ngsjpftpay; nra;kiwrhu; mwptiug;g topfhl;b - nienie.lk/pdffiles/other/talpim19.pdf · v 21....
TRANSCRIPT
i
f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;)
ngsjpftpay;ngsjpftpay;ngsjpftpay;ngsjpftpay;ngsjpftpay;
nra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bnra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bnra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bnra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bnra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;FupaJ)
tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd JiwtpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd JiwtpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd JiwtpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd JiwtpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ii
ngsjpftpay; nra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bngsjpftpay; nra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bngsjpftpay; nra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bngsjpftpay; nra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bngsjpftpay; nra;Kiwrhu; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;)f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;)f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;)f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;)f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;)
(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;FupaJ)(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;FupaJ)(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;FupaJ)(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;FupaJ)(2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;FupaJ)
(c) Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2011Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2011Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2011Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2011Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2011
tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd JiwtpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd JiwtpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd JiwtpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd JiwtpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;
gjpg ;G:-gjpg ;G:-gjpg ;G:-gjpg ;G:-gjpg ;G:-
iii
topfhl;ly; : NguhrpupaH W.M. mNguj;d gz;lhu>
gzpg;ghsH ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU. L. H. tpN[rpq;f
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;>
cjtpg;gzpg;ghsH ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
gzpg;G : jpU. C.M.R. me;jdp>
gzpg;ghsH>
tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghlxd;wpizg;G : jpU. P. kytpgjpud> nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU. M.L.S. gpajp];]> cjtpr; nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghl tpla topfhl;ly; : Nguhrpupau; T.R. Mupaul;z> gyfiyf;fofk; nfhOk;G.
Nguhrpupau; B.S.B. fUzhul;d> gy;fiyf; fofk;> Nguhnjdpa
Nguhrpupau; S.R.D. Nuhrh> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
Nguhrpupau; J.K.D.S. [aNej;jp> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
fyhepjp K.P.S.C. [aul;d> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
fyhepjp M.K. [ahde;j> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
fyhepjp D.D.N.B. jah> gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G.
Nguhrpupau; J.C.N. uhN[e;jpuh. jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if.
fyhepjp W.G.D. ju;kuj;jpd> gy;fiyf; fofk;> WFZ.
fyhepjp P.W.S.K. gz;lhu ehaf> gy;fiyf; fofk;> Nguhnjdpa
fyhepjp P. fPf;fpadNf gy;fiyf; fofk;> = n[atu;j;jdGu.
ts Mszpapdu; : jpU. B.A. jpyf;fuj;d> Kd;dhs; nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup (NIE)
jpU. W.A.D. ,uj;jpd#upa> Kd;dhs; gpujk nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup (NIE)
jpU. D.S. tpjhdMuhr;rp> Kd;dhs; gpujk nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup(NIE)
jpU. H.S.K. tp[ajpyf;f> SLEAS - I, Kd;dhs; mjpgH
jpU. A. Rfjghy> Kd;dhs; MrpupaH juk; - I
jpU. A. n`l;bMuhr;rp> mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO.
jpU. P. kytpgjpud> nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
nkhopngaHg;G : jpU. M.Z.M. gsPy;>
Nwhay; fy;Yup > nfhOk;G-07
jpU. S. R. n[af;FkhH>
Nwhay; fy;Yup > nfhOk;G-07
Vida cjtpfs; : jpU. M. ntypgpba
jpU. W.P.P. tPutHjd
jpU. K.G.R. jahtd;]
tiyaikg;G : www.nie.lk
iv
cs;slf;fk;
gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;
mwpKfk; 01
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy; 02
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy; 03
3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy; 04
4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy; 05
5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . tpir ,izfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jYk;> Nfhl;ghl;ilg;
gad;gLj;jp nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk; 06
6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzy; 07
7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . U - Fohiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jpfis xg;gpLjy; 08
8 .8 .8 .8 .8 . Vaupd; Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U jputq;fspd; mlHj;jpfis
xg;gpLjy;. 09
9 .9 .9 .9 .9 . ghuNkw;wg;gl;l gupNrhjidf; Fohiag; (ePukhdp) gad;gLj;jpj;
jputnkhd;wpd; mlu;j;jp fhzy; 10
1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 . vspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp <Hitapdhyhd MHKLfy; fhzy; 11
1 1 .1 1 .1 1 .1 1 .1 1 . ,Nyrhd RUsp tpy; xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s nghUnshd;wpd;;
jpzptpw;Fk; miyT fhyj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy; 12
1 2 .1 2 .1 2 .1 2 .1 2 . Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitnahd;wpd; kPbwd; fhzy; 13
1 3 .1 3 .1 3 .1 3 .1 3 . Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Oitf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpUk; fk;gpapd;;
kPbwdpw;;Fk; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy; 14
1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 . xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; xU ,irf;fitiaAk;
gad;gLj;jp tspapy; xypapd; Ntfj;ijAk; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk;
fhzy; 15
1 5 .1 5 .1 5 .1 5 .1 5 . xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; gy ,irf;ftHfisAk;
gad;gLj;jp tspapy; xypapd; Ntfj;ijAk; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk;
fhzy; 16
1 6 .1 6 .1 6 .1 6 .1 6 . efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaAk; fz;zhbf; Fw;wpiaAk;
gad;gLj;jpf; fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy; 17
1 7 .1 7 .1 7 .1 7 .1 7 . mupaj;jpDlhd fjpupd; tpyfiyg; gupNrhjid uPjpapy; Ma;T
nra;jYk; mupaj;jpd; ,opT tpyfw; Nfhzk; fhzYk; 18
1 8 .1 8 .1 8 .1 8 .1 8 . mtjpf;Nfhz Kiwapdhy; mupaj; jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b Jzpjy;. 19
1 9 .1 9 .1 9 .1 9 .1 9 . jpUrpakhdpiar; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; mupaf;Nfhzk; JzpjYk; 20
2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 . jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp; tpyfw;Nfhzk; fhzYk; KwpTr;Rl;b
fhzYk; 21
v
21.21.21.21.21. tpy;iyapy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyia> guitapd;ik ,d;w;pg; nghUe;jr;
nra;if Kiwapdhy; fhz;gJld; tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;Juj;ijAk;
fhzy; 22
2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 . ,wFf; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mKf;fk; fhzy; 24
2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 . khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAnthd;wpd; fdtstpw;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy; 25
2 4 .2 4 .2 4 .2 4 .2 4 . khwhf; fdtstpy;; thAnthd;wpd; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy; 26
2 5 .2 5 .2 5 .2 5 .2 5 . fyit Kiwapdhy;j; jpz;knkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssitj; Jzpjy;. 27
2 6 .2 6 .2 6 .2 6 .2 6 . Fspuy; Kiwahy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;. 28
2 7 .2 7 .2 7 .2 7 .2 7 . fyit Kiwapdhy; gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; Jzpjy;. 29
2 8 .2 8 .2 8 .2 8 .2 8 . fyit Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; Jzpjy;. 30
2 9 .2 9 .2 9 .2 9 .2 9 . Jyf;fkhd fNyhupkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspapd; njhlu;G <ug;gjd;
Jzpjy;. 31
3 0 .3 0 .3 0 .3 0 .3 0 . Nrspd; Kiwapdhy; vspjpw; flj;jpnahd;wpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW Jzpjy;. 32
3 1 .3 1 .3 1 .3 1 .3 1 . cyu; fyj;jpd; mfj;jiliaAk; kpd;dpaf;f tpiriaAk; Jzpjy;. 33
3 2 .3 2 .3 2 .3 2 .3 2 . kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,U jilfis xg;gpLjy; 34
3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 . kPw;wug;; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilntg;gepiyf;
Fzfk; Jzpjy;. 35
3 4 .3 4 .3 4 .3 4 .3 4 . mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fyq;fspd; kp.,.tp. fis xg;gply; 36
3 5 .3 5 .3 5 .3 5 .3 5 . mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis xg;gpLjy; 37
3 6 .3 6 .3 6 .3 6 .3 6 . mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fynkhd;wpd; mfj;jil fhzy; 37
37.37.37.37.37. mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa kpd; ,af;f tpir (ntg;g
,izapd;) Jzpjy; 38
3 8 .3 8 .3 8 .3 8 .3 8 . Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapapd;; I - V rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngwy;. 39
3 9 .3 9 .3 9 .3 9 .3 9 . nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy; jpuhd;rpw;wiu tpupayhf;fpahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ IB
, IC fspw;fpilapyhd rpwg;gpay;G
tiuigg; guprPypj;jy; 40
4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 . mbg;gilj; jUf;ff; fjtq;fspd; cz;ik ml;ltizia Muha;jy; 41
4 1 .4 1 .4 1 .4 1 .4 1 . fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd;kl;Lf; fhzy; 42
4 2 .4 2 .4 2 .4 2 .4 2 . GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf; Fzfk; fhzy;;;; ; 43
4 3 .4 3 .4 3 .4 3 .4 3 . EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;;;; ; 44
4 4 .4 4 .4 4 .4 4 .4 4 . rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;
(fk;gpr; rl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp) 45
4 5 .4 5 .4 5 .4 5 .4 5 . kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy; 46
4 6 .4 6 .4 6 .4 6 .4 6 . N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy; 47
1
mwpKfk;
f.ngh.j. caHjug; ; ngsjpftpay; 2009 Kjy; mKyhFk; Gjpa
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikaj; juk; 12 > 13 ,w;fhd ngsjpftpay; nra;Kiwg;
gupNrhjidfs; gw;wpa MrpupaHfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; ,q;F
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fika xt;Nthu; myfpYk; Fiwe;j
gl;rk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gupNrhjidfSk; MrpupaH nra;Jfhl;ly;fSk;
jbj;j vOj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjidfisg; gw;wpa
RUf;fkhdnjhU topfhl;ly; kl;LNk ,e;Eypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xt;nthU gupNrhjidAk; Mw;WtjDlhf khztHfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Ma;T$lj;jpy; gupNrhjid
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r cgfuzq;fSk; jug;;gl;Ls;sd.
,g;gupNrhjidfisr; nra;tjw;F khztHfSf;F topfhl;LjYf;fhd
MrpupaH mwpTWj;jy;fSk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. gupNrhjid nra;tjw;F
Kd;dH Mrpupauhy; tFg;giwapy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ
gupNrhjidr; nra;KiwfSf;Fj; Njitahd Nfhl;ghLfis khztH
fSf;F Cl;l Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s
Vida gupNrhjidfis my;yJ nra;Jfhl;ly;fis khztu;fsJ
nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F kl;Lk; vy;iyg;gLj;jhky; jkJ
Ra mDgtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngsjpftpaw; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fika>
ngsjpftpaw; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd NtW gupNrhjidfisAk;
MrpupaHfs; khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
2
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 0 10 10 10101
Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPL fisg; ngwy;Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPL fisg; ngwy;Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPL fisg; ngwy;Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPL fisg; ngwy;Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPL fisg; ngwy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;ifiaAk;>
G+r;rpa tOitAk; fhzy;.
• tpj;jpahrkhd mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;F Ntzpau;
,Lf;fpkhdpapy; cs;s nghUj;jkhd gFjpfisg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
• rpwpa ePsq;fis msg;gjw;F Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp
gad;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.
• Ntzpau;; mstpilAila NtW cgfuzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jypd; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp> mz;zsthf 4 cm ×3 cm × 2 cm
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; gupkhzq;fisAila kuf;Fw;wp > mz;zsthf 5 cm
ePskhd P.V.C. f;Foha;> mz;zsthf3cm tpl;lKila
Nfhsk;> nghUj;jkhd msTila nghs; cUis
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if> G+r;rpa
tO vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• kuf;Fw;wpnahd;wpd; ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; vd;gtw;iw
Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpahy;; msg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• P.V.C f;Fohapd; mf> Gw tpl;lq;fs; > Fohapd; cauk;;
vd;gtw;iw Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd;; nghUj;jkhd
gFjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp msg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• Nfhsj;jpd; ,il tpl;lj;ijf; fhz;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghs; cUisapd; ,il mftpl;lk;> ,il Mok;
vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;gjw;Fj; Njitahd mstPLfisg;
ngWjy;.
• ngwg;gl;l mstPLfisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
ml ;ltizg;gLj ;jTk; ru pahff ; fzpg;gjw;Fk;
ngWNgWfisg; gjptjw;Fk; mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupNrhjidiag; gjpe;j gpd;du; mstPLfisAk;
fzpg;Gf;fisAk; guprPypf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
3
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 0 20 20 20202
Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • fzpr;rpapd; ,opntz;zpf;ifiaAk;> G+r;rpa tOitAk;
fhzy;.
• mstPl;bd; tOtPjk; FiwAkhW thrpg;igg; ngWtjw;F
fzpr;rpiar; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jy;.
• fzpr;rpapdhy; 0.01 mm gUkd; thpirapYs;s kpfTk;
rpwpa ePsq;fis msf;fg;gL tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
mwpjy;.
• jhspd;; jbg;Gf;fhd mstPl;il ngWk; NghJ fzpr;rpapd;
,opntz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g > jbg;Gf;fhd tOtPjj;ijf;
Fiwf;FKfkhf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfisg;
ngwy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rp> nky;ypa fk;gp> rpwpa
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; cUf;Ff;Nfhsk;> rtumyF> glg;gpujpj; jhs;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if> G+r;rpa
tO vd;gtw;iwf; fhZk; Kiwfisg; gw;wpa
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• mstPLfis vLf;Fk; NghJ tOtPjj;ijf; Fiwg;g
jw;Ff; ifahsNtz;ba Kiwfis tpdtpj; Njit
ahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• jhspd; jbg;ig msf;Fk; NghJ ,opntz;zpf;ifiaf;
fUj;jpw; nfhz;L> tOtPjj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;Ff;
ifahsNtz;ba gbKiwfisg; gw;wpa mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• thrpg;Gfisg; gjpTnra;Ak; Kiwiag; guprPypj;J>
,opntz;zpf;ifiar; NrHf;Fk; ; tifapy; gjpT
nra;tjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
4
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 0 30 30 30303
Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;Nfhskhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • Nfhskhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if fhzy;.
• Nfhskhdpiag; ghtpj;Jr; nrk;ikahd thrpg;Gf;fs;
ngwy;.
• tisNkw;gug;gpd; Miuiaj; Jzptjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; Nfhskhdpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.
• thrpg;ngLf;Fk;; NghJ eLj;jpUfpd; Kid> nghUis
kl;Lkl;lhfj; njhLk;gbr; nrg;gQ;nra;tjw;fhd jpwidg;
ngwy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : Nfhskhdp> EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpj;jl;L> fbfhuf;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; fz;zhb> rkjsf;fz;zhbf; Fw;wp>
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • Nfhskhdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;if fhZk; Kiwiag;
gw;wpa mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• jsf;fz;zhb Nkw;gug;gpy; Nfhskhdpia itj;J >
eLj;jpUfpd; Kid fz;zhb Nkw;gug;ig kl;Lkl;lhfj;
njhLkhW nrg;gQ;nra;J> thrpg;Gf;fs; vLg;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpj;jl;ilf; Nfhskhdpapd;
ghjq;fSf;fpilapy; itj;J eLj;jpUF tOf;fpj;jl;bd;
Nkw;gug;ig kl;Lkl;lhfj; njhLkhW nrg;gQ;nra;J
thrpg;Gf;fs; vLg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• jug;gl;l tisT Nkw;gug;nghd;wpd; tistpdhiuiaf;
fhz;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fy;.
• Nfhskhd pia Nkw ;gug ; g py ; itf ;f Kd ;du ;
eLj ;j pUF rw;W NkNy cau;j ;jg ;gLtjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• eLj;jpUF Nkw;gug;ig kl;Lkl;lhf njhLk; NghJ>
Njitapd;wp eLj;jpUFj; jpUfhzp jho;e;Js;sjh vd
gupNrhjpf;Fk; Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• NfhsNkw;gug;gpd; tisthiuiaf; fzpg;gjw;Fupa
#j;jpuj;ij toq;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
5
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 0 40 40 40404
efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngwy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapYs;s gFjpfis ngahply;.
• thrpg;igg; ngWtjw;F efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd;
epiyf;Fj;J> fpil mstpilfis cgNahfpj;jy;.
• EZf;Ff;fhl;biaf; Ftpag;gLj;Jk; Kiwapid
mwptjw;fhd gupNrhjidj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• Ntzpau; msTj;jpl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> rpwpa mstPL
fisg; ngWk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> kapu;j;Jisf; Foha;> ,wg;gu;;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; f;Foha; > Mjhuk;.
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • ,opntz;zpf;if fhz;gjw;fhd Kiw rk;ge;jkhf
khzth;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• EZf;Ff;fhl;bAk;> kapu;j;Jisf; FohAk; xNu mr;rhfTk;>
fpilahfTk; ,Uf;FkhW nrg;gQ;nra;tjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fpil > epiyf;Fj;J mstpilfis
cgNahfpj;J xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhff; Fohapd;
,U tpl;lq;fisAk; fzpg;gjw;fhf thrpg ;Gf ;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngWk; NghJ FWf;Ff;fk;gp gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; KiwiaAk;> Ntzpau; mstpil gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; KiwiaAk; njspthf tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,wg;gu;f;; Fohapd; mftpl;lk;> ntsptpl;lk; vd;gtw;iw
msg;gjw;F efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jYf;fhd
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jjy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
6
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 0 50 50 50505
tpir ,izfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jYk;>tpir ,izfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jYk;>tpir ,izfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jYk;>tpir ,izfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jYk;>tpir ,izfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jYk;>
Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk;.Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk;.Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk;.Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk;.Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk;.
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • tpir ,izfu cgfuzj;jpy; fg;gpapy; cuha;T ,Ug;gpd;
mtw;iw ePf;FjYf;fhd rupahd Kiwiag; ngwy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ehg;gk; rupahdjh vdg; gupNrhjpj;jy;.
• jug;gl;Ls;s gFjpfisg; guprPypj;J> %iy kl;lj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp ,ioapd; nrq;Fj;jhd epiyiar;
nrk;ikahf nts;isj;jhspy; Fwpj;jy;.
• tpir ,izfu cgfuzj;ijg; ghtpj;Jf; Nfhl;ghl;il
tha;g;Gg;ghu;j;jYk;; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzYk;;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : tpir ,izfu cgfuzk;> mwpahj; RikAila nghUs;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; (epiw w vd;f)> epiw mwpe;j %d;W Rikfs; ( w1
, w2
, w3 vd;f.) > %iykl;lk; my;yJ jsthbj;Jz;L> miu
kPw;wur;rl;lk;> nts;isj;jhs; (A4), ehd;F Fz; rpfs;.
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; ::::: • tpir ,izfu cgfuzj;ijg; guprPypj;Jf; fg;gpfspy;;
cuha;T ,Uf ;f pd ;wdthntdg ; gu pNrhj pf ;Fk ;
Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• rkepiyiag; ngw;wgpd;dH ,J rupahdjh vdg;
gupNrhjpf;Fk; Kiwiaf;$wy;.
• ,ioapd; nrq;Fj;jhd epiyia nts;isj;jhspy;;
Fwpf;Fk; Kiwia mtjhdpj;Jj; N j i t a h d
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• tpir ,izfuj;ijg ; G +u ;j ;j p nra;Ak ; NghJ
nghUj;jkhd mstPLfs; njupTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vd
mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupNrhjidg; ngWNgW gjpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sijg;
guprPypf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
7
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 0 60 60 60606
jpUg;gf; (nek;Gf;) Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp jpUg;gf; (nek;Gf;) Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp jpUg;gf; (nek;Gf;) Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp jpUg;gf; (nek;Gf;) Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp jpUg;gf; (nek;Gf;) Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp
nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzy; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzy; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzy; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzy; nghUnshd;wpd; epiw fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • fj ;j pNahuj ;j py ; k Pw ;wu ;f ; Nfhiyr ; rkepiyg ;
gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fspw;fpilapy; gue;j tPr;irg; ngWk; nghUl;L>
fj;jpNahuj;jpypUe;J epiwfSf;fhd Juq;fisg;
ngwy;.
• ,k;Kiwapdhy; epiw fhz;gJ> kw;iwa KiwfSld;
xg;gpLifapy; ,k;KiwapYs;s nrk;ikia mwpjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUspd; epiw
fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : kPw;wu;f;Nfhy;;> fj;jpNahuk;> epiw mwpahg; nghUs;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; (fz;zhb milg;ghd;)> mwpe;j Rik (nghUspd;
epiwf;F mz;zsthfr; rkdhd) > Mjhuk;> ,Nyrhd
,io
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • fj;jpNahuj;jpy; kPw;wu;f;Nfhy; ehg;gj;jpYs;sjhntdg;
guprPypf;f.
• k Pw ;wu ;f ; Nfhy py ; Rikfisj ; njhq ;ft pl ;L
ehg;gj;jpYs;sjhntdg; guprPypj;Jf; fj;jpNahuk; kPw;wu;
f;Nfhypy;; Muk;g ehg;g epiyapy; itf;fg;glNtz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ijf; $wy;.
• ngwg;gLk; thrpg;Gfspd; cau;> ,opTg; ngWkjpfisg;
guprPypj;J> tPr;irj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUspd;
epiwiaf; fzpg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
8
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 0 70 70 70707
U - Fohiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jp fis xg;gpLjy;Fohiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jp fis xg;gpLjy;Fohiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jp fis xg;gpLjy;Fohiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jp fis xg;gpLjy;Fohiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jp fis xg;gpLjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • nrk ;ikahd thr p g ;igg ; ngWk ; tifa py ;
cgfuzj;ijr; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• jputg; nghJ ,ilKfk; > jputkl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd;
thrpg;Gfisr; nrk;ikahf msg;gjw;F %iy kl;lk;
gad;gLj;jy;.
• jput epuy;> ePu; epuy; cauq;fSf;Fg; gue;j tPr;Rf;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhf ePH > jput fdtsTfs; njupT nra;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jpfis
xg;gpLjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : U - Foha;> ,U miu kPw;wu;r;rl;lq;fs;> Njq;fhnaz;nza;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ePu;> Mjhuk;> %iykl;lk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • cgfuzk; mikf;fg; ;gl;Ls;sijg; guprPypj;Jj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• Kjypy; U - Fohapd; xU Gaj;jpDs;Ns Fwpg;gpl;lsT
ePiu ,l;Lg; gpd;du; kw;iwa Gaj;jpDs;Ns Njq;fhna
z;nzia ,Ltjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• jputg;nghJ Nkw;gug;G> jput kl;lk; Mfpa thrpg;Gfs;
vLf ;Fk ; t pjj ;ijg ; gu pr Py pj ;Jj ; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpj; jputq;fsp;d;
mlu;j;jpfis xg;gpLtjw;F khztHfis
<LgLj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
9
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y : 08: 08: 08: 08: 08
Vaupd; Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U jputq;fspd;Vaupd; Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U jputq;fspd;Vaupd; Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U jputq;fspd;Vaupd; Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U jputq;fspd;Vaupd; Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,U jputq;fspd;
mlHj;jpfis xg;gpLjy;mlHj;jpfis xg;gpLjy;mlHj;jpfis xg;gpLjy;mlHj;jpfis xg;gpLjy;mlHj;jpfis xg;gpLjy;
Nehf;fq;fsNehf;fq;fsNehf;fq;fsNehf;fq;fsNehf;fq;fs; : • Vaupd; Ma;fUtpapy; Nfhl;ghl;ilr; rupahf tpsq;fpj;
jputq;fspd; mlHj;jpfis xg;gply;.
• ,t; Ma;fUtpapy; nrk;ikahd thrpg;Gfisg;
ngWtjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• ,U jputq;fspd; mlHj;jpfis xg;gpLtjw;F Vaupd;;
Ma;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
mwpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : Vaupd; Ma;fUtp> ePu;> nrg;G ry;Ngw;Wf; fiury; my;yJ
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; NtW nghUj;jkhd jputk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • Vaupd; Ma;fUtpapy; Nfhl;ghl;ilr; rupahf tpsq;fp
cs;shu;fshntdg; guprPypf;f.
• gupNrhjidf;fhf cgfuzj;ijr; rupahfr; nrg;gQ;nra;a
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Njitahd mstPLfisr; nrk;ikahfg; ngWfpd;whH
fshntd mtjhdpj;J tOitj; jpUj;jy;.
• gupNrhjid thrpg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;jiyAk;> ,Wjpf;
fzpg;gPl;ilAk; guprPypf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
10
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 0 90 90 90909
ePukhdpePukhdpePukhdpePukhdpePukhdp/ghuNkw;wg;gl;lghuNkw;wg;gl;lghuNkw;wg;gl;lghuNkw;wg;gl;lghuNkw;wg;gl;l gupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjidf;f;f;f;f; Fohia Fohia Fohia Fohia Fohiag;g;g;g;g; gad;gLj;jp gad;gLj;jp gad;gLj;jp gad;gLj;jp gad;gLj;jpjjjjj
jputnkhd;wpd; mlu;j;jp fhzy;jputnkhd;wpd; mlu;j;jp fhzy;jputnkhd;wpd; mlu;j;jp fhzy;jputnkhd;wpd; mlu;j;jp fhzy;jputnkhd;wpd; mlu;j;jp fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • gupNrhjidf;F kpjg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Njitiaf; $wy;.
• gupNrhjidf; Fohia epiyf;Fj;jhf kpjf;fr; nra;tjw;
Fg; nghUj;jkhd jputj;ijAk; msitAk; njupT
nra;jy;.
• Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpg; gupNrhjidf;
Fohapd; tpl;lj;ij msg;gjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpg; gbj;jpwidAk;>
ntl;Lj; Jz;ilAk; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : gupNrhjidf; Foha;> caukhd rhb > epiwg;ngl;b> Ntzpau;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ,Lf;fpkhdp> kpy;ypkPw;wu; mstpil ,lg;gl;Ls;s
fljhrpf;fPyk; > NghJkhdsT jputk;> Fwpj;j msT kzy;
Jfs;fs;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf;Fj; Njitahd Nfhl;ghl;il khztu;fs;
tpsq;fpAs;shu;fshntdg; guprPypf;f.
• Njitahd mstPLfisr; nrk;ikahfg; ngWfpd;whu;
fshntd mtjhdpf;f.
• tiugpd; gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L vd;gtw;iwf;
fhz;gjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ngWNgw;iwf; khzth;fSld; fye;Jiu
ahLjy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
11
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 01 01 01010
vspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp <u;itapdhyhd MHKLfy; fhzyvspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp <u;itapdhyhd MHKLfy; fhzyvspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp <u;itapdhyhd MHKLfy; fhzyvspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp <u;itapdhyhd MHKLfy; fhzyvspa Criyg; gad;gLj;jp <u;itapdhyhd MHKLfy; fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • Crypd; ePsj;ijf; Fz;bd; <u;g;G ikaj;jpypUe;J
nrk;ikahf msj;jy;.
• khl;Nlw;W Crpia Crypd; xOf;fpw;F mz;ikapy;
mjpjho; Gs;spapy; rupahf ,izj;jy;.
• epWj ;jw ;fbfhuj ;j pd ; ,opntz;zpf ;iff ;Nfw ;g
tOtPjj ;ijf ; Fiwf ;FKfkhf miyTfspd ;
vz;zpf;ifiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
• Criyr; rpwpa Nfhzj;jpw;$lhf miyatpl;L
epWj;jw;fbfhuj;jhy;f; Fwpj;j miyTfSf;fhd
Neuj;ijr; nrk;ikahf msj;jy;.
• gue;jtPr;R thrpg;igg; ngWk; nghUl;L Crypd; ePsj;ijj;;
njupT nra;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; <u;itapdhyhd Mu;KLfy;
fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : vspa Cry;> kPw;wu;r;rl;lk;> epWj;jw;fbfhuk;> khl;Nlw;W
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Crp> Mjhuk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • cgfuzr; nrg;gQ; nra;ifiag; gupNrhjpj;Jj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• rjtPj tOitf; Fiwf;FKfkhf miyTfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaj; njupT nra;Ak; Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• miyT fhyj;ij msf;Fk; Kiwia mtjhdpj;Jj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; <u ;g ;G Mu;KLfiyf;
fhz;gjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
12
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 11 11 11111
,Nyrhd RUsp tpy; xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s nghUnshd;wpd;;,Nyrhd RUsp tpy; xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s nghUnshd;wpd;;,Nyrhd RUsp tpy; xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s nghUnshd;wpd;;,Nyrhd RUsp tpy; xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s nghUnshd;wpd;;,Nyrhd RUsp tpy; xd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s nghUnshd;wpd;;
jpzptpw;Fk; miyT fhyj; jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;jpzptpw;Fk; miyT fhyj; jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;jpzptpw;Fk; miyT fhyj; jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;jpzptpw;Fk; miyT fhyj; jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;jpzptpw;Fk; miyT fhyj; jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • miyT fhyj;ijr; nrk;ikahf msg;gjw;fhf
cgfuzj;ijr; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• mstpLk; Neuj;jpw;fhd tOtPjj;ijf; Fiwf;FKfkhf
miyTfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
• njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s jpzptpw;Nfw;;g miyT fhyj;ijr;
nrk;ikahf msj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpj; jpzptpw;Fk;>
Mtu;j;jd fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igg;
ngWjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : ,Nyrhd RUsp tpy;> 50 g epiwg;gbfs;> epWj;jw;fbfhuk;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; khl;Nlw;W Crp> Mjhuk;.
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • cgfuzr; nrg ;gQ; nra;ifia mtjhdpj ;Jj;
Njitahd mwpTiufs; toq;;fy;.
• jug;gl ;l RUsp ;tpy;ypd; tpy; khwpypf ;Nfw;gTk;
epWj;jw;fbfhuj;jpd; ,opntz;zpf;iff;Nfw;gTk;
tOtPjj;ijf; Fiwf;FKfkhf Neuj;ij msg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd miyTfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaj; njupT
nra;tjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• MW jpzpTfSf;fhd miyT fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; jpzptpw;Fk;> miyT
fhyj;jpw;Fkpilapy; cs;s njhlu;igg; ngWtjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
13
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 21 21 21212
Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitnahd;wpd; kPbwd; fhzy;Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitnahd;wpd; kPbwd; fhzy;Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitnahd;wpd; kPbwd; fhzy;Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitnahd;wpd; kPbwd; fhzy;Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitnahd;wpd; kPbwd; fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzj;jpw;Nfw;gj; Njitahd
fzpaj;ijg; ngWtjw;F khwpfisj; njupT nra;jy;.
• jug ; gl ;Ls ;s k PbwDf ;F Rukhd pf ; fk ;g pia
,irthf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
• ,iofspd; mjpu;T rk;ge;jkhff; fw;gjw;Fr; Rukhdp
kpf Kf;fpak; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; ,irf;ftupd; kPbwidf;
fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : Rukhdp> kPbwd; njupahj ,irf;fit> miuf;fpNyhfpuhk;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Rik > Rukhdpapy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; fk;gp > kPw;wuf;Nfhy;>
%d;W Nfhy;j; juhR.
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidiar; nrg;gQ; nra;Ak; Kiw rk;ge;jkhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• mjpUk; ,irf;fitAld; gupTWkhW ghyq;f
spw;;fpilapyhd Juk; nrg;gr ; nra;ag ;gLtij
mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp ,irf;fitapd;;
kPbwidf; fzpg;gjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
14
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 31 31 31313
Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Oitf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpUk fk;gpapd;;Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Oitf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpUk fk;gpapd;;Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Oitf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpUk fk;gpapd;;Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Oitf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpUk fk;gpapd;;Rukhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Oitf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpUk fk;gpapd;;
kPbwdpw;;Fk; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilap yhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;kPbwdpw;;Fk; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilap yhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;kPbwdpw;;Fk; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilap yhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;kPbwdpw;;Fk; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilap yhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;kPbwdpw;;Fk; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilap yhd njhlu;igj; Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,irf;fitfspy; Kjyhtjhfg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kPbwDila ,irf;
fitiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
• Kjyhtjhf mbg ;gilr ; Ruj ;ijg ; ngWkhW
ghyq;fspw;;fpilapyhd Juj;ijr; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• ,irf;fitapd; kPbwd; FiwAk; tupirapy; gupNtw;gLk;;
Rukhdpf; fk;gpapd; ePsj;ij msj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp kPbwdpw; ;Fk;>
mjpUk; fk;gpapd; ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;
igf; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : Rukhdp> gy ,irf;fitfs;> 2 kg Rik
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • KjyhtJ thr p g ; G vLf ;Fk ; NghJ nju pT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ,irf;fitapd; kPbwidg; guprPypj;Jj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupT Vw;gLk; epiy rupahdjhntdg; guprPypf;f.
• Kjyhtjhf mbg;gilr; Ruj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg;
ghyq;fspw;fpilapyhd Juk; nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh
ntd mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp kPbwdpw; ;Fk;
fk;gpapd; ePsj;jpw;;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igg; ngWtjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
15
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 41 41 41414
xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; XH ,irf; fitiaAk; gad;gLj;jpxU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; XH ,irf; fitiaAk; gad;gLj;jpxU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; XH ,irf; fitiaAk; gad;gLj;jpxU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; XH ,irf; fitiaAk; gad;gLj;jpxU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; XH ,irf; fitiaAk; gad;gLj;jp
tspapy; xypapd; fjp; iaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;tspapy; xypapd; fjp; iaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;tspapy; xypapd; fjp; iaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;tspapy; xypapd; fjp; iaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;tspapy; xypapd; fjp; iaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; ::::: • xU Kid %lg;gl;l gupTf;Fohapy; gupTWk; tspepuypd;
epiyiag; gupNrhjid thapyhf mwpjy;.
• mjpUk; ,irf;fitAld; xU Kid %lg;gl;l
FohapYs;s tsp epuy; gupTWk; NghJ cuj;j xyp
Nfl;gij mtjhdpj;jy;.
• ts pa py ; xy pa pd ; fj piaAk ; > Foha pd ;
Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : 2.5 cm tpl;lKilaJk; 50 cm ePsKilaJkhd Foha;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ,irf;fitfs;> kPw;wu;f;Nfhy;> caukhd rhb > ePH;> Mjhuk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • ePUs;s rhbapy; ; Fohia mkpo;j;jp xU Kid
%lg ;gl ;Ls ;s gu pTf ; Fohahf khw ;Wtjw ;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• kPbwd; njupe;j ,irf;fitia mjpur; nra;J>
mbg;gilr; Ruj;jpy; gupTWk; epiyiag; ngWtjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• tspepuypd; ePsj;ij mjpfupj ;J kPz;Lk; gupT
epiyiag; ngWtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupT ePsk; rhu;ghf tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaf;
fzpg;;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Fohapd ; Kidj;j pUj ;jj ;ijf ; fzpg ; ;gjw ;fhf
khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;lngWNgWfisAk; fzpj;jiyAk; ghpNrhjpf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
16
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 51 51 51515
xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; gy ,irf; xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; gy ,irf; xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; gy ,irf; xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; gy ,irf; xU Kid %lg;gl;l FohiaAk; gy ,irf; fitfisAk; gad;gLj;jpfitfisAk; gad;gLj;jpfitfisAk; gad;gLj;jpfitfisAk; gad;gLj;jpfitfisAk; gad;gLj;jp
tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaAk;tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaAk;tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaAk;tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaAk;tspapy; xypapd; fjpiaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • gy ,irf;fitfs; jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ xt;nthU
,irf;fitfSf;Fkhd mbg;gilahd gupT epiy
fisg; gupNrhjid thapyhf mwpjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp tspapy; xypapd;;
fjpiaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : 2.5 cm tpl;lKilaJk; 50 cm ePsKilaJkhd Foha;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ,irf;fitfs;> kPw;wuf;Nfhy;;> caukhd rhb > ePH;> Mjhuk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • ,irf;fitfspy; kPbwd; $ba ,irf;fitia mjpur;
nra;J> tsp epuypd; ,opT ePsj;jpypUe;J ePsj;ij
mjpfupj;J KjyhtJ gupT epiyf;F xj;j tsp epuypd;
ePsj;ij msg;gjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
• kPbwd; FiwAk; tupirapy; ,irf;fitfSld;
mbg;gilg; gupT ePsj;ij msg;gjw;F khztu;fis
<LgLj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuig tiue;J tspapy; xypapd;
fjpiaAk; Fohapd; Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijAk; fzpg;;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• tspapy; xypapd; fjpf ;Fg ; ngwg;gl;l ngWkjp
mt;ntg;gepiyapy; tspapy; xypapd; fjpapd;; cz;ikg;
ngWkjpAld; khWk; tOtPjj;ijf; fzpg;;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
17
gggggupNrhjid ,yupNrhjid ,yupNrhjid ,yupNrhjid ,yupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 61 61 61616
efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaAk; fz;zhbf; Fw;wp iaAk;efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaAk; fz;zhbf; Fw;wp iaAk;efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaAk; fz;zhbf; Fw;wp iaAk;efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaAk; fz;zhbf; Fw;wp iaAk;efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biaAk; fz;zhbf; Fw;wp iaAk; gad;gLj;jpf; gad;gLj;jpf; gad;gLj;jpf; gad;gLj;jpf; gad;gLj;jpf;
fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy;fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy;fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy;fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy;fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • cz;ik Mok;> Njhw;w Mok; Mfpad %yk;
jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b fzpg; ;gjw;fhd mwpitg;
gad;gLj;jpr; nrt;tf tbthd fz;zhbf; Fw;wpapd;
KwpTr;Rl;b fhzy;.
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biar; rupahfg; gad;gLj;J
tjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• ntt;Ntwhd e Psq;fis kpfTk; nrk ;ikahf
msg;gjw;F efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b gad;gLj;jypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : nrt;tf tbthd fz;zhbf; Fw;wp> efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; nts;isj;jhs;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gu pNrhjidf;fhd Nfhl ;ghl ;bid khztu;fs;
tpsq;fpAs;shu;fshntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gu p Nrhjidia xOq ;FKiwa py ; ru pahfr ;
nra;fpd;whHfshntd mtjhdpj;J> tOf;fisr;
rPuhf;Fjy;.
• gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ngWNgw;iw guPl;rpj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
18
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 71 71 71717
mupaj;jpDlhd fjpupd; tpyfiyg; gupNrhjid uPjpapy; Ma;Tmupaj;jpDlhd fjpupd; tpyfiyg; gupNrhjid uPjpapy; Ma;Tmupaj;jpDlhd fjpupd; tpyfiyg; gupNrhjid uPjpapy; Ma;Tmupaj;jpDlhd fjpupd; tpyfiyg; gupNrhjid uPjpapy; Ma;Tmupaj;jpDlhd fjpupd; tpyfiyg; gupNrhjid uPjpapy; Ma;T
nra;jYk; mupaj;jpd; ,opT tpyfw;; Nfhzk; fhzYk;nra;jYk; mupaj;jpd; ,opT tpyfw;; Nfhzk; fhzYk;nra;jYk; mupaj;jpd; ,opT tpyfw;; Nfhzk; fhzYk;nra;jYk; mupaj;jpd; ,opT tpyfw;; Nfhzk; fhzYk;nra;jYk; mupaj;jpd; ,opT tpyfw;; Nfhzk; fhzYk;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • mupaj;jpDL KwptilAk; fjpupd; tpyfyhdJ
gLNfhzj;Jld; khWk; tpjj;ijf; fjpH tupg;glj;jpdhy;
tpsf;Fjy;.
• Fz;^rpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf ; fjpupd; ghijia
tiutjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• j p ut paj ;j pd ; Kw pTr ; Rl ; biaf ; fzpg ; gjw ;F
tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : mupak; > nts;isj;jhs;> Fz;^rpfs;> tiujw;gyif>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; kPw;wu;f;Nfhy;> ghifkhdp
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf;fhd Kiwfis khztu;fs; tpsq;fp
As;shu;fshntdf; fz;lwpjy;.
• gupNrhjidf;Fg; gy gLNfhzq;fisg; ngWtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd tupg;gl Kiwnahd;iwf; $wy;.
• Fz; rpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fjpupd;; ghijiag; ngWk;
Kiwiaf; $wy;.
• gupNrhjidf;Fg; gpd;du; tiuag;gl;l fjpu; tupg;glj;ijg;
guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gupNrhjid gjpag;gl;l gpd;dH tiuag;gl;l tiuigAk;
fzpg;igAk; guPl;rpj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
19
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 81 81 81818
mtjpf;Nfhz Kiwapdhy; mupaj; jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;bJzpjy;mtjpf;Nfhz Kiwapdhy; mupaj; jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;bJzpjy;mtjpf;Nfhz Kiwapdhy; mupaj; jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;bJzpjy;mtjpf;Nfhz Kiwapdhy; mupaj; jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;bJzpjy;mtjpf;Nfhz Kiwapdhy; mupaj; jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;bJzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • j p ut paj ;j pd ; Kw pTr ; Rl ; biaf ; fzpg ; gjw ;F
tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• njupT nra;ag;gl;l Kiwiag; ghtpj;Jj; jputpaj;jpd;
KwpTr;Rl;biaf; fhzy;.
• Fz;^rpfisg; gad;gLj;jp xspf;fjpupd; ghijia
tiutjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• KwpTr; Rl;biaf; fzpg;gjw;fhd tpj;jpahrkhd
Kiwfis xg;gpl;L mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : mupak;> tiujw;gyif > nts;isj;jhs;> Fz;^rpfs;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ghifkhdp> kPw;wHf;Nfhy;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf; Nfhl;ghl;il khztu;fs; tpsq;;fpAs;shu;fsh
ntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gupNrhjid nra;j gpd;du; mikg;Gfis tiutjw;Fj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fy;.
• nra;ag;gl;l gupNrhjidapy; tiuag;gl;l fjpu ;
tupg;glj;ijg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gupNrhjidg; gjpitg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
20
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 1 91 91 91919
jpUrpakhdpiar; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; mupaf;Nfhzk; JzpjYk;jpUrpakhdpiar; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; mupaf;Nfhzk; JzpjYk;jpUrpakhdpiar; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; mupaf;Nfhzk; JzpjYk;jpUrpakhdpiar; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; mupaf;Nfhzk; JzpjYk;jpUrpakhdpiar; nrg;gQ;nra;jYk; mupaf;Nfhzk; JzpjYk;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • jpUrpakhdpapYs;s gFjpfis ngahply;.
• njhiyfhl;biar; rkhe;juf; fjpHfisg; ngWtjw;Fr;
nrg;gQ;nra;jy;.
• NeHtupirahf;fpiaAk; gpsitAk; nrg;gQ;nra;jy;.
• mupaNkiria kl;lkhf;fy;.
• mupaNkir kPJ mupaj;ijj; jpUj;jkhf itj;jy;.
• mupaj;jpd; nghUj;jkhd Nkw;gug;gpy; njwpg;gpdhy;
cUthFk;; gpstpd; tpk;gj;ij mtjhdpj;J NtzpaH
mstpil thrpg;G vLj;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l mstPLfs;; %yk; mupaf;Nfhzk; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : jpUrpakhdp > rkgf;f mupak;> xsp Kjy; (,io kpd;Fkpo;)
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • njhiyfhl ;ba py ; rkhe ;ju xspf ;fw ;iwiag ;
ngWtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• NeHtupirahf;fp jpUj;jkhfr; nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
jhntdg; guPl;rpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fis
toq;fy;.
• mupaNkiria kl;lkhf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• NtzpaH mstpila pd ; thr pg ;igr ; ru pahf
mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztHfis newpg;gLj;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l thrpg;Gf;fs; rhHghf mupaf;Nfhzj;ijf;
fzpg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fp ,Wjpf; fzpg;igg;
guPl;rpj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
21
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 02 02 02020
jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp; ,opT tpyfw;Nfhzk; JzpjYk; mupak;jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp; ,opT tpyfw;Nfhzk; JzpjYk; mupak;jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp; ,opT tpyfw;Nfhzk; JzpjYk; mupak;jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp; ,opT tpyfw;Nfhzk; JzpjYk; mupak;jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp; ,opT tpyfw;Nfhzk; JzpjYk; mupak;
Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzYk;Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzYk;Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzYk;Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzYk;Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b fhzYk;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • mupaj;jpy; KwptilAk; fjpupd; gLNfhzj;Jld;
tpyfw;Nfhzk; khWk; tpjj;ij mwpjy;.
• nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl;l jpUrpakhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp
mupaj;jpd; gLNfhzj;ijf; fhZk; jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ,opT tpyfw;Nfhzj;ijAk; mupaf;
Nfhzj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp mupak; Mf;fg;gl;l
j putpaj ;j pd ; KwpTr ;Rl ;biaf; fzpg ;gjw ;fhd
Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;Fjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl;l jpUrpakhdp > rkgf;f mupak;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Nrhba tpsf;F my;yJ Nrhbar; RlH
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • mupaj;ij mupaNkirapd; kPJ nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
itj;J ,opT tpyfw;Nfhzj;ijf; fhz;gjw;fhf
mupaNkiriaj; jpUg;Gk;NghJ tpk;gj;ijj; njhlHe;J
mtjhdpg;gjw;Fj; njhiyfhl;biaj; jpUg;Gtjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ,opT tpyfy; epiyapYk; gpd;dH mupaj;ij mfw;wp
NeubahfTk; gpstpd; tpk;gk; njupAk; NghJ nrk;ik
ahf thrpg;Gf;fis mstpLtjw;F khztHfis
newpg;gLj;jy;.
• fzpj;jiyAk; ngWNgw;iwAk; guPl;rpj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
22
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y 2121212121(I)
(xUf;F)(xUf;F)(xUf;F)(xUf;F)(xUf;F)FFFFFtttttpT tpy;iyapy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiapT tpy;iyapy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiapT tpy;iyapy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiapT tpy;iyapy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiapT tpy;iyapy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiag;g;g;g;g; nghUe;jr; nra; nghUe;jr; nra; nghUe;jr; nra; nghUe;jr; nra; nghUe;jr; nra;ififififif
KiwapdhyKiwapdhyKiwapdhyKiwapdhyKiwapdhy; fhz;gJld; tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;Juj;ijAk; fhzy;; fhz;gJld; tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;Juj;ijAk; fhzy;; fhz;gJld; tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;Juj;ijAk; fhzy;; fhz;gJld; tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;Juj;ijAk; fhzy;; fhz;gJld; tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;Juj;ijAk; fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • FtpT tpy;iyapdhy; cUthFk; nghUspd; kha> nka;
tpk;gq;fis NtWgLj;jpf; fz;lwpAk; tpjj;ij
tpsf;;fy;.
• nghUe;jr; nra;tjd; %yk;; nka;tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiaf;
fz;lwpjy;.
• jsthbiag; gad;gLj;jp guitapd;ik ,d;wpg;
nghUe;jr; nra;tjd; %yk; khatpk;g epiyiaf;
fz;lwpjy;
• ntt;NtW nghUs;j;; Juq;fSf;nfhj;j nka; tpk;gj;
Juj;ijg; ngw;Wg; nghUj;jkhd tiuG Kiwapdhy;
tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;Juk; fhzy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ngWNgWfs; rupahdjhntdg; guprPypj;jy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : Mjhuj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s FtpTtpy;iy> ,U khl;Nlw;W
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Crpfs;> kPw;wu;f;Nfhy;> jsthbj;Jz;L
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • cgfuzk; nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk; nka;/kha
tpk;gq;fis milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fkhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• guitapd;ikapd;wpa Kiwapy; nghUj;jr; nra;tjd;
,lu;ghl;il eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhLj;jy;.
• gupNrhjidg; gjpit mtjhdpj;J VNjDk; tOf;fisj;
jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F topfhl;Ljy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
23
gupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjid 2121212121(II)
tpup (FopT) tpy;iyapd; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyia mwpjYk; mjd;tpup (FopT) tpy;iyapd; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyia mwpjYk; mjd;tpup (FopT) tpy;iyapd; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyia mwpjYk; mjd;tpup (FopT) tpy;iyapd; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyia mwpjYk; mjd;tpup (FopT) tpy;iyapd; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyia mwpjYk; mjd;
Ftpaj;Juk; JzpjYk;Ftpaj;Juk; JzpjYk;Ftpaj;Juk; JzpjYk;Ftpaj;Juk; JzpjYk;Ftpaj;Juk; JzpjYk;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • FtpTt py ;iya pdhy ; cUthFk ; t pk ; gj ;j pd ;
epiyiaAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;igAk; mwpjy;.
• jsthbiag; gad;gLj;jp guitapd;ikapd;wpg ;
nghUe;jy; nra;ifapdhy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiaf;
fz;lwpjy;.
• tpj;jpahrkhd nghUs; Juq;fSf;F tpk;g Juq;fisf;
mse;J> nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; tpy;iyapd;
Ftpaj;Juj;ijf;; fhzy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ngWNgw;wpd; jpUj;jj;ij mwpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : FopTtpy;iy> jsthb> ,U Fz;^rpfs;> kPw;wHf;Nfhy;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Mjhuk;> jsthbj; Jz;L
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • cgfuzq;fisj; njhlHGgLj;Jtjw;Fk; tpk;gj;ij
,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;> gupr Pypg ;gjw;Fk; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupNrhjid nra;Ak;NghJ guitapd;ikapd;wpg ;
nghUe;jy; nra;tjpy; cs;s ,lHghl;ilr; rupnra;jy;.
• gupNrhjidg; gjpit mtjhdpj;J FiwghLfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;br; rupnra;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
24
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 22 22 22222
,wFf; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mKf;fk; fhzy;,wFf; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mKf;fk; fhzy;,wFf; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mKf;fk; fhzy;,wFf; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mKf;fk; fhzy;,wFf; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mKf;fk; fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • ,yFthf thrpg;igg; ngWk; nghUl;L cgfuzj;ijr;
nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• khw;wq;fspw;fpilapy; gue;j tPr;irg; ngWk; nghUl;L
thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngwy;.
• Nghapypd; Ma;fUtpAld; xg;gpLifapy; Fiwe;j
nrytpYk; rpwpjsT ,urj;jpYk; ,g;gupNrhjidiar;
nra;ayhk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
• Neu;Nfhl;L tiuigg; ngWtjw;F khwpfisj; njupT
nra;J nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; tspkz;ly mKf;f
j;ijf; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : ,wFf; Foha;> kPw;wu;r;rl;lk;> Mjhuk;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • cgfuzk; rupahfr; nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhntd
mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngWtij mtjhdpj;J> tOf;fs;;
,Ug;gpd; ePf;Fjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly
mKf;fj;ijf; fzpg; ;gjw;F khztu;fis newpg;
gLj;Jjy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
25
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 32 32 32323
khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAnthd;wpd; fdtstpw;;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAnthd;wpd; fdtstpw;;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAnthd;wpd; fdtstpw;;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAnthd;wpd; fdtstpw;;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;khwh mKf;fj;jpy; thAnthd;wpd; fdtstpw;;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • thrpg;Gfisg; ngWk; ntg;gepiy tPr;Rf;fspy; thA
epuy; njhlu;e;J ePupy; ,Uf;FkhW cgfuzj;ijr;
rupahfr; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fis ngWk;NghJ> ePupd; ntg;gepiyia
khwhky; NgZtjw;fhd jpwidg; ngwy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; thAtpd; fdtstpw;Fk;>
ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igg; ngwy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : ,urj;Jspahy; milf;fg;gl;l cyu; tspiaf; nfhz;Ls;s
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; xLq;fpa rPuhd xU Kid %lg;gl;l Foha;> ntg;gkhdp>
ePu; cs;s ghj;jpuk;> fyf;fp> gd;rd; RluLg;G > gb Mjhuk;>
Kf;fhyp
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • vy;yh thrpg ;Gf;fisAk; ngwf;$ba tifapy;
cgfuzQ; nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhntdg; gupNrh
jpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngWk;NghJ rupahd xOq;F Kiwfs;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wdthntd mtjhdpj ;Jj; Njit
ahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; thAtpd; fdtstpw;;Fk;
ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igg; ngWtjw;F
khztu;fis newpg;gLj;Jjy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
26
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 42 42 42424
khwhf; fdtstpy;; thAnthd;wpd; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk;khwhf; fdtstpy;; thAnthd;wpd; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk;khwhf; fdtstpy;; thAnthd;wpd; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk;khwhf; fdtstpy;; thAnthd;wpd; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk;khwhf; fdtstpy;; thAnthd;wpd; mKf;fj;jpw;Fk;
ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;jy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • khwh fdtsT thA cgfuzj;jpd; Fkpo; Kw;whf ePupy;
mkpo;e;jpUf;FkhW nrg;gQ; nra;jy;.
• thrpg;Gf;fisg; ngWk; Kd; ePupd; ntg;gepiyia
khwhky; NgZtjw;fhd jpwidg; ngwy;.
• Fkpo pa pYs;s thAtpd ; fdtsit khwhky ;
itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd jpwidg; ngwy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;j p thAtpd;
mKf;fj ;j pw ;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;igg; ngwy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : khwh fdtsT thA cgfuzk; > ntg;gkhdp> ePUs;s
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; caukhd Kfit> fyf;fp> gd;rd; RluLg;G > Kf;fhyp
Mrpupau; mwpTiufs;Mrpupau; mwpTiufs;Mrpupau; mwpTiufs;Mrpupau; mwpTiufs;Mrpupau; mwpTiufs; : • ,yFthf thrpg;Gf;fis ngWk; tifapy; cgfuzQ;
nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhntd mtjhdpj;Jj; Njit
ahd mwpTiufs; toq;fy;.
• thrpg;G vLf;Fk; NghJ rupahd xOq;F Kiwfs;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wjhntd mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd
mwpTiufs; toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tiuigg; gad;gLj;j p thAtpd;
mKf;fj ;j pw ;Fk; ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;igg; ngWtjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;jy;.
27
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 52 52 52525
fyit Kiwapdhy;j; jpz;knkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;fyit Kiwapdhy;j; jpz;knkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;fyit Kiwapdhy;j; jpz;knkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;fyit Kiwapdhy;j; jpz;knkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;fyit Kiwapdhy;j; jpz;knkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf;
nfhs;ssitj; Jzpjy;nfhs;ssitj; Jzpjy;nfhs;ssitj; Jzpjy;nfhs;ssitj; Jzpjy;nfhs;ssitj; Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • ntg;gkhd jpz;kj;Jld; Fspuhd jputj;ijf; fyf;Fk;
NghJ Vw;gLk; ntg;gg;gupkhw;wk; gw;wp tpsf;;Fjy;.
• ntg;gg; gupkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; jpz;knkhd;wpd;
jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;.
• gupNrhjidapy; vw;gLk; tOf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kw;fhg ;Gf;fis ntw;wpfukhfr;
nraw;gLj;jy;.
• ,k; Kw;fhg;Gf;fshy; ,Wjpg; ngWNgw;wpd; nrk;ikiar;
$l;Ljy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : fNyhupkhdp> fyf;fp> epf;fy;rd; ntg;gkhf;fp my;yJ ePuhtpg;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; gpwg;ghf;fp (my;yJ FohAld; ntg;gkhf;fp )> rpy <ar;
rd;dq;fs;> ePu;> ehd;F Nfhy;j; juhR
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjid nra;Ak; Kiwia khztHfs; rupahf
tpsq;fpAs;shu;fshntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• tOf;fisf; Fiwg ;gjw ;fhd topfhl ;ly ;fis
toq;Fjy;. fyf;Fk; NghJ #oYf;fhd ntg;g ,og;ig
,opthf;Fjy; rk;ge;jkhd tpN\l mtjhdj;ijf;
$wy;.
• ngWNgw;wpd; gjpitg; guprPypj;J ntg;g ,og;igAk; ntg;g
eaj;ijAk; rkg ;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rkd ;ghl ;bd ;
jpUj;jj;ij tpNrlkhff; $wy;.
• jpz;kj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;sstpw;F khztu; ngw;w
ngWkhdj ;j pw ;F tOt Pjj ;ijf ; fzpg ; ; gjw ;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
28
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 62 62 62626
Fspuy; Kiwahy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;Fspuy; Kiwahy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;Fspuy; Kiwahy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;Fspuy; Kiwahy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;Fspuy; Kiwahy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • nghUj ;jkhd mstpil nju pT nra ;ag ;gl ;L
ntg;gepiyf;Fk; Neuj;jpw;Fkhd tiuG tiujy;.
• fNyhupkhdpapYs;s jputk; rPuhff; fyf;Ftjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,k;Kiwapy; ntg;gk; ,of;fg;gLk; tPjk; Kf;fpakhf
Nkw;fhTifapYk;> fjpu;g;gpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gijf;
$wy;.
• tiuigg; gad;gLj;jpj ; jputj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf;
nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : GwNkw;gug;Gf; fUikahf;fg;gl;l fNyhupkhdp (%b> fyf;fp
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Ald;) > ,U cNyhfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; (tpj;jpahrkhd
msTs;s)> ePUs;s ghj;jpuk;> jputKs;s ghj;jpuk; >
ntg;gkhdp> epWj;jw;fbfhuk;> %d;W Nfhy;j;juhR>
fNyhupkhdpapd; %bapYs;s ,U Jisfspw;;fpilapyhd
Juj;jpw;Fr; rkdhd Juj;jpy; Jisaplg;gl;l jbj;j
kl;ilj;Jz;L.
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • khwhr ; #oy ; ntg ;ge piyiag ; NgZtjd ;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;;fpAs;shu;fshntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• fy;tNdhkhdpapd; ntspNkw;gug;igf; fUikahf;
Ftjd; NjitiaAk; jputKk; ePUk; rkfdtsT
vLg;gjw;fhd NjitiaAk; tpsf;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
29
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 72 72 72727
fyit Kiwapdhy; gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; Jzpjy;.fyit Kiwapdhy; gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; Jzpjy;.fyit Kiwapdhy; gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; Jzpjy;.fyit Kiwapdhy; gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; Jzpjy;.fyit Kiwapdhy; gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; Jzpjy;.
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • gdpf;fl;biaAk; ePiuAk; fyg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gg;
gupkhw;wj;ij tpsf;fy;.
• ntg;gg; gupkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpg; gdpf;fl;bapd;
cUfypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; Jzpjy;.
• ,t;thW fhZk;NghJ Vw;glf;$ba gupNrhjid
tOitf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kw;fhg;Gf;fis mwpjy;.
• gdpfl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;jpw;Fg; ngwg;gl;l
ngWkhdk; nghUj;jkhdjhntd xg;gply;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : fNyhupkhdp> fyf;fp> ntg;gkhdp> ePu ;> gdpf;fl;bj;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Jz;Lfs;> rpy tb jhs;fs;> %d;W Nfhy;j;juhR
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidapy; Vw;glf;$ba tOf;fis mwpe;J
mtw;iwf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; nra;ag;
gl;Ls;sjhntd mtjhdpf;f.
• ngWNgw;wpd; gjpitAk; fzpg;Gr; rupahdjhntdTk;
guPl;rpj;jy;.
• gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;jpw;Fg;
ngwg;gl;l ngWkhdk; nghUj;jkhd ngWkhdk; vd
xg;gpLtw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
30
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 82 82 82828
fyit Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Mtpahjypfyit Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Mtpahjypfyit Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Mtpahjypfyit Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Mtpahjypfyit Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd; kiw ntg;gk; d; jd; kiw ntg;gk; d; jd; kiw ntg;gk; d; jd; kiw ntg;gk; d; jd; kiw ntg;gk; Jzpjy;Jzpjy;Jzpjy;Jzpjy;Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • ePuhtpAk;> ePUk; fyf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gg;
gupkhw;wj;ij tpsf;;fy;;.
• ,t;ntg;gg;gupkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Mtpahjypd;
jd;kiw ntg;gj;ijg; gupNrhjid %yk; Jzpjy;.
• gupNrhjidapy; Vw;gLk; tOf;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kw;fhg;Gf;fis mwpjy;;.
• ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;jpw;Fg; ngwg;gl;l
ngWkhdk; nghUj;jkhd ngWkhdkhntd xg;gply;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : fNyhupkhdp> fyf;fp> ntg;gkhdp> ePu;> ePuhtpg; gpwg;ghf;fp>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Kj;Jyhj;;juhR > ePuhtp mDg;Gk; fUtp
Mrpupau ;Mrpupau ;Mrpupau ;Mrpupau ;Mrpupau ; : • gupNrhjidapy; ngwg;gLk; tOf;fisf; fUj;jpw;
nfhz;L ,t;tOf;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;F Nkw;nfhs;
sg;gLk; Kw;fhg;Gf;fis mtjhdpj;jy;.
• ngWNgw;wpd; gjpitg; guprPypj;J> fzpg;gpd; cz;ikg;
ngWNgw;iw cWjp nra;jy;.
• ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;jpw;Fg; ngwg;gl;l
ngWkhdk; nghUj;jkhdjhntd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;;Fjy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
31
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 2 92 92 92929
Jyf;fkhd fNyhupkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspapd; njhlu;GJyf;fkhd fNyhupkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspapd; njhlu;GJyf;fkhd fNyhupkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspapd; njhlu;GJyf;fkhd fNyhupkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspapd; njhlu;GJyf;fkhd fNyhupkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspapd; njhlu;G
<ug;gjd; Jzpjy;<ug;gjd; Jzpjy;<ug;gjd; Jzpjy;<ug;gjd; Jzpjy;<ug;gjd; Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • gdp cUthFtjw;fhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba Njitia
tpsf;fy;.
• gdp cUthFk; NghJk; kiwAk; NghJk; rupahf
mtjhdpj;jy;.
• gdpgLepiy rhu;ghf tspapd;; njhlu;G <ug;gjidj;;
Jzpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : ,U Jyf;fg;gl;l fNyhupkhdpfs;> rpwpa gdpf;fl;bj;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Jz;Lfs;> fyf;fp> 0 oC - 50 0C tPr;Rila ,U ,ur
ntg;gkhdpfs> ,U Mjhuq;fs;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gdpf;fl;b ,lg;glNtz;ba Jyf;fg;gl;l fNyhupkhdpapd;
ntg;gepiyia nkJthff; Fiwf;Fk; Kiwia
tpsf;fy;.
• kw;iwa fNyhupkhdpapd; ntspNkw;gug;Gld; xg;gpl;Lg;
gdp cUthFk; NghJk; kiwAk; NghJk; rupahf
mtjhdpg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• ngwg ;gl ;l thr pg ;igAk ; e puk ;gyht p mKf ;f
ml;ltiziaAk; gad;gLj;jpr; rhu; <ug;gjidf;
fzpg;;gjw;F khztHfis newpg;gLj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
32
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 03 03 03030
Nrspd; Kiwapdhy; vspjpw; flj;jpnahd;wpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW Jzpjy;Nrspd; Kiwapdhy; vspjpw; flj;jpnahd;wpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW Jzpjy;Nrspd; Kiwapdhy; vspjpw; flj;jpnahd;wpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW Jzpjy;Nrspd; Kiwapdhy; vspjpw; flj;jpnahd;wpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW Jzpjy;Nrspd; Kiwapdhy; vspjpw; flj;jpnahd;wpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • cWjp ntg;gg;gha;r;ryilifiag; gupNrhjid uPjpahf
mwptjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ngwy;.
• khwh mKf;fj;njhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp cWjp epiyapy;
ntg;gepiyiag; nghUj;jkhdjhfg; NgZtjw;Fr;
re;ju;g;gk; ngwy;.
• vspjpw;flj;jpapd; ntg;gf;flj;jhiwg; gupNrhjid
uPjpahfj; Jzpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : ntg;gf;flj;jhW JzpAk; Nrspd; cgfuzk; > ehd;F
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ,urntg;gkhdpfs;> ePuhtpg; gpwg;ghf;fp> khwh mKf;fj;
njhl;b> Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp> epWj;jw;fbfhuk; >
kPw;wu;f;Nfhy;> ghj;jpuk; xd;W> %d;W Nfhy;j;juhR
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • cgfuzj;ijr; rupahfr; nrg;gQ; nra;tjw;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ntg;gkhdpfspd; thrpg;Gf;fis mtjhdpj;J> cWjp
epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• ntg;gkhdp thrpg ;igg ; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
NgZtjw;F khwh mKf;fj;njhl ;biag; gad;
gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy; toq;;fy;.
• thrpg;Gfisg; ngw;W ml;ltizg;gLj;jpf; flj;jpapd;
ntg;gf;flj;jhiwf; fzpg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ngWNgw;iwAk; fzpg;igAk;
guPl;rpj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
33
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 13 13 13131
cyu; fyj;jpd; mfj;jiliaAk; kpd;dpaf;f tpiriaAk; Jzpjy;cyu; fyj;jpd; mfj;jiliaAk; kpd;dpaf;f tpiriaAk; Jzpjy;cyu; fyj;jpd; mfj;jiliaAk; kpd;dpaf;f tpiriaAk; Jzpjy;cyu; fyj;jpd; mfj;jiliaAk; kpd;dpaf;f tpiriaAk; Jzpjy;cyu; fyj;jpd; mfj;jiliaAk; kpd;dpaf;f tpiriaAk; Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • Rw;wpd; nkhj;jj; jilapd; ngWkjpia khw;Wtjd;
%ykhd kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd;; khwy;.
• Rw;wpy; Nthy;w;WkhdpiaAk; mk;gpau;khdpiaAk; cupa
Kiwapy; ,izj;jy;.
• khwpfisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; tiugpy; Fwpj;Jj;
Njitahd ngWNgw;iwg; ngwy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : cyu; fyk;> kpy;yp mk;gpau;khdp> Nthy;w;Wkhdp >
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ,iwNahjw;W
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd Rw;W tupg;glj;ij
toq;fy;.
• Rw ;iw cu pa Kiwa py ; ,izg ; gjw ; f hd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• Rw;iwg; guprPypj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;;fy;.
• gupNrhjid Kiwfisr; rupahff; Nfl;L thrpg;igg;
ngw;Wg; nghUj;jkhd tiugpdhy; fyj;jpd; kp.,.tp.
iaAk; mfj;jiliaAk; Jzptjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
34
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 23 23 23232
kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,U jilfis xg;gpLjy;kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,U jilfis xg;gpLjy;kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,U jilfis xg;gpLjy;kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,U jilfis xg;gpLjy;kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,U jilfis xg;gpLjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • jug;gl;Ls;s Rw;W tupg;glj;jpw;fikar; Rw;iwr; rupahf
,izj;jy;.
• fy;tNdhkhdpapd; ghJfhg;Gj; NjitiaAk;> gad;
gLj;Jk; KiwiaAk; tpsf;;fy;.
• njhluhf ,izf ;fg ; gl ; l jila pa pdhy ;
fy;tNdhkhdpapd; czu;jpwdpw;;Nfw;gLk; jhf;fq;fis
tpsf;;fy;.
• ,U jilfis xg;gpLtjw;F kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : kPw;wu;g;ghyk; > tOf;Fr;rhtp > nrUFrhtpfs;> kp.,.tp 2 V cila
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Nrkpg;Gf; fyk; > ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp> xg;gpLtjw;Fj;
Njitahd ,U jilapfs;> 1 k jilap > ,iwNahjw;W
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • jug;gl;Ls;s Rw;iw ,izf;Fk;NghJ nrUF rhtp
jpwe;jpUf;FkhW Rw;iw ,izg;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Rw ;W ,izf ;fg ; gl ;l g pd ;du ; Rw ;W G + Hj ; j p
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhntd gupNrhjpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ghJfhg;Gr; Rw;iwr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;j mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• ngwg;gl;l ngWNgw;Wf;Nfw;g ,U jilfspd; tpfpjj;ijf;
fzpg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
35
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 33 33 33333
kPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilkPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilkPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilkPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilkPw;wu;g; ghyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jil
ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk; Jzpjy;ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk; Jzpjy;ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk; Jzpjy;ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk; Jzpjy;ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk; Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; ::::: • jug;gl;Ls;s Rw;W tupg;glj;jpw;fikar; Rw;iwj;
jpUj;jkhf mikj;jy;.
• ePupd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsf;fy;.
• fy;tNdhkhdpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ghJfhg;Gr;Rw;iwf; Fwpg;gply;.
• jilg ;ngl ;ba pd ; nrUfpfs;> nrUF rht pfs ;
vd;gtw;iw cgNahfpf;Fk; Kiwfis tpsf;fy;.
• tiunghd ;i w ti u t j w ; F j ; N j i t a h d
thr pg ; Gfisg ; ngw ;Wg; nghUj;jkhd tiuig
tiutjd; %yk; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilntg;gepiyf;
Fzfk; Jzpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : 100 Ω jilAila fhtyplg;gl;l fk;gpr;RUs;> ikag;G+r;rpa
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; fy;tNdhkhdp> njhLifr;rhtp > tOf;Frhtp> ,uz;L
nrUF rhtpfs; > kp.,.tp. 2 V cila Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;>
ntg;gkhdp> fyf;fpAld; fNyhupkhdp> ntg;gkhf;fp> gd;rd;
RluLg;G> kPw;wHr;rl;lk;> 1 k Ω jilap> (0 - 500) Ω tPr;Rila
jilg;ngl;b
MrpupaHMrpupaHMrpupaHMrpupaHMrpupaH ::::: • cgfuzq;fs; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ vy;yhr; nrUF
rhtpfSk; jpwe;jpUf;FkhW ,izg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;
toq;fy;.
• jug;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fs; Rw;W tupg ;glj;jpy;
jpUj;jkhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhntdg; guprPypj;J
tOf;fis ePf;fy;.
• ti u n g hd ;i w ti ut j w ; F j ; N jita hd
thrpg ;Gfisg; ngw;Wg; nghUj ;jkhd tiug py ;
jilntg ;ge piyf ; Fzfj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;fhf
khztHfSf;F topfhl;Ljy;.
36
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 43 43 43434
mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fyq;fspd; kp.,.tp. xg;gply;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fyq;fspd; kp.,.tp. xg;gply;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fyq;fspd; kp.,.tp. xg;gply;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fyq;fspd; kp.,.tp. xg;gply;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fyq;fspd; kp.,.tp. xg;gply;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • kp.,.tp. ia xg;g pLtjw;fhd mOj;jkhdpapd ;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gply;.
• mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kp.,.tp. ia xg;gpl
KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;fy;.
• czu;jpwDs;s fUtpiag; ghJfhg;ghff; ifahSk;
jpwidg; ngwy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : mOj;jkhdp> 2 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;> ,yf;yhQ;rpf; fyk;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; lhdpay; fyk;> ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp> ,U topr;
rhtp > nrUFrhtp> 1000 jilap> njhLf;Fq; fk;gpfs;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf;Fj; Njitahd Rw;W tupg;glj;ij
toq;fy;.
• mOj;jkhdpr; Rw;iwj; jpUj;jkhf ,izg;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• fy;tNdhkhdpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd cghaq;fisf;
Fwpg;gply;.
• khztu;fspdhy; Rw;W G+Hj;jpahf;fg;gl;l gpd; guprPypf;f
• ngwg;gl;l thrpg ;Gfisf;nfhz;L kp.,.tp. ia
xg;gpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
37
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 53 53 53535
mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis xg;gpLjy;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis xg;gpLjy;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis xg;gpLjy;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis xg;gpLjy;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis xg;gpLjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • nghUj;jkhd mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf
mOj;j tPo;r;rpr; Rw;iw ,izj;jy;.
• Njitf;Nfw;wthW ,U topr;rhtp gad;gLj;jy;.
• gupNrhjidg; ngWNgw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj; jilfis
xg;gpLjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : mOj;jkhdp> ,U 2 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyq;fs;;> xg;gpLtjw;Fj;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Njitahd ,U jilapfs;> ,U topr;rhtp > (0 - 50) Ω
jilg;ngl;b> %d;W nrUFrhtpfs;>nrUFrhtpapdhy; gf;f
topg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s 1 k ghJfhg;Gj;jilap> njhLifr;
rhtp > ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp> njhLf;Fq; fk;gpfs;.
Mrpupau ;Mrpupau ;Mrpupau ;Mrpupau ;Mrpupau ; : • jilfis xg;gpLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Rw;W
tupg;glj;ij toq;;fy;.
• Rw ;Wj ; j pUj ;jkhf ,izf;fg ;gl ;Ls ;sjhntd
mtjhdpj;Jj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;;fy;.
• khztu;fspdhy; ,izf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wj; jpUj;j
khdjhntdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 63 63 63636
mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fynkhd;wpd; mfj;jil fhzy;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fynkhd;wpd; mfj;jil fhzy;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fynkhd;wpd; mfj;jil fhzy;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fynkhd;wpd; mfj;jil fhzy;mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;fynkhd;wpd; mfj;jil fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • mfj;jilAila kpd;fynkhd;wpDlhd kpd;Ndhl;
lj;jpw;Nfw;g mjd; Kbtplq;fspw;;fpilapyhd mOj;j
tpj;jpahrk; NtWgLk; vd;gij tpsf;fy;.
• khwpfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig tiugpy; Fwpg;g
jw;fhff; Nfhitiag; ngwy;.
• khwpfSld; tiuag;gl;l tiugpdhy;j; Njitahd
ngWNgWfisg; ngwy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : mOj;jkhdp> 2 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;> cyu; fyk;> (0 - 50)
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; jilg;ngl;b> ,uz;L nrUFrhtpfs;> nrUFrhtpAld;
gf;f topg;gLj;jg;gl;l 1 k ghJfhg;Gj;jilap> njhLifr;
rhtp> ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp> njhLf;Fq;; fk;gpfs;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf;Fj; Njitahd Rw;W tupg;glj;ij
toq;fy;.
• nghUj;jkhd rkepiy ePsj;ij mstpLtjw;Fj;
jilg;ngl;bapd;; jilia khw ;Wtjw ;fhd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• tiuG tiutjw;fhd Nfhitiaj; Jzptjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gupNrhjid %yk; ngw;w ngWNgw;W mwpf;ifiag;
guprPypAq;fs;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
38
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 73 73 73737
mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa kpd; ,af;f tpirmOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa kpd; ,af;f tpirmOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa kpd; ,af;f tpirmOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa kpd; ,af;f tpirmOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rpwpa kpd; ,af;f tpir
(ntg;g ,izapd;) Jzpjy;(ntg;g ,izapd;) Jzpjy;(ntg;g ,izapd;) Jzpjy;(ntg;g ,izapd;) Jzpjy;(ntg;g ,izapd;) Jzpjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • kpfTk ; r pw pa kp .,.t p . Jzptjw ;F rhjhuz
mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdjy;y
vd;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;fy;.
• kpfTk; rpwpa kp.,.tp. Jzptjw;F mOj;jkhdpiaj;
jpupTgLj;Jk; Kiwia mwpjy;.
• ntg;g,izAld; mOj;jkhdpr; Rw;iwr; nrg;gQ;nra;J
Njitahd thrpg;igg; ngWk; Kiwia mwpjy;.
• jug;gl;l nghUl;fisAk; cgfuzq;isAk; gad;gLj;jp
kpfTk; jpUj;jkhf ngWNgw;iwg; ngWtjw;fhd jpwid
tsH;j;jy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : mOj;jkhdp (fk;gpapd; jil njupe;j)> 2 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;>
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ntg;g,iz> kpd;fyk; > ,U jilg;ngl;bfs;> ikag;G+r;rpa
fy;tNdhkhdp> tOf;fpr;rhtp> nrUFrhtpfs;> 1 kΩ
ghJfhg;Gj;jil > njhLg;Gf; fk;gpfs;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • kpfTk; rpwpa kp.,.tp. j; Jzptjw;F rhjhuz
mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkw;w
njd;gij khztHfSf;F tpsf;fy;.
• kpfTk; rpwpa kp.,.tp. iaj; Jzptjw;F jpupGgLj;jg;gl;l
mOj;jkhdpapd; Rw;W tupg;glj;jpdhy; tpsf;fy;.
• rkepiyg;Gs;spia mz;zsthf fk;gpapd; kj;jpapy;
ngWtjw;fhfj; jilg;ngl;biar; nrg;gQ;nra;tjw;F
mwpTWj;jy; toq;fp> mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpdTjy;.
• ntg;g,izapd; kpd;dpaf;ftpiriaj; Jzptjw;fhd
Rw;Wthpg;glj;ij toq;fy;.
• khztHfshy; mikf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wj; jpUj;jkhdjh
vdg; guPl;rpj;jy;.
• khztHfshy; gjpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;s ngWNgw;iwg;
guPl;rpj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
39
gupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjidgupNrhjid ::::: 3 83 83 83 83 8
Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapapd;; Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapapd;; Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapapd;; Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapapd;; Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapapd;; I - V rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngwy; rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngwy; rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngwy; rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngwy; rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngwy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • jug;gl;Ls;s Rw;Wf;fika ,Uthap> mk;gpau;khdp>
Nthy;w;Wkhdp> ,iwNahjw;W> kpd;fyk;> jilap
vd;gtw;iwj; jpUj;jkhf ,izj;jy;.
• mOj;jg;gpupapahf ,iwNahjw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy;.
• r pw pa kpd ;Ndhl ;lj ;ij mstpLtjw ;F kpy ;y p
mk;gpau;khdpiaAk; mOj;jNtWghl;il mstpL
tjw;F Nthy;w;WkhdpiaAk; gad;gLj;jy;.
• ,Uthapapd; Koq;fhy; mOj;jj;ij (knee voltage)
my;yJ Jz;bg;G mOj;jj;ij(cut in voltage) ,dq;;
fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : ,Uthap (1N4001) > 7.5 V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;> (0 V- 1 V)
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Nthy;w;Wkhdp> 1000 cila ,iwNahjw;W> 0-50 m A
kpy;yp mk;gpau;khdp> njhLf;Fq; fk;gp> 100 Ω 1 W jilap
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • ,Uthapapy; I - V rpwg;gpay;G tisapiag; ngWtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd Rw;W tupg;glj;ij khztu ;fSf ;F
toq;fy;.
• jug;gl;l Rw;W tupg;glj;jpw;fika cgfuzq;fisj;
j pUj ; jkhf ,izg;gjw ;F khztu ;fSf ;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• khztu;fshy; ,izf;fg;gl;l Rw;iwg; guprPypj;Jj;
Njitahd mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• mOj;jg;gpupapahf ,iwNahjw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
Koq;fhy; mOj;jj;ijj; jhz;ba gpd;dH thrpg;Gg;
ngWk;NghJ mOj;jk; khw;wg;glNtz;ba tPr ;R
rk;ge;jkhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ,Uthapapw;fhf I - V tisapiag; gupNrhjid
uPjpapyhfg; ngWtjw;Fk; tisapiag; gad;gLj;jp ;
Koq ;fhy ; mOj ;jj ;ij ,dq; fhz;gjw ;Fk ;
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
40
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 3 93 93 93939
nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy; jpuhd;rpw;wiu tpupayhf;fpahfg;nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy; jpuhd;rpw;wiu tpupayhf;fpahfg;nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy; jpuhd;rpw;wiu tpupayhf;fpahfg;nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy; jpuhd;rpw;wiu tpupayhf;fpahfg;nghJf;fhyp cUtikg;gpy; jpuhd;rpw;wiu tpupayhf;fpahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJgad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJgad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJgad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJgad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ IB
, IC fspw;fpilapyhd rpwg;gpay;G fspw;fpilapyhd rpwg;gpay;G fspw;fpilapyhd rpwg;gpay;G fspw;fpilapyhd rpwg;gpay;G fspw;fpilapyhd rpwg;gpay;G
tiuigg; guprPypj;jy;tiuigg; guprPypj;jy;tiuigg; guprPypj;jy;tiuigg; guprPypj;jy;tiuigg; guprPypj;jy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • mOj;j tPr;R cgfuzkhf khWk; jilapiag;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwia mwpjy;.
• jpuhd;rpw;wupd; ghjq;fis ,dq;fz;L jpUj;jkhf
,izj;jy;.
• IB ,d; rpwpa khw;wj;jpdhy; I
C MdJ ngupa khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; tpupayhf;fg;gLtij
mwpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; ::::: Nthy;w;Wkhdp (0 V - 5 V )> 2 k khWk; jilap> 1 k
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ,U khWk; jilapfs;> 56 k jilap > mk;gpau;khdp
(0 - 100) A > mk;gpau;khdp (0 - 10) mA > 6V cila
,U Nrkpg;Gf;fyq;fs;> 2 SD 400 jpuhd;rpw;wH
Mrpupau ;Mrpu pau ;Mrpu pau ;Mrpu pau ;Mrpu pau ; : • Rw;Wthpg;glj;ij toq;fy;.
• Rw;Wj; jpUj;jkhf ,izf;fg;gl ;Ls;sjhntdg;
guprPypj;J tOf;fisj; jpUj;jy;.
• IC ,d; ngWkhdk; 5 mA tUk; tiu I
B MdJ A
,y; khw;wg;gl;L IB
, IC ,w;F ngWNgWfisg; ngWtjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• IB
, IC ngWNgw;iwg; gjpT nra;J tiuG tiutjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• tiuag;gl;l tiuigg; gurPypf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
41
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 4 04 04 04040
mbg;gilj; jUf;ff; fjtq;fspd; cz;ik ml;ltizia Muha;jy;mbg;gilj; jUf;ff; fjtq;fspd; cz;ik ml;ltizia Muha;jy;mbg;gilj; jUf;ff; fjtq;fspd; cz;ik ml;ltizia Muha;jy;mbg;gilj; jUf;ff; fjtq;fspd; cz;ik ml;ltizia Muha;jy;mbg;gilj; jUf;ff; fjtq;fspd; cz;ik ml;ltizia Muha;jy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • AND , OR , NAND , NOR , NOT mbg;gilf; fjtq;fspd;
cz;ik ml;ltiziag; gupNrhjid uPjpahfg;
ngwg;gLtjhy; fjtq;fis ,dq; fhz;gjw;fhd
re;jHg;gj;ijg; ngwy;.
• fjtr;Rw;Wfspy; Kidfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fk;
gu pNrhjid %yk; Rw ;iw mikg ;gjw ;Fkhd
jpwidg;ngwy;.
• TTL (7400) , CMOS (4000) fjtr ; Rw ;Wfisg ;
gupNrhjidfspy; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ khw;wj;ij
tpsf;fy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; ::::: 7404, 7400, 7402, 7408, 7432 , TTL cila ehd;F IC,
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; (my;yJ 4001> 4011> 4071> 4081 CMOS cila ehd;F
IC )> %d;W nre;epw LED> 330 Ω , 1/2 W cila
ehd;F fhgd; jilapfs;> 100 kΩ 1/8 W cila ,U
fhgd; jilapfs;> Rw;W NghHl;> + 5 V mOj;j toq;fp>
njhLf;Fq; fk;gpfs;
Mrpupau ;Mrpu pau ;Mrpu pau ;Mrpu pau ;Mrpu pau ; : • Njitahd Rw;W tupg;glj;ij toq;fy;.
• Rw;Wg;gyif kPJ njhifapl;l Rw;iwAk; cgfuzq;
fisAk; jpUj;jkhf ,izg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gad;gLj;Jk; TTL (7400) my;yJ CMOS (4000) njhif
apLk; Rw;Wf;F mika toq;Fk; Nthy;w;wsT rkge;j
khd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Rw;iw mikj;j gpd;du; mjidg; guprPypj;J mtrpa
nkdpd ; j pUj ;j pf ; nfhs ;SkhW mwpTWj ;jy ;
toq;Fq;fs;.
• cz;ik ml;ltizia toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mwpTiuf;Nf
w;gg; gupNrhjid uPjpahf Vw;gLj;j mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• ngWNgWfisg; gjpe;j gpd;dH guprPypf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
42
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 4 14 14 14141
fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd;kl;Lf; fhzy;fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd;kl;Lf; fhzy;fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd;kl;Lf; fhzy;fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd;kl;Lf; fhzy;fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd;kl;Lf; fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • rpwpa ePl;rpia mstpLtjw;F ,t;Tgfuzj;jpy;
Ntzpau;f; Nfhl;ghL gad ; gLj ; jg ; gl ;Ls ;sij
tpsf;fy;.
• fk;gpapd; tpl;lj;ij mstpLtjw;F Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;
fzpr;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.
• ntg;gepiy khw;wk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tOit
,opthf;Ftjw;F ,U fk;gpfs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Njitia tpsf;fy;.
• Rik tpiwg;ghd Nfhnyhd;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s
jw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : xNu Mjhuj;jpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s mz;zsthf 3 m
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ePsj;ijAilaJk; 0.5 mm tpl;lKilaJkhd nky;ypa
rPuhd ,U fk;gpfs;> kPw;wu;r;rl;lk;> Ez;khdpj;jpUFf;
fzpr;rp> mm ,y; msTNfhblg;gl;l gpujhd mstpilAk;
Ntzpau; mstpilAk;. 0.5 kg ,Ys;s 6 Rikg;gbfs;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • gupNrhjidf; fk;gpapy; tisTfsw;wpUg;gjw;fhfg;
nghUj;jkhd Muk;gr; Rikiaj; njupT nra;J
nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;fy;.
• Rik Vw;wypd; NghJk;> Rik ,wf;fypd; NghJk;
thrpg;Gfs; ngWtjw;fhd Njitia tpsf;fy;.
• fk;gpapd; tpfpjrk vy;iy kPwg;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij tpsf;fy;.
• gupNrhjidg; gjpT> ,Wjpf; fzpg;G vd;gtw;iwg;
guprPypj;J mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• cUf;fpd; aq;qpd; kl;lhff; fpilj;j ngWkhdj;ij
epakg; ngWkhdj;Jld; xg;gpLkhW mwpTWj;jy;
toq;fy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
43
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 4 24 24 24242
GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf;Fzfk; fhzy;GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf;Fzfk; fhzy;GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf;Fzfk; fhzy;GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf;Fzfk; fhzy;GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf;Fzfk; fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • khwh tPjj;jpy; ePiug; ghatpLtjw;fhf khwh
mKf;fj;njhl;bapd; Njitia tpsf;fy;.
• kapu;j;Jisf;Fohapd; mftpl;lj;ij kpfTk; jpUj;jkhf
msf;f Ntz;bajd; fhuzj;ij tpsf;fy;.
• kapu;j;Jisf;FohapypUe;J ntspNaWk; ePu; Ntfkhfg;
ghahky; ,Ug;gjw;F mk;Kidapy; Ew;Wz;L
itg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij mwpjy;.
• GtNrapd; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; gpRf;Fikf;
Fzfk; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : 25cm ePsKila kapu;j;Jisf; Foha;> khwh mKf;fj;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; njhl;b> msTr;rhb (100 ml) > fyf;fp> Mjhuk;> epWj;jw;
fbfhuk;> efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> Ew;Wz;L> ,wg;gu;f; Foha;
(kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; tpl;lj;jpw;F rkdhd)> Ijhd
iej;jpupf; mkpyf; fiury;> Ijhd Nrhbaikjnuhl;irl;Lf;
fiury;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • kapu;j;Jisf; Fohiar;; Rj;jkhf;f Ntz;bajd;
Njitia tpsf;fy;.
• nfhe;jspg;Gg;gha;r;riy Vw;gLj;jhjthW khwh mKf;fj;
njhl;b nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gl Ntz;bajd; Njitia
tpsf;fy;.
• kapu;j;Jisf; Foha; fpilahfg; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lnkd tpsf;fy;.
• kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; ruhrup mftpl;lj;ijf; fzpg;;gjw;F
efUk; EDf;fhl;bia cgNahf pg ; gjw ;F khztu ;
fSf;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• gjpe;jngWNgWfis ghprPypf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
44
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 4 34 34 34343
EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • fz;zhb tOf;fp Rj;jk; nra;ag;gLk; Kiwfis
mwpjy;.
• NtzpaH ,Lf;fpkhdp> Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rp
vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp KiwNa tOf;fpapd; ePsk; >
jbg;G vd;gtw;iwr; nrk;ikahf mstply;.
• ePupd; Nkw;gug;Gld; njhLifapYs;s EZf;Ff;fhl;b
tOf;fpapd; kPJ Nkw;gug;gpOit fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;
tpiriaf; fzpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwiaj;
njupT nra;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l thrpg;igg; gad;gLj;jp ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit
iaf; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fp> Kj;Jyhj;juhR my;yJ
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ,urhadj;juhR> NtzpaH ,Lf;fpkhdp> Ez;khdpj;
jpUFf;fzpr;rp> nky;ypa Ew;Wz;L> Ijhd iej;jpupf;
mkpyf; fiury;> Ijhd Nrhbaikjnuhl;irl;Lf;
fiury;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • fz ;zhb tOf ;f piar ; Rj ; jk ; nra ;tjw ;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; jsk; epiyf;Fj;jhf ,Uf;FkhW
Eypd; %yk; ehd;F Nfhy; juhrpy; fl;b njhq;ftpl;Lr;
rkepiyiag; ngWtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; tpspk;ig ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpy;
njhlr;nra;J> tOf;fpia mfw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd
Nkyjpf Rikiaf; fzpg; ;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; ePsk; > jbg;G vd;gtw;iw
nghUj;jkhd cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mstpLjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• mstPLfs; ngwg;gl;L ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOitiaj;;
Jzptjw;F khztHfis newpg;gLj;jy;.
• nra;Kiwg; gjpitg; guprPypf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
45
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 4 44 44 44444
rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;
(fk;gpr; rl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp)(fk;gpr; rl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp)(fk;gpr; rl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp)(fk;gpr; rl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp)(fk;gpr; rl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp)
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • jug;gl;l cgfuzj;ij mikg;gjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
• fk;gpr; rl;lj;jpd; kPJ Nkw;gug;gpOit fhuzkhd tpir
njhopw;gLk; tpjj;ij mwpjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd xU juhrpy; rpwpa tpiria mstpL
tjw;fhd jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• ngwg;gl;l mstPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; rtHf;fhuf;
fiurypd; Nkw;gug;gpOitiaf; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : nky;ypa fk;gpj;Jz;L> Kj;Jyhj;juhR my;yJ
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; ,urhadj;juhR> efUk; EZf;Ffhl;b> Ew;Wz;L> ghj;jpuk;
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • fk;gpr;rl;lj;jpd; kPJ rtHf;fhug; glyj;ij cUthf;fp
juhrpdhy; rkg;gLj;Jtjw;F mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• Kj;Jyhj; ;juhirj; jpUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtij
typAWj;Jjy;.
• fk;gpapd; fpil ePsj;ij mstpLtjw;F efUk;
EZf;Ff; fhl;biaj; jpUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fy;.
• ngwg;gl;l thrpg;Gfs; rhHghfr; rtHf;fhuf; fiurypd;
Nkw;gug ;gpOitiaj; Jzptjw;F khztHfis
<LgLj;jpg; ngWNgw;iwg; guprPypf;f.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
46
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 4 54 54 54545
kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOit fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • gupNrhjidf;fhf cgfuzq;fis ,izg;gjw;fhd
jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp ePsj;ijj;
jpUj;jkhf mstpLtjw;fhd j pwid t pUj ;j p
nra;jy;.
• kapHj ;Jisf ;Fohiar ; Rj ;jk ; nra ;tjw ;fhd
gupNrhjidj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• kapu;j;Jis vOif Kiwapdhy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;
gpOitiag; gupNrhjid uPjpahff; fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : 15cm e PsKila kapu ;j ;Jisf ; Foha ; > efUk ;
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> ghj;jpunkhd;W> cau;j;jTk; jho;j;jTk;
Njitahd Mjhu Nkir> nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l fhl;bf;fk;gp> Ijhd iej;jpupf; mkpyf;
fiury;> Ijhd Nrhbaikjnuhl;irl;Lf; fiury;>
Mjhuq;fs; > nky;ypa ,wg;gHg;gl;b
Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau;Mrpupau; : • kapu ;j ;Jisf; Foha; Rj;jkhf;fg ;gLk; xOq;F
Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• kapu;j;Jis vOifahy; ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOitiaf;
fzpg; ;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg ;gLk; cgfuzj;ijr;
nrg;gQ;nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
toq;fy;.
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp kapu;j;Jisf;
Fohapy; ; NknyOk; j p ut e puy pd ; cauj ;ij
mst pLj w ; f hd g u p Nrhjid Kiwia
khztu;fSf;F tpsf;;fy;.
• gupNrhjidapdJ ngWNgWfs;> KbTfs; vd;gtw;wpd;
gjpTfisg; guprPypj;jy;.
mwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTmwpTWj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;Wj;jy;fsfsfsfsfs;;;; ;
47
gupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,ygupNrhjid ,y ::::: 4 64 64 64646
N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw; gug;gpOit fhzy;N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw; gug;gpOit fhzy;N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw; gug;gpOit fhzy;N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw; gug;gpOit fhzy;N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;j; jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw; gug;gpOit fhzy;
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs; : • N[fupd; Ma;fUtpapYs;s gFjpfisj; jpUj;jkhf
,izj;jy;.
• jputj;jpy; mkpo;e;Js;s kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; ePsk;>
kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; mftpl ;lk ; vd;gtw ;iwr;
nrk ;ikahf mstpLtjw ;F efUk; EZf;Ff;
fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jy;.
• nkypkhdpapYs;s jput kl;l tpj ;jpahrj;ijg;
gupNrhjid uPjpahf mstply;.
• N[fupd; Kiwapdhy;g; ngwg;gl;l thrpg;Gf;fisAk;>
juTfisAk; gad;gLj;jpj; jputj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpOit
fhzy;.
cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk;cgfuzq;fSk; : N[fupd; Ma;fUtp> ghj;jpunkhd;W > Nkw;gug;gpOit Jzpa
nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk; Ntz;ba jputk;> mlH;j;jp Fiwe;j jputk; (nkypkhdpj;
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