhUk; jfty;fs; 97 kw;Wk; 101 Mk; ge;jpfspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifapd; tpjptpyf;F tiff;Fs; tUk; jfty;fshf ,y;yhj epiyapy; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;j KbAk;.

30. jfty;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhridfis mZFtjw;Fk; gug;Gtjw;Fkhd chpik –Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; cjtp mspf;fg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;j jfty;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhridfis ngWtjw;Fk; gug;Gtjw;Fk; kf;fSf;F cs;s chpikia Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nghUj;jkhd Neuj;jpy; njsp-thf> rhpahd Kiwapy; ,e;jj; jfty;fis toq;Fk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; cs;spl;l jdJ gq;Fjhuh;fSld; njhlHGnfhz;L> mth;fspd; fUj;ij nrtpkLg;gJld; mth;fsplk; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg;ngWk; gpd;D}l;ly;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLtjw;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F ,J cjTk;. epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l tbtikg;G kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; mh;j;jG\;bahd cs;sPLfis KjypNyNa toq;Ftjw;F topnra;Ak; tifapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fhspfs; MfpNahUf;F jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jfty; ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdkhf nraw;gLk;. nfhs;ifapd; epajpfs; kw;Wk; mjid mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd


14

jahh;gLj;jy;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F mikthf> ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd;fPo; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ kf;fs; jfty;fis rkj;Jtkhd Kiwapy; mZFtjw;F top nra;fpwJ.

31. ehl;L chpikahz;ik – mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Mjutspf;Fk; nraw;ghLfspy; me;ehl;bd; chpikahz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy;> rpy tifahd Mtzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dh;> mjpYs;s tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;iw ntspapLtjw;fhd cfe;j Neuk; Fwpj;Jk; mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; fUj;ijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

32. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpjptpyf;Ffs; – KOikahd ntspg;ghL vg;NghJNk rhj;jpakhdjy;y. cjhuzkhf> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp MNyhridfisj; NjlTk; jfty;fis ghpkhwTk; cs;sfj;jpYk; mq;fj;jth;fSlDk; fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; mjd; ,iwikaw;w eltbf;iffspd; tpNrl Njitfs; Fwpj;J MuhaNtz;ba epiyapYs;sJ.6 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; Copah;fspd; me;juq;fj;jpw;fhd chpikia ghJfhf;f Ntz;bapUg;gJld; jdJk;> jdJ thbf;ifahsh;fsJk; rl;lg+h;t njhopy; eyd;fis ghJfhf;fTk; Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j tpjptpyf;Ffs; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;lit. ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpjptpyf;FfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. 97 kw;Wk; 101 Mk; ge;jpfspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;lthwhd nfhs;ifapd; tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; mlq;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; tiu Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ> mJ Kd;itf;Fk; my;yJ Kd;itf;fj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; jfty;fs; midj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk;. jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;ig tpQ;Rtjhf jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; kf;fspd; eyd; rk;ge;jg;gl;bUg;gpd;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ nfhs;if tpjptpyf;Ffis xJf;fpj; js;Stjw;fhd chpikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ rhjhuzkhf ntspapLk; jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy;> mt;thW ntspg;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vw;gLk; eyd;fistpl mt;thW ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; CW mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; NtWgl;l tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyapd; fPo; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jhky; ,Uf;Fk; chpikiaAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ.

33. Nkd;Kiwapl;Lf;fhd chpik – jfty;fisg; ngw ehLgth;fs; jkJ Ntz;LNfhs; kWf;fg;gl;lJ ,f;nfhs;iff;F Kuzhd nray; vdf; fUJk; gl;rj;jpy;> mth;fspd; jfty; ngWk; chpikia epiyehl;l ,uz;L fl;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L nrad;Kiwfis nfhs;if mq;fPfhpj;Js;sJ. Nkd;KiwaPl;L nrad;Kiwfspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,uz;lhtJ fl;lkhdJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapYk; ,Ue;J Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLk;. Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis mZFtij kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;if tpjptpyf;Ffis Gwf;fzpg;gjhf nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FOtplk; Nkd;KiwaPL xd;iwAk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. mj;jifa ntspg;gLj;jyhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fis tpQ;Rtjhf jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJeyd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

34. Vida nfhs;iffSldhd njhlHG –Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Kd;itf;Fk; my;yJ Kd;itf;fj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; Mtzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitg;ghLfis nfhs;if ];jhgpj;Js;sJ. mj;jifa Mtzq;fis Kd;itg;gjw;fhd Njitg;ghLfis tpje;Jiuf;ftpy;iy. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Vida nfhs;iffs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> nghJj; njhlHGfs; nfhs;if vq;fpYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. jfty; mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; NtW nfhs;iffSld; njhlHGgl;l Fwpg;Gfs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhs;ifj; jpUj;jj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. nghJ njhlHGf; nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;Jif Vw;ghLfSld; (NtW ve;j Vw;ghLfSky;y) rig mq;fPfhpj;j NtW VjhtJ nfhs;if Kuz;gLk; epiyapy; gfpuq;f njhlHGf; nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jy; Vw;ghLfs; NkNyhq;fp epw;Fk;. gfpuq;fj; njhlHGfs; nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpdj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; my;yJ khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk; NtW VjhtJ nfhs;if my;yJ %Nyhghaq;fs; ,tw;wpd;fPo; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; my;yJ Kd;itf;fg;gLkhW Nfhug;gLk; Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida jfty;fs; njhlHgpy; ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfis njspthf Fwpj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfs; gfpuq;fj; njhlHGfs; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilfSf;F mikthdjhf ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhdjhFk;.

6 thbf;ifahsh;fspd; me;juq;f tHj;jf jfty;fis ntspaplf; $lhJ vd;w rl;lg+h;t flg;ghlhdJ

thbf;ifahsh;fSld; tHj;jfj;jpy; <LgLk; epjp epWtdq;fs; mj;Jld;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd;

gq;fhspfs; MfpNahUf;fhd epiyahd Njitg;ghlhFk;. me;juq;f tHj;jf jfty;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd

Njit Rje;jpukhd jfty; rl;;lq;fspy; gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J> ,ufrpakhfg; ngwg;gl;l

tHj;;jf jftiy ntspapLtjw;fhd tpjptpyf;ifAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

15


ntspg;gLj;Jif tpguq;fs;

7 gq;Fjhuh;fs; vd;gJ mgptpUj;jp> mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; murhq;fq;fs;> mgptpUj;jpg; gq;fhspfs;> jdpahH Jiwapdh; kw;Wk;

mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; cs;spl;l rptpy; r%fk; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.8 cjhuzk;> ehL kw;Wk; Jiw Rl;bfs;.

35. mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfis jahh;gLj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ fld;ngWeh;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh;fSld; neUf;fkhf ,ize;J nraw;gLfpwJ. mt;thW nra;ifapy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; cjtpaspf;fg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;j jfty;fis ntspapLtjw;F rhh;ghd Cfk; Fwpj;J mth;fSf;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mwptpf;Fk;. gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fs;> Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fhy ml;ltizf;F mikthf rk;ge;jg;gl;l fld; ngWeh; my;yJ thbf;ifahsh;fSld; MNyhrid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. vdpDk;> 97 kw;Wk; 101 Mk; ge;jpfspy; $wg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;Jif njhlh;gpyhd tpjptpyf;FfSf;F mikthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;.

cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs;

36. cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ> mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfSld; ,ize;J nraw;gLtjw;fhd fl;likg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd. ,J> cs;ehl;L mstpy; mgptpUj;jp tpisTfis tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis tbtikf;Fk; Kjd;ik NkilahFk;. gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghak; vd;gJ> tpUk;gg;gLfpd;w gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G Nehf;fq;fis va;Jtjw;fhf Mrpah kw;Wk; gRgpf;fpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuhe;jpa my;yJ cg gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;fhd %NyhghakhFk;.

37. mLj;j tUlj;jpw;fhd Maj;jg; gzpfSf;fhd ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Gjpa cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; gl;baiy Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl;L guhkhpj;J tuNtz;Lk;. gq;Fjhuh;fSld;7 MNyhrid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;tJld;> mth;fsJ ehL kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;Fnfhs;s mth;fis mDkjpg;gjw;F> fpilf;ff;$ba ,e;j Mtzq;fspd; efy;fs; kw;Wk; Vida gpuNahrdkspf;Fk; gpd;dzpj; jfty;fs; vd;gd gq;Fjhuh;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis ngw;W me;j Mtzq;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;fhf cs;ehl;by; gfph;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.8

38. cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gd rigapd; rk;kjj;jpw;fhf Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gLk; Ntisapy; mtw;iw Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. ,J> rk;ge;jg;gl;l mq;fj;Jt ehl;bd; xj;jpirit ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidf;F cl;gl;lJ. Kd;$l;ba ntspg;gLj;Jiff;F me;j ehL rk;kjkspf;fhj gl;rj;jpy; me;j Mtzq;fs; rigapd; mDkjpiag; ngw;w gpd;dNu Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cldbahd ntspg;gLj;Jiff;fhd Njitg;ghlhdJ> cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gd tplaj;jpYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> ,it jkJ Kfhikj;Jtf; FO $l;lj;ij mjw;Fr; rkkhd

16

$l;lj;ijf; fle;J te;jJk;> ,j;jfty;fis nfhs;if tpisTg; gad;ngWk; jpdj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dh; ntspapl KbAk;.

39. ,yj;jpud; njhlHGfs; Clhf cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gpujhd cjtp Mtzq;fs; cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gtw;whYk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpYk; Vffhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw jahhpg;gjw;F gad;gLk; Vida fUg;nghUs; kw;Wk; Jiw njhlh;ghd Muha;T kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfs;9 kw;Wk; VjhtJ ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mit cl;gl ahTk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

40. cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G %Nyhghaq;fs; kPjhd xt;nthU rig fye;Jiuahly;fs; gw;wp jiythpd; RUf;f mwpf;if Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; mit rigapd; filrp Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gl;lij mLj;J ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehl;bd; Fwpj;j gq;Fjhuh;fshy; Mq;fpy nkhop gutyhf ghtpf;fg;glhj epiyapy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy cs;ehl;L gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;w 90 ehl;fSf;Fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Njrpa nkhopfspy; nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;> nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l me;j Mtzq;fs; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.

41. cs;ehl;L eltbf;if njhopy; jpl;lq;fs; kw;;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G eltbf;if njhopy; jpl;lq;fs; (Fwpj;j mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehL my;yJ Fwpj;j gpuhe;jpak; my;yJ cg gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;fhd fld; kw;Wk; fldw;w jpl;lq;fspd; gl;bay;) mj;Jld;> ,yj;jpud; hPjpahf mtw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;l Mtzq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw rigapd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tpl;ljd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; mtw;iw ntspapl Ntz;Lk;.

nraw;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;lq;fs;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l juTj;jhs; (PDS)

42. nrad;Kiwg;gLj;Jif kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jif fl;lj;jpd;NghJ nraw;jpl;lq;fs; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;lq;fs; Fwpj;J ntspaf gq;fhsh;fSf;F mwptpg;gjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; nraw;jpl;lk; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tpguj;Jld; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj; juTj;jhs;fis10 ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l juTj;jhs; eilngWk; Ntiy Fwpj;J mwptpg;gjhy;> mjpy; rpy jfty;fs; mjd; Muk;gfl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;f khl;lhJ. Mdhy;> mit fpilf;fg;ngw;wTld; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. nraw;jpl;l my;yJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj; jahhpg;gpd;NghJ xU efy; tbtikg;G kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;Gf; fl;likg;G xd;W mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. ,J> jpl;lq;fspd; nraw;ghl;L kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mbg;gilahf ,Uf;Fk;. efy; fl;likg;gpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg;ngWk; gpujhd jfty; PDS ,y;11

gpujpgypf;fg;gLk;. PDS ,izaj;jsg; gf;fkhdJ> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;;l Rw;wpd;NghJ Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fSld; njhlHGgl;l Mtzq;fSld; ,izg;ig (Links) Vw;gLj;Jk;. midj;J fld; kw;Wk; cjtp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj; jahhpg;G njhopy;El;g cjtpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhf PDS fis rk;ge;jg;gl;l Njrpa nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;j;J> me;j nkhopngah;g;Gf;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. mj;Jld;> nghUj;jkhd topKiwfs; Clhf cs;ehl;by; mit fpilf;fr;nra;Ak;. ,e;j nkhopngah;g;G Njitg;ghlhdJ> fld; kw;Wk; cjtp nraw; jpl;;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;jpl;;l jahhpg;G njhopy;El;g cjtpj; jpl;;lq;fs; tplaj;jpYk; gpuNahfkhFk;. ,tw;Wf;fhd nfhs;if tpisT gad;ngw Muk;gpj;j jpfjpapy; my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dh; fUj;jpl;l mwpf;if mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk;.

,iwik nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd jpl;;l juTj;jhs;

43. nraw;jpl;l my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd fUj;jpl;l mwpf;iff;F mq;fPfhuk; fpilj;jjd; kPJ ,iwik nraw;jpl;l my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd Muk;g epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj; juTj;jhs;


9 cjhuzk;> nghUshjhuk;> tWik kw;Wk; ghy; hPjpahd Ma;Tfs;> jdpahh;Jiw kw;Wk; ,lh; kjpg;gPl;L eph;thfk;. 10 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;ifapd; fPo; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;l nraw;jpl;;l jfty; Mtzk; (PID) ia PDS khw;wPL nra;Js;sJ. 11 ,Wjp tbtk; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;Gf; fl;likg;G vd;gdTk; jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpghh;rpd; XH mq;fkhf ADB apd;

,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

17


Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gy;fl;l epjpAjtpapd; Kjy; fl;lj;jpw;fhd Muk;g PDS MdJ> fld; toq;Ftjw;fhd jfty; mwpjy; nraw;ghL g+Hj;jpailtjd; kPJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;> njhlh;e;J tUk; fld; toq;Ftjw;fhd jfty; mwpjy; nraw;ghL g+Hj;jpailtjd; kPJ mjw;fhd PDS,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fld; toq;Ftjw;fhd jfty; mwpjy; eltbf;if ,lk;ngwhjNghJ> Fwpj;j fl;lj;jpw;fhd epjpiaf; NfhUk; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; ngwg;gl;;ljd; kPJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; PDS ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

44. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nraw;jpl;l me;j];Jfis gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; PDS fis ,w;iwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;fs;> mtrpakhd re;jh;g;gj;jpy;> nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tptfhuq;fs;> ngWNgWfis Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; Vw;gl;;l Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gtw;iwg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; tUlj;jpw;F ,U jlit Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,iwik nraw;jpl;lk; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jldhd jdJ <Lghl;il Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp KbTWj;jpdhy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l juTj; jhspy; mt;thW KbTWj;jg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; mwpf;ifia cs;slf;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd jpl;l juTj;jhs;

45. ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fs; rigaplk; rkHg;gpf;fg;gLk; rhj;jpak; ,Ug;gjhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp fUJk; epiyapy;> ,e;j ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Muk;g PDS I Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; ,izaj;jsj;;jpy; ntspapLk;. rigapd; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gLtjw;F 30 ehl;fSf;F Kd;dh; ,J ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ~A tifawh| vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd PDS I Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy;> rigapd; jPHkhdj;ij ngWtjw;F 120 ehl;fSf;F Kd;dh; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;.

46. nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; me;j];jpidg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; jpl;l juTj;jhis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,w;iwg;gLj;Jk;. mtrpak; Vw;gLk; Ntisapy; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tptfhuq;fs;> mgptpUj;jp Nehf;Ffspd; me;j];J kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gdtw;iw gpujpgypg;gjw;fhf

,e;j ,w;iwg;gLj;jy; tUlj;jpw;F ,UKiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;;. ,iwikaw;w jpl;lj;Jldhd jdJ <Lghl;il Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jhy;> mJ njhlh;ghd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l juTj;jhspy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; <LghL KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ gw;wpa $w;W ,lk;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J 12 khj fhyj;jpw;F KbTf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jpl;lk; Fwpj;j PDS Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida mf;fiwAs;s gq;fhspfSf;fhd jfty;

47. ngz;fs;> Viofs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba FOtpdh; cs;spl;l ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; mf;fiwAs;s gq;Fjhuh;fSldhd fye;JiuahlYf;F cjTk; tifapy;> ,iwik kw;Wk; ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fSk;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;lq;fSk; ,th;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; jFe;j tbtj;jpy;> jFe;j Kiwapy;> mth;fs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba nkhopapy;> NkYk; mth;fs; mZff;$ba ,lq;fspy; fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; mf;fiw nfhz;l gq;Fjhuh;fSld; fpukkhd njhlHig Nkw;nfhz;ljd; Nghpy; mj;jifa jfty; toq;fg;gLtJ cj;Njr nraw;jpl;lj; njhlHgpy; gpd;D}l;ly;fs; fpilf;fg;ngWtJ kw;Wk; jpl;;lj;jpd; Ftpikak; tbtikf;fg;gLjy; vd;gJ Fwpj;J cWjpg;gLj;j> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp fld; ngWeh; my;yJ thbf;ifahshplk; neUf;fkhf ,ize;J nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jr; nrad;KiwahdJ> nraw;jpl;lj; jahhpg;Gf; fl;l Muk;gj;jpd;NghJ njhlq;fg;gLk;. mth;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs;> nraw;jpl;l tbtikg;gpd; NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mj;Jld;> nraw;jpl;l my;yJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l jahhpg;G nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypd; NghJk; ,e;j eltbf;if njhlUk;. nraw;jpl;l my;yJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l tbtikg;ghdJ eilKiwg;gLj;jypd;NghJ gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F gpd;D}l;ly; fpilg;gij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;. nraw;jpl;lg; gug;G njhlHghd gpujhd khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfs; vd;gd njhlHghd jfty;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida mf;fiwnfhz;l gq;Fjhuh;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLtijAk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

48. 47Mk; ge;jpapy; cs;s Njitg;ghLfSf;F mikthf> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

18

nraw;jpl;l my;yJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l njhlh;ghly; %Nyhghaj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;Fk; jdpahHJiw thbf;ifahsh;fSf;Fk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cjTk;. ,J> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; mf;fiwAs;s gq;Fjhuh;fspd; gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; mth;fSldhd fye;jhNyhridapd; xd;wpize;j ghfkhf mikAk;. ,j;jifa %NyhghakhdJ> fld;ngWeh;fSk; thbf;ifahsh;fSk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cjtpaspf;Fk; nraw;ghLfis tbtikg;gJ kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis <LgLj;Jtjw;F cjTk;. mj;Jld;> mbkl;l kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhz;L> jfty;fis gfpuq;fkhf gue;jstpy; mZFtjw;fhd <Lghl;il mjpfhpf;Fk;. fye;J Muha;jy; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;Gj; jpl;;lk; my;yJ nraw;jpl;l eph;thf ifNaL Nghd;w gy;NtW Mtzq;fspy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLtjd; thapyhf ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. (i) ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba jftypd; tiffs; (ii) ntspaplg;gl Ntz;ba nkhopfs;> fhyNeuk; cs;spl;l nghJ mwptpj;jYf;fhd nghwpKiw kw;Wk; (iii) jftiy ntspg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; gug;Gtij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fkhd nghWg;Gilik.

nraw;jpl;l ,lh;fhg;G Mtzq;fs;

49. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jftiy ntspg;gLj;JtJ njhlHgpyhd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Rw;whly; kw;Wk; r%f Njitg;ghLfshdJ> ,iwik kw;Wk; ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;F xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;Fk;.

50. 51 njhlf;fk; 53 Mk; ge;jpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Mtzq;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; jfty; cs;spl;l Rw;whly;> kPs;Fbakh;j;jy; kw;Wk; g+h;tPf kf;fs; jfty; njhlHghd tplaq;fs; fld;ngWeh; kw;Wk; my;yJ thbf;ifahsh;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F chpa jUzj;jpy; mth;fs; tpsq;ff;$ba nkhopapy;> tbtj;jpy;> mth;fs; mZff;$ba ,lj;jpy; fpilf;FkhW nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.12

Rw;whly;

51. nfhs;if mwpf;ifapd; ,lh;fhg;gpd; fPohd Njitg;ghLfSf;F mikthf fld; ngWeh; kw;Wk; / my;yJ thbf;ifahsh;fshy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gLk; gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;.

(i) A tif nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mlq;Fk; Rw;whly; njhlh;ghd efy; Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;if rigapy; MNyhrpf;fg;gLtjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 120 jpdq;fSf;F Kd;dh; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(ii) efy; Rw;whly; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; kPsha;Tf; fl;likg;G kjpg;gPl;Lf;F Kd;gjhf Njitg;gLk; Ntisapy; ntspaplg;gLk;.13

(iii) ,Wjpahd Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPL my;yJ Muk;g Rw;whly; ghpNrhjid Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; ngwg;gl;ljd; kPJ ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(iv) Gjpa my;yJ ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPL my;yJ Muk;g Rw;whly; ghpNrhjid kw;Wk; rhpahd nraw;jpl;lk;> ,tw;wpy; VjhtJ jpl;l mKy;gLj;jypd; NghJ jahhpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mit Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljd; Nghpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;

(v) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Rw;whly; fz;fhzpg;G mwpf;iffs;

kPs; FbNaw;wk;

52. nfhs;if mwpf;if ,lh;fhg;gpd; fPohd Njitg;ghl;Lf;F mikthf> fld;ngWeh; kw;Wk; / my;yJ thbf;ifahsuhy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l gpd;tUk; Mtzj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

(i) kjpg;gPl;Lf;F Kd;gjhf fld;ngWeh; kw;Wk; / my;yJ thbf;ifahsuhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l efy; kPs;FbNaw;w jpl;lk; kw;Wk; / my;yJ kPs;FbNaw;w fl;likg;G.14


12 ,e;j jfty; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba nkhopfspy; rpw;NwL> Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; my;yJ ifNaL

vd;gd %yk; fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;. fy;tpawptw;w kf;fs; tpsq;ff;$ba tifapy; mth;fSf;F Vw;w Kiwapyhd

njhlHghly;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.13 kjpg;gPl;Lf;F NtW VNjDk; eltbf;if Njitg;glhjtplj;J> ,iwik nray; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd Mtzk; Kfhikj;Jt

kPsha;Tf; $l;lj;jpw;F Kd;dh; my;yJ Kjy; Copah; kPsha;Tf; $l;lj;jpw;F Kd;dh; ntspaplg;gLk; my;yJ ,iwikaw;w

jpl;lq;fSf;fhd Mtzk;> ,Wjp KjyPl;Lf; FO re;jpg;gpw;F Kd;dh; ntspaplg;gLk;.14 1.5 kpy;ypad; nlhyh;fSf;fhd nraw;jpl;l jahhpg;Gf;fhd njhopy;El;g cjtp mwpf;iff;fhf> nray; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd

nfhs;if mwpf;ifAld; ,izf;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;g mwpf;if> nfhs;if mwpf;if mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;ljd; kPJ Mrpa

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

19


(ii) egh;fs; gw;wpa fzf;nfLg;G g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; fld; ngWeh; my;yJ thbf;ifahsuhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l ,Wjp kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;;lk;.

(iii) Gjpa my;yJ ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l kPs; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lk; my;yJ jpUj;jg;gl;l nraw;jpl;lk;. ,tw;wpy; VjhtJ nraw;jpl;l eilKiwg;gLj;jypd;NghJ jahhpf;fg;gl;L Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljd; kPJ ntspaplg;gLk;. mj;Jld;> kPs;FbNaw;w fz;fhzpg;G mwpf;if Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs;sg ;gl ;ljd; k PJ ntspaplg;gLk;.

g+h;tPff; Fbfs;

53. nfhs;if mwpf;if ,lh;fhg;gpd; fPohd Njitg;ghl;Lf;F mikthf> fld; ngWeh; kw;Wk; my;yJ thbf;ifahsuhy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l gpd;tUk; Mtzj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

(i) efy; g+h;tPf kf;fs; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; / my;yJ g+h;tPf kf;fs; jpl;l fl;likg;G fld;ngWeh ; kw ;Wk ; / my;yJ thbf;ifahsuhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L kjpg;gPl;L nraw;ghl;Lf;F cl;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf

(ii) ,Wjp g+h;tPf kf;fs; jpl;lj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd;dh;

(iii) Gjpa my;yJ ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l g+h;tPf kf;fs; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; jpUj;jg;gl;l nraw;jpl;lk;> ,jpy; VjhtJ eilKiwg;gLj;jypd;NghJ jahhpf;fg;gl;L Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh; kw;Wk;

(iv) g+h;tPf kf;fs; fz;fhzpg;G mwpf;iffis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd;dh;.

ehl;L ,lh;fhg;G Kiwikfs;

54. nfhs;if mwpf;if ,lh;fhg;gpd; fPohd Njitg;ghL my;yJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Mjutspf;Fk; jpl;lq;fspd; ehl;L ,lh;fhg;G Kiwikfspd; gpuNahfk; vd;gtw;Wf;F mikthf> fld;ngWeh; kw;Wk; my;yJ thbf;ifahsuhy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l gpd;tUk; Mtzj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

(i) nghJ mgpg;gpuhak; kw;Wk; mjw;Fr; rkkhd efy; Mtzk; kw;Wk; Vw;Gj;jd;ik> kjpg;gPL> Njrpa> cg Njrpa> JiwrhH my;yJ Kftuhz;ik

kl;lj;jpy; g+Hj;jpg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; kPJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

(ii) ,Wjp rkkjpg;G kw;Wk; Vw;Gj;jd;ik kjpg;gPL mwpf;iffs; g+Hj;jpahf;fg;gl;ljd; kPJ ntspaplg;gLk;; kw;Wk;

(iii) ehl;L ,lh;fhg;G Kiwikfspy; cs;s khw;wj;ij gpujpgypf;Fk; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l kjpg;gPLfs; VjhtJ ,Ug;gpd; mit g+Hj;jpahf;fg;gl;ljd; kPJ ntspaplg;gLk;.

55. 51 Kjy; 53 tiuapyhd ge;jpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nraw;jpl;l jahhpg;GfSf;fhd toikahd Mtz ,lh;fhg;G ntspg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapidj; njhlh;e;J ,lk;ngWk; nraw;jpl;l kl;lj;jpy; Vw;Gj;jd;ik kjpg;gPL njhlh;ghd ntspg;gLj;jy;.

Muk;g tWik kw;Wk; r%f Ma;T

56. r%fg; gpur;rpidfshd MNyhrid fyj;jy; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;G> ghy; gpur;rpid kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp> r%f ,lh;fhg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;jpl;l tbtikg;gpd;NghJ vjph;Nehf;fg;gLk; Vida r%f mghaq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; jw;Nghija epytuj;ijAk; tWikapd; gug;igAk; jPHkhdpg;gjw;fhf midj;J KjyPl;L nraw;jpl;l kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhf Muk;g tWik kw;Wk; r%f Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,iwik nraw;jpl;lq;fs; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd nraw;jpl;l my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l nfhs;if Mtzk; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;ljd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Muk;g tWik r%f Ma;T mwpf;ifia ntspapLk;. ,iwikaw;w jpl;lq;fSf;fhd Muk;g tWik kw;Wk; r%f Ma;T mwpf;if fld; mq;fPfhu nrad;Kiwapd; g+Hj;jpapd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

njhopy;El;g cjtp mwpf;if kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cjtpapd; fPo; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mtzk;

57. njhopy;El;g cjtp kw;Wk; mjd; epjpaply; njhlh;ghf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Vw;ghLfis tpghpf;Fk; MtzNk njhopy;El;g cjtp MtzkhFk;. njhlHGgl;l mjpfhhpfspd; mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;wjd; kPJ ,e;j njhopy;El;g mwpf;iffis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. njhopy;El;g cjtpr; nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,Wjp MNyhrid

20

mwpf;iffs; g+Hj;jpnra;ag;gl;ljd; kPJ mit Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. nfhs;if kw;Wk; MNyhrid njhopy;El;g cjtp kw;Wk; jpwd; mgptpUj;jp njhopy;El;g cjtp mwpf;if Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;f tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l murhq;fq;fSf;F mj;jifa njhopy;El;g cjtpapd; fPo; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l ,Wjp mwpf;iffs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtij Ml;Nrgpg;gjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp toq;Fk;. ntspg;gLj;jYf;Fr; rhh;ghd Cfk; njhlHghd nfhs;iff;F mikthf mj;jifa Mtzq;fis jLj;Jitg;gJ tpjptpyf;F nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.

jiythpd; mwpf;iff;F Mjutspf;Fk; rpghu;R kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs;

58. jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpgh-upR vd;gJ> rigaplk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nraw;jpl;l kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l mq;fPfhuj;jpw;fhd xU jPh;khd MtzkhFk;. ,iwik jpl;lq;fSf;fhd jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpghupir mJ rigapd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Ntisapy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. ,J> rk;ge;jg;gl;l mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; rk;kjj;ijg; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidf;F cl;gl;lJ. jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpghupR Kjypy; ntspaplg;gLtjw;F mq;fj;Jt ehL rk;kjpf;fhtpl;lhy; me;j jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpghh;Rf;F rigapd; mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wjd; kPJ mjid Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. ,e;j Vf fhyj;jpyhd ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd Njitg;ghL> nfhs;if nray;tpisT ngWk; jpdj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;F gpd;dh; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nraw;jpl;l kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd fld; Ngr;RthHj;ijfs; tplaj;jpYk; gpuNahfkhFk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpghh;ir jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk; mNjNtisapy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Vw;ghLfis tpghpf;Fk; nraw;jpl;l eph;thff; ife;E}y; cs;spl;l ,iwik nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpghh;hpRf;F Mjutspf;Fk;

Mtzq;fs; jdpahf ,yj;jpud; hPjpahf njhlHGgLj;jg;gl;ljhf Mtzq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpy tifahd Mtzq;fs; Fwpj;J NtW tifahf nfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fg;glhjtplj;J ,t;thW nra;a Ntz;Lk;.15 ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpghh;rpd; RUf;f tbtj;ij rig mq;fPfhpj;jjpd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. ,ufrpa tHj;jf jfty; kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jpl;l kjpg;gPL my;yJ ghpkhw;w ,lh;fs; vd;gd ,e;j tbtj;jpy; (Version) ,Ue;J tpyf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

rl;lhPjpahd cld;gbf;iffs;

59. nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpdj;jpy; my;yJ mjd; gpd;dh; ,iwik nray; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd midj;J rl;l cld;gbf;iffSk; mit ifnahg;gkplg;gLtjd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.16 fld;ngWeh; rk;kjkspf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy; efy; rl;l cld;gbf;iffs; Fwpj;J vOg;gg;gLk; Nfhhpf;ifia mLj;J Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjid ntspg;gLj;jyhk;. rl;l cld;gbf;iffs; jpUj;jg;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa jpUj;jq;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; me;j jpUj;jq;fs; nray; tpisT ngWk; jpdj;jpypUe;J ,U thu fhyj;jpw;Fs; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhlh;ghd Ngr;RthHj;ij ,lk;ngWk; Ntisapy; 97 Mk; ge;jpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;if tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; mlq;Ftjhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;l jfty;fis mfw;wpa gpd;dh; ,e;j Mtzq;fs; ntspaplg;gLk;.

60. 1995 [dthp 01 Mk; jpfjpf;Fk; 2005 nrg;lk;gh; 01 Mk; jpfjpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,iwik nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd rl;l cld;gbf;iffis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa cld;gbf;iffspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jpUj;jq;fisAk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw ntspg;gLj;JkhW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nfhhpf;iffspd;NghJ> rk;ge;jg;gl;l murhq;fj;jhy; cld;gbf;if kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fs; njhlh;ghd Ngr;RthHj;ijapd;NghJ ,ufrpakhdJ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jfty;fis mfw;wpa gpd;dNu mtw;iw ntspapl KbAk;.


15 cjhuzkhf rl;l cld;gbf;iffs;. 16 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fSld; Nkw;nfhz;l rl;l cld;gbf;iffis my;yJ me;j

cld;gbf;iffSf;fhd jpUj;jq;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspapl khl;lhJ. ,J> tHj;jf $l;L KjyPl;L

cld;gbf;iffisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;.

21


61. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; 1995 [dthp 01 Mk; jpfjpf;F Kd;dh; ,iwik nraw;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; jpUj;jq;fs; njhlHgpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;l cld;gbf;iffis Ntz;LNfhspd; kPJ ntspapLtjw;F Kd;dh; rk;ge;jg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; rk;kjj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.17

fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl;l nraw;jpl;lf; fzf;Ffs;

62. Ngr;RthHj;ijf;fhd miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;l> ,iwik nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl;l tUlhe;j nraw;jpl;lf; fzf;Ffs; nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpdj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;F gpd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.18

gpujhd khw;wq;fs;

63. jpl;lj;jpd; gug;G njhlHghd gpujhd khw;wk; Fwpj;J rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fis mj;jifa khw;wj;jpw;fhd mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wjd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; mtw;iw ntspapLk;. ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd mwpf;if RUf;f tbtj;jpy; ,ufrpa tHj;jf jfty;fis ePf;fk;nra;j gpd;dh; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

fl;lk; fl;lkhd nfhs;if mbg;gilapyhd fld; kw;Wk; cjtpfis toq;FtJ njhlh;ghd Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;if

64. mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;fhd nfhs;if mbg;gilapyhd fld;fs; kw;Wk; cjtpfs; njhlh;ghd epge;jidfSf;F mikthf fl;lk; fl;lkhd cjtp toq;fy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lij kPsha;Tnra;J kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;if ntspaplg;gLk;. ,e;j mwpf;iffs; rigahy; my;yJ Kfhikj;Jtj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; mtw;iw Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

G+Hj;jpahf;fg;gl;l mwpf;iffs;

65. nraw;jpl;lk;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cjtp g+Hj;jp mwpf;iffs; rigapd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy tplg;gl;ljd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mtw;iw jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l tUlhe;j kPsha;T mwpf;if vdg;gLk; ,iwikaw;w nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd g+Hj;jp mwpf;if tHj;jf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; tHj;jf ,ufrpaj;jd;ik njhlh;ghd jfty;fis jtph;j;J RUf;ftbtj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

nraw;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSld; njhlHGila NtW jfty;fs;

Rje;jpu kjpg;gPLfs;

66. Rje;jpu kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy;

jpl;lkplg;gl;l Rje;jpu kjpg;gPLfs; Fwpj;j

gl;baiy Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ

,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. rigahy;

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l %d;W tUl fhy fpuk

Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j gl;bay;

mike;jpUf;Fk;.

67. Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; rigf;Fk; ,e;j

Rje;jpu kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;iffs; toq;fg;gl;ljd;

kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ

,izaj;jsj;jpy; mtw;iw ntspapLk;. Rje;jpu

kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; tUlhe;j kjpg;gPl;L

mwpf;iffs; ,tw;wpy; cs;slq;fhJ. mit

rigfspd; mgptpUj;jp tpidj;jpwd; FOtpd;

fye;jhNyhridapd; kPNj Mrpa mgptpUj;jp

tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

,iwikaw;w jpl;lj;jpw;fhd kjpg;gPLfspd;

RUf;f tbtk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

,izaj;jsj;jpy; tHj;jf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

tHj;;jf ,ufrpaj;jd;ik kpf;f jfty;fis

jtpHj;j gpd;dh; ntspaplg;gLk;.

17 Mtzj;ij ntspapLtjw;fhf murhq;fj;jpd; rk;kjj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Nfhhp 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

murhq;fk; mj;jifa Mtzq;fis ntspapLtjw;F Ml;Nrgid njhptpf;fhj gl;rj;jpy; mj;jifa cld;gbf;iffis

ntspapLkhW NfhUk; Ntz;LNfhs; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F fpilf;fg;ngw;W 60 ehl;fSf;Fs; mj;jifa

cld;gbf;iffis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspapLk;.18 nraw;jpl;lf; fzf;Ffs; kPjhd tUlhe;j fzf;fwpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghd nray;Kiwfs; xt;nthU

fld; ngWeUlDk; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gl;L rk;kjk; ngwg;gl;lJk;> xt;nthU nraw;jpl;l fld; cld;gbf;ifapd; ghfkhf

mJ ,Uf;Fk;.

22

68. mgptpUj;jp tpidj;jpwd; FOthy; fye ;Jiuahlg ; gl ; l kj p g ; g P l ; L mwpf;iffSf;fhf mgptpUj;jp tpidj;jpwd; FOf;$l;lj;ij mLj;J> ,f;FOj; jiythpd; RUf;f mwpf;if Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy;> rigapd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gl;ljd; kPJ ntspaplg;gLk;. Rje;jpu kjpg;gPLfSf;fhd Kfhikj;Jt gjpy;fs; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt gjpy; njhlHgpy; Rje;jpu kjpg;gPl;L jpizf;fsj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fs; VjhtJ ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iwAk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

$l;L epjpaply; jfty;

69. $l;L epjpapliy Nkk;gLj;Jk; jpl;l RUf;fj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. njhopy;El;g mwpf;ifapy; my;yJ jiythpd; mwpf;if kw;Wk; rpghh;Rfspy; cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk; gpujhd epajpfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs; Nghd;w $l;L epjpaply; jpl;lq;fs; njhlHgpyhd jfty;fs; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kw;Wk; Vida ,Ujug;G my;yJ gy;jug;G $l;L epjpahsh;fSf;fpilapyhd jpl;lk; njhlHGgl;l $l;L epjpaply; xg;ge;jq;fs;> fl;likg;G cld;gbf;iffs; kw;Wk; jh;k epjp cld;gbf;iffs; Nghd;w mYtyf $l;L epjpaply; cld;gbf;iffSf;fhd xg;ge;jq;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> $l;L epjpahsh;fspd; Ml;Nrgiz ,y;yhjtplj;J> Ntz;LNfhspd; kPJ ntspapLk;.

Coy; vjph;g;Gj; jfty;

70. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Coy; vjph;g;G kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G mYtyfj;jpd; tUlhe;j mwpf;if g+Hj;jpnra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; mJ ntspaplg;gLk;.19 Coy; vjph;g;G kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G mYtyfj;jpd; tUlhe;j mwpf;if Gydha;T kw;Wk; nraw;jpl;;lf; nfhs;tdTld; njhlHGgl;l kPsha;tpy; ,Ue;J vOk;Gk; tplaq;fs;> KjyPL kw;Wk; fzprkhd rpghh;Rfs; vd;gd njhlH-gpy; KOj; jfty;fisAk; ,J cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. Coy; vjph;g;G kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G mYtyfj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gl;l nraw;jpl;l nfhs;tdT njhlh;ghd kPsha;Tfs;

g+Hj;jpahf;fg;gl;ljd; kPJ mt;twpf;ifia Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jYf;Fr; rhh;ghd Cfj;jpw;fhd tpjptpyf;Ffspd;fPo; tUk; jfty;fis mfw;wpajhf Coy; vjph;g;G kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G mYtyf mwpf;if fhzg;gLk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mq;fj;Jt murhq;fq;fSld; Gydha;T KbTfis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sk;.

71. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; jil nra;;ag;gl;l jug;Gf;fs; Fwpj;j jfty;fis mq;fj;Jt murhq;fq;fs;> Vida gy;jug;G mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs; ,Ujug;G $l;L epjpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; VidNahUld; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sk;. gpd;tUk; gl;bay; cl;gl jil Fwpj;j jfty;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. (i) jk;kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l jilfis kPwpa jilnra;ag;gl;l mikg;Gf;fs; (ii) ,uz;lhk; Kiwahf my;yJ njhlh;e;Jk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Coy; vjph;g;Gf; nfhs;ifia (1998 ,y; jpUj;jg;gl;lthW) kPwp ele;j jilnra;ag;gl;l jug;gpdh;fs;. (iii) epahakhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;dUk; njhlh;Gnfhs;s Kbahky;Nghd jilnra;ag;gl;l jug;gpdh;. (iv) Vida gd;Kf mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfSld; ,ize;j jilnra;jy; njhlHgpy; nra;ag;gl;l cld;gbf;iffSf;F mikthf jil nra;ag;gl;l jug;gpdh;.

nfhs;iffSk; %Nyhghaq;fSk;

gfpuq;f MNyhridfSf;F cl;gl;l nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; %Nyhghaq;fs;

72. ,lh; ghJfhg;G JiwrhH kw;Wk; nfhs;if fUj;jpl;l kw;Wk; %Nyhgha mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kPsha;T nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; gq;Fjhuh;fs; kw;Wk; Vida mf;fiwAs;s gq;fhspfspd; gq;Fgw;wiyf; NfhUk;. mLj;j 12 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; fpukkhd mbg;gilapy; mgptpUj;jp my;yJ kPsha;T nra;ag;glNtz;ba nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; %Nyhghaq;fspd; gl;baiy Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. ntspaf FOf;fSldhd vjph;ghHf;fg;gl;l


19

23


VjhtJ Neub re;jpg;Gf;fs; cs;spl;l MNyhridfSf;fhd jpl;lj;ij mtw;wpd; g+Hj;jpahf;fypd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Fiwe;jgl;rk; mj;;jifa nfhs;if my;yJ %Nyhgha gj;jpuj;jpd; efy; xd;iw jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. gfpuq;f MNyhrid nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhs;if kw;Wk; %Nyhghaq;fs; njhlHgpyhd nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,Wjp KbTfs; rigapd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gl;lNghJ> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mtw;iw jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpdj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;F gpd;dh; rigapd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gl;l nfhs;if kw;Wk; %Nyhghaq;fs; njhlHgpyhd mj;jifa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,Wjp rpghu;Rfs; njhlHgpYk; ,e;j Njitg;ghL gpuNahfkhFk;.

Vida nfhs;iffSk; %Nyhghaq;fSk;

73. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nfhs;if kw;Wk; %Nyhgha gj;jpuq;fs; vd;gd mjd; mq;fPfhuj;ij ngw;wjd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

jiythpd; RUf;f mwpf;if

74. Kiwahd rig $l;lj;jpy; rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;ij ngw;w xt;nthU nfhs;if my;yJ %Nyhghaj;jpw;fhd jiythpd; RUf;f mwpf;if rigapd; ,Wjp Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gl;lij mLj;J Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

nraw;ghl;L tpjpfSk; nrad;KiwfSk;

75. nraw;ghl;L ifNal;Lg; gphpTfs; (tq;fpf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L nrad;Kiwfs;)> jpl;l eph;thf gzpg;Giufs; kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nraw;ghL njhlh;ghd Copah; ifNaLfs; vd;gd Copah;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;ljd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

NtW jfty;fs;

nfhs;tdTfs;

76. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gpd;tUk; jfty; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fis jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

(i) rigahy; mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;wjd; %ykhd milahsg;gLj;jypy; ,Ue;J Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; epjpaplYf;fhf jahhpf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xt;nthU ,iwik nraw;jpl;lj;jpw;Fkhd tHj;jf tha;g;Gf;fs; gw;wpa gl;bay;.20

(ii) nraw;jpl;l eph;thff; ifNal;bd; XH mq;fkhf nraw;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd fld;ngWehpd; nfhs;tdTj; jpl;lk;21

gpd;tUk; tpguq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. (m) Kjy; 18 khj fhyj;jpy; jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;> gzpfs;> MNyhridfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; xt;nthd;Wf;Fkhd xg;ge;jk;> (M) xt;nthU xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fkhd rpghh;R nra;ag;gl;l nfhs;tdT Kiw (,) gpuNahfkhFk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; kPsha;T nrad;Kiw

(iii) nfhs;tdT jpl;lj;jpw;fhd fld; ngWehpd; ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;fs; (nraw;jpl;l fhy ePl;rpapd; NghJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; tUlhe;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;)

(iv) epiwNtw;Wk; Kftuhz;ik kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; eyd; ntspg;gLj;jy;> Kjw;jifik my;yJ rh;tNjr nfhs;tdT tpiyNfhuy; kw;Wk; MNyhrid Vw;ghLfs; njhlHgpy; tpNrl mwptpj;jy;fshf tpLf;fg;gl;l midj;J miog;Gf;fs;.

(v) xg;ge;jf;fhuhpd; ngah;> xg;ge;j tpguk;> xg;ge;j njhif Mfpa Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; fzf;Nfl;by; gjpag;gl;l Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; epjpaplg;gl;l midj;J xg;ge;j njhif tpguq;fs; kw;Wk; tpiy NfhUgthpd; ngah;> kw;Wk;

(vi) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ];jhgf nfhs;tdT njhlh;ghd tpiyf; Nfhhpf;if my;yJ rpghh;Rfis

20 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;Fk; Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> mnkhpf;fhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> kPs;

fl;Lkhd kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fp kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpf; FO vd;gdtw;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; 2010

Vg;uy; 9 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jilnra;jy; KbTfs; njhlh;ghd gu];gu mKyhf;fj;jpw;fhd cld;gbf;if

http://www.adb.org/documents/agreement-mutual-enforcement-debarment-decisions21 jpl;l eph;thf ifNaL cs;spl;l jiythpd; mwpf;if> rpghh;Rfs; kw;Wk; Mjutspf;Fk; Mtzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

fhy mtfhrk; Fwpj;J 58 Mk; ge;jpiag; ghHf;fTk;.

24

rkHg;gpg;gjw;fhd miog;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gpujhd nfhs;tdT eltbf;iff;fhf toq;fg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fs;.

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp epjpa cjtp ngWk; ehLfspd; ehl;L nraw;ghl;L kjpg;gPL

77. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp epjpa tsq;fis ngw jifikAs;s ehLfSf;fhd jifikia Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; juf;nfhs;if jPh;khdpf;Fk;.22 nrayhw;wy; mbg;gilapyhd xJf;fPl;Lf; nfhs;if xJf;fPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd nfhs;if kw;Wk; topKi-wfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Fk;.23 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp epjpaj;jpd; tsq;fis mZff;$ba xt;nthU ehl;Lf;fhd nraw;ghl;L gbepiy ,yf;fk; cs;spl;l ehl;L nraw;ghl;L kjpg;gPL njhlh;ghd tUlhe;j mwpf;if> mJ g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. ehl;Lf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; ];jhgf kjpg;gPLfSf;fhd topfhl;bfSk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

tUlhe;j mwpf;if> nghUshjhu juT kw;Wk; Ma;T

78. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; jdJ tUlhe;j mwpf;if> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp Nehf;F> mtw;Wf;fhd ,w;iwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj; juTfs;> Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; vjph;T$wy;fs; cs;slq;fpa Rl;bfs; vd;gtw;iw ntspapLk;.

79. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ,izaj;js Gj;jfq;fspd; gl;bay;> khehl;L gj;jpuq;fs;> gUt ntspaPLfs;> mwpf;iffs;> Ma;Tfs;> kw;Wk; Ma;T> mwpf;if mlq;fpa njhopy;El;g RUf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ntspapLk;.

eph;thf kw;Wk; Vida jfty;fs;

80. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fisAk; jfty;fisAk; ntspapLk;.

(i) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpia (gl;lak;) ];jhgpj;j cld;gbf;if

(ii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; cg rl;lq;fs;

(iii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp MSeh; rigapd; nraw;ghl;L tpjpfs;

(iv) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gzpg;ghsh; rigapd; nraw;ghl;L tpjpfs;

(v) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jiyikafk; njhlHgpy; gpypg;igd;]; FbauR murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;Fk; ,ilapy; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l cld;gbf;if

(vi) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;Fk; mjd; mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpUe;jhsp ehl;L cld;gbf;if / ,J rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehl;bd; xj;jpiritg; ngWtjd; mbg;gilapy; ntspaplg;gLk;

(vii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mq;fj;jth;fs; mth;fsJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;l %yjdk; kw;Wk; thf;fspg;G chpik vd;gdtw;wpd; gl;bay;

(viii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ];jhgf fl;likg;G

(ix) MSeh; rigapd; mq;fj;Jt gl;bay;(x) gzpg;ghsh; rig mq;fj;jth;fs;

kw;Wk; mth;fsJ thf;fspg;G FOf;fspd; ngah; gl;bay;fs;

(xi) gzpg;ghsh; rig FO kw;Wk; mjd; mq;fj;jth;fsJ ngah;g;gl;bay;

(xii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; rpNu\;l Copah;fspd; ngah;g; gl;bay;

(xiii) Nkw;$wg;gl;l xt;nthUtUlDk; njhlHig Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jfty;fs;

81. MSeh; rigapd; KbTfs; kw;Wk; MSeh;fspd; Ngr;Rf;fs; cs;spl;l mjd; tUlhe;j re;jpg;Gf;fspd; RUf;fk;> tUlhe;j re;jpg;G ,lk;ngw;w 60 jpdq;fSf;Fs; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpdj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; MSeh; rig Nkw;nfhz;l NtW jPHkhdq;fs; gzpg;ghsh; rigapd; ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd mq;fPfhuj;Jld; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

82. rigapy; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;ljd; kPJ xt;nthU epjpahz;Lf;Fkhd Ntiyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; tuTnryTj; jpl;lf; fl;likg;ig Mrpa

22 23


25


mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

83. rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;jpd; kPJ ehl;L tifg;gLj;jiy jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspapLk;.

84. gzpg;ghsh; rigapd; mkh;Tfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; ,ufrpakhdit.24 vdpDk;> mJgw;wpa Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpy; $l;lj;jpy; Ngrg;gl;ltw;wpd; vOj;Jg; gpujpfis $l;lk; Kbtile;j gj;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspaplyhk;. nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpfjpad;W my;yJ mjd; gpd;dh; me;j Kiwahd rigf; $l;lk; eilngw;wjhf ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;. mj;Jld;> Ngrg;gl;l tplaj;jpd; vOj;Jg; gpujpfs; nfhs;if tpjptpyf;FfSs; mlq;Fk; jfty; vjDlDk; rk;ge;jg;glhjjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

85. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; (i) fpukkhd mbg;gilapy; mLj;JtUk; %d;W thuq;fSf;fhd rig KbTf;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs; mlq;fpa ,ilf;fhy ml;ltiz kw;Wk; (ii) rigf; $l;l eltbf;if njhlHghd Fwpg;G rigap-dhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;ljd; Nghpy; rigf; $l;lk; eilngw;W 60 jpdq;fSf;Fg; gpe;jhky; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;.

86. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ rigf; FOf;fs; rigf;F toq;fpa mwpf;iffis rigf; FOtpd; rpghh;R kw;Wk; rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;Jld; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

epjpj; jfty;fs;

87. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; rhjhuz %yjd tsq;fs; kw;Wk; tpNrl epjpaq;fSf;fhd25

fzf;fha;Tnra;ag;gl;l epjp mwpf;if Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; MSeh; rigapd; tUlhe;j kfhehl;bw;F Kd;dh; ntspaplg;gLk;.

88. rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;jpd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jkJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntspapLk;.

(i) Kfhikj;Jtf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; xt;nthU epjpf;Fkhd epjpaply; juT cs;spl;l Mrpa mgptpUj;jp

tq;fpapd; rhjhuz %yjd tsq;fs; kw;Wk; tpNrl epjpaq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T

(ii) fzf;fha;Tnra;ag;glhj RUf;fkhd fhyhz;L epjp mwpf;iffs;

(iii) mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehLf-spd; fld; Nritfs; kPjhd tUlhe;j mwpf;if> kw;Wk;

(iv) xt;nthU epjpahz;Lf;Fkhd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; tuT nryTj; jpl;;lk;;

89. rk;ge;jg;gl;l epjpr; re;ijia MSk; rl;lk; my;yJ xOq;Ftpjpfs; %yk; nghJ toq;fPLfs; njhlh;ghd VjhtJ Mtzk; murhq;f Kftuhz;ikaplk; Nfhg;gpl Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jhy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; me;j Mtzq;fis ntspapLk;.

njhopy; jfty;fs;

90. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; (i) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mbg;gil rk;gsf; fl;likg;G (ii) Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; Copah;fspd; rk;gs kl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; eyd;fis jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ghtpf;fg;gLk; nghwpKiw (iii) Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; rig mq;fj;jth;fspd; tUlhe;j mbg;gil rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk;; (iv) Ml;Nrh;g;G epakdk; kPs; epakdk; kw;Wk; njhopyhsh;fis itj;jpUj;jy; vd;gd njhlh;ghd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gue;j Nehf;fq;fSk; %Nyhghaq;fSk; Ml;Nrh;g;Gf;fhd ntw;wplq;fs; njhlh;ghd tpguq;fSk; mit epug;gg;gLtjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,U thuq;fSf;F Kd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; eph;thf kd;wpd; xt;nthU jPHkhdKk; eph;thf kd;wplk; ,Ue;J nrayhsUf;F Fwpg;Giufs; mDg;gg;gLtjd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.26

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik nghwpKiwapd;fPo; toq;fg;gLk; jfty;fs;

91. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; nghwpKiwf; nfhs;ifapy; $wg;gl;lthW nghWg;Gf;$Wk; nghwpKiwapd;

24 ghh;f;f ADB 1966 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gzpg;ghsh; rig. nrad;Kiw tpjpfs;> kzpyh. gphpT 9. ,e;j Mtzj;jpd;

ge;jp 97(iii) IAk; ghh;f;fTk;.25 fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl;l epjp mwpf;iffis tUlhe;jf; $l;lj;jpy; MSeh; rig mq;fPfhpf;Fk;.26 cjhuzkhf> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp epjpak; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cjtp tpNrl epjp


26

fPo; toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp epjpaj;Jldhd Ngr;RthHj;ijfSld; njhlh;Gila jfty;fs;

92. nghJthf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp epjpaj;jpd; Fiwepug;gy; kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy kPsha;Tf;fhd Ngr;RthHj;ijAld; njhlHGgl;l jfty;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. nfhil jUeUldhd epjpaplYld; rk;ge;jg;glhj fye;Jiuahly; gj;jpuq;fis mj;jifa gj;jpuq;fs; nfhil toq;Fehpd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gLtjd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;. xt;nthU $l;lj;ijAk; mLj;J jiythpd; RUf;f mwpf;ifia Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspapLk;. rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; nfhil toq;Feh;fspd; mwpf;if ntspaplg;gLk;.

rigaplk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Vida Mtzq;fs;

93. Kfhikj;Jtk; NtW tifapy; rigf;F mwptpj;J mjw;F rig ,zf;fk; njhptpf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;> nfhs;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj jfty; my;yJ mq;fPfhuk; rigapd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gLtjd; kPJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk;.

Cfpf;fg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlHgpyhd tpjptpyf;Ffs;

94. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ntspg;gLj;jYf;F rhh;ghd Cfj;jpw;Fs;s tpjptpyf;Ffs; 97 kw;Wk; 101 Mk; ge;jpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ntspg;gLj;jyhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfis tpQ;Rtjhf Fwpj;j jug;G my;yJ eyd;fSf;F CW Vw;gLk; vd;w Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jPh;khdj;jpd; kPJ tpjptpyf;F gl;bay; mike;Js;sJ.

95. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;glNtz;ba Mtzj;jpy; cs;s jfty;fs; (my;yJ mjd;

xU gFjp) tpjptpyf;fpw;Fs; mlq;Fkhf ,Ug;gpd;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp me;j Mtzk; my;yJ mfw;wg;gl Ntz;ba jfty; Fwpj;J xU Fwpg;ig nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.27 mfw;wg;gl;l Mtzk; my;yJ mfw;wg;gl;l jfty; Fwpj;J Fwpg;G ,y;yhj epiyapy; mJNt tpjptpyf;if kPWk; xU nrayhf mikAk;. Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpy; Nfhug;gl;l jfty;fspd; xU gFjp tpjptpyf;fpDs; mlq;Ftjhf ,Ug;gpd;> mj;;jifa jfty; Mtzj;jpy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl;L mj;jifa mfw;wYf;fhd fhuzk; Fwpj;J Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jtUf;F mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.28

96. Ke;jpa Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpy; Nfhug;gl;l jfty;fs; toq;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; my;yJ toq;fg;glhtpl;lhy; Vd; toq;fg;gltpy;iy vdf; fhuzk; $wg;gl;l gpd;dh; mNjegh;> mikg;G my;yJ FOthy; mNjtplak; njhlHgpy; kPsTk; my;yJ epahakw;w Kiwapy; vOg;gg;gLk; Nfhhpf;iffSf;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mikthf elf;f my;yJ gjpyspf;f Njitg;gLj;jg;gl khl;lhJ.

eilKiwj; jfty;

97. 99Mk; ge;jpapy; cs;s Vw;ghl;bw;F mik-thf gpd;tUk; jfty;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspaplhJ.

KbntLg;gjw;Fk; jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fkhd nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ

(i) cs ;sf jfty ;fs ; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;> cs;sf Mtzq;fs; Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;spl;l njhlHghly;fs; kw;Wk; MSeh;fs;> mth;fsJ gjpy;fs;> rig mq;fj;jth;fs;> gzpg;ghsh;fspd; MNyhrfh;fs;> Kfhikj;Jt mq;fj;jth;fs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp MNyhrfh;fSldhd njhlh;ghly;fs; Nghd;w fglkw;w njspthd NtW njhlh;ghly;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F jilahf ,Ug;gjd; %yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; KbT kw;Wk; jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd nraw;ghl;bd; xUq;fpizg;Gld; rkurk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba cs;sfj; jfty;.

27 mfw;wg;gl;l Mtzk; my;yJ jfty; njhlh;ghd Fwpg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,izaj;js gf;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.

me;epiyapYk; mJ mfw;wg;gl;l Mtzj;jpd; jiyg;igf; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;.28 84 Mk; ge;jpapy; $wg;gl;lthW rigf; $l;lg; Ngr;Rf;fspd; vOj;J%yg; gpujpfspYs;s tpguq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl khl;lhJ.

VjhtJ tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; mlq;Fk; jfty;fshf ,Ug;gpd;> mJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gl khl;lhJ.

27


(ii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kw;Wk; mjd; mq;fj;jth;fs; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAld; ,ize;J nraw;gLk; Vida mikg;Gf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd KbT kw;Wk; jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf ghpkhwg;gLk;> jahhpf;fg;gLk; my;yJ mtw;wpy; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;> fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly;fs; Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nfhs;if njhlh;ghd fglkw;w njspthd njhlh;ghly;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F jilahf ,Ug;gjd; %yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kw;Wk; mjd; mq;fj;jth;fs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,ize;J nraw;gLk; Vida mikg;Gf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd KbT kw;Wk; jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghl;bd; xUq;fpizg;Gld; rkurk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jfty;.

(iii) Ngr;Rthh;j;ijapd; vOj;J%yg; gpujp (84 Mk; ge;jpapy; $wg;gl;lthW) rigf; $l;lf; Fwpg;Gfs; (85 Mk; ge;jp) rpy Fwpg;gpl;l rig $l;lq;fSf;fhd rigj; jiythpd; RUf;f mwpf;if (40 kw;Wk; 74 Mk; ge;jpfs;) Mfpa tpjptpyf;FfSld; cs;s gzpg;ghsh; rigf; $l;l eltbf;iffs;.29

,ufrpakhf toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fs;

(iv) mq;fj;jth; xUtuhy; my;yJ rh;tNjr mikg;G xd;why; ,ufrpakhd Kiwapy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fs;> mJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; me;j jug;G my;yJ Ntnwe;j mq;fj;jtUldhd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; njhlHGfspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; my;yJ Vw;gLj;jf;$ba rhj;jpaKs;s jfty;fs;.

(v) jug;gpdh; xUtuhy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F toq;fg;gl;l jfty; (nrhj;Jtj; jfty; cs;spl;l) ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa jug;gpd; my;yJ Vida jug;gpd; tHj;jf eyd;fs;> epjp eyd;fs; kw;Wk;/my;yJ Nghl;bj;jd;ik epiyg;ghL my;yJ NtW ,ufrpa tHj;jf jfty;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F Jftiy Vw;gLj;Jk; jfty;fs;. (Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

mjd; thbf;ifahsh;fs; kw;Wk; my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdUld; nra;Jnfhz;l ,ufrpa cld;gbf;ifmy;yJ ntspg;gLj;jf; $lhj cld;gbf;if Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s jfty;).

(vi) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpaplk; toq;fg;gl;l ,ufrpaj; jfty;fs;> Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;l Nkhrb> Coy; my;yJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Coy; vjph;g;Gf; nfhs;ifapy; ,lk;ngw;w NtW kPwy;fs; my;yJ jtwhd elj;ij vd;gd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Copah;fSf;fhd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; Gydha;T njhlh;ghd tpjpfSf;F mikthdJk; mtw;wpdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJkhd tiuaiw-fis kPwpa jfty;fs; kw;Wk; mj;Jld; mj;jifa Fw;wr;rhl;ilj; njhLf;Fk; jpwj;jth; jdJ milahsj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F rk;kjk; njhptpf;fhj epiyapy; mtuJ milahsj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba jfty;.

jdpg;gl;l jfty;

(vii) rig mq;fj;jth;fs;> gzpg;ghshpd; MNyhrfh;fs;> Kfhikj;Jt mq;fj;jth;fs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Copah; kw;Wk; MNyhrfh;fs; njhlHghd jdpg;gl;l jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l eghpd; jdpg;gl;l rl;lg+h;t eyd;fspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ug;gpd;> mtw;iw ntspapl KbahJ. rig mq;fj;jth;fs;> gzpg;ghshpd; MNyhrfh;fs;> Kfhikj;Jt mq;fj;jth;fs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Copah; kw;Wk; MNyhrfh;fs; MfpNahhpd; njhopy; epajpfs;> nraw;ghl;L kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l kUj;Jtj; jfty;fs; vd;gtw;iwAk; ,J cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. Copah; epakdk; kw;Wk; njhpTr; nrad;Kiwfs;> jdpg;gl;l njhlHghly;fs;> cs;sf gpzf;F jPHkhdk; njhlh;ghd nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L nghwpKiw njhlh;ghd jfty;fSk; Gydha;T gw;wpa jfty;fSk; ntspaplg;gl KbahJ. rk;ge;jg;gl;l Copahpd; my;yJ Copah; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; rig gzpg;ghsh; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfs; vd;gdtw;why;

29 ,e;j nfhs;if Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> gzpg;ghsh; rigapd; mkh;Tfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; gzpg;ghsh; rig kw;Wk; gzpg;ghsh;

FOtpd; mkh;Tfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> rigf; $l;lj;jpd;NghJ $wg;gl;l $w;Wf;fs;

my;yJ Nfhg;gplg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; my;yJ FO re;jpg;G kw;Wk; Ngr;Rf;fspd; vOj;J%y gpujpfs;> FOf; $l;lj;jpd;

tpguq;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;Gf;fs; my;yJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Kfhikj;Jtk;> jpizf;fsq;fs; my;yJ nrayhsh;

kw;Wk; rig vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; ,yj;jpud; cs;spl;l midj;J tbtq;fs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhlHghly;fs;

vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.


28

mDkjpf;fg;gLgit jtph;j;J NtW ve;jj; jftiyAk; ntspapl KbahJ.30

epjpj; jfty;

(viii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; rl;lg+h;t epjp kw;Wk; tHj;jf eltbf;iffSf;F fsq;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jfty;fs; my;yJ %yjd kw;Wk; epjpr; re;ijfspd; eyd;fSf;F CW Vw;gLk; jfty;fis ntspapl KbahJ. ,J> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; vjph;fhy fld; thq;fy;fs;> epjp vjph;T$wy;fs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jpiwNrhp eltbf;iffSf;fhd jdpg;gl;l KjyPl;L jPHkhdk; kPjhd juTfs;> fld; kjpg;gPLfs;> fld; ek;gfj;jd;ik gw;wpa Ma;T> fld; jug;gLj;jy; (Creditrating) kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; fld;ngWeh;fs; kw;Wk; Vida thbf;ifahsh; njhlHgpyhd ,lh; kjpg;gPLfs; vd;gdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.31

(xi) ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> mq;fj;jth; xUthpd; nghUshjhuj;ij guhkhpf;Fk; jpwdpy; fsq;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk; epjpj; jfty;fs;.

ghJfhg;G

(x) ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> ve;jnthU jdp eguJ caph;> MNuhf;fpak;> ghJfhg;G vd;gdtw;Wf;F Mgj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jfty; my;yJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F my;yJ mq;fj;jthpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F my;yJ Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf;F fsq;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jfty;.

rl;l my;yJ Gydha;T tplaq;fs;

(xi) mw;Nwhzp – thbf;ifahsh; rpwg;Ghpikf;Fl;gl;l VjhtJ jfty; (Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; rl;l MNyhrfh;fs; my;yJ mjd; ntspaf

rl;l MNyhrfh;fSldhd njhlHGfs; cs;slq;fyhf)> Coy;> Nkhrb my;yJ Nkhrkhd elj;ij njhlh;ghd Gydha;T Fwpj;j jfty; vd;gd. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mj;jifa Gydha;T njhlh;ghd tpjpfSf;F mikthf mDkjpf;fg;gl;ltw;iwj; jtph;j;jjhf ,it ,Uf;Fk;. ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> Gydha;T my;yJ ePjp eph;thfk; my;yJ gpuNahfkhFk; rl;lk; vd;gtw;Wf;F fsq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhf mikAk; jfty;.

cs;sf fzf;fha;T mwpf;if kw;Wk; jh;k epjpa fzf;fha;T mwpf;iffs;

(xii) (m) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; fzf;fha;T ehaf mYtyfj;jpd; cs;sf fzf;fha;T mwpf;iffs;> cs;sf Kiwikfs; Fwpj;J vspjpy; CWghL nfhs;sj;jf;f jfty;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mj;jifa jfty;fs;> %d;whk; jug;gpdh;fshy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; eyDf;F vjpuhf32

gad;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;. mj;Jld;> (M) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk; jh;k epjpfs; kPjhd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ntspf; fzf;fha;T mwpf;iffs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> gpuNahfkhff;$ba fzf;fha;T epakq;fis kPWtjhf mikAk;.33

rhpj;jpuj; jfty;

98. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; cjtp nra;ag;gLk; nraw;jpl;lq;fs;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJthd nrad;Kiwfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l VjhtJ jfty;> mit jahhpf;fg;gl;L my;yJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F toq;fg;gl;L> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; 20 tUlq;fSf;Fk; mjpfkhd fhyk; mJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;Lthpd; rhpj;jpuj; jftyhf fUjg;gLk;. rig mkh;Tfs;

30 ,J gpizfs; kw;Wk; tq;fpr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gjpg;Ghpikr; rl;lk; vd;gtw;why; tpjpf;fg;gl;l kl;Lg;ghLfSk; cs;slq;fpaJ.31 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; tUlhe;j mwpf;ifapd; xU gFjpahf nghJ kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; (ge;jp 87)

fzf;fha;T mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T epjpaply; mwpf;iffs; ,e;j tpjptpyf;fpw;Fs; mlf;fg;gl khl;lhJ.32 cah; kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy ,lh; vd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; cs;sff; fzf;fha;tpYk; Vida fzf;fha;TfspYk;

milahsk; fhzg;gl;l ,lh;fs; rigapd; fzf;fha;Tf; FOTld; gfph;e;Jnfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 33 Fwpg;ghd jh;k epjpaply; mwpf;iffs; nfhil jUeh;fspd; fzf;fPl;L Njitg;ghLfSf;F mikthf jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

(mnkhpf;fhtpy; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fzf;fPl;L epakq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,it NtWglyhk;) mj;Jld;> mnkhpf;fhtpy;

nghJthf Vw;fg;gl;l fzf;fha;T epakq;fSf;F mikthf fzf;fha;T nra;ag;glyhk;. (Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F

gpuNahfkhff;$baJ) mj;jifa fzf;fha;T epakq;fs; mnkhpf;fhtpy; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; fzf;fPl;L

epakq;fisj; jtph;e;j fzf;fPl;L epakq;fSf;F mikthf jahhpf;fg;gl;l epjpaply; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; epjpapd;>

Fwpg;ghf mf;fiwAs;sth;fSf;fhd fzf;fha;T mgpg;gpuhak; njhlHGgl;l mwpf;iffis ntspaplyhk;. cjhuzk;>

epjpia Kfhik kw;Wk;/my;yJ eph;tfpf;Fk; nghWg;Gs;sth;fSk; gq;fspg;ghsh;fSk;.

29


njhlh;ghd jftiyj; jtph;j;;j ,e;j rhpj;jpu jfty;fs; Nfhhpf;ifapd; kPJ ntspaplg;gLk;.34

97 Mk; ge;jpapd; (iv, vii, ix, xi kw;Wk; xii (b) Mfpa ge;jpfspy; gl;bayplg;gl;l tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis jtpHj;jjhf ,J ,Uf;Fk;.

nghJeyd; fhuzkhd Gwf;fzpg;G (rhjfkhd Gwf;fzpg;G)

99. 97Mk; ge;jpapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;glf;$lhj

jfty;fs; gw;wpa Vw;ghLfs; vt;thW

,Ue;jNghJk;> nghJeyd; fUjp mj;jifa

jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;JkhW Mrpa mgptpUj;jp

tq;fpaplk; ntspaf gq;Fjhuh;fs; Nfhhpf;if

tpLf;fyhk;. nghJeyd; fhuzkhd Gwf;fzpg;G

,j;jifa Ntz;LNfhs;fis ftdj;jpy;

vLf;Fk;. ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk;

jftiy tpQ;Rtjhf mjid ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;

nghJeyd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp

tq;fp fUJk; gl;rj;jpy; mj;jifa jftiy

mJ ntspg;gLj;j KbAk;. rig Mtzq;fs;

njhlHghd mj;jifa jftiy ntspapl

my;yJ kWg;gjw;fhd ngh.nt.M. FOtpd;

VjhtJ rpghh;ir ntspapl rig mq;fPfhuk;

toq;f Ntz;Lk;. Vida Mtzq;fis ntspapl jiythpd; mq;fPfhuk; Ntz;Lk;.

100. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp xU KOikahd jftiy ,ufrpakhfTk; ntspg;gLj;jhkYk; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf ntspg;gilahd rl;lf; flg;ghl;il mth;fs; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s epiyapy;> nghJeyd; fhuzkhf Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk; Vw;ghL gpuNahfkhf khl;lhJ. ,e;j ,ufrpaj; jftiy KOikahd rk;kjkpd;wp ntspapl KbahJ.

jfty; mZFtij jLg;gjw;fhd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; kPAah; chpik

101 ntspg;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikiatpl mjid ntspg;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vw;gLk; jfty; kpiff;Fkhdhy;> rhjhuzkhf ntspaplg;gLk; jfty;fis tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyapd; fPo; ntspaplhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd chpikia Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j kPAah; mjpfhuk; rigapdhy; kl;LNk ghtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

34 40> 74> 84 kw;Wk; 85 Mk; ge;jpfspy; cs;s Vw;ghLfSf;F mikthf rigapd; mkh;Tfs; gw;wpa tpguk; ntspaplg;gLk;.

30

nghJj; njhlHghly; mZFKiw


102. nfhs;if Nehf;fq;fis va;Jtjw;F cjtpnra;Ak; Kf;fpa fUtpahf Ke;jpr; nraw;gLk; nghJj; njhlh;ghly; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gq;Fjhuh;fSldhd njhlHghly;fis newpg;gLj;Jtjw;F gpd;tUk; xOq;FKiw ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

103. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ nghJj; njhlHghly; mZFKiwia Kd;Dhpik khw;wk; kw;Wk; gq;Fjhuhpd; vjph;ghHg;G khw;wk; vd;w tifapy; njhlh;e;Jk; njspthf;fp gyg;gLj;Jk;. Fwpg;ghf> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gpd;tUtdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk;:

(i) epiyahd xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f njhlHghly; kPJ ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l xU nghJj; njhlHghly; mZFKiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;. ,J> jug;gpdhpd; NjitfSf;F Vw;w tifapy; iff;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

(ii) tWikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; xUq;fpize;j tsh;r;rpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd jdJ gzp-fis vLj;Jiuj;jy;. mJNghy;> mwpT tq;fpahfTk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpf;F Fuy; nfhLg;gjpy; Kd;dzp tfpf;Fk; mikg;ghfTk; ,Uj;jy;.

(iii) jug;gpdh;fis mjpf tpidj;jpwDld; milAk; tifapy; etPd njhopy;El;g trjpfs; kw;Wk; Clfk; vd;gd Kjy; Neub njhlHghly;fs; kw;Wk; Vida Fiwe;j kl;l njhopy;El;g mZFKiw tiuapyhd gy tifahd KiwfisAk; rhjdq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

(iv) rh;tNjr> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; Njrpa Clfq;fspy; njspthf ghu;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

(v) nraw;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghd njhlHghly;fis Nkk;gLj;jp %Nyhgha njhlHGfis tYg;gLj;Jjy;. mj;Jld; ,ize;j nraw;jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghf gq;Fjhuh;fSld; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l njhlHghly;fSf;fhd re;jh;g;gq;fis milahsk; fhzy;.

(vi) cs;sf njhlh;ghly;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJld;> ntspafj; njhlH-Gfspy; Copah; jifikia tsHj;jy;.

,yf;Ff; FOtpdh;

104. mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspYs;s FOtpdh;> mJNghy; fld; ngwhj mq;fj;jth;fs; vd gue;Jgl;l FOtpdh;fSld; njhlHGnfhs;s Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp tpUk;GfpwJ. gpujhd FO gpd;tUk; FOtp-diu cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. (i) murhq;fq;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaj; jiyth;fs;> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; cs;spl;l jPh;khdk; vLg;gth;fs;> mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; kw;Wk; fld;ngwh mq;fj;jth;fs; (ii) Clfq;fs; (iii) ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; cs;spl;l rptpy; r%fk; (iv) fy;tpkhd;fs;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp FOtpdh;fspd; tpguf;Nfhit kw;Wk; vjph;ghHg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis fz;fhzpf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> mjw;F mikthf jdJ njhlHghly; %Nyhghaj;ij tFf;Fk;.

,yf;Fitf;fg;gl;l FOtpdiu miltjw;fhd mZFKiwfs;

105. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp %d;W Mz;Lf;F xUKiwahd fUj;Jzh;T kjpg;gPL Nghd;w fpukkhd mgpg;gpuha kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp>jdJ njhlHghly; nraw;ghLfis njhlHr;rpahf Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F cjtpnra;Ak; tifapy; KiwrhH kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh gpd;D}l;ly;fis gy topfspYk; mJ gad;gLj;Jk;.

106. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,yf;Fitf;fg ;gl ;l FOtpdh;fSld; gy;tifahd njhlh;ghly; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp njhlHGfis Nkw;nfhz;L mth;fis mZFk;> gpujhd

31

nghJj; njhlHghly; mZFKiw

kw;Wk; ,iza Clfq;fs;> ,izaj;jsq;fs; kw;Wk; nry;yplj; njhiyNgrpfs;> xd;iyd; tPbNahf;fs; cs;spl;l r%f Clfk;> nghw;fh];l;Lfs;> glq;fs;> ntspaPLfs; cs;spl;l gy; Clfq;fs; (ky;bkPbah) kw;Wk; tpNrl epfo;Tfs; Nghd;w Gjpa Clfq;fs; vd;gdthFk;.

107. $l;lq;fs;> re;jpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; tpguizfs; Nghd;w ghuk;ghpa NeUf;F Neh; njhlh;ghly;fs; vd;gdtw;Wld; Rtnuhl;bfs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; my;yJ ifNaLfs; Nghd;w Clfq;fs;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;g trjpnfhz;l FOtpdh;fSld; my;yJ gpu-jhd Clfq;fSld; njhlHGnfhs;tjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd thfdq;fshf mikAk;. FOtpdh;fspd; fyhrhu tplaq;fSf;F mik-thf njhlHghly; %Nyhghaj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jahhpf;Fk;.

108. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ eltbf;if> nfhs;iffs;> nraw;jpl;;lq;fs;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fs; njhlh;ghd tplaq;fspy; Clfq;fspd; gad;ghl;il mjpfhpf;Fk; Ke;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; Clf cwT %Nyhghaj;jpd; Clhf rh;tNjr Clfq;fspy; cah;kl;l ntspf;fhl;liy guhkhpj;J tUk;. mNjNtisapy;> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr Clfq;fspy; jdJ gzpf-spd; njspthd epiyia mjpfhpg;gjw;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp njhopy;GhpAk;.

109. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ nraw;jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd njhlHghly;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJld;> $l;L nraw;jpl;lq;fspd; gq;Fjhuh;fSldhd njhlHghly; nraw;ghLfis xUq;fpizf;Fk;.

110. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Fwpj;Jk; mjd; eltbf;if Fwpj;Jk; ntspaf ,izaj;jsq;fspy; rhj;jpakhd tifapy; mjpfstpyhd jfty;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspapLk;. ghtidahsh;fspd; vjph;ghHg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Ntz;LNfhs;fis rkhspf;Fk; tifapy; ,izaj;;jsk; njhlh;e;Jk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk;. mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; cs;s nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;g;G nra;tjd; Clhf jdJ ntspaPLfs;> mgptpUj;jprhH mwpT kw;Wk; jfty;fis gue;jstpyhd FOtpdh; kj;jpapy; gfpUk; jdJ ntspaPl;Lj; jpl;lq;fis tYg;gLj;Jk;.

35 ADB 1966. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpia ];jhgpf;Fk; cld;gbf;if. kzpyh (cWg;Giu 39.1).36 Mtzj;jpd; Mq;fpy tbtj;jpw;Fk; mjd; nkhopngah;g;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; Kuz;ghL fhzg;gLk; epiyikapy; Mq;fpy

tbtNk NkNyhq;Fk;.

gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mwpT mbg;gilapyhd nghUsh-jhu mgptpUj;jpf;F cjtpnra;Ak; tifapy; ,J mike;jpUf;Fk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; fsQ;rpa E}yfj; jpl;lk; thapyhf mjd; gpu-jhd mwpit gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfisj; njhlh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. mj;Jld;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspaPLfis mZFtij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f top-Kiwfs; Fwpj;Jk; MuhAk;. jdJ mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fis xd;iyd; %yKk; mry; gpujpfs; %yKk; gfpUk; eltbf;iff;F Gwk;ghf> gpuhe;jpa my;yJ Njrpa kfhehLfs; my;yJ Vida epfo;Tfs; Nghd;w NtW topKiw-fisAk; iff;nfhz;L jdJ mwpTj; jahhpg;Gfis gfph;e;J nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; Vida gpujhd FOtpdh;fSld; fUj;Jf;fis ghpkhWk; Kaw;rpapYk; <LgLk;.

nkhopngah;g;G

111. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; njhopw;gLk; nkhop Mq;fpykhFk;.35 vdpDk;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cjtpaspf;Fk; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fjhuh;fs; gq;Fgw;wTk; mth;fshy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;glf;$ba tifapy; Mtzq;fSk; NtW jfty;fSk; gy;NtW nkhopfspYk; nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLtJ Cf;ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.36

112. 2007 Mk; Mz;L ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nkhopngah;g;Gf; fl;likg;Gf;F mikthf> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nkhopngah;g;G nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. mj;jifa nkhopngah;g;Gf;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. (i) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nkhj;j mYty;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> %Nyhgha rpe;jidfs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jiuj;jy; kw;Wk; gue;Jgl;l rh;tNjr FOtpdh;fis ,yf;Fitj;jy;. (ii) ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSld; (ge;jp 47) gfpuq;f MNyhridfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ gw;wpa jfty;. (iii) Fwpg;ghf> ehLfspd; nraw;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSld; njhlHGgl;l tplaq;fs; (iv) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk; jfty;fs;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l FOtpdhpd; fy;tp mwpT kl;lk;> mf;FOtpdUf;F njhpe;j nkhopfs;> nkhopngah;g;Gf;Fg; gjpyhd tplaq;fs;> nkhopngah;g;Gf;F Njitg;gLk; Neuk; kw;Wk; nryTfs;> cs;spl;l tplaq;fs; vd;gd nkhopngah;g;;G nra;Kiwapd;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

32


eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Vw;ghLfs;

tfpgq;Fk; nghWg;GilikfSk;

Kfhikj;Jtk;

113. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghJj; njhlh;ghly; Kaw;rpfspd; jhf;fj;ij mjpfg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfspy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;J fz;fhzpf;Fk; gpujhd ghj;jpuj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. Kfhikj;Jtk; nghJ njhlh;ghly; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;WtJld;> Copah;fs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; ghh;it kw;Wk; epiyg;ghl;il czh;e;jpUg;gij cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f cs;sf njhlHghly;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; gzpapYk; <LgLk;. nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FO Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Nkw;ghHit FOthf nraw;gl;L nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfis nghUls;Nfhly;> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kPsha;Tnra;Ak; gzpapy; <LgLk;.

midj;J jpizf;fsq;fSk; mYtyfq;fSk;

114. nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghWg;G midj;J Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyfq;fSf;F cs;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gpujhd njhlHghsh;fshf cs;ehl;Lg; gzpg;ghsh;fs; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpfs; mYtyfj;jpd; jiyth;fs; cs;spl;l midj;J jpizf;fs kw;Wk; mYtyfq;fspd; jiyth;fs; tpsq;FtNjhL> ,th;fs; ntspaf FOtpdh;fSld; njhlHghly;fis Nkw;nfhz;L Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sg;gLtij mjpfhpf;Fk; Kaw;rpf;F jiyik jhq;FtNjhL> gq;Fjhuh;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; <LgLth;. nraw;ghl;Lj; jpizf;fsq;fspy; cs;s Copah;fs; nraw;jpl;l gq;fhsh;fSld; njhlHGnfhs;Sk; gpujhd ghj;jpuj;ij Vw;gh;. ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfs; g+Hj;jpahf;fg;gLtij ,th;fs; cWjpnra;th;.

nfhs;if kw;Wk; nfhs;iff;F mikthf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpaplk; ,Ue;J jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd nghJkf;fspd; chpik njhlh;ghf nghJkf;fs;> jdpahH kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fj;Jiwfspy; cs;s kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tpopg;Gzh;t+l;ly; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtij Cf;Ftpg;gjpYk; <LgLth;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ mur rhHgw;w epWtdk; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f ikak;> rptpy; r%fj;Jldhd cwTfis NgZtjw;F cjTk;. mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fspd; gutyhf;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; mwpTj; jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; ntspaf njhlHG jpizf;fsj;Jld; ,ize;J nraw;gLk;.

ntspaf njhlHG jpizf;fsk; (DER)

115. ntspaf njhlh;G jpizf;fsk; nfhs;if mKyhf;fy; kw;Wk; njhlHr;rpahd gpuNahfk; vd;gdtw;Wf;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J Kfhikj;Jtk;> jpizf;fsq;fs;> mYtyfq;fs; kw;Wk; fs mYtyfq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; neUf;fkhf nraw;gl;L> nghJ njhlh;ghly;fis Ke;jpr;nra;tJld; ntspaf gq;Fjhuh;fSld; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Kiwapy; njhlHGfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. fpilf;ff;$ba tsq;fisf; nfhz;L gyid mjpfhpg;gjw;F ntspaf njhlHG jpizf;fsk; jdJ gq;if tYthf;fp nfhs;iff;F rpwe;j Kiwapy; cjtpaspj;J nraw;gLtjw;F Kd;Dhpik toq;Fk;.

ntspg;gLj;jy;

116. jfty;fis gfph;tjpy; Ke;jpf;nfhs;tjpYk; Cf;Ftpg;gij njhlHtjpYk; jpwe;j kd fyhrhuj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Copah;fs; kj;jpapy; tsh;f;Fk; nraw;ghl;bYk; ntspaf njhlHG jpizf;fsk; <LgLk;.

117. ntspaf njhlh;G jpizf;fsj;jpy; cs;s nghJj; jfty; kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jy; myF midj;J Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jpizf;fs mYtyfq;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F MNyhrid toq;FtNjhL> nfhs;if ntspg;gLj;jy;

33


Njitg;ghLfisAk; fz;fhzpf;Fk;. nfhs;if ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfs; Fwpj;J Copah;fSf;F Njitahd fl;lhag; gapw;rpfis tbtikg;gJld; mtw;iw elj;jTk; nra;Ak;. nfhs;iff;F mikthf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ele;Jnfhs;tij Mjhpg;gjw;F Copaiu Cf;Ftpf;Fk; epiyahd Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. mJ> nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FOtpd; gzpfSf;F Neu-bahf MjuT toq;FtJld;> nfhs;ifia Kd;ndLg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlh;ghd fz;fhzpg;G mwpf;iffisAk;> nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FOtplk; rkHg;gpf;Fk;. (ge;jp 142) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,izaj;jsq;fspy; fpilf;Fk; Mtzq;fs; njhlh;ghf nghJkf;fSf;F mwpaj;jUk;. nfhs;ifapd; Njitg;ghLfSf;F mik-thd Ntz;LNfhs;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; KiwikiaAk; ,J guhkhpf;Fk;.

118. ,izaf;FO> ,e;j myF kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyfq;fSld; Nrh;e;J gzpahw;Wk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Mtzq;fis ntspapLtJ kw;Wk; jfty; NjLif njhopw;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;JtjpYk; <LgLk;.

nkhopngah;g;G

119. 2007 Mk; Mz;L Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nkhopngah;g;G fl;likg;ghdJ Mq;fpyj;ijj; jtpu NtW nkhopfspy; jfty;fs; fpilg;gij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjpfhpf;fr; nra;tjw;fhd mbg;gilfis $WfpwJ. ,e;jf; fl;likg;G 2001 Mk; Mz;L mjd; ts Rl;bf;fhl;ly;fSld; ,ize;J kPsha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

120. ntspafj; njhlHGfs; jpizf;fsk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;Fs; cs;sf nkhopngah;g;G nraw;jpl;lq;fis Kfhik nra;Ak;. nkhopngah;g;Gf;fs; gfpuq;fkhf fpilg;gjw;F cjtpnra;tJld; mjD}lhf nkhopngah;g;Gnra;ag;gl;l Mtzj; jiyg;Gf;fspd; Nfhit xd;iwAk; guhkhpf;Fk;. xt;nthU tjptpl mYtyfq;fSk;; ntspafj; njhlHGfs; jpizf;fsj;jpd; topfhl;lYld; mth;fsJ ehl;by; ghtpf;fg;gLk; nkhopf-spy; Njh;r;rpAila nkhopngah;g;ghsh;fspd; ngah;g;gl;bay; kw;Wk; ,Unkhop Mrphpah;fspd; tpguq;fisAk; guhkhpf;Fk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyfq;fs; vd;gd kj;jpapy; mth;fSf;F fpilf;ff;$ba

nkhopngah;g;G Nritfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it ntspafj; njhlHGfs; jpizf;fsk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

ntspg;gLj;jy; ife;E}y; kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzh;it mjpfhpf;Fk; rhjdq;fs;

121. nraw;ghl;Lj; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; gfpuq;fkhff; fpilf;ff;$ba Mtzq;fs; tplaj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Copah;fSf;F topfhl;Ltjw;fhf gbg;gbahd nrad;KiwfSld; ,ize;jjhf gfpuq;f njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if njhlh;ghd Copah; ntspg;ghl;Lf; ife;E}iy37 ntspafj; njhl-HGfs; jpizf;fsk; (DER) kPsha;Tnra;Ak;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; fld;ngWeh;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F nfhs;if epiwNtw;wk; Fwpj;J mwptpg;gjw;Fk; Vida mf;fiwAs;s gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F nfhs;if Vw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J mwptpg;gjw;Fk; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ftjw;F NtW tpopg;Gzh;t+l;Lk; rhjdq;fs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,e;j midj;J rhjdq;fSk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;L nghUj;jkhd ehl;by; gfpug;gLk;.

ehl;Lkl;l jfty; gfph;T

122. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ gpujhd mwpTj; jahhpg;Gf;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; fsQ;rpa E}yfj; jpl;;lj;jpd; Clhf njhlh;e;Jk; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gpujhd gfpuq;fj; jfty; nraw;ghlhdJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;ghd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ntspaPLfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fspy; fhz;G epiyiaAk; mZFk; jd;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; mgptpUj;jpailAk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; cs;s Gj;jp[Ptpfs;> fy;tp mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida mgptpUj;jp gq;fhspfSldhd Gjpa gq;fhz;ikf;F Kd;Dhpik mspf;fg;gLk;.

gpujpepjp mYtyfq;fSk; tjptpl mYtyfq;fSk;

123. tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f nghJj; njhl-Hghlypy; gpujpepjp mYtyfq;fSk; tjptpl mYtyfq;fSk; Kd;dzp tfpj;J nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;Ff; FOtpdh;fSldhd neQf;fk;> nraw;ghl;L kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

37 Copah; ntspg;gLj;jy; ifNaL http://www.adb.org/Documents/Handbooks/Disclosure/


34

epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jhk; nraw;gLk; ehL my;yJ gpuhe;jpaj;jpYs;s gpuj;jpNafkhd fyhrhu kw;Wk; njhlHghly; ajhHj;jq;fis mth;fs; Ghpe;jpUj;jy; vd;gdNt ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

124. g p uj pe pj pfs ; kw ;Wk ; tj pt pl mYtyfq;fspd; jiyth;fs; gpujhd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp njhlHghsh;fshth;. Clfk;> mgpg;gpuhaj; jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fs; rhh;e;Js;s ehL my;yJ gpuhe;jpaj;jpYs;s jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;Weh;fs; MfpNahUld; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gu];gu njhlHG-fis tp];jhpj;J tYg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfSf;F ,th;fs; jiyik tfpg;gh;.

125. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp tjptpl mYtyfq;fspy; ntspafj; njhlHG Copahpd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;Fk; midj;J Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ,e;j Copah;fs; mth;fsJ mYtyfj; jiyth;fSf;F njhopy;hPjpahd MjuitAk; MNyhridfisAk; toq;Fth;. tjptpl mYtyf Kfhikj;Jtf; FOtpd; xU ghfkhf ,Ug;gJld;> ,t;tYtyfq;fspy; eilngWk; midj;J nraw;ghLfisAk; mth;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gh;. tjptpl mYtyfq;fspy; cs;s ntspafj; njhlh;G Copah;fs; njhlHr;rpahd gzp kw;Wk; jifikfisf; nfhz;bUg;gh;. mj;Jld;> fl;likf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; fpukkhd gapw;rpfisAk; nfhz;bUg;gh;.

126. gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf tjptpl mYtyf ntspafj; njhlHG Copah;fspd; gpujhd nghWg;Gf;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. (i) gue;Jgl;l nghJ kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l FOtpdh;fSld; cwTfis ];jhgpj;J Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; rpNu\;l mjpfhhpfSld; gu];gu njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;j cjTjy;. (ii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gpujpepjpfis cs;Sh; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr Clfq;fs; fpukkhf mZFtij cWjpnra;jy;. (iii) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F Mh;tKs;s tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J Mq;fpyj;jpYk; cs;Sh; nkhopfspYk; ntspahFk; cs;SH> Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr nra;jpfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;; kw;Wk; (iv) nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;ghl;Lj; Njitg;ghLfs; tplaj;jpy; gpujpepjpfs;> mYtyf Copah;fs; kw;Wk; ehl;bYs;s nghJkf;fs; MfpNahUf;F cjTjy;. jfty;fis gfph;e;Jnfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfis mjpfhpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; njhlHr;rpahf <Lgly;. fs mYtyfq;fspy; cs;s ntspaf njhlHG Copah;fs; kw;Wk; ntspafj; njhlh;G jpizf;fsj;jplk; (nt.njh.jp) cs;s mth;fsJ rfgh-bfs; NeUf;F Neh; fpukkhf my;yJ tPb-

Nah khehL NjitNaw;gbd;> ,izaj;;jsk; %yk; re;jpg;gh;. tjptpl mYtyf ntspaf njhlHG Copah;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehL my;yJ gpuhe;jpa gzpg;ghsh; kw;Wk; ntspafj; njhlh;G jpizf;fsj;jplk; mwptpg;gjw;fhd ,ul;il mwptpg;G topfisf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FO

127. nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FO nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfs; gw;wpa nghUl;Nfhly; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kPsha;it Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FOthdJ Kfhikj;Jt gzpg;ghsh; ehafk; (jiy-tuhfg; gzpahw;Wthh;)> ntspafj; njhlh;G jpizf;fsj;jpd; gpujhd gzpg;ghsh;> nrayhsh; kw;Wk; nghJ MNyhrfh; vd;Nghiu cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. mJ> jiytUf;F Neu-bahf mwptpg;Gr; nra;Ak;. Vida Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyfq;fshy; kWf;fg;gl;l jfty;fSf;fhd Ntz;LNfhs; njhlh;ghd kPsha;it nra;tjw;fhf mtrpakhd Ntis-fspy; re;jpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. jftiy mZFtjw;F kWg;Gj; njhptpf;fg;gl;lij Mjhpg;gjw;F my;yJ khw;wpaikg;gjw;fhd jPHkhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuk; nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FOTf;F cs;sJ. jftiy mZFtjw;F jil Vw;gLj;Jk; rigapd; KbT ,jw;F tpjptpyf;fhFk;. (101 Mk; ge;jp) nghJ eyd; kpf;fjhff; fUjg;gLk; nfhs;if tpjptpyf;fpDs; mlq;Fk; jftiy (99 Mk; ge;jp) ntspg;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;j Ntz;LNfhs;fis nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf;FO ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sk;. ntspafj; njhlh;Gfs; jpizf;fsj;jpy; cs;s nghJ jfty; kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jy; myF nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FOTf;F nrayf cjtpfis toq;Fk;. nfhs;ifapd; fPo; tUk; ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitg;ghLfis mKy;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghd gfpuq;f njhiyj;njhlHG nfhs;if kjpg;gPL kPjhd tUlhe;j mwpf;ifia nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FO (ngh.nt.M) kPsha;T nra;J mq;fPfhpf;Fk;. nghJkf;fSf;F jfty; kWf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wpa RUf;fj;ijAk; ,e;j Mz;lwpf;if nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> nfhs;if kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlh;ghd nraw;ghLfs;> ml;ltiz gphpT my;yJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtij Mjhpf;Fk; ];jhgf hPjpahd fl;likg;G vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpghh;RfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

35

Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO (IAP)

128. nfhs;ifapd;fPo ; rhjhuzkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jftiy mZFtjw;F jilnra;jjd;%yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kPwiyg; Ghpe;jjhf Rkj;jg;gLk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; njhlh;ghd Nkd;KiwaPLfis Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sk;. jftiy mZFtij kWj;J nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; Mizf;FO Nkw;nfhz;l KbTfis epiyepWj;j my;yJ khw;wpaikf;f ,jw;F mjpfhuKs;sJ. 99 kw;Wk; 101 Mk; ge;jpfspd;fPo; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ve;jnthU KbT kPjhd Nkd;KiwaPL Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;Jk; mjpfhuk; Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOTf;F ,y;iy. jftiy mZFtJ njhlh;ghd %d;W ntspaf epGzh;fis Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO mq;fj;jth;fs; fpukkw;w mbg;gilapy; gzpahw;Wtjpy; <LgLth;. nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; Mizf;FO Nkw;nfhz;l jPHkhdj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nkd;KiwaPL Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd miog;gpd; kPJ ,th;fs; gzp Ghpa Ntz;Lk;. rhj;jpakhd tifapy; Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO jdJ MNyhridfis njhiyNgrp> kpd;dQ;ry; kw;Wk; my;yJ tPbNah njhlHGfs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. mYtyf nrayhsh;> Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOTf;F nrayf cjtpfis toq;Fthh;.

fld;ngWeh;fs; kw;Wk; my;yJ thbf;ifahsh;fs;

129. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpf nghWg;Gilik fld ;ngWeh ; fs ; kw ;Wk ; /my ;yJ thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F cs;sJ. fld;ngWeh;fs; my;yJ thbf;ifahsh;fs; eltbf;if jpizf;fsq;fspy; cs;s Copah;fSld; ,ize;J nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; ikag;Gs;spfs; Fwpj;J mth;fSf;F mwptpg;gJld;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSld; njhl-HGfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;. (ge;jp 47) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp nraw;jpl;l kw;Wk; ehL njhlh;Ggl;l jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. mj;Jld;> mf;fiwAs;s jug;gpdUf;F cs;ehl;by; ghtpf;fg;gLk; fyhrhuj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gfph;T nghwpKiwfs; %yk; jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;jyhk;.

jftiy mZFtjw;fhd nrad;Kiwfs;

ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; Ke;Jjy;

130. nfhs;ifapy; Njitg;gLj;;jg;gl;lthW jfty;fs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsk; Kjd;ik thfdkhf nraw;gLk;. jfty;fisAk; Mtzq;fisAk; Ke;jp ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; (cjhuzkhf> MNyhridr; nraw;ghl;Lf;F Mjutspf;Fk; jfty;) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Vida rhjdq;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAk; mJNghy;> fld;ngWeh;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh;fSk; ghtpf;f KbAk;. ,it> ,yf;Fg; ngWeh; my;yJ FOtpdh; kw;Wk; jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F Nji-tahd Nehf;F vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

jftYf;fhd Ntz;LNfhs;fs;

131. jfty; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fis ngWtjw;fhd Ntz;LNfhs;fs; vOj;J%yk; (kpd;dQ;ry;> mQ;ry;> ,iza gpd;D}l;ly; gbtk; my;yJ njhiyefy;) tpLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghJ jfty; kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jy; myfpw;F ,e;j Ntz;LNfhs;fis mDg;g KbAk;. mQ;ry;%yk; Asian Development Bank, 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines rs;w tpyhrj;jpw;F mDg;gTk;. kpd;dQ;ry; nra;tjhapd;> [email protected];my;yJ +63 2 636 2649 vd;w ,yf;fj;jpw;F njhiyefy; nra;aTk;. tjptpl mYtyfk;> gpujpepjpfs; mYtyfk; my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jpizf;fsk; my;yJ mYtyfj;jpw;Fk; Ntz;LNfhis mDg;gyhk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp epahakhd fhyj;jpw;Fs; jftiy fz;Lgpbf;f cjtpnra;Ak; tifapy; jfty; Fwpj;j Fwpg;ghd tpguq;fs; Ntz;LNfhspy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

132. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jpizf;fsk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l my;yJ mYtyf Mtzj;jpYs;s jfty;fs; 97 Mk; ge;jpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l> ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Kbahj Vw;ghl;bw;Fs; tUgitah vd;gJ Fwpj;J jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp rk;ge;jg;gl;l fld; ngWeh;> thbf;ifahsh; my;yJ $l;L epjpah-sUld; MNyhrid elj;j Ntz;Lk;. nghJj; jfty; kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jy; myfhdJ Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp CopaUf;F toq;Fk;.



36

133. 98Mk; ge;jpapy; cs;s Vw;ghl;bw;F mik-thf Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpy; rhpj;jpu jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLk;. rhpj;jpu jfty;fSf;fhd Ntz;LNfhs; Njitahd Fwpg;ghd jftiy milahsk; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. rhpj;jpu jftiy ngWtjw;fhd ntw;Wf;Nfhhpf;iffs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ.

eilKiw jfty; Ntz;LNfhs;fSf;F gjpyspg;gjw;fhd fhy tiuaiw

134. Ntz;LNfhs; fpilf;fg;ngw;w 05 Ntiyehl;fSf;Fs; mJ fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ Fwpj;j xg;Gjiy Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jPh;khdk; vLf;fg;gl;lJk; cldbahf Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jtUf;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mwptpj;jy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,J ve;jnthU re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fg;gl;ljw;Fg; gpd;dh; tUk; 20 Ntiy ehl;fSf;F gpe;jpajhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mjd; gjpypy; Njitg;gl;l jftiy toq;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ kWf;fg;gbd; mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij ciuf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa kWg;ig epahag;gLj;jf;$ba Fwpg;ghd Vw;ghLfSk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;gLk; jftiy Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kWf;Fk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy;> nfhs;ifapd; 136–141 Mk; ge;jpfSf;F mikthf mtUf;Fs;s Nkd;KiwaPl;L chpik Fwpj;Jk; mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kPsha;Tnra;ag;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs;fspd; gl;baiyAk; njhlh;ghd jPHkhdq;fisAk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuz-khf> Ntz;LNfhs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ my;yJ kWf;fg;gl;lJ vdTk; kWf;fg;gl;ljhapd;> mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; $w Ntz;Lk;.

Ntz;LNfhs; nra;ag;gLk; nkhop

135. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf;F mDg;gg;gLk; Ntz;LNfhs;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; my;yJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mq;fj;jth;fspd; VjhtJ mYtyf my;yJ Njrpa nkhop xd;wpy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; my;yhj nkhopfspYs;s jfty; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fSf;fhd Ntz;LNfhis rk;ge;jg;gl;l tjptpl mYtyfj;jplk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

Nkd;KiwaPLfs;

136. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ,U fl;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ,jd;%yk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;gth; jhk; Nfhhpa

jftiy Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kWj;jjhdJ nfhs;iff;F Kuzhd nrayhFk; vd ek;Gthuhapd;> Nkd;KiwaPL nra;a KbAk;. jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; jftiy tpQ;Rtjhf mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJeyd; ,Ug;gpd; me;j mbg;gilapy;> jftYf;fhd Nfhhpf;ifia mZFtij jLf;Fk; nfhs;if tpjptpyf;fpw;F vjpuhfTk; Nkd;KiwaPl;il nra;ayhk;. ,t;thW Nkd;KiwaPL nra;j Ntz;LNfhshsUf;F fpilf;Fk; epthuzk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fg;gl;l Nfhhpf;if fpilf;Fk; tifapy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j ,Ufl;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L nraw;ghLfs; 137–141 Mk; ge;jpfspy; tpghpf;fg;gl;lthW mike;jpUf;Fk;.

Kjy;fl;l Nkd;KiwaPL: gfpuq;f ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FO

137. jftiy mZFtjw;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; kWf;fg;gl;l xU Nfhhpf;ifahsh; jdJ Nkd;KiwaPl;il nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; Mizf;FOtplk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. mjw;F mth; (i) Nfhug;gl;l jftiy mZFtij kl;Lg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nfhs;ifia kPwpr; nraw;gl;lJ vd epahakhd thjj;ij Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ (ii) Njitg;gl;l jftiy mZFtijj; jil nra;Ak; nfhs;if tpjptpyf;if vjph;j;J nghJ eyd;rhHe;j tof;if njhluyhk;.

138. Nkd;KiwaPL fpilf;fg;ngw;w Ie;J Ntiyehl;fSf;Fs; mJ Fwpj;J nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; Mizf;FOtpw;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkd;KiwaPL Fwpj;J Muha;tjw;fhf $Lkhd tpiutpy; mJ $lNtz;Lk;. Nkd;KiwaPl;L kPsha;tpd;NghJ> nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; Mizf;FO 97 Mk; ge;jpapy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l nfhs;if tpjptpyf;Ffs; Fwpj;J ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nkd;KiwaPlhdJ 99 Mk; ge;jpapy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l nghJeyk; fUjpa tof;F rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gpd;> nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; Mizf;FO mJ Fwpj;J ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sk;. Mdhy;> me;j Ntz;LNfhs; rig Mtzq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gpd;> mJgw;wpa jftiy ntspapLtjw;F my;yJ kWg;gjw;fhd rpghh;ir nra;tjw;F Kd;dh; mJ rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;ijf; Nfhu Ntz;Lk;. Vida Mtzq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhapd;> jiythpd; mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tplaq;fspy; mth;fsJ jPHkhdq;fNs ,WjpahdjhFk;. 99 Mk; ge;jpapd;fPo; rig KbT vLf;fhj gl;rj;jpy;> nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; Mizf;FO KbT vLf;fg;gl;lJk; cldbahf Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;;jtUf;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; Kbit jFe;j fhuzq;fSld; vOj;J %yk;

37

mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ve;jnthU re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; Nkd;KiwaPL fpilf;fg;ngw;w gpd;dh; 20 ehl;fSf;F gpe;jpajhf ,J ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. 99 Mk; ge;jpapd;fPo; rig xU Kbit vLj;jhy;> mr;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; rigapd; KbT Fwpj;J Nfhhpf;ifahsUf;F mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,uz;lhk; fl;l Nkd;KiwaPL: Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO

139. jftYf;fhd Nfhhpf;if xd;iw kWg;gjw;fhd Kbit nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; Mizf;FO Kjy; fl;lj;jpy; cWjpnra;jhy;> Nfhhpf;ifahsh; Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOtplk; Nkd;KiwaPL xd;iwr; nra;a KbAk;. jftiy mZFtij jilnra;jjd; %yk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nfhs;ifia kPwp nraw;gl;ljhf $wg;gLk; Nkd;KiwaPLfs; Fwpj;J Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO ftdk; nrYj;Jk;. Nkd;KiwaPl;il kPsha;T nra;Ak;NghJ Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO Nkd;KiwaPl;L> nfhs;if tpjptpyf;Ffs; mj;Jld;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kw;Wk;/ my;yJ VjhtJ %d;whk; jug;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l jftiy ntspapLtjw;F vjph;g;Gj; njhptpf;Fk; mwpf;iffs; VJk; ,Ug;gpd;> mtw;iwAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sk;. nghJ ntspg;gLj;Jif Mizf;FOtpd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jPh;khdj;ij epiyepWj;Jk; my;yJ khw;wpaikf;Fk; mjpfhuk; Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOTf;F cs;sJ. mj;Jld;> Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOtpd; KbT ,Wjpah-djhFk;. Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf;fhd Nfhhpf;if tpLf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; 45 jpdq;fSf;Fg; gpe;jhky; midj;J Nkd;KiwaPLfs; Fwpj;Jk; Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rig my;yJ jiy-tuhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Kbit vjph;j;J nra;ag;gLk; Nkd;KiwaPL Fwpj;J Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO ftdj;jpw; nfhs;shJ 99 Mk; ge;jpapy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l nghJeyd; mbg;gilapyhd Nkd;KiwaPL my;yJ rig jdJ kPAah; mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp 101 Mk; ge;jpapy; $wg;gl;lthW jfty; ntspg;ghl;il kWg;gjw;F vLj;j KbT njhlh;ghfTk; ,e;j KiwNa gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.

Nkd;KiwaPl;il rkHg;gpj;jYk; KbTfis mwptpj;jYk;

140. Nfhug;gl;l jftiy mZFtij kWg;gjw;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Kjypy; Kbit Nkw;nfhz;l 90 ehl;fSf;Fs; midj;J Nkd;KiwaPLfSk; nghJ ntspg;gLj;Jif Mizf;FOtplk; vOj;J%yk; nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lk;. jftiy mZFtij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kWj;J Nkw;nfhz;l Kbit nghJ ntspg;gLj;Jif Mizf;FO epiyepWj;jp jPHg;gspj;jhy;> mt;thW jPh;g;gspj;j 90 jpdq;fSf;Fs; mjw;F vjpuhd midj;J Nkd;KiwaPLfSk; Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOtplk; vOj;J %yk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nkd;KiwaPLfs; nghJ ntspg;gLj;Jif Mizf;FOtpd; tpyhrj;jpw;Fr; nra;ag;glyhk; my;yJ Asian Development Bank, 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines vd;w tpyhrj;jpYs;s Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghJ jfty; kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd myfpd; Clhf Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOTf;F nra;ayhk;. kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; [email protected] njhiyefy; %yk; tel: +63 2 636 2649 vd;w ,yf;fj;jpy; Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. 90 ehl;fSf;F gpe;jpf; fpilf;fg;ngWk; midj;J Nkd;KiwaPLfSk; fhyjhkjkhd Nkd;KiwaPLfs; vdf; fUjg;gl;L ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ. midj;J Nkd;KiwaPLfSk; RUf;fkhd fbjj;jpy; mikf;fg;ngw;W gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(i) Kjypy; Nfhug;gl;l jfty; Fwpj;j tpguk; kw;Wk;

(ii) epfo;Tfis tpghpf;Fk; xU tpgu mwpf;if kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nfhs;if kPwp nraw;gl;lJ vd;gij my;yJ nghJeyd; gpuNah-fkhFk; vd;gij (ge;jp 99) typAWj;Jk; Nfhhpf;ifahshpd; thjj;jpw;F Mjuthd tplaq;fs;.

141. Nkd;KiwaPL epuhfhpf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; Nfhhpf;ifahsUf;F mJFwpj;J mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (i) Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tiuaiwf;Fs; KiwaPL jhf;fy;nra;ag;gltpy;iy. (ii) Nkd;KiwaPl;il epahakhf Mjhpf;ff; $ba NghJkhd jfty;fis toq;fj; jtwpaik (iii) Nkd;KiwaPLnra;ag;gl;l tplak; njhlh;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; mjpfhuk; nghJ ntspg;gLj;Jif Mizf;FO my;yJ Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOtplk; ,y;iy vd;gij Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. Nfhug;gl;l jftiy kWg;gJ njhlh;ghf Kjypy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPh;khdj;ij Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp my;yJ Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO epiyepWj;jpdhy; mJFwpj;J Nfhhpf;ifahsUf;F mt;thW nra;ag;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fSld; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mwptpj;jy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jfty; mZFtij kWf;Fk; Ke;jpa Kbit Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp my;yJ Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO khw;wpaikj;jhy;> me;j KbT njhlh;ghf mwptpg;gJld;> Nfhug;gl;l jftiyAk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp toq;f



38

Ntz;Lk;. fpilf;fg;ngw;w Nkd;KiwaPLfs; gw;wpa gl;bay;> Nkd;KiwaPl;bd; jd;ik kw;Wk; tof;fpy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbT vd;gdtw;iw Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. Kbnthd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;ljd; kPJ ,e;j gl;bay; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fz;fhzpg;Gr;nra;jYk; mwpf;ifaplYk;

142. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nfhs;ifapd; mKyhf;fj;ij fz;fhzpg;Gr;nra;tJld; mjd; tpisitAk; kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;. (ml;ltiz 4 nfhs;ifapd; tpisTf; fl;likg;G Fwpj;J tpghpf;fpwJ) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; fz;fhzpg;G ngWNgWfisf; fhl;Lk; tUlhe;j mwpf;ifia ntspapLk;.

143. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ gq;Fjhuh;fs; tptfhuq;fis vOg;gTk; jftiy mZfTk; mDkjpg;gJld;> nfhs;if

mKyhf;fj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAld; gq;Fnfhs;s nra;tjw;Fk; mDkjpf;Fk;. nfhs;if mKyhf;fk; njhlh;ghf tprdk; vOg;Gk; jdpg;gl;l egh;fs; my;yJ FOf;fspd; ngah; tpguq;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspapl khl;lhJ.

nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpdKk; nfhs;if kPsha;Tk;

144. 2012 Vg;uy; 02 Mk; jpfjp Kjy; ,e;jf; nfhs;if mKYf;F tUk;. ,J njhlh;ghd KOikahd kPsha;it Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpd; gpd;dh; nra;Ak;. ,f;fhyk; nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngWk; jpfjpapy; ,Ue;J Ie;J tUlq;fis fle;jjhf ,Uf;fhJ. ,e;j kPsha;T mf;fiwnfhz;l jdpegh;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fisAk; gq;Fnfhs;sr; nra;Ak;.

39

tsq;fis <LgLj;jy; 9nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if 2011

145. nfhs;ifia ntw;wpfukhf mKy;nra;tJ Nkyjpf nryTfisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. jpl;lj; juTj;jhs;fis nkhopngah;g;G nra;tjw;fhd Nkyjpf tsq;fs; tUlhe;j nkhopngah;g;Gf; fl;likg;G tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. nkhopngah;g;G NritfSf;fhd Nkyjpf tuT nryTj; jpl;lj; Njitg;ghLfs; 2011 ,y; nkhopngah;g;Gf; fl;likg;ig ,w;iwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.

146. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Copah;fs;> murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; mf;fiwnfhz;l Vida gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F nfhs;ifapd; Gjpa Vw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J mwpar; nra;ag;gLk;. mj;Jld;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gzpfis vt;thW ,e;j khw;wq;fs; ghjpf;fr;nra;Ak; vd;gJk; vLj;Jf;$wg;gLk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jiyikafq;fspy; kw;Wk; fs mYtyfq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; NeUf;F Neuhd gapw;rp mkh;Tfs; kw;Wk; rhj;jpakhd Neuq;fspy; tPbNah khehLfs; cs;spl;l NtWgl;l tpopg;Gzh;t+l;Lk; Kiwfs; ghtpf;fg;gLk;. cs;ehl;L re;jpg;Gf;fs;> nghpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd tjptpl mYtyfq;fs; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpfs; mYtyfq;fspy; Muk;gj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk;. DER nfhs;ifapd; mq;fPfhuj;ij mLj;J gapw;rpf;fhd tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;ij ntspaf njhlHGfs; jpizf;fsk; Njitg;gLj;Jk;.

147. Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FOtpd; tuTnryTj;jpl;;lk;> mjd; Kd;dhy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; Nkd;KiwaPLfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> tUlhe;j tuTnryTj;jpl;l nrad;Kiw Clhf nghUj;jkhd epjpaply; Njitg;gLk;. fpukkw;w mbg;gilapy; Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO mq;fj;jth;fs; gzpahw;Wth;. Nkd;KiwaPL Fwpj;J ftdk;nrYj;j Ntz;bajd; kPJ

mth;fs; gzpahw;w Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. mth;fs; Ntiynra;Ak; xt;nthU jpdj;jpw;Fk; nfhLg;gdT toq;fg;gLk;.

148. 145–147 ge;jpfspy; tpghpf;fg;gl;lthW ,e;jf; nfhs;ifia mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F RkhH 700>000 nlhyh; Nkyjpf tuTnryTj;jpl;l tsq;fs; mLj;j Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;. ,jpy; 120>000 nlhyh; gapw;rp kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzh;T eltbf;iff;fhd xU Ntis nryTf;fhf Njitg;gLk;. ,J> tUlhe;j tuTnryTj; jpl;l xJf;fPl;L nrad;KiwfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. me;j jUzj;jpy; Njitahd tsq;fs; Fwpj;J tpgukhf kWkjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;. xt;nthU %d;W tUl fhyj;jpw;Fk; xU Kiw cyfshtpa hPjpapyhd fUj;Jzh;T Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf njhlh;e;Jk; epjp xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLk;.

149. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> cs;Sh; gq;Fjhuh;fs; jftiy mZFtjw;F mjpfhpj;j mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;L tUtJk; fle;j tUlq;fspy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nraw;jpl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if fzprkhf mjpfhpj;jpUg;gJk; Fwpg;ghf jpizf;fsq;fSf;F nraw;jpl;;l njhlHghly; jpl;lq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> cjTtjw;Fkhf Nkyjpf Copah; tsq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. fsj;jpy; nraw;ghLfs; mZfg;gLtjw;F cjtpaspg;gjw;fhf> mLj;JtUk; Ie;J tUl fhyq;fspy; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd tjptpl mYtyfq;fspy; gzpGhpAk; Nkyjpf Njrpa kw;Wk; eph;thf Copah;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j mYtyfq;fs; KONeuk; gzpahw;Wk; ntspaf njhlHG mjpfhhpfisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. tUlhe;j tuTnryTj;jpl;l jahhpg;Gf;fspd;NghJ Copah;fspd; Njitg;ghL Fwpj;J tpgukhf kWkjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.

40

,zf;fg;ghl;L kPsha;T10nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if 2011

150. nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;ghl;Lj; Njitg;ghLfs;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghWg;Gf; $wy; nghwpKiwapd; ,zf;fg;ghl;L kPsha;Tf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. 26–34 ge;jpfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;if> 35–101 nfhs;iffspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ntspg;gLj;jy; tpguq;fs;> 113–144 ge;jpfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Vw;ghLfs; vd;gd Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghWg;Gf;$wy; nghwpKiwapd;fPo; ,zf;fg;ghl;L kPsha;Tf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;.

41

ml;ltiz 1

ntspaf MNyhrid nraw;ghL nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if 2011

1. Kfhikj;Jt gzpg;ghsh; ehafj;jpd; jiyikapy; cs;sf rpNu\;l topelj;jy; FO 2010 ngg;uthp khjj;jpy; epakdk; ngw;wJld;> gfpuq;f njhlh;ghly; nfhs;iff;fhd kPsha;T Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kPsha;T nrad;Kiwfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lij mwptpg;gjw;fhf mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if (ngh.njh.nfh) kPsha;T ,izaj;jsj;ij njhlq;fpaJ. 1000 re;jhjhuh;fSf;Fk; mjpfkhNdhiuf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,izag; gj;jphpifahd (E-Bulletin) Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gq;fhz;ik nra;jp klypd; jiyg;Gr; nra;jpahf ,e;j kPsha;T Fwpj;j jfty; ntspahdJ. rptpy; r%fk;> fy;tpkhd;fs; kw;Wk; Vida mgptpUj;jp Kftuhz;ikfs; ,e;j re;jhjhuh;fshf cs;sdh;.

2. PCP kPsha;T ,izaj;jsk; Clhf 2005 Mk; Mz;L nfhs;if njhlh;ghd fUj;Jf;fisf; $w nghJkf;fSf;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp miog;G tpLj;jJ. nghJkf;fs; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij Vw;Fk; ,uz;L khj fhy mtfhrk; 2010 Vg;uy; 15 Mk; jpfjpad;W KbTw;wJ. ,e;j fhyj;jpd;NghJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; ,Ue;j ngwg;gl;l cs;sPLfs; nfhs;ifapd; KjyhtJ MNyhrid efiy jahhpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ngwg;gl;l mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;T ,izaj;jsj;jpy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gjpyspg;Gld; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

3. 2010 [{d; 02 Mk; jpfjpad;W Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; MNyhrid efy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. me;j efy;> Mrphpah; gPl khw;wq;fisg; gpujhdkhf cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJld;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; tHj;jf nrad;Kiw ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;fis gpujpgypg;gjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j efy; kNrhjhTk;> nfhs;if kPjhd mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk; mjidj; njhlh;e;J te;j cs;ehl;L MNyhridf; fyj;jypd; NghJ fye;JiuahlYf;fhd mgpg;gpuhakhf mike;jd. mJ ,e;NjhNdrpa> rPd> `pe;jp> nfkh; kw;Wk; u\;a nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ.

4. 2010 [{d; 15 Kjy; Mf];l; 2 tiu jPtpukhd MNyhridfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; nghJ MNyhridj; jpl;lKk; fhy tiuaiwAk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. MNyhridapd; gpd;dzp kw;Wk; #oikT> fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;glNtz;ba tplaq;fspd; tpguk; kw;Wk; nfhs;ifapd; Kjy; efy; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ftjw;fhd gth;nghapd;w; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;fs; %yk; MNyhridfs; topelj;jg;gl;ld.

5. 12 ehLfspy; 20 MNyhridf; $l;lq;fs; nkhj;jkhf ,lk;ngw;wd. me;ehLfshFk;> mT];jpNuypah> gq;fshNj\;> fk;Nghbah> fdlh> kf;fs; rPdf; FbauR> n[h;kdp> ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah> [g;ghd;> gpypg;igd;];> j[pfp];jhd; kw;Wk; If;fpa mnkhpf;fh vd;gd. 500 f;Fk; mjpfkhd gq;Fjhuh;fs; ,e;j MNyhridf; $l;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpdH. murhq;fk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; cs;spl;l rptpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; xg;gPl;lhsh; mikg;Gf;fs;> fy;tpkhd;fs; kw;Wk; jdpahHJiwapdh; ,e;jg; gpujpepjpfSs; mlq;Fth;. ,e;j MNyhridf; $l;lq;fs; Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehl;L nkhopfspYk; elj;jg;gl;ld. cs;SH Vw;ghl;lhsh;fSk; Njitf;Nfw;g nkhopngah;g;ghsh;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.

42

ml;ltiz 1

6. nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fKk; jpirAk; ed;ikgag;git vd mjpfkhd gq;Fgw;Wjh;fs; milahsk; fz;Lnfhz;ldh;. gpd;tUk; gpujhd rpghh;Rfis mth;fs; nra;jdh;.

(i) gd;Kfj;jd;ikkpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfspd; rpwe;j ntspg;gLj;jy; eltbf;if KiwfSf;F mikthd nfhs;ifia Vw;gLj;jy;.

(ii) kWf;fg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs;fis Rje;jpukhf Nkd;KiwaPLnra;tjw;fhd nghwpKiwia mikj;jy;.

(iii) ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd nfhs;if tpjptpyf;Ffis kPsha;Tnra;jy;

(iv) fs kl;lj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig Nkk;gLj;jy;

(v) rigapd; gfpuq;fj;jd;ikia mjpfhpj;jy;

(vi) jdpahH Jiw eltbf;if kPjhd jfty; ntspg;ghl;il mjpfhpj;jy;

(vii) nkhopngah;g;Gfis mjpfhpj;J Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

(viii) fzf;fha;T mwpf;ifiaAk;> jilnra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdp egh;fs; njhlh;ghd midj;J jfty;fisAk; ntspapLjy;.

7. gq;Fgw;Weh;fspd; gl;bay; cs;spl;l midj;J MNyhrid RUf;fq;fSk; nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;T ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

8. 2010 etk;gh; 26 Mk; jpfjpad;W nfhs;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ MNyhrid efy; kw;Wk; ntspaf mgpg;gpuhaq;fspd; RUf;f mwpf;if kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; gjpyspg;G vd;gd NkYk; xU khj fhyj;jpw;F Nkyjpf mgpg;gpuhaq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gpuj;jpNafkhd ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;ld. mit kPz;Lk; ,e;NjhNdrpa> rPd> `pe;jp> nfkh; kw;Wk; u\;a nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;g;G nra;ag;gl;ld. MNyhrid fyj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ fpilf;fg;ngw;w mgpg;gpuhaq;fis ,uz;lhtJ efy; rhj;jpakhd mstpy; cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.

9. ,uz;lhtJ efy; Mtzj;jpd; kPJ ngwg;gl;l mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpwF rigapd; jPh;khdj;jpw;fhf 2011 ngg;uthp 16 Mk; jpfjpad;W njhopy;gL gj;jpuk; xd;W jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j njhopy;gL gj;jpuKk; ,uz;lhtJ MNyhrid efy; Mtzk; kPJ njhptpf;fg;gl;l mgpg;gpuhaq;fSf;F Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mspj;j gjpYk; nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;T ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

10. MNyhrid fyj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; xU gFjpahf nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;Tf; FO mur rhh;gw;w mikg;Gfspd; gpujpepjpfSld; gy re;jpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp kw;Wk; cyfshtpa gfpuq;fj;jd;ik Kd;Kaw;rp - kzpyh 2010 vd;gd njhlHgpy; kPsha;Tnra;J cs;sPLfis ngWtjw;fhf ,e;j re;jpg;Gf;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. 2011 [dthpapy; cyfshtpa gfpuq;fj;jd;ik Kd;Kaw;rpahdJ nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;T njhlh;ghd tl;lNkir fye;Jiuahliy kzpyhtpy; Vw;ghLnra;jJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; 44 tJ tUlhe;j $l;lk; tpal;dhkpd; `h neha; efhpy; eilngw;wNghJ mur rhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fshy; Vw;ghLnra;ag;gl;l nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPJ 2011 Nk khjj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w FO fye;Jiuahlypy; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gq;Fgw;wpaJ. ,t;tpuz;L re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if kw;Wk; mjd; kPsha;T Fwpj;J fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nra;jJ. mj;Jld;>

gq;Fgw;wpNahhpd; Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; tpilaspj;jJ.

43

1. nraw;ghLfspy; mjpf jpwe;j jd;ik gfpuq;fj; jd;ikfSf;fhd Njitg;ghlhf gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfspd; jfty; ntspg;ghl;il topelj;Jk; nghJthd nfhs;if cs;sJ. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; xg;gPl;L mikg;Gfs; mz;ikapy; jkJ jfty; ntspaPl;Lf; nfhs;iffs; njhlh;ghf kPsha;it nra;jd. my;yJ gfpuq;fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikia mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf jkJ nfhs;ifia GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;ld. ,e;j epWtdq;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; nfhs;if kPsha;thdJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; tiffspd; mjpfhpg;igAk; jfty; mZFjiy nray; jpwD}l;Ltjd; mjpfhpg;igAk; cs;slf;fpapUf;fpd;wd.

Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

2. jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy; nfhs;ifia 2004 khh;r; khjj;jpy; Mgpupf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mq;fPfhpj;jJ. 2005 xf;Nlhghpy; ,J jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. jftiy ntspg;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;W typAWj;Jk; fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jhNy xopa> Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtij ,f;nfhs;if Mjhpf;fpwJ.

3. eltbf;ifj; jftYf;fhf> xt;nthU Mtzj;jpdJk; RUf;fkhd tpsf;fk;> jahhpg;Gr; nraw;ghl;bd; fl;lj;ij Rl;bf;fhl;LtJ cs;slq;fyhf nghJkf;fSf;F fpilf;ff;$ba gy tifahd Mtzq;fis ,e;jf; nfhs;if tpje;Jiuf;fpwJ. Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; epjp> eph;thf kw;Wk; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd tpNrl Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; ,e;jf; nfhs;if cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. ,it kf;fSf;F fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;.

4. cjhuzkhf> nfhs;ifahdJ efy; eltbf;if nfhs;if gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; efy; cs;ehl;L %Nyhgha gj;jpuk; vd;gd rigahy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLtjw;F 50 ehl;fSf;F Kd;dh; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. fye;JiuahliyAk; gq;Fjhuh;fspd; gq;Nfw;igAk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf ,t;thW nra;ag;gLk;.

5. ,ufrpakhf itj;jpUf;ff;$ba jfty; tiff;Fs;> %yjd kw;Wk; epjpr; re;ijfspy; Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fp FOkj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;;jf;$ba cs;sf epjpj; jfty;fs;; kw;Wk; fld; Ngr;RthHj;ij my;yJ Ma;tpd;NghJ Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf; FOkj;jpw;F jdpahh; Kaw;rpahz;ikfs; toq;fpa jkJ epjp> tHj;jfk; my;yJ nrhj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fSk; mlq;Fk;. ,j;jfty;fis ,e;j jdpahh; Kaw;rpahz;ikfspd; mDkjp ngwhky; ntspaplf; $lhJ.

6. Mgphpf;f mgptpUj;jp tq;fpf; FOkkhdJ jdJ jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy; nfhs;ifia kPsha;Tnra;JtUtJld;> 2011 ,y; ,jid KOikahf;fTk; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ.

ml;ltiz 2

Vida gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfspd; jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy;


44

ml;ltiz 2

kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fp

7. kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fp jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l jdJ nghJj; jfty; nfhs;ifia 2011 [{iyapy; mq;fPfhpj;jJ. ,e;j jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifahdJ etk;gh; 2011 Kjy; nray; tpisT ngWk;.

8. nraw;jpl;l tpguf; Nfhit (nray;jpl;l RUf;f Mtzq;fs;) kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; jdpahh;Jiw nraw;jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;J jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhf rig $Ltjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 30 jpdq;fSf;F Kd;dh; ntspaplg;gLk;. ,ufrpakhd jfty; kl;Lg;ghl;L tiff;Fs; ,e;j nraw;jpl;lk; mlq;fhj gl;rj;jpNyNa ,t;thW ntspaplg;gLk;. jilfs; ,y;yhjtplj;J nraw;jpl;l RUf;f Mtzk; $Lkhd tiuapy; tpiuthfTk;> ve;jnthU gfph;Tf;F Kd;dhYk; ntspaplg;gLk;. nghJj;Jiw nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd nraw;jpl;l RUf;f Mtzq;fs; rigapd; ftdj;jpw;nfLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 60 jpdq;fSf;F Kd;dh; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,e;j tpguf;Nfhitfs; Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> nraw;jpl;lk; ,lk;ngw;WtUk; ehl;bd; Njrpa nkhopapYk; ntspaplg;gLk;. nraw;jpl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ ,it ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

9. 2001 Mk; Mz;L GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifspd;fPo;> ehl;L %Nyhghaq;fs; jahhpg;G njhlh;ghf fUj;Jf;$Wtjw;F nghJkf;fSf;F 45 ehs; mtfhrk; mspf;fg;gl;L> GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l nfhs;if nray; tpisT ngwj; njhlq;fpaJk;> efy; cs;ehl;L %Nyhghaq;fs; nghJkf;fspd; fye;jhNyhrpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;F trjp nra;A Kfkhf rk;ge;jg;gl;l cj;jpNahfg+h;t Njrpa nkhopapy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gLk;. nghJkf;fs; njhptpj;j mgpg;gpuhaq;fspd; RUf;fk; kw;Wk; me;j mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; njhlHgpy; kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fpapd; Copah;fs; toq;fpa gjpy;fs; ehl;L %Nyhghak; njhlh;ghf ,Wjp mq;fPfhuk; toq;Ftjw;F Kd;dh; gzpg;ghsh; rigf;F rkHg;gpf;fg;gLk;. cs;ehl;L %Nyhghaj;jpw;F rig toq;fpa mq;fPfhuj;ij mLj;J nghJkf;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fspd; RUf;fk; kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. mj;Jld;> ,Wjpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l %Nyhghak; cj;jpNahg+h;t Njrpa nkhopapy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gLk;. efy; Jiw %Nyhghaq;fs; kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fpapd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; fUj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf 45 jpdq;fs; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vdTk; nfhs;if tpje;Jiuf;fpwJ. nghJkf;fs; njhptpj;j mgpg;gpuhaq;fspd; RUf;fk; kw;Wk; me;j mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; njhlHgpy; kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fpapd; Copah;fs; toq;fpa gjpy;fs; Jiw %Nyhghaj;jpw;fhd ,Wjp mq;fPfhuk; toq;Ftjw;F Kd;dh; gzpg;ghsh; rigf;F rkHg;gpf;fg;gLk;.

10. 2011 Mk; Mz;L nghJj; jfty; nfhs;ifahdJ Rw;whly; kw;Wk; r%f tpisT kjpg;gPLfis jdpahh;Jiw nraw;jpl;lq;fs; njhlHgpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F> rig jPHkhdk; vLg;gjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 60 jpdq;fSf;F Kd;dUk;> nghJj;Jiw nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;F 120 jpdq;fSf;F Kd;dUk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w flg;ghl;il cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,J njhlh;ghd jPh;khdk; yz;ldpy; cs;s kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fpapd; jiyikafk; kw;Wk; nraw;jpl;lk; ,lk;ngw;WtUk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehl;L tjptpl mYtyfj;jpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

11. kPs; eph;khz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd INuhg;gpa tq;fp jdJ ,izaj;jsj;jpy; nghJj; jfty; nfhs;ifapd; mKyhf;fk;> nghJj; jfty; nfhs;ifapy; cs;s flg;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; kw;Wk; Ke;jpa tUlj;jpy; mit vt;thW filg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld vd;gJ gw;wpa tUlhe;j mwpf;ifia ntspapLk;.

45

INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp

12. INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fpapd; eph;thfkhdJ %Nyhghak;> nfhs;iffs;> nraw;ghLfs;> eilKiwfs;> nraw;jpwd;> tpisTfs; kw;Wk; ngWNgWfs; vd;gd Fwpj;j jfty;fis gq;Fjhuh;fs; mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F topnra;Js;sJ. INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fpapd; Gjpa gfpuq;fj;jd;ikf; nfhs;ifahdJ 2010 ngg;uthpapy; nray; tpisT ngw;wJ. ntspg;gLj;j Kbahikia typAWj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vJTk; ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy;> jftiy ntspg;gLj;jf;NfhUk; xU Nfhhpf;ifapd;kPJ INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fpapdhy; mt;thW Nfhug;gLk; jfty; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp xU tq;fpahfr; nraw;gLtjhy;> jfty;fis ntspapLtjpy; Fwpg;ghd rpy Kl;Lf;fl;ilfs; mjw;F cs;sd.

13. jfty; mZfg;gLtij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf nghJkf;fspd; Njitfis fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sk; nkhop tptfhuk; Fwpj;J INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp flg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

14. gpuNahfj;jpYs;s rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfspd; tiuaiwf;Fs; nghJkf;fSf;F ve;j jftiy ntspapLtJ vd;w ,Wjp jPh;khdj;ij INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. mj;Jld;> ve;j Mtzj;ij jdJ ,izaj;jsk; %yk; kw;Wk;/my;yJ mr;R tbtpy; ntspapLtJ vdTk; mJ jPHkhdpf;Fk;. nghJkf;fs; eyd; fUjpa Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; ngUe;njhifahd gq;Fjhuh;fs; kw;Wk;/my;yJ nghJkf;fspd; MHt%l;lf;$ba Mtzq;fSk; gjpg;gpf;fg;gLk;.

15. ntspg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik gw;wpa Cfk; njhlh;ghd nfhs;if Fwpj;J INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp flg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUg;gpDk;> INuhg;gpa rl;lq;fSf;F mikthf epGzj;Jt ,ufrpaj;jd;ikia NgZtjw;Fk; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrpa xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; tHj;jf cld;gbf;iffs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tq;fpj;Jiw ju epakq;fs; kw;Wk; re;ijr; nraw;ghL vd;gdTk; INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp tplaj;jpy; gpuNahfkhFk;. INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp jdJ tHj;jfg; gq;fhspfSld; nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba ,ufrpa cwtpd; xU gFjp gw;wpa jfty;fSk; ,e;j tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; mlq;Fk;.

16. INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp njhpTnra;ag;gl;l nfhs;if njhlh;ghd nghJf;nfhs;if> MNyhridfs; tplaj;jpy; RNal;irahf njhlh;e;Jk; <Lgl mh;g;gzpj;Js;sJ.

17. INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fpaplkpUe;J nghUj;jkhd Neuj;jpy; jftiy ngWtjw;fhd chpik xt;nthU gpuirf;Fk; cs;sJ.

18. mikg;gpd; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik nfhs;ifia mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tsq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fpapd; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J cs;Sh; kf;fSf;F jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fp gpuhe;jpa mYtyfq;fspy; jfty; fUkgPlk; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

19. INuhg;gpa KjyPl;L tq;fpahdJ jdJ gfpuq;fj;jd;ikf; nfhs;iff;F mikthf elf;fj; jtwptpl;ljhf czUk; gq;Fjhuh;fs; Nkd;KiwaPLnra;tjw;F mDkjpf;Fk; Kiwg;ghl;Lg; nghwpKiwia mJ mDkjpf;fpwJ.


46

ml;ltiz 2

mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

20. mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp apd; (IDB) epiwNtw;Wg; gzpg;ghsh;fspd; rigahdJ tq;fpapd; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik nfhs;if kPsha;Tf;F 2009 brk;ghpy; mjpfhukspj;jJ. jfty; nfhs;ifia mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp mZFtjw;F ,e;jr; rig 2010 Nk 12 Mk; jpfjp mq;fPfhukspj;jJ. ,f;nfhs;if 2011 [dthpapy; nray;tpisT ngw;wJ.

21. ntspg;gLj;jYf;F rhu;ghd Cfj;jpw;fhd Mjuit typAWj;Jtjw;fhf> toikahf ntspaplg;gLk; jfty; gw;wpa ~rhjfkhd gl;baiy| mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ntspapl khl;lhJ. mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; jfty; kw;Wk; mjd; trKs;s tpNrl jfty; vd;gd njhlHgpy; ,e;jf; nfhs;if gpuNahfkhFk;. vdpDk;> ,J> ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhd tpjptpyf;F gl;baypd; epge;jidf;F cl;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Gwk;ghf> ntspaplg;glf;$lhj tpNrl jfty; Fwpj;j gl;baiyAk; nfhs;if nfhz;Ls;sJ.

22. Kd;diutpl mjpfkhd jfty;fis ,g;NghJ ntspapl nfhs;if mDkjpf;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf> rig epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; nraw;jpl;lq;fs; njhlHgpyhd jfty;fs;. rigf; $l;lq;fspd; epfo;r;rp epuYk; $l;l tpguf; Fwpg;Gf;fSk; fpilf;ff;$ba tifapy; nfhs;if tphpthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. jdpg;gl;l epiwNtw;W gzpg;ghsh;fspd; mwpf;iffs; RNal;ir mbg;gilapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. gy nraw;jpl;l fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Mtzq;fs; Kjy; Kiwahf fpilf;fr;nra;ag;gLk;. rigapy; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gLk; NghNj Fwpg;gpl;l rig Mtzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; nfhs;if toptFj;Js;sJ. ehl;L %Nyhghaq;fs;> fld; MNyhridfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g xj;Jiog;Gf;fs; vd;gd Nghd;wdNt me;j Mtzq;fshFk;. ,it rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehl;bd; Ml;Nrgidf;F cl;glhjgl;rj;jpNyNa ntspaplg;gLk;.

23. nghJthdjy;yhj jfty; kpif Neuj;jpy;> nfhs;iff;F mika gfpuq;fkhf;fg;gLk;. jftiy mZFtjw;fhd Ntz;LNfhs; kWf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; jftiy Ntz;bath; RNal;ir FOtplk; ,uz;lhtJ fl;lkhf Nkd;KiwaPL nra;a KbAk;.

cyf tq;fpf; FOkk;

rh;tNjr epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

24. rh;tNjr epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; (IFC) jdJ epiyNgwhd fl;likg;gpd; kPsha;tpd; xU gFjpahf 2006 Mk; Mz;L ntspg;gLj;jy; nfhs;ifia kPsha;T nra;Ak; gzpia 2009 nrg;lk;ghpy; Muk;gpj;jJ. jfty; nfhs;iff;fhd Gjpa mZFKiwfs; cs;slq;fpa tq;fpapd; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyNgwhd fl;likg;ig tq;fpapd; gzpg;ghsh; rig 2011 Nk 12 Mk; jpfjpad;W mq;fPfhpj;jJ. nfhs;ifapy; tpghpf;fg;gl;l jfty; njhlh;G ntspg;gLj;jYf;F rhh;ghd Cfj;jpd; kPJ Gjpa nfhs;if fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtij fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba fhuzk; vJTk; mw;w epiyapy; ,t;thW jftiy ntspapl nfhs;if mDkjpf;fpwJ. rh;tNjr epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; mjd; nraw;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; KjyPLfs; Fwpj;J nray;jpl;lj;jpd; MAs; tl;lj;jpd;NghJ mJFwpj;J njhlHGnfhs;sTk; mgptpUj;jp ngWNgWfis mwptpf;fTk; cs;s rh;tNjr epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpAs;sJ. rh;tNjr epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; epjp ,ilepiyahsh;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhrid NritfSldhd mjd; KjyPLfs; njhlh;ghf gfpuq;fj;jd;ikia mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. mj;Jld;> ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhf vOg;gg;gl;l Nfhhpf;if kWf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F ,uz;L fl;l Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;L nghwpKiwAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

47

gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ik

25. gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ikapd; jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd nfhs;ifahdJ 2007 [{iy 01 Mk; jpfjp nray;tpisT ngw;wJ. 1999 [{iy khjj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;;ik ntspg;gLj;jy; nfhs;ifapd; ,lj;ij ,J gpbj;Js;sJ.

26. gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ikapd; thbf;ifahsh;fs;> gq;Fjhuh;fs; (ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fs; cl;gl)> gq;fhz;ikfs; kw;Wk; mf;fiwnfhz;l nghJkf;ffs; MfpNahu; gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ikapd; tHj;jf eltbf;iffs; nkhj;j mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd; Vida tpisTfs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpapy; mjd; gq;fspg;G Fwpj;J rpwg;ghf Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk;> fye;Jiuahly;fspy; gq;Nfw;fTk;> trjp nra;tjw;fhf mjd; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;j jfty;fis fpilf;fr; nra;Js;sJ. ,e;jf; nfhs;iffSf;F mikthf gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ik toq;Fk; jfty;fis: gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ik gw;wpa ];jhgdj; jfty; kw;Wk; gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ikahy; Mjutspf;fg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa jfty;fnsd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;. gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ikahy; Mjhpf;fg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;ik thbf;ifahsUf;Nf mjpfKs;sJ. gd;Kf KjyPl;L cj;juthj Kftuhz;;ik jdJ ntspg;gLj;jy; nfhs;ifapy; Fwpg;ghf> tpNrlj;Jtk; kpf;f jfty;fis tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;lthW fpilf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

27. jftiy ntspg;gLj;Jtij fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba fhuzk; vJTk; mw;w epiyapy;> nfhs;ifapy; $wg;gl;l jfty; njhlHgpy; ntspg;gLj;jYf;F rhh;ghd Cfk; mike;Js;sJ.

cyf tq;fp

28. cyf tq;fpapd; jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhd nfhs;if mjd; epiwNtw;Wg; gzpg;ghsh; rigapdhy; 2009 etk;gh; 17 ,y; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld;> 2010 [{iy 01 ,y; mJ nray;tpisT ngw;wJ. Gjpa nfhs;ifahdJ jftiy ntspg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghd cyf tq;fpapd; mZFKiwapy; mbg;gil khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ve;j jftiy ntspapl KbAk; vd;W $wf;$ba mZFKiwapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp cyf tq;fpahdJ tpjptpyf;F gl;baypy; mlq;fhj jk; trKs;s ve;j jftiyAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; epiyikf;F khwpAs;sJ.

29. mjpfkhd jfty; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtij nfhs;if mDkjpf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> jahh;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nraw;jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs;> Ma;T kw;Wk; MNyhridr; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; rig $l;l eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs;; ntspaplg;gLk;. rpy nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; %Nyhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghd Mtzq;fs; gzpg;ghsh; rigapd; jPh;khdj;jpw;fhf Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; tplg;gl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; mtw;iw mZFtjw;Fk; ,J trjpnra;fpwJ. vdpDk;> mq;fj;Jt ehLfSldhd ek;gpf;if cwit ghJfhg;gjw;fhd jPu;khdq;fs; kw;Wk; KbTfSf;F toptFf;Fk; jPh;khdfukhd nraw;ghLfspd; ,ufrpaj;jd;ikia nfhs;if ghJfhf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> mjd; Copah;fs; cs;sf hPjpahfTk; thbf;ifahsh;fsplk; gfpuq;fkhfTk; Rje;jpukhfTk; jkJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; rpghuRfisAk; $Wtij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

30. jfty;fis mjpfgl;rk; mZFtjw;Fk; ,ufrpa jfty;fSf;F ,ilapy; xU rkepiyiag; NgZtjw;Fk; nfhs;if vjph;ghHf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ufrpaj; jfty;fs; ntspaplg;gLk;gl;rj;jpy; ed;F tiuaiwnra;ag;gl;l eyd;fSf;F CW tpistpf;ff;$bajhf mikAk;. ntspg;gLj;jf;$lhj jfty; gw;wpa gl;baiyAk; nfhs;if cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mit tpjptpyf;Ffshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk;> tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyapd;fPo; cyf tq;fpahdJ tpjptpyf;Ffspd; fPo; tUk; Fwpj;j


48

ml;ltiz 2

jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy; njhlHghd chpikia jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tpjptpyf;Ffshy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; eyd;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;ig tpQ;Rtjhf mij ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; eyd;fs; Vw;gLk; vd mJ jPHkhdpf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy; ntspapLtJ Fwpj;J mJ KbTnra;Ak;. mJNghy;> rhjhuzkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty;fs;> tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyapd;fPo; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfis tpl ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; vdf; fUjpdhy;> mtw;iw ntspaplhky; ,Uf;Fk; chpikiaAk; mJ jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ.

31. khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifapd;fPo; cyf tq;fpahdJ eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhd jfty;fis $Lkhdtiu kf;fSf;F fpukkhff; fpilf;fr;nra;Ak;. Fwpg;ghf> mjd; ntspaf ,izaj;jsj;jpy; mtw;iw fpilf;fr;nra;Ak;. mj;Jld;> jftiy NfhUjy; kw;Wk; mjw;Fg; gjpyspj;jy; njhlh;ghf njspthd kw;Wk; nryTr; rpf;fd nrad;Kiwfis mJ iff;nfhs;Sk;. mj;Jld;> ,uz;L-fl;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L nrad;KiwfisAk; mJ toq;FfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ fl;lkhdJ mjd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; Gwk;ghd> RNal;irahd nghwpKiwahf ,Uf;Fk;. cyf tq;fp jftYf;fhf jhd; tpLj;j Nfhhpf;ifia epahakw;w Kiwapy; kWj;jjhf vtUk; fUjpdhy;> mth;fs; ,e;j Nkd;KiwaPl;L nghwpKiwfis gad;gLj;;jyhk;. ,Wjpahf rpy jfty;fspd; jPtpuj;jd;ik fhyNthl;lj;jpy; Fiwe;J Nghtij nfhs;if Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. mj;Jld;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifahd jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa fhy tuk;GfisAk; Vw;ghLnra;Js;sJ.

49

tplak;

jw;Nghija ADB apd; eilKiw

(PCP 2005)

PCP kPsha;T R – gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s

MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

1. nfhs;if

jiyg;G?

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; nghJj; njhlHGf; nfhs;if: jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sy;.

nfhs;ifj; jiyg;G jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

cyf tq;fp:

jfty;fis

mZFtJ

njhlHgpyhd cyf

tq;fpapd; nfhs;if.

IDB: jfty; nfhs;ifia

mZFjy;.

2. nfhs;if

me;j];J?

2005 ,y; nfhs;if

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

jw;NghJ kPsha;T

nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

nghUe;jhJ cyf tq;fp: 2009

etk;gh; 17 Mk;

jpfjp nfhs;if

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

2010 [{iy 01

,y; nray;tpisT

ngw;wJ.

IDB 2010 Nk 12 ,y; nfhs;if

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

2011 [dthp 01

,y; nray;tpisT

ngw;wJ.

3. nfhs;ifapy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s

ntspaf

njhlHGfs;

%Nyhghak;?

Mk;. PCP ahdJ> nfhs;if

ntspg;gLj;jypdJk;

ntspaf njhlHGfs;

%Nyhghaj;jpdJk;

Nrh;f;ifahFk;.

NtWgl;l ,yf;F

FOtpdh;fSldhd

njhlHGfis

tpidj;jpwDld;

Nkw;nfhs;tij

cWjpnra;a

ntspaf cwTfs;

%NyhghakhdJ

nghJ njhlh;ghly;

mZFKiw kPjhd

FWfyhd ftdf;

Ftpg;ghy; gpujpaPL

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyf tq;fp

kw;Wk; IDB cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy:

jftiy

mZFtjw;F kl;Lk;.

ntspaf cwTfs;

kw;Wk; nghJj;

njhlHghly;fs;

Ntwhff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

njhlHr;rp mLj;j gf;fk;

ml;ltiz 3

2005 Mk; Mz;L nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if> nghJ njhlHghly;

nfhs;if kPsha;tpd; R gj;jpuk;> kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhTf;F

,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jfty; nfhs;iffis mZFjy; gw;wpa xg;gPL

(nrg;lk;gh; 2011)


50

ml;ltiz 3

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

4. nfhs;if

mbg;gilapyhd

mZFKiw?

PCP rpy nghJthd nfhs;iffis

cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

(28–38 ge;jpfs;) Mdhy;> ,it

njspthf

typAWj;jg;gltpy;iy.

PCP apd; mbg;gilfs;

nfhs;if mwpf;ifapy;;

typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

(ge;jpfs; 27–33).

cyf tq;fp

kw;Wk; IDB apd; nfhs;iffs; mjpf

mstpyhd nfhs;if

mbg;gilapyhd

mZFKiwia

Nehf;fp efh;e;Js;sd.

5. ntspg;gLj;jYf;F

rhh;ghd Cfk;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ?

Mk; ntspg;gLj;jYf;F

rhh;ghd Cfk;

jf;fitj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk;

IDB: Mk;.

6. Neu kl;Lg;ghlhd

ntspg;gLj;jy;?

Mk;. ADB apd; ,izaj;;jsj;jpy;

ntspaplg;gLk;

Mtzq;fspd;

fhy Neuk; Fwpj;J

Mtzj;jpd; tif

%yk; njspthf

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ

(cjhuzk;: rpy

Mtzq;fs;

kjpg;gPl;Lf;F Kd;dhy;

ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

NtWrpy> rigapd;

jPh;khdj;jpw;F

,uz;L thuq;fSf;F

gpe;jhky; ntspaplg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.)

Mk;. jftYf;fhd

Nfhhpf;if

tpLf;fg;gl;L mJ

fpilj;jij 5

Ntiy ehl;fSf;Fs;

cWjpg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;>

30 ehl;fSf;Fs;

gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Mk;.

ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd

fhy kl;Lg;ghL

jf;f itj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghUj;jkhd

Kiwapy;

,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

mNefkhd rig

Mtzq;fspd;

ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ

,g;NghJ rigapd;

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy;

tplg;gl;bUf;Fk; NghNj

,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

Mk;. jftYf;fhd

Nfhhpf;if

tpLf;fg;gl;L mJ

fpilj;jij 5

Ntiy ehl;fSf;Fs;

cWjpg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;>

20 ehl;fSf;Fs;

gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cyf tq;fp

kw;Wk; IDB apdJk; nfhs;ifg;

gj;jpuq;fspd;

xU gFjpahf

ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd

Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk;

nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy.

Mdhy;> rig

Mtzq;fs; rigapy;

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy;

tplg;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd

Njitg;g

Lj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyf tq;fp: Mk;.

jftYf;fhd

Nfhhpf;if tpLf;fg;gl;L

mJ fpilj;jij 5

Ntiy ehl;fSf;Fs;

cWjpg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;>

20 ehl;fSf;Fs;

gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fhy ePbg;Gf;F

,lKz;L.


Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp

51

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

IDB nfhs;ifapy;

ntspg;Gwf;

Nfhhpf;iffSf;F

gjpyspg;gjw;fhd

fhyf;nfL

vJTkpy;iy.

7. nfhs;ifahdJ>

~Mtzq;fspd;

rhjfg;gl;bay;

xd;iw

nfhz;Ls;sjh

my;yJ jfty;fs;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lkh?

Mk;. ADB apd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

ntspg;gLj;jNtz;ba

jfty;fis PCP; gl;baypl;Ls;sJ.

my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l

kf;fSf;F fld;

ngWeuhy; my;yJ

thbf;ifahsuhy;

(rhjfg;gl;bay;)

tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk;.

Mk;. rhjfg;gl;bay;

jf;fitj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;L

,w;iwg;gLj;jTk;

gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy;>

vg;NghJ jfty;

my;yJ Mtzq;fs;

ntspaplg;gLk;

vd;gij gq;Fjhuh;fs;

Cfpf;f KbAk;.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk;

IDB: jfty;fspd; rhjfg;gl;bay;

Kd;dNuNa

ntspaplg;gl khl;lhJ.

~Neh;kiwahd

gl;baYf;Fs;|

mlq;fhj jfty;fs;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

8. ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd

tpjp tpyf;Ffs;

(~Neh;kiwg;

gl;bay;|)

Mk;. 126–127 ge;jpfs; tpjptpyf;Fg; gl;bay;

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(ge;jp 97)

ntspg;gLj;jf;$lhj 7

tifahd jfty;fis

Rl;bf;fhl;l

jiyg;Gf;fs;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

rpytplaq;fspy;

tpjptpyf;Ffshy;

ghJfhg;gspf;fg;gl;l

eyd;fSf;F

rk;ge;jg;gl;l

jfty;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy;

CW Vw;gLk;

vd milahsk;

fhzg;gl;lhy;>

tpjptpyf;Ffspd;

gug;ngy;iy

,Wf;fkhf;fg;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk;

IDB: Mk;. vdpDk;>

ntspg;gLj;jyhy;

Vw;gLk;

ed;ikf;F vjpuhf

ntspg;gLj;Jtjd;

tpisthf Vw;gLk;

Cwpid msg;gjw;F

tpjptpyf;Ffs;

Ntz;lg;gl khl;lhJ.

Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp


2005 Mk; Mz;L nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if> nghJ njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;tpd; R gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; cyf

tq;fp kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; jfty; nfhs;iffis mZFjy; gw;wpa xg;gPL

52

ml;ltiz 3

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

9. jPh;khdfukhd

jfty;

nrad;Kiwf;fhd

,ufrpaj;jd;ik?

Mk;. jPh;khdfukhd

jfty; nrad;Kiw

tpjptpyf;Ffspy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(ge;jpfs; 126.1–126.3) 126.1–126.2 ge;jpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

jfty;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy;>

Fwpg;ghd

eyd;fSf;F CW

Vw;gLkhapd;> mit

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl

khl;lhJ.

rigf; $l;lq;fspd;

vOj;J tbtpyhd

Mtzq;fs;

tpjptpyf;fpDs;

mlq;Fk;. (ge;jp 126.3)

Mk;. jPh;khdfukhd

jfty; nrad;Kiw

kPjhd 2005 Mk;

Mz;L PCP apd; Vw;ghLfs; 97(i)–(iii) ge;jpapy; jf;f

itj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;

Ls;sJ.

Nfhug;gLk; Kiwahd

rigf; $l;lq;fspd;

vOj;J%y

Mtzq;fs; nfhs;if

tpjptpyf;fpw;Fs;

mlq;Ftjhf my;yJ

me;j tpjptpyf;fpDs;

Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ve;j

jftyhfTk; ,y;yhj

gl;rj;jpy; $l;lk;

,lk;ngw;W 10

tUlq;fspd; gpd;dh;

mjid ntspg;gLj;j

KbAk;. (ge;jp 84)

Mk;. cyf

tq;fp kw;Wk; IDB jPh;khdfukhd

jfty; nrad;Kiw

tpjptpyf;fpDs;

mlq;FfpwJ.

cyf tq;fp

Nfhug;gLk; Kiwahd

rigf; $l;lq;fs;

kw;Wk; rig FOf;

$l;lq;fspd;

vOj;J%y

Mtzq;fs;

ntspg;gLj;jYf;F

jifik ngwhj

jftiy

nfhz;buhky; my;yJ

mtw;iw Fwpg;gplhky;

,Uf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy;>

$l;lk; ,lk;ngw;W 10

tUlq;fspd; gpd;dh;

mjid ntspg;gLj;j

KbAk;.

IDB: rig kw;Wk;

rigf; FOf;

$l;lq;fspd; vOj;J

%y Mtzq;fis

ntspapLtJ

njhlh;ghd tplak;

IDB nfhs;ifapy;

cs;slf;fg;gl

tpy;iy.

Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp


53

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

10. tq;fpahy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; midj;J jftYf;Fkhd ghJfhg;G tifg;gLj;jy;.

,y;iy. (rig Mtzq;fSf;F kl;LNk tifg;gLj;jy; Kiwik cs;sJ)

,y;iy. cs;sf ghJfhg;G tifg;gLj;jy; Kiwikapd; kPsha;T Gwk;ghf Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk; IDB: Mk;

11. tq;fpahy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis ntspaply;?

Mk;. Mdhy;> Ke;jpr; nraw;gLk; ntspaply; Kiwik vJTkpy;iy. jftYf;fhd xt;nthU Nfhhpf;ifAk; mt;thW Nfhug;gLk; Ntisapy; cs;s PCP njhlHgpy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLk;. tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; mlq;fhj Mtzkhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rhpj;jpu jfty;fSf;F gpuNahfkhFk; tpjptpyf;Ffs; ePq;fyhf.

Mk;. jw;Nghija mZFKiw jf;f itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk; IDB: 5> 10 my;yJ 20 tUlq;fspd; gpd;dh; ntspaplg;gLk;. Mtzq;fspd; tifiag; nghWj;J ,J mikAk;.

12. tpjptpyf;fhy; Msg;gLk; nghJey jftiy ntspg;gLj;JtJ njhlHgpy; tq;fpf;F rpwg;Ghpik cs;sjh? (rhjfkhd Gwf;fzpg;G)

Mk;. ,ufrpaj;ij Ngz Ntz;Lk; vd;w rl;lf; flg;ghL ,y;yhtpl;lhy; PCP tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; mlq;Fk; midj;J jfty;fSk; (ge;jpfs; 129–130).

PDAC My; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rhjfkhd Gwf;fzpg;G jPh;khdq;fs;.

Mk;. jw;Nghija eilKiw jf;f itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ge;jpfs; (99–100).

rhjfkhd Gwf;fzpg;G jPh;khdq;fs; rig Mtzq;fSf;fhf rigahYk; NtW Mtzq;fSf;fhf jiytuhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp : Mk; rpy tifahd $l;lhz;ik eph;thfj; jfty;fs;> jPh;khdfukhd jfty;fs; kw;Wk; epjpj; jfty;fs;.

IDB Mk;.

Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp


2005 Mk; Mz;L nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if> nghJ njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;tpd; R gj;jpuk;> kw;Wk; cyf


54

ml;ltiz 3

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

13. tpjptpyf;fpy; (vjph;kiw Gwf;fzpg;G) cs;slq;fg;glhj jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gjw;F tq;fpf;F cs;s rpwg;Ghpik?

,y;iy. Mk;. tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyfspy; rigahy; mjpfhukspf;fg; gLtjd; kPJ (ge;jp 101).

cyf tq;fp : Mk;. tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyfspy; rig gjpTfSf;fhf rig mjpfhukspg;gjd; NghpYk; rig Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida Mtzq;fSf;fhf cg jiyth; my;yJ gzpg;ghsh; mspf;Fk; mDkjpapd; NghpYk; ntspaplg;gLk;.

IDB: Mk; mrhjhuzkhd #o;epiyfspy; rig gjpTfSf;fhf rigahYk;> Vida Mtzq;fSf;fhf FOthYk; vOj;J%ykhd ntspg;gilahf mjpfhukspg;gjd;kPJ ntspaplg;gLk;.

14. jfty;

kWf;fg;gl;lNghJ

Nkd;KiwaPl;L

nrad;Kiw?

Mk;. (cs;sf).

Kfhikj;Jtg;

gzpg;ghsh; ehafk;>

nrayhsh;> nghJ

MNyhrfh; kw;Wk;

DER apd; Kjd;ikg;

gzpg;ghsh;

cs;slq;fpa

PDAC apd;fPo; xU-fl;l Kiwg;ghl;L

nghwpKiw (ge;jpfs;

158–159).

Mk;. ,uz;L-fl;l

Nkd;KiwaPl;L

nrad;Kiw (ge;jpfs;

136–141) : (i) Kjy;

fl;lk; PDAC If; nfhz;bUf;Fk;;.

(cs;sf) (ii) jfty;fis

mZFjy; njhlh;ghd

%d;W epGzh;fs;

mlq;fpa Rje;jpu

FOthf 2k; fl;lk;

,Uf;Fk;.

cyf tq;fp: Mk;. ,uz;L fl;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L nghwpKiw. jfty;fis mZFjy; njhlh;ghd %d;W epGzh;fs; mlq;fpa Rje;jpu FOthf 2k; fl;lk; ,Uf;Fk;.

IDB Mk;. 2 fl;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L nghwpKiw. fl;lk; epGzh; FOitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. (FO gw;wpa tpguk; ,y;iy)

Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp


55

Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

15. Nkd;KiwaPLfs;:

kPsha;Tg; gug;G

Ntz;LNfhs;

epahakw;w Kiwapy;

kWf;fg;gl;lhy;

my;yJ Kiwaw;w

tpjj;jpy; nfhs;if

mh;j;jg;gLj;jg;

gl;lhy;>

Kiwg;ghLfis PDAC kPsha;Tnra;Ak;.

Kjy; fl;lk; :

gpd;tEtdtw;iw

PDAC kPsha;Tnra;Ak;. (i) jftYf;fhd

Nfhhpf;if

kWf;fg;gl;ljd;

%yk; nfhs;if

kPwg;gl;lJ njhlHghd

Nkd;KiwaPLfs;.

(ii) nfhs;if

tpjptpyf;Ffis

Gwf;fzpf;FkhW

NfhUk; Nkd;KiwaPL

(99tJ ge;jpapd;

fPohd nghJey

tplaq;fs;).

,uz;lhk;-fl;lk;

PDAC My; (i),y; $wg;gl;l tplaq;fs;

kPJ toq;fg;gl;l jPHg;G

IAP ahy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk;

IDB: Kjy; fl;lk;

cs;sff; FO

gpd;tUtdtw;iw

kPsha;Tnra;Ak;.

(i) jftYf;fhd

Nfhhpf;if

kWf;fg;gl;ljd;

%yk; nfhs;if

kPwg;gl;lJ njhlHghd

Kiwg;ghLfs;

my;yJ (ii) nghJey tpQ;RjYf;fhd

Nkd;KiwaPL.

,uz;lhk; fl;lk;:

cs;sff; FO

(i) ,d;fPo; $wg;gl;l

tplaq;fs;

njhlh;ghf toq;fpa

jPHkhdq;fis Rje;jpu

Nkd;KiwaPl;L rig

kPsha;Tnra;Ak;.

16. tpgukhd eph;thf

tuTnryTj;

jpl;lj;ij

ntspg;gLj;Jjy;?

Mk;. Xt;nthU

epjpahz;Lf;fhd

ADB apd; tuT nryTj; jpl;;lk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Mk;. jw;Nghija

eilKiw

iff;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk;

IDB: Mk;.

17. xNu Neuj;jpyhd

ntspg;gLj;;jy;:

(i) rigapd;

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy;

tplg;gl;bUf;Fk;

Ntisapy;

gfpuq;f

MNyhridf;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;l

efy; nfhs;iffs;

kw;Wk;

%Nyhghaq;fs;?

,y;iy Mk;. gfpuq;f

MNyhrid

nrad;Kiwf;F

(W kw;Wk; R gj;jpuq;fs;) tplg;gl;l

MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

kw;Wk; %Nyhgha

gj;jpuq;fs; rigapd;

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy;

tplg;gl;bUf;Fk;

Ntisapy; ADB apd; ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

ntspaplg;gLk;.

(ge;jp 72)

cyf tq;fp Mk;:

nfhs;if kw;Wk;

%Nyhghag;

gj;jpuq;fspd; efy;

tbtk; epiwNtw;Wg;

gzpg;ghsh;fshy;

Vw;fdNt kPsha;T

nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhy;>

gfpuq;f MNyhrid

nrad;Kiwiaj;

njhlh;e;J

jahhpf;fg;gl;l

gj;jpuq;fs;.




56

ml;ltiz 3

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

IDB Mk;. eltbf;iff;

nfhs;iffs;

kw;Wk; Jiw

%Nyhghaq;fspd;

Ke;jpa tbtk; Kd;dh;

rigapd; ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jhy;.

(ii) rigapd;

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy;

tplg;gl;bUf;Fk;

Ntisapy;

cs;ehl;L:

%Nyhghaq;fis

ntspg;gLj;jy;?

,y;iy. cs;ehl;L

gq;Fjhuh;fSf;fhf

CPS efy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; CPS mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLtjw;F

Kd;ghf

tpepNahfpf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

Mk;. mq;fj;Jt

ehL Kd;$l;bNa

ntspg;gLj;jYf;F

rk;kjk; mspj;jpUg;gpd;>

CPS ,d; ,Wjp MNyhridfs;

rigapy;

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy;

tplg;gl;bUf;Fk;

Ntisapy; ADB ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

ntspaplg;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp Mk;:

mq;fj;Jt ehL

rk;kjk; mspj;jpUg;gpd;

IDB: Mk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l

ehl;bd; Ml;Nrgiz

,d;ikf;F cl;gl;lJ.

(iii) fld; MNyhridfs;

rigapd;

mq;fPfhuj;jpw;fhf

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpw;F

tplg;gl;bUf;Fk;

NghJ

ntspg;gLj;jy;?

,y;iy. fld;

MNyhridfs;

jw;NghJ rig

mq;fPfhukspj;j

,uz;L

thuq;fSf;Fs;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Mk;. ,iwik

nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd

RRP kw;Wk; Jiz

Mtzq;fs;.

mq;fj;Jt ehL

Kd;$l;ba

ntspg;gLj;;jYf;F

MNyhrid

mspj;jpUg;gpd; rigapd;

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy;

tplg;gl;bUf;Fk;

Ntisapy;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp Mk;:

mq;fj;Jt ehL

rk;kjk; mspj;jpUg;gpd;.

IDB: Mk;. ,iwik

cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;l

eltbf;iffis

nghWj;jstpy;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehl;bd;

Ml;Nrgiz

,d;ikf;F cl;gl;lJ.

18. nray; jpl;l

tpguq;fis

ntspg;gLj;jy;?

Mk;> nghJ

jfty;fs; Muk;g

PID apd; gFjpahf my;yJ PID apd; ,w;iwg;gLj;jyhf

toq;fg;gLk;

jfty;fs;.

Mk;. fhy

ml;ltiz> me;j];J

cs;slq;fpa nghJ

nray; jpl;lj;

jfty; mj;Jld;>

eilKiwg;gLj;jypd;

Kd;Ndw;wk;> PDS ,y; (Kd;dh; PID) gpujpgypf;fg;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp: Mk;>

Muk;g my;yJ

,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l

nray; jpl;lj; jfty;

Mtzj;jpd; xU

gFjpahf. mj;Jld;>

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

me;j];J kw;Wk;

ngWNgW mwpf;if.

IDB Mk;.

Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp


57

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

19. tq;fpahy;

epjpaspf;fg;gl;l

nraw;jpl;lq;fs;

njhlh;gpy;

fzf;fha;T

nra;ag;gl;l epjp

mwpf;iffis

ntspg;gLj;jy;?

,y;iy Mk;. ,iwik nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd tUlhe;j nraw;jpl;lf; fzf;Ffspd; fzf;fha;T ADB ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gLk;. mJ Fwpj;J NgRtjw;fhd miog;gpjo; nfhs;if nray;tpisTg; ngWk; jpfjpad;W my;yJ mjw;F gpd;dh; toq;fg;gLk;.

cyf tq;fp: Mk;.

nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd

fzf;fha;T

nra;ag;gl;l tUlhe;j

epjp mwpf;iffs;

gfpuq;fkhff;

fpilf;fr;

nra;ag;gLk;. ,Jgw;wp

NgRtjw;fhd

miog;gpjo; 2010

[{iy 1k; jpfjpad;W

my;yJ mjw;F

gpd;dh; toq;fg;gLk;.

IDB Mk;. ,iwik

cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;l

eltbf;iffSf;fhd

tUlhe;j nray;jpl;l

fzf;fha;T mwpf;if

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

fld;ngWeh; my;yJ

gadhspapd;

Ml;Nrgiz

,d;ikf;F cl;gl;lJ.

20. cs;sf

fzf;fha;T

mwpf;iffis

ntspg;gLj;jy;.

,y;iy. mj;jifa

mwpf;iffs;

cs;sf Kiwfs;

gw;wpa Kf;fpakhd

jfty;fis

nfhz;bUf;ff;

$Lk;. ,J> ADB f;F ghjfkhf

%d;whk; jug;gpduhy;

gad;gLj;jg;glf;

$Lk;.

,y;iy. jw;Nghija

eilKiw

iff;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

cyf tq;fp ,y;iy.

cs;sf fzf;fha;T

mwpf;iffs;

jPHkhdfukhd

jfty;fshf

fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

MfNt> mtw;iw

nghJkf;fSf;F

ntspg;gLj;JtJ

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;

Ls;sJ.

IDB: ,y;iy.

21. nray; jpl;l

fz;fhzpg;G

mwpf;if>

nray;jpl;l

nraw;ghL> nray;

jpl;l kjpg;gPL>

my;yJ mit

Nghd;wtw;iw

ntspg;gLj;jy;?

Mk;. nray;jpl;l

fz;fhzpg;G

njhlh;ghd jfty; PID apy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

nray;jpl;l

KOikahf;fy; kw;Wk;

kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;if

ADB ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

ntspaplg;gLk;.

Mk;. jw;Nghija

eilKiw

iff;nfhs;sgg;LfpwJ.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk;

IDB: Mk;.




Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp

58

ml;ltiz 3

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

22. (i) rigf;

$l;lq;fspd;

mwpf;if.

(ii) rigf; FOf;

$l;lq;fspd;

mwpf;if kw;Wk;

(iii) rigf;

FOf;fspd; Mz;L

mwpf;iffs;?

(i) Mk;. rigf;

$l;lq;fspd; mwpf;if

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

(ii) ,y;iy.

rigf; FOf;

$l;lq;fspd; mwpf;if

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl

khl;lhJ. (iii) Mk;.

rigf; FOf;fspd;

Mz;L mwpf;if

FOf;fs; rpghh;R

nra;jhy; my;yJ

rig mq;fPfhpj;jhy;

ntspaplg;gLk;.

jw;Nghija

eilKiw

iff;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk;

IDB: Mk;. rigf;

$l;lq;fspd; mwpf;if>

rigf; FOf;

$l;lq;fspd; mwpf;if

kw;Wk; rigf;

FOf;fspd; Mz;L

mwpf;if vd;gtw;iw

ntspapl cyf

tq;fp kw;Wk; IDB nfhs;ifspy; Vw;ghL

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

23. nkhopngah;g;G 2007 nkhopngah;g;Gf;

fl;likg;G ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ADB njhpTnra;ag;gl;l

ehLfSf;fhd CPS fis nkhopngah;j;jJ.

nraw;jpl;l

chpikahsh;fshy;

mtrpak; vdf;

fUjg;gLk;

Mtzq;fis

ghJfhg;gJld;>

gy tifahd

tpopg;Gzh;t+l;Lk;

gpuRuq;fis 25

Njrpa nkhopfspy;

nkhopngah;j;jy;.

tUlj;jpw;F ,uz;L

kpy;ypad; thh;j;ijfs;

vd;w mstpy;

nkhopngah;f;fg;

gLfpwJ.

jw;Nghija

eilKiw

iff;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf>

fld; kw;Wk; cjtpr;

nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd

PDS fs; kw;Wk; nray; jpl;lj; jahhpg;G TA nray; jpl;lq;fs;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l

Njrpa nkhopfspy;

nkhopngah;g;Gr;

nra;ag;gLk;.

Fwpg;G: ADB apd; nkhop ngah;g;G

fl;likg;G 2011

,y; kPsha;Tf;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

cyf tq;fp: nkhop

ngah;g;G fl;likg;G

2003 ,y; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

mj;Jld;> 2006 ,y;

kPsha;Tnra;ag;gl;lJ.

cyf tq;fp gue;Jgl;l

eltbf;if kw;Wk;

tpopg;Gzh;t+l;Lk;

gpuRuq;fis

(tUlj;jpw;F RkhH 30

kpy;ypad; nrhw;fs;) 6

rh;tNjr nkhopfspy;

(muG> rPdk;> gpnuQ;R>

NghHj;Jf;fPr nkhop>

u\;a kw;Wk;

];ghdpa nkhopfs;)

nkhopngah;f;fpwJ.

cyf tq;fp kj;jpa

nkhopngah;g;G kw;Wk;

nkhopkhw;w trjpfis

,af;fp tUfpwJ.

,jw;fhf th\pq;ldpy;

xU mYtyfKk;

6 gpuhe;jpa nkhop

ikaq;fSk; cs;s.


Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp

59

tplak;


(PCP 2005)


MNyhridfs;

Vida gd;Kf

mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs;

IDB tq;fpapd; mYtyf nkhopfshtd: Mq;fpyk;>];ghdp];> gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; NghHj;Jf;fPr nkhopfshFk;. IDB apd; tUlhe;j nkhopngah;g;Gj; njhif tUlj;jpw;F RkhH 13 kpy;ypad; nrhw;fshFk;. mj;Jld;> mjw;F mjd; midj;J mYtyf nkhopfspYk; $l;lhz;ik ,izaj;jsq;fs; cs;sd. mjd; MSeh; rigf;F rkHg;gpf;fg;gLk; midj;J Mtzq;fSk; ,e;j ehd;F mYtyf nkhopfspYk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ADB = Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp, CPS = ehl;Lg; gq;fhz;ik %Nyhghak;, DER = ntspaf njhlHG jpizf;fsk;, IAP = Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf; FO, IDB = mnkhpf;fhTf;fpilapyhd mgptpUj;jp tq;fp, MDB = gd;Kf mgptpUj;jp tq;fp, PCP = nghJj; njhlHghly; nfhs;if, PDAC = nghJ ntspg;gLj;jy; MNyhridf; FO, PID = nray; jpl;l jfty; Mtzk;, PDS = epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj; juTj;jhs;, RRP = jiythpd; mwpf;ifAk; rpghh;RfSk;, TA = njhopy;El;g cjtp.

%yk;: Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp.

2005 Mk; Mz;L nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if> nghJ njhlHghly; nfhs;if kPsha;tpd; R- gj;jpuk;> kw;Wk; cyf


Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp

60

tbtikg;G RUf;;fk; Rl;bfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs;fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk;

mwpf;ifaply; nghwpKiwfs;

tpisT

Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp tpidj;jpwd;

kWrPuikg;G epfo;r;rp epuy; Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;iffshy; fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpwJ

mgptpUj;jp tpidj;jpwd; kPsha;T tUlhe;j mwpf;iffs;m

gad;

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAld; nraw;gLtjw;fhd gq;Fjhuh;fspd; tpRthrk; kw;Wk; jpwd; fzprkhf Nkk;gl;Ls;sJ

ADB gw;wpa gq;Fjhuh;fspd; fUj;jpYk;; ADB apd; jpwe;j jd;ik nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik kw;Wk; gq;fhz;ik gw;wpa mtu;fsJ kjpg;gPl;bYk; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp

mgpg;gpuhaj; jiyth;fspd;

fUj;J Ma;Tfs; (xt;nthU

3 tUlq;fSf;Fk; xUKiw)

thbf;ifahsh; kw;Wk;

gq;Fjhuh; Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk;

Vida gq;Fjhuh;fspd;

kjpg;gPLfs;

Ie;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;

nfhs;if gw;wpa KOikahd

kPsha;T

ntspaPLfs;

1. ADB apd; Ke;jpr; nraw;gLk;

nghJj; njhlu;ghly;.

gpujhd ADB Kd;Kaw;rpfs;>

nraw;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L

mKy;gLj;jg;gl;l

nfhs;iffSf;fhd

njhlHghly; %Nyhghak;

gpujhd rh;tNjr gpuhe;jpa

kw;Wk; Njrpa Clfq;fspy;

epiyj;jpUf;Fk; gpurd;dk;.

jfty; mspg;gJld;

ghtidahsh;

el;Gkpf;fjhf ADB apd; ntspaf ,izaj;jsk;

guhkhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

juk;tha;e;j> Kjd;ikahd

ntspaPLfs; jahhpf;fg;gl;L

ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd

gq;Fjhuh;fspd; fUj;J

Ma;Tfs; (xt;nthU 3

tUlq;fSf;Fk; xUKiw)

nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;if

tUlhe;j mwpf;iffs; Clfk;

kw;Wk; ADB ,izaj;js

fz;fhzpg;G rhjdq;fs;.

(cjhuzk; ,izaj;js

tUlhe;j mwpf;if)

Kjd;ik gpuRuq;fis

nfhs;tdT nra;jy;> juT

,wf;fk;nra;jy; kw;Wk;

ghHitaply;

ml;ltiz 4

nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;iff;fhd ngWNgWfs; fl;likg;G



61

nghJj; njhlh;ghly; nfhs;iff;fhd ngWNgWfs; fl;likg;G



2. ADB apd; nraw;ghLfspd; jfty;fSf;fhd

Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuNtrk;

ADB ahy; Mjutspf;fg;gLk;

nray; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;lq;fspy;

njhlHghly; kw;Wk;

jfty; ghpkhw;wk;

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

jfty;fSf;fhd 100% Nfhhpf;iffSf;F

20 ehl;fSf;Fs;

gjpyspf;fg;gl;lJ

ntspg;gLj;jy;

Njitg;ghLfSld; 100% ,zf;fg;ghL

ADB ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

ntspaplg;gLk; Mtzq;fspd;

tUlhe;j mjpfhpg;G

tpopg;Gzh;t+l;Lk; gpuRuq;fs;

kw;Wk; Vida Mtzq;fs;

njhlh;ghd cah;ju

nkhopngah;g;Gf;fspd; mjpfhpg;G

PCP Mz;lwpf;iffs;

nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l

Ntz;LNfhs; njhlh;ghd

jfty; Nfhhpf;if gpd;Jah;jy;

Kiwik juT. PCP tUlhe;j mwpf;iffs;

nghJj; jfty; kw;Wk;

ntspg;gLj;jy; myF gw;wpa

ntspg;gLj;jy; ,irthf;f

mwpf;ifs; kw;Wk; PCP Mz;lwpf;iffs;

PCP Mz;lwpf;ifs;

rhjidfSldhd nraw;ghLfs;

1.1 nfhs;iff;fhd

njhlh;ghly; jpl;lj;ij

jahhpj;jy;

1.2 ghtidahsh;fspd;

vjph;ghHg;Gfs; kw;Wk;

Njitg;ghLfis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf

ADB ,izaj;jsk;

njhlHr;rpahf

Nkk;ghlilfpwJ.

(cjhuzk;>

ghtidj;jpwd;> mZFk;

jd;ik)

2.1 Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf;

FOit mikj;jik

nfhs;if nray;tpisT

ngWk;; jpdj;jhy;

jw;NghJs;s mbg;gil

nfhs;if nray;tpisT

ngWk; jpdj;jhy;

njhlHghly; jpl;lk;

ntspg;Gw ghtidf;fhd

ghPl;irfs; my;yJ xd;iyd;

ghtidahsh; kjpg;gPLfs;

Rje;jpu Nkd;KiwaPl;L

FO epWtg;gl;lJ kw;Wk;

nra;jp ntspaPLfs;> ADB ,izaj;jsk; kw;Wk;

PCP Mz;lwpf;iffspy;

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ

njhlHr;rp kWgf;fk;


62

ml;ltiz 4



2.2 Copah; eltbf;if

ife;Ehy; kw;Wk;

nfhs;if njhlh;ghd

ife;E}y; vd;gtw;iw

jahhpj;J ,w;iwg;gLj;jp

tpepNahfpj;jy;

2.3 nfhs;if njhlh;ghf

fld;ngWeh; kw;Wk;

thbf;ifahshpd;

tpopg;Gzh;it

mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd

gpuRuq;fis mgptpUj;jp

nra;jYk; tpepNahfpj;jYk;

2.4 Copah;fs; kw;Wk;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l

gq;Fjhuh;fSld;

PCP ia GJg;gpg;gJ

njhlh;gpy; gapw;rp

kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzh;t+l;Lk;

eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

2.5 ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l

nkhopngah;g;Gf; fl;likg;G

2.6 ntspg;gLj;jy;

Njitg;ghl;L xj;jpirit

fz;fhzpj;jy;

nfhs;if nray;tpisT

ngWk; jpdj;jhy;

nfhs;if nray;tpisT

ngWk; jpdj;jpypUe;J

3 khjq;fSf;Fs;

nfhs;if nray;tpisT

ngWk; jpdj;jpypUe;J xU

tUl fhyj;jpw;Fs;

nfhs;if nray;tpisT

ngWk; jpdj;jd;W g+Hj;jpahFk;

jw;Nghija mbg;gilapy;

(Fiwe;jgl;rk; tUlhe;jk;)

Copah; eltbf;if

ife;Ehy; kw;Wk; ife;E}iy

tpepNahfpj;jy;

tpopg;Gzh;it mjpfhpf;Fk;

gpuRuq;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;

PCP Mz;lwpf;iffs;

,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l

nkhopngah;g;Gf; fl;likg;G

nghJ jfty; kw;Wk;

ntspg;gLj;jy; myfpd;

mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk;

PCP Mz;lwpf;iffis

fz;fhzpj;jy;

m mgptpUj;jp tpidj;jpwd; kPsah;T http://www.adb.org/defr

%yk;: Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp.

njhlHr;rp kWgf;fk;

nghJj;

njhlHghly;


kw;Wk; ghpkhw;wk;


Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp gw;wp

Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; J}uNehf;F MrpahitAk;> gRgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;ijAk; tWikapy;

,Ue;J kPl;gjhFk;. mjd; gzp mjd; mgptpUj;jp mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; tWikia

Fiwj;J kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;a cjTtjhFk;. gpuhe;jpaj;jpd;

gy ntw;wpfSf;F Gwk;ghf cyf twpa kf;fs; njhifapy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;fpdhpd;

,y;ykhf ,J ,Uf;fpwJ: 1.8 gpy;ypad; kf;fs; ehshe;jk; 2 nlhyUf;Fk; Fiwthd

tUthapy; tho;fpd;wdh;. 903 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ehshe;jk; 1.25 nlhyUf;Fk; Fiwe;j

tUthAld; tho;f;ifapy; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdh;.

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp> Rw;whly; hPjpahd epiyNgwhd tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa

xUikg;ghL vd;gdtw;wpd; Clhf tWikia Fiwg;gjw;F ADB mh;g;gzpg;Gld;

nraw;gLfpwJ. kzpyhit jiyikafkhf nfhz;bUf;Fk; ADB 67 mq;fj;jth;fSf;F

nrhe;jkhdJ. ,jpy; 48 mq;fj;jth;fs; ,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,Ug;gth;fs;. mjd; mgptpUj;jp

mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;F cjTk; gpujhd rhjdq;fshf nfhs;if fye;Jiuahly;> fld;fs;>

chpik %yjdk;> cj;juthjq;fs;> cjtpfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cjtp vd;gd cs;sd.

kPs; Row;rp fhfpjj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ gpypg;igd;rpy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ

Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippineswww.adb.orgISBN 978-92-9092-640-5gjpg;gpj;jy; ,Ug;G ,y: RPT124562