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About　the　symbol．．．．．．

　　The　NIAES　symbol　was　designed　by　Dr．Makoto　Yokohari，Division　of　Environmental　Management．

　　Striped　diamonds　symbolize　inventory，analysis　and　evaluation　of　the　four　research　objectives　of　NIAES：

environmental　control，agroecosystems，agro－environmental　resources，and　global　ecosystems．Four　diamonds

are　arranged　on　top　of　one　another　to　represent　integrated　and　holistic　approaches　toward　the　four　environmen－

tal　elements　and　research　objectives．

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NatiOnal Instjtute of """"~~////~////~\\\\~~>' "~~~/////////f\\\~~i'* ' gro - n vironmen tal SCiences

Japan Minjstry ot Agricunure . Forestry and Fisheries

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We are pleased to publish the first issue of what will be a regular publication entitled "Annual

Report of the National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences". This institute (NIAES) , established in 1983 , has been working exclusively on environmental issues concerned with agriculture.

The research goal from the start has been establishment of productive agriculture harmonized with the

ecosystem , and reflects growing concern about rural development and global environmental change .

Prior to establishing NIAES the primary emphasis of agricultural research in our country had long

been directed to enhancement of agricultural productivity . Environmental issues such as soil and water

deterioration were largely ignored. Distortion in the flow and balance of substances in the agroecosystem , e . g . , nitrogen pollution of underground water by improper disposal of animal waste ,

caused by modern intensive agrlcultural practice , was the subject of great national concern since the late

1 970's .

To achieve its research objectives, our institute was established around three core departments: Physics and Statistics; Soils and Fertilizers; and Plantpathology and Entomology which were transferred

from The National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Iocated in Tokyo on the reorganization of government institutes . Other departments and research groups have been added to meet research needs

as they evolved.

At present, ca. 220 regular staffs are involved in the research effort including 160 experienced

scientists from various fields such as Soil sciences, Agrometeorology, Entomology, Plant pathology,

Plant physiology and ecology, Pesticide sciences, Fertilizer chemistry, Information processing, and Remote sensing technology . This reflects the compllcated , interrelated and interdisciplinary aspects of

agro-environmental research . The projects within our Institute are very wide and diverse covering

sustainable development of agricultural technology , integrated system for sound management of the

agro-environment and global environmental research . During the past decade, a series of International conferences issued important declarations and

policies on agro-environmental problems reflecting worldwide increase in the concern for environmental

issues. Particularly important was the Rio conference in 1992, which stressed the importance of environmental conservation in its Agenda 21 . Also in the same year The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture issued new Policies on food, agriculture and rural development. NIAES's research approach has been implemented taking these changes in domestic and global circumstances into account .

Today, we are placing emphasis on the following research objectives: l) Promotion of sustainable agriculture:

Establishment of environmental sustainability in agriculture remains an imperative aim of our research activities . Modern farming in Japan with intensive application of agricultural chemicals and

fertilizers has caused environmental degradation , and changes in agricultural practices have resulted in

disturbance of the ecosystem. There is a pressing need in the future for development of technology

and management systems for sustainable productivity of agriculture, which are compatible with conservation of the natural biodiverslty within the ecosystem.

2) Estimation of environmental benefit of agriculture:

Agriculture's beneficial impacts on the environment have been recognized as well as the harmful effects . Intensive research has been conducted since the early 1970's in several big projects organized

by the Ministry of Agriculture, which pioneered research on the how agriculture could conserve environmental factors as water, soil and biological diversity. This led to the establishment of our Institute in 1983.

Presently , OECD is leading discussion of the posT-Uruguay Round and is seeking to link world trade

of agricultural products with environmental conservation . OECD wishes to link financial support to

farmers to the environmental services provided by agriculture.

Japan is now faced with further widening of the price gap between imported and domestic agricultural commodities after the agricultural trade liberalization based on the Uruguay Round

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Agreement in 1995. Our research should be directed to solving our dornestic problems, as well as harmonizing with worldwide trends in environmental protection. We must provide the scientific background for making national policy for support of domestic agriculture from the viewpoint of land-use sustainability and landscape conservation , as well as getting International understanding about

specific environmental aspects of Asian agriculture, which is primarily based on rice farming.

3) Global environmental change and its impact on agriculture: Global warming is threatening food production in the future . One recent outstanding achievement

of our Institute was the precise evaluation of methane emissions into the atmosphere as a greenhouse-effect gas from rice fields.

To feed the exploding world population which is predicted to reach 8 . 5 billion over the next 30

years, we must insure a constant staple food supply to keep pace with this population increase. This

will be limited by constraints on developing food productivity such as reduction in arable land converted

to other uses , environmental degradation represented by the loss offertile soil through erosion , pollution,

desertification and shortage of irrigation water etc . Global warming may also affect food production .

We have to overcome these constraints by intensive investigation of the factors contributing to a sustainable agroecosystem and by exploration and evaluation of precise simulation or prediction models .

To achieve these aims of environmental research, and especially of global issues, promoting International collaboration among scientists scattered across the world is essential . We s~nd around 60

scientists abroad annually, and accept over 20 foreign scientists for collaborative work or training.

But still closer and more frequent collaboration is needed. It is to meet this objective that we have initiated this publication , which will contain regular updates

of research findings from our Institute . We hope that its regular circulation will stimulate discussion

and collaboration between scientists and Institutes world-wide , and help overcome the Food-Environment challenge which faces us.

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Preface for the Annual Report of NIAES

Organization "'•••-Organization ••-Budget • • • • • • • • • • • -

Staff numbers• • -Building and campus data -

Research services

Research' Objectives •• ••• -Research Overviews and Topics•'•••-

Global agro-environment research team ••••••-Division of environmental planning....

Division of information analysis••••••••-Division of agrorneteorology

Division of soil science ••• •-Division of water quality science

Division of vegetation science ••••• •••••• -Division of microbiology ..

Division of entomology.....

Division of pesticides•••••• •-Division of fertilizers • • • • • • • -

Symposia and Workshops•• ••• ••• ••• ••-Projects • • • • • -

Joint Research •• • • • • • • • • • • -

Foreign Visitors and Participants of International Meetings'

Appendix ••-List of research papers

List of research staffs •• • •• • • -

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The information and communication process-ing techniques have made startling progress.

Intemet and WWW have rapidly developed as a worldwide computer network and have now found their way into almost all research insti-tutes and organizations.

The Internet world is more superior to give and exchange quick information on the research activities which have been conducted in official

institutes,and their results. The NIAES has opened the Internet Home Page (http.'//ss. niaes.affrc. go.jp) from May,1995 and has released the information of the institute and the

useful WWW image database on agricultural environment,such as Distribution Maps of Net Primary Productivity(NPP) of Natural Vegeta-tion and Related Climatic Resources,Japanese Agriculture Viewed from Space, Satellite Image Catalogue Database in NIAES , Lotus in Japan ,

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Agriculture is playing increasingly impor-

tant roles in maintaining and strengthening

the environment. Japanese agriculture has

contributed to land and environmental conservation through the ecological func-

tions of the agro-ecosystems . The functions

are, however, being threatened by the deterioration of environmental resources

accompanying the diversion of agricultural

lands to other purposes in urban areas , by

the abandonment of cultivated lands in hilly

and mountainous areas , by the intensifica-

tion of agriculture, and by global climate

changes . To cope with these problems ,

NIAES has four main research objectives:

I . Developing methods for classifying and

evaluating characteristics of agro-environnrental

resources

In order to establish sustainable agriculture in

harmony with the environmental conservation and food

production security , it is necessary to make proper use

of each resource in the agro-ecosystem , and improve its

functions with the global perspective . Therefore , we

are going to engage in the following research themes

with heed to social needs; I ) to develop methods to classify

elements of the agro - environment , 2 ) to

research the properties of climate , soil and water

resources and other biological resources and to evaluate

their functions, and 3) to research the properties of

agricultural supplies and evaluate their functions .

II . Mechanisms, functions, and control of the

matter-energy cycle and interrelations among

biological and physical conrponents in agroecosystems

In order to sustain and upgrade agricultural

production , it is necessary to elucidate the interactive

mechanisms and functions among biological and

physical components of agro-ecosystems , and to

establish integrated technologies for environmentally

sound agriculture . From the above-mentioned

viewpoints , multiple studies on the role and dynamics

of vegetation, insects , microorganisms and their

interactions in agroecosystems are being carried

out . The measures for evaluating the safety of farm

chemicals and decreasing their impact on the

environment are being developed .

lll . Analysis and evaluation of agroecological

funtions on the preservation of global environment , and developnrent of techniques for

decreasing negative effects of agriculture on the

global environlnent

In order to resolve the global issue of environmental changes , it is necessary to clarify the

relationships between the global environment and

agroecosystem , and also to develop the techniques

for mitigating the impacts of agriculture on the global

environmental issues . Two research objectives were

planned and now are being carried out as follows: 1)

analysis and evaluation of effects of global

environmental change on the agroecosystem , and 2)

analysis and evaluation of impacts of the

agroecosystem on the global environment , and

development of the techniques for mitigating the

impacts of agriculture on the global environment .

IV . Development of conrprehensive planning and

nranagement techniques of the agroecosystem

For the development of agriculture and rural

districts on a long-term basis , it is necessary to develop

sustainable agriculture in harmony with the ecosystem ,

to increase amenities in rural districts and to conserve a

desirable natural environment . Furthermore , it is also

necessary to develop the comprehensive management of

rural districts based on knowledge of the structure and

functions of the agroecosystem . Therefore , we carry

out the following studies: I ) development systems to

collect , analyze , process, and utilize data on the

agroecosystem , 2) evaluate comprehensively to the

structure , function, and development of methods to

predict variation in the agroecosystem , 3) to develop

techniques to control and optimize the material cycle

between inside and outside the agroecosystem , 4) to

develop comprehensive planning methods and

management systems for agroecosystems to sustain

and increase the positive effects of agriculture and rural

districts as well as to establish sustainable and stable

production within the agro-environment . _

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We are studying global environmental changes ,

agricultural production and their interaction. This

year , we clarifled and evaluated effects of agricultural

activities on the global environrnent and effects of

global environmental changes on agricultural functions

and dynamics, and studied the development of technologies adapted to global environmental changes .

We predicted the suitable and possible areas for crop

production after global warming . Data on NOAA/GVI ,

soil types , curnulative temperature and precipitation

from areas in the world producing paddy rice , wheat ,

maize and soybean were analyzed to estimate the suitable and possible areas for crop production under

climate conditions predicted by the GFHI model . The

result shows that the suitable areas might decrease

dramatically , but the possible areas might increase after

the doubling of C02 compared to the present area.

We estimated carbon budgets in a catchment. Carbon

(C) budgets were estirnated in Koise-River catchment

area (30 km x 30 km) near Tsukuba using Landsat TM

data and simple C-cycle models for four units ofmajor

land cover (i . e . , upland field , paddy field , deciduous

forest and coniferous forest) . A frequency distribution

of C budgets from each land cover unit shows large

variances . Mean values of C budgets from the upland

field and the deciduous forest, the paddy rreld, the

coniferous forest and the whole area show that C budget classes for these land cover units were sources ,

slight sink, obvious sink and sink, respectively.

We are developing a new monitoring method for unusual weather using the Geostationary Meteorological

Satellite, "Himawari" . The method should be able to

detect clirnate changes and unusual global weather

usmg global infrared image frorn the "Himawan" . Such

unusual weather as exceptionally cold weather in East

Asia in 1993, and an exceptionally hot summer and with drought in Japan , 1 994 were successfully analyzed

by using cloud system diagrams along south-north

transects which ran through characteristic meteorological areas.

Topic J

Estimation of "Red Sand ( Aka - dosha ) " Sedimentation on Coral Reefs in the Oknrawa Island

"Red Sand" sedimentation on coral reefs In northern

Okinawa Islands was estimated by using Landsat TM

data as shown in Fig. I . "Red Sand" distribution on

coral reefs in an estuary of Neya River was estirnated

by ferrous oxide concentration on sediment, using

Landsat TM data from December of 1985 to 1992 . The

area covered In the estuary of Neya Rlver by "Red

Sand" increased two fold in the seven years . Relationships between the amount of sediment and

some factors which might affect the sedimentation

were analyzed using data obtained from five basins

which had different land use patterns . The result shows

that bare land ratio on the red soil is connected with an

increase in "Red Sand" sediment; that is to say, bare

land derived from development projects, including

agricultural construction , tend to contribute to "Red

Sand" sedimentation .

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Topic 2

Evaluation of the Steady State Mass Balance (SSMB) Model and Uncertainties of Critical Loads

of Acidic Deposition in Japan

The critical load is "the highest deposition of

acidifying compounds that will not cause chemical

changes leading to long term harmful effects on

ecosystem structure and function." It has been estimated with the steady state mass balance (SSMB)

model in Europe as means to assess and control acidic deposition . To evaluate the applicability ofthe

model to Japan , we developed a procedure to apply the

SSMB model, expressed with equation (1) ,

CL=BC** + Ng"-BCg" + Hl('*it) + All(.*jt) ( I )

where BC+* denotes base cation weathering, Ng* and

BCg* growth uptake of nitrogen and base cations , and

H and All(*It) critical leaching ofH~ and A13+ . BC+* is I(*it)

considered a key factor to determine ecosystem sensitivity to acidic deposition and was calculated

based on parent material acidity and texture classes of

soils derived frorn surface geology and soil types

according to the European method . To evaluate the

uncertainty of BC** estimation, ion content and particle-size distribution were measured for the soil

samples , and BC~* was estimated based on these

measurements with the PROFILE model which simulates the kinetic processes of mineral weathering .

Comparison of these BCwes derived from two methods

showed that although estimation based on surface geology and soil types was qualitatively adequate, it

had significant biases and uncertainties .

Fig . 2 shows the spatial distribution ofCL estimates

for Hiroshima and Shimane Prefectures . BCwe for each

surface geology and soil type group was corrected with

the soil measurements mentioned above . In Fig . 2 two

different acidirrcation criteria deciding All(,*jt) In

equation (1) were used: (a) BC/AI > I .Omol/mol in

were also used in the European application . Levels of

average CL and spatial patterns were extremely different from each other. Criterion (a) produced CL

related to BC+* in which most sensitive areas were

located in the southern part covered by regosols . In

contrast, CL based on criterion (b) showed clear correlation with runoff distribution . Definition of an

acidiflcation criterion suitable for Japanese ecosystems

is crucially important for the realistic estimation ofthe

critical loads .

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DIVISION OF EN VIR ONMENTA L PLA NNING

Current research at the Division of Environmental

Planning is aimed at a broad study ofagro- environmental

planning. The program area includes elucidation

and development of methods to manage material cycles and energy dynamics, develop comprehen-sive management methods of agroecosystems, and evaluate and control the impacts of agricultural

production on global change.

Topic J

Mitigating Methane Elnission from Rice Paddy Fields by Water Management

The atmospheric concentration ofmethane (CH4) has

been increasing rapidly in recent years . Because it is a

radiative trace gas (greenhouse gas) and takes part in

atmospheric chemistry , the rapid increase could be of

significant environmental consequence . The scientific

report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Clirnate

Change (IPCC) concluded that a 10 to 15% reduction

in the CH4 emission from individual sources would

stabilize the concentration in the atrnosphere.

Of the wide variety of sources, rice paddy fields

are considered an important source of atmospheric

CH4 , because the harvest area ofrice has increased by

about 70% during the last 50 years , and it is likely that

CH4 emission bas increased proportionally. Recent

estimates suggest that global emission rates of CH4

from rice paddy fields account for about 4-19% ofthe

emission from all sources . Due to the large amount of

the global emission, the reduction in CH4 emission

from rice cultivation is very important to stabilize

atmospheric concentration. In addition, because ofthe

possibility of controlling the emission by agronomic

practices, rice cultivation must be one of the most

hopeful sources for mitigating CH4 emission .

The research aimed at measuring the effect of differing water managernent schemes on the emission

of CH4 from rice paddy fields and at evaluating the water

management options for mitigating CH4 emission frorn

rice paddy rlelds.

The experiment was performed at an experimental

paddy field of the lbaraki Agricultural Research Institute located at Ryugasaki , Ibaraki Prefecture . An

automated sampling and analysis system was developed and used for the measurements in order to

measure large dial and seasonal changes of CH4 emission (Fig. l) . The test site was divided into two

plots: a continuously flooded plot which was maintained flooded by constant irrigation from May to

August, and an intermittently drained plot in which

Fig . l Automated chamber for measuring CH4 emis-sion from rice paddy fields.

short- term draining practices were performed several

times during the flooding period.

The draining practice had a strong effect on CH4

emission (Fig. 2) . A Iarge flush ofCH4 emission was

observed in the intermittently drained plot immediately

after each drainage . It was followed by a rapid decrease

in CH4 flux in most ofthe cases . A Iarge flush ofCH4

was observed after the final drainage at the end ofthe

flooding period in the continuously flooded plot,

accounting for about 7% of the total CH4 emitted in the

plot . Total emission rates ofCH4 during the cultivation

period were 14. 8 and 8 . 63 g m ~2 for 1991 , and 9 .49 and

5 . 18 g m~2 for 1993 in the continuously flooded and

intermittently drained plots , respectively , showing that

the intermit drainage practice reduced CH4 emission to

55-58% . Simultaneous N20 flux measurements showed

that almost no N20 was emitted from either plot until

the final drainage.

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f~ ~' May August> septemF0>er~ June L > ~iuiy > * JLJ . . 1 O 90 1 20 30 60 Day after ~IOOding

1 50

Seasonal variation in CH4 nux from a rice paddy field under differing water management .

These results indicate that the short term draining

practice strongly reduces CH4 emission from rice paddy

8

fields without reducing rice yield or promoting N20

emission _ The improvement in water management of the world's rice cultivation can be one of the most

promising mitigation strategies for CH4 emission from

rice paddy fields .

Topic 2

Evaluation Maps of Ecological Functions of Farmland and Woodland at the National Level

Japan is a nation in which over 85% ofits land area

is assigned to agricultural and forestry use . It is thus

obvious that farmland and woodland play indispensable

roles in sustainable rural landscapes in Japan . For the

creation of sound rural landscapes , farmland and woodland , which used to be assessed exclusively from

an economic point of view , should be regarded as lands

which must also be evaluated ecologically . Ecological

evaluation of farmland and woodland can be expressed

by the evaluation oftheir ecological functions which

include functions on land conservation, amenity conservation and ecosystem conservation .

In this study , frameworks for the evaluation of ecological functions , such as a) soil erosion prevention ,

b) Iandslides prevention, c) water control, and d) air

pollution control were discussed . Frameworks were

designed to utilize bio-physical data including land-form, Iand-use, soil, subsurface geology and vegetation .

The frameworks were then applied to 3 , 300 Iocal

municipalities nation-wide , and the results were illustrated as evaluation maps . The National GIS Data ,

370 , OOO Ikm2-grid-cells in total , were utilized as

bio-physical data. Farmland and woodland in mountainous areas were identified to have the important function of landslide prevention , whil~those

in the fringe of maj or cities were characterized by their

importance in air pollution control .

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The Division of Information Analysis concerns

methodologies for acquiring, manipulating and analyzing agro-environmental data . Recent research

programs are:1) the development of satellite remote

sensing technology for research in agriculture,2)

development of advanced tracing and analytical methods, including isotope technology, to study the

behavior of elements in the agro-ecosystem,3) the

development and dissernination ofstatistical methods

and procedures for analyzing laboratory and field data

in agro-environmental studies, and 4) the development

of methods to integrate all these studies into information systems for agro-environmental control .

Topic 1

Satellite Remote Sensing of Artificial Grasslands in

Japan - Producing a grass renovation-map We attempt to monitor annual changes in grassland

and grass-renovation status usin_~ multi-temporal satellite data . When grass productivity decreases , grass-

renovation accompanied with plowing and seeding can

be implemented to improve productivity. Since bare

soi[ appeares on grassland just after renovation in the

growing-season , such grassland can be distinguished

easily using satellite data from the other grassland .

Using multi-temporal satellite data, we can compile a

map that contains the spatial distribution of grass

renovation status . Here, we call it "_~rass-age standard

map". By overlaying this map and the Individual satellite image, we can compare the _(J*rassland ofone

age with others on one satellite image. The grass-age

standard map does not detect grass-renovation after

satellite observation, and it does not detect grass

renovation more than two months before satellite observation . The l-year grassland area extracted from

satellite data is added to the grass-age standard map to

produce the multi - year grass renovation map (1985-1994) in Fig. I .

Topic 2

A New Estinrator for the Measurement Error Model Linear regression is one ofthe most frequently used

statistical techniques. In the re_(y*ression model,

independent variables (x) are assumed to be measured

without error. In many applications, however, independent variables are also subject to measurement

errors . It has been believed that no estimator can be

calculated without the information on error variances .

We propose a new estimator of the slope parameter

(Fig. 2) . It is a compromised estimator of the regression coefficient of y on x, and that of x on y.

fi, = S_T_1 (O ~ c ~ l) ST T,

(1 - C) ~ + c S_v_r S~' T

This estimator has lower moments with normally distributed errors. The approximate expectation,

variance, and mean squared error are obtained by a

Taylor series expansion. The optimum value of the

constant c is given by:

c = 4/n, , n = 4 and 5

c = (n-1)/n , , n=6 c = (n+ l)/'-(n-2) , n ~ 7.

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~~r' ~~+ ~"* ~ ' ,' ;~ _ f Ff~'~~~! ~ ~ ~l 46 Japonica rice '!gi' ~~'= '_ ' !:

~~ ~ ' ' ' ~ _~ T: ~~Q~; ~~i~~~ vanenes -. ~; . *i . ~~ ~ =# e~ ~ ~' :~ ~ ~~~~ ' " ~-~ ' ~~~ ;~~~~ ~ ~~ ' ~~" :i ' r_'~:~~'~ _.~_= :;~~; '~ : ~ r~~>~'

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Topic 3

Perceptron Neural Network to Evaluate Soybean Plant Shape

In order to develop a stable and generalized plant

shape evaluator that can substitute for human visual

judgments , we examined perceptron neural network systems . We developed a three layer perceptron neural

network simulator with direct image inputs. As the inputs to the perceptron, 3~_6 binary irnages , for which

the scores of the visual judgments were the same among three soybean expert breeders , were selected

from 875 sampled images . The target outputs were set

to judgments given by those expert soybean breeders .

We selected 26 training sample images visually based

on the typicality ofplant shapes _ Each trained network

was tested by 300 images excluding the '_6 training

sample images. The matches between the simulator

judgments and the human visual judgments, were approximately 60-80%o . The rates were fairly high.

We were not able to fmd any relationship between the

number of units and the success rates. Because no parameterization on shape is necessary, this simulator is

quite easily applicable to the shape evaluation of other

crops .

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Topic 4

Developrnent of a Method to Trace Atmospheric Iodine in the Open Air

The new activable tracer method was developed and

applied to field data . The concentrations ofiodine in

the atmosphere measured at an experimental site next

to an iodine manufacturing plant (Chiba Prefecture)

were on average 70 fold higher than the control (measured at the NIAES , Tsukuba) . Moreover, the

iodine concentration remained rather constant for four

months . By using the neutron activation analysis, we

can precisely analyze the behavior of iodine in the

open air. We installed rain gauges fllled with soil in

the experimental site in the open air, and the tracer

method was applied to measure the fallout of atmospheric iodine onto soil , the residual (accumulation) ratio, and leached ratio (Fig. 4) . We

also determined the direct deposition rate of iodine

onto the plant tops , the ratio ofiodine removed from

the plant tops by rain , and other factors related to the

dynamics of iodine in the atmospheric plant cycle.

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, ~ .=-. { . ",, ~r2i~ w*-ter~ * ';*'+'+*"**. (g~seous + '--~ * Total '= aiiout := .,* ~~ 9mglrn' ' ~ ~~ ~"'-'====== ' ~art,cui,~te) ., ~,

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Gl*y*d A*d' s.,f* G*'y L'*i'*d S"I*

Acc ~n lated =~.?~ngf~~~'*,. iodir~e n soil " ~!~s4~~;) (rem~ Ing) . . *

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The Division of Agrometeorology investigats climatic resources: (a) the distribution , deviation and

evaluation of climate , and climatic effect for agriculture

and micrometeorology , (b) the characteristics of

micrometeorology and local meteorology , and their

effects for agriculture , agroclimatology and air quality

conservation , and (c) the bio-ecological reactions to

climate, air quality for agriculture and atmospheric

conservation .

Topic 1

Heading Characteristics of Japonica and Indica Rice

Varieties Predicted by Developmental Stage Model

The development stage (DVS) model (Horie. 1987)

was used in predicting the heading dates of selected

japonica. and indica rice varieties _ The DVS parameters

used were generated through an experiment with sowing dates and varieties as variables . at the National

Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES) .

Tsukuba. Japan, from May to July 1994. Similar data were generated at the Philippine Rice

Research Institute (PhilRice) . Munoz . Philippines , from

January to July 1994. Using the DVS parameters generated from the two sites. the DVS model was found to be effective in predicting the heading dates of

japonica and indica rice varieties planted at the

Tsukuba and Munoz sites. The photosensitivity. thermosensitivity and base DVR parameters for the

japonica and indica rices were determined and the

following results were obtained.

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****'~ *.**, ,~~".**,.

The DVS model is effective in estimating the heading dates of rice varieties from Tsukuba and

Munoz sites provided that the DVS parameters are generated from both sites that reflect a wider range of

environrnent .

The photosensitivity, thermosensitivity and base

DVR of japonica and indica rice varieties are determined , thus , cultivation adaptability of these

varieties to particular areas could be predicted.

Although the initial results are very encouraging, a

need to broaden the source of generated DVR parameters is recommended , for instance , frorn the cool

highland areas in the Philippines , or the countries in the

higher latitudes such as Japan.

Topic 2

The C02 Budget of a Soybean Field under Clinratic

Warming and Elevated C02 - a numerical experi-

ment using the Neo SPAM The concentration of atmospheric C02 has been

increasing over the last several decades. General

circulation models (GCMs) indicate that with elevated

C02 , the entire world will be warmer. The agro-

ecosystem affects atmospheric C02 through photosynthesis and respiration . It is necessary to know

the effects ofclimatic warming and elevated C02 on

the C02 budget of agroecosystem.

: +* I':f'

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'~ ~ I-i[ ~' , i;,t;g"~~,~' 2 :C'~ l~

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T .;~; '=~" ~ ~~: :'~~!:~;~il': =' := ,~~~ ~~~".~'!~:~

*r j!

;',!1,"!!;lr-

~~ +

'ri' ~~:

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The Neo Soil=Plant-Atmosphere model (SPAM) was developed to simulate the change in the C02 budget at

agricultural frelds, in which plants respond physiologically and dynamically to the changes in

meteorological elements .

The simulation showed that under the higher temperature condition (present +2 'O , soil respiration

increased more than the C02 absorption by plants,

which resulted in the decrease of the downward C02

flux over canopy.

Under the condition ofhigher temperature (present

+2 'O and C02 concentration (present+200ppm) , photosynthesis was limited by translocation in the

afternoon, although its rate was 33% Iarger than the

present condition in the morning . The daily summation of the downward C02 flux increased 16%

under the higher temperature and C02 concentration

condition _

biomass ofthe grassland and hardened the soil , which

decreases the water content in the soil . Thus, the long

term water budget becomes worse, Ieading to the progression of desertification at grasslands in semi-arid

areas .

1

}

~i*

'~

~~;,

"-~/~~~~d~~~~;':(~~ j~~~,~!~1r~~~~.'_"~~ ~~~ ~-

il

Topic 3

Changes in the Micrometeorology of a Semi-arid Grassland Caused by Different Grazing Intensities

in Inner Mongolia, China Over-grazing is one reason for desertification in

semi - arid areas , though the mechanism of desertification and changes in the micrometeorology

have never been examined for these areas .

The field experiments were carried out on grassland

vegetation under four different grazing intensities using

different nurnbers of sheep for each test lot. The

grazing sheep numbers of 6, 4, 2 and O per hectare

were employed as the heavy , middle, Iight and no

(control) grazing lots.

Plant height, and fresh and dry weights decreased

remarkably with greater grazing intensities . There

were almost no plants in the heavy grazing lot at the

end of summer . The hardness of the soil was hardest

at the heavy grazing lot due to the trampling by

sheep .

The ratio of latent heat flux to net radiation (lE/Rn)

at the no grazing lot was larger than those of grazed

plots, which implies that the soil moisture was generally available to sustain the growth of vegetation ,

even though IE of the grass had been kept at relatively

higher levels . The analysis oftransitional phenomena

of the heat and water budget after a heavy rain , and the

results of the grazing experiments, supported the

conclusions that the heavy grazing decreased the

Fig . 3 Micrometeorological meas'urements over dune al)d grassland at Naiman , in Inner Mongplia, China. Wind profile up'to 6 m in height was measured using ctp anemonmeters , air temperature and humidity profiles were m, easured by ventilated psychrolheter~ Jlsing the tower . Solar radiation; net radiatioh, soil heat flux, and soil temperatures

w, ere rileasured beside the , toWer. The study weis carried out' as the Japan-China joint Study

on d~sertification supported by STA ,Japan .

Fig . 4 V. iews of miqrometeorofogy and trace gas (C02 . CH4 ; 03) fluxes over an Arcti,c ~undra

eco~ysteil~ ~ri~ A•laska . ' . ' : The study 'iv~s a: coopdr,at.ive r~seatch, pioj6ct between NIAE.S and San Diego .State Univ_ _ under, gratts for intern,ation, al sttidy programs ,by STA JaPa,h. and the St)~U folindatijdri .

,:1:'3 •:

DIVISION OF SOIL S CIENCE

The Division of Soil Science consists of 5 research

laboratories. The main research carried out by the

divison concern basic problems of environmentally

sound soil management, and the evaluation of the

environmental beneflts from agriculture. Water , nutrients and organic matter dynamics in soil , behavior

of heavy metals , soil loss estimation methods on a field

scale, to a catchment scale , and soil-root interactions

are now studied.

Topic 1

New Classification of Cultivated Soils in Japan The classification system for cultivated soils in Japan

has been developed in parallel with various soil survey

projects conducted after World War 11 . Since 1973,

"Classification system for cultivated soils based on soil

series", Ist approxirnation (1973) , 2nd approximation

(1977) , and revised 2nd approximation (1983) have

been issued . However, the experience ofsoil surveys

over nearly a quarter century have found not a few

defects in existing systems of soil classiflcation.

Then a committee was organized to revise the classirlcation system of cultivated soils (1990) .

The new classifrcation system of cultivated soils in

Japan (the 3rd approximation) is characterized by the

followings .

l . Some new concepts such as diagnostic horizons

and properties , and a key out system , developed in

the international soil classification systems, were

introduced .

2. The new system has 24 soil groups, 77 soil subgroups, 204 soil series groups and 303 soil series,

compared with 16 soil groups , 56 soil series groups and

320 soil series in the existing system. Some new

groups, such as Volcanogenous Regosols, Forest Andosols, Non-allophanic Andosols, Lowland Paddy

soils, and Regosolic Lowland soils were newly established .

3 . The soil subgroup level was newly established in

the new system. The subgroups illustrate the central

concept of the intragrade and extragrade to other soils

or special soil features.

4 . The series group and series , except for Andosols ,

Peat and Muck soils , Regosols , Lithosols and Podzols ,

mainly renect soil texture. Other soil groups are

divided into series groups and series based on the

~~~~~~~'~~!-~{~_j:tl '~~~~~ ~~~~L:r~~e':!;~~~~~~~~:~~'~~

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,. . . ~ ~";*~ _ -' ~' : ~s~ ~ :"--*- -'~jif~{;_j~i'~~~{~. i~~~~~j" ~4~~~~ ~~~t~;i?~~~;~i~~~~~!~'i~:' ~:~~l-~i~:

. . . ~~:.~P1~:;(:{~j ~ ~tls~i;~~~~~~~_~~1!~~~_~~~'~~~f!~"'~ ' ' ' ~~ ~~ -' :L"~:'( ?~'- ~1 ~r': T~i!~::;~_"~P=~~~~~~:_';~~"~~~'~;i:~~~"~i

{'~ ~~~~'~~~~i~s?iE'~~~~~;~ '-"-s~ ~';~~ '~~:!~~ : ' ~'

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BroWn FareSt SOil

Tenry~ Shizuoka

,"' .. ~ ~{

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Hamamatsu Shizuoka

Red SOil

Nago Okinawa

AndOSOI Aya

Mi yazaki

~~

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l

~*

f '- \

LOWland Paddy SOil

Zentsti ij

Kagawa

Fig. I Main soils in Japan

14

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l ~ =~~Jl~ l *~'~~!~' -V~s'~~l. Ilf"** ~~; Ill~ ~ll'~ ~~ "I~~ [lu ~~ ~llw lll:::F~~'ll _r' i '~ll=~ Pl X

l f I I ~{~~~~' :'~~~r~~~~.~~J~ l's ~ ~~~ll ILr ~ nn -~ll I l= 1'1~~~F~~~t ll ~l ::_ _- ~ 'fl':l[~~~,=jl~~~~~~~~~i: 11lj:~r~~r~{~~

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~ 17i

characteristics of each soil group.

5_ Soil ternperature regime was introduced as soil

ph ase .

6 . Soil classes were named by combining connotative

and taxonomic terms . The name of locality is not used

in soil series . An exarnple of soil series name is

'Fine-textured Mottled Gley Lowland soils , clayey' .

The new classification system is more scientific

based on the important differences in soil properties

and will provide a more meaningful separation ofsoils

to the users .

Topic 2

New Soil flocculant Almost all soil flocculants on the market are the

water soluble synthetic polymers . The environrnental

influence of their application on a vast area has not

been clarified yet.

A new soil floccutant has been developed which consists ofthree materials; i . e. clay (montmorillonite) ,

p-FeOOH (iron oxide hydroxide) and syringic acid (3 , 5-dimethoxybenzoic acid) . These materials are

Lll ll =] *

~ "~. ~ i,-

'~' ~- ~; { ~

~ -'~f~i'*~' ~

ll '

widely found in nature and considered to be environmentally harmless . The clay is a familiar cornponent ofsoil . Syringic acid , a phenolic acid , exists

in the plant body as a metabolic intermediate. The fi

=FeOOH is a component of iron rust.

Structure and function of New Soil Flocculant

In Fig. 2 the schematic structure of the new flocculant is shown . The p=FeOOH was crystallized on

the surface of the montmorillonite by the addition of

adequate amounts of IN NaOH to the mixture ofclay

and FeC13 with the mixture's pH value below 4.5.

Then the flocculant was obtained by the adsorption of

syringic acid on the surface of p-FeOOH. This adsorption occurred by the ligand exchange reaction

between the-COOH of syringic acid and-OH on surface of the "tunnel" structure of the p-FeOOH

crystal. The p-FeOOH crystal has square tunnel structures along the C axis with -OH groups on their

walls. Therefore, the syringic acid molecules are

arranged on the surface of p-FeOOH directing their

phenolic-OH groups to the outer surface of the flocullant. These phenolic-OH groups form hydrogen

bonds with oxgen atoms on the clay surface and form

the soil flocs when they are applied to the soils.

Various applications of the new flocculant are now

being developed for both agricultural and non-agricultural uses.

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'DIVISION, OF WA TER Q UALI TY S CIENCE

The problems ofcontamination by nitrate, phosphate

and other harmful substances of agro-environmental

water , and water dynamics in rural areas , are the main

research carried out by the Division ofWater Quality

Science, which consists of 3 reseairch laboratories .

Topic 1

Denitrification measurement and evaluation of nitrogell purification function at small chanllels .

Denitrification is often considered a minus factor for

agriculture , as it reduces the efficiency of fertilizer

nitrogen . However , denitrification has a natural

nitrogen purification function in water systems ofrural

zones (ex. channels , irrigation ponds, wetlands and

paddy fields) , because intensive agriculture uses much

fertilizer , and creates problems resulting from excessive

nitrogen, such as nitrate contamination of shallow

groundwater, and eutrophication in water. Denitrification was studied at frve points along small

channels in Tsukuba city for one year . The channel

widths are O. 8 m at points A and B , and 2 . 1-2 . 6 m at

points C , D and E . The denitrification rate was

measured by the acetylene inhibition technique that was

based on the inhibition by acetylene ofreduction in

N20 to N2 , and quantified by the increments ofN20

during 2 hours incubation in undisturbed sediment

cores (5 cm in diameter and 20 cm long) containing

sediment 5 cm in thickness . Simultaneously , the

N03+2~ N removal rate was determined by the decrements of denitrification substrate (N03+2~N means

sum of N03-N plus N02-N) overlying water.

The increments of N20 in 4 portions of individual

cores after incubation are shown in Fig. I . On average, 57% and 36% of total increments in cores

existed in overlying water and in the Ist sediment

layer , respectively . Since there was no denitrification

activity in overlying water, the active denitrification

sites were in the Ist sediment layer . We concluded that

N20 in overlying water evolved in the Ist sediment

layer and diffused to overlying water.

The amounts of N03-N and N03+2~N in the Ist sediment layer are shown in Fig. I . At point A at all

times , and at other points occasionally , the total

increments of N20 were more than N03+2~N in the Ist

sediment layer. This means that the N03+2~N in overlying water denitrified in the Ist sediment layer.

At point A , the incrernents of N20 were large at all

tirnes, and N03-N amounts in the Ist sediment layer

was very low , but N02-N accumulated. At point B,

when N03-N accumulated in the Ist sediment layer, the

increments of N20 were very low . Also , at other points ,

the inc-rements of N20 were in inverse to N03-N amounts in the Ist sediment layer . These were indirect

evidence that the N03+2~N diffusion into active sites in

sediment from overlying water were inhibited by a

oxidized surface layer, because N03-N amounts reflected the thickness of an oxidized layer at the

sediment surface as N03-N existed only the oxidized

layer .

An approximately linear relationship exists between

rates of N03+2~N removal and denitrification. Denitrification against N03+2~N removal were 57% at

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~ ~~~ The increnents of N20

at over lying water

~. ** 2~ " 'l

~S' The increnents of N20 at I st sediment

l ayer (O- I .3cm)

[:==1 The increnents of N20 at Znd sediment

l ayer (1 .3- 2.6cm)

~=~ The increnents of N20 at 3r d sedi ment

l a yer (2.6- 4.0cm)

-~~- The amounts of N03+2~N at Ist sedi mr nt I ayer

{) ~ ~ The amounts of N03- N

at I st sedimrnt layer

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point A and 54-40% at other points . It is possible

that the residual N03+2~N removal , except denitrification , were assimilated and / or were

ammonificated after nitrate reduction.

Fig. 2 shows the relationship between N03+2~N concentrations in overlying water and denitrification

rates . The values dividing denitriflcation rate (g/m2/day)

by N03+2~N (mg/L) were termed the denitrification coefficient. The denitrification coeffrcients were O. 14 at

point A , and O . 03-0 . 10 at other points , on average.

These values were high , especially very high at point A , compared to the value of O . O I derived from various

data measured in paddy fields , Iysimeter wetlands and

ponds . Moreover this value was calculated by nitrate

removal rate .

':!1~:~~~~;-';L:.: '~ ~_~~~~~:i

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The nitrogen purification function was evaluated by

measuring denitrification rates and N03+2~N Ioad (Table

1) . At point A, the purification ratios per 100 m

channel length were always as high as 2 . 6% on average , since sediment and flowing water were in a

steady state . At points C , D and E , the purification

ratios fluctuated widely , since sediment was carried

away during irrigation periods for paddy fields_

Moreover the volume offlowing water was very small

in winter.

Denitrification at small channels plays an important

role in nitrogen purification function when the sediment

are in a steady state , and nitrate concentration are

always high at points similar to point A .

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~ ~~~

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~i""'~" _' ~ ~~~~~"I~: ~s~:~i=:"':'~i~'i~tt'~~~~;; ~ ~~*+'=~~:;:~;':"~~~~~; ~

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~~~~

,tab,1,e . 1 ~NO,I~~ 3+2~1' l,Pad per day and deni tri ftoati'on antount,s and •purif:ioat iort rat i,o per 100~1,chamel lengt,~.,=

=-r~1~ ~

~rj ~;~~!~ r='~;r ~ ~~" Ir :'~ _ I~ ,r Ph f [h~ ~;r' rYl'~J}: ~,,w

:,~ !~ . •,ftf 'i

DIVISION OF VEGETA TI ON S CIENCE

The Dlvlslon of Vegetauon Sclence , consisting of

three laboratories , is carrying out studies covering the

wide range of vegetational components in agroecosystems in order to increase food production in

a sustainable way and to maintain a rich biodiversity .

The Plant Ecology Laboratory has been clarifying

the effects of vegetation structure, plant species

composition , and environmental heterogenelty on C02

exchange in agroecosystems . Researchers have devoted

considerable effort to evaluate C02 dynamics and

budgets within the agroecosystems.

The Vegetation Conservation Laboratory has been

elucidating mainly the relationships between the

mechanisms of vegetation change and environmental

conditions in agroecosystems . The approaches in the

vegetational conservation studies are consistent with the

two different levels in ecological methods in which

questions are considered from the synecological viewpoint or from the autoecological viewpoint.

The research areas ofthe Allelopathy Laboratory

include the study of biological functions of secondary

metabolites, their si_~:nificance and importance in

biological control of growth , either individually or

synergistically, their importance at all levels of

biological organization , thelr evolutionary origin , and

their application to the needs of farmers.

Topic I

Carbon Dynamics and Budgets in AgroEcosystems Carbon dynamics and budgets were investigated in

upland and paddy agroecosystems in lbaraki Prefecture ,

central Japan , between May 1990 and April 1995 , for

upland rice , maize and soybean single-cropping systems ,

and paddy rice single-cropping system (Fig. l) .

Carbon budgets differed between the cropping systems . The annual carbon balance was estimated to

~

Fig. l Experimental barley field. measured with open-flow

C02 flux is being

IRGA method.

be -320 gCm~2 (-270 --400 gCm~2) for the upland single-cropping field , and only -?_O gCm~2 for the paddy

rice single-cropping field (Fig. 2) . These results

suggest that effective agronomic measures are needed

to maintain the carbon balance in prevailin_~ upland

agroecosystems in order to sustain soil fertility , and

the upland agroecosystems may contribute to the increase in the carbon dioxide concentration of the

atmosphere as the carbon accumulated in the soil is

constantly belng released to the atmosphere, and improved management is capable of increasing C Ievels

on existing agricultural soils in Japan. On the other

, the carbon exchange for the paddy hand agroecosystem was in good balance, sometimes resulting in an increase in carbon . This is caused by a

decrease in the heterotrophic respiration in the anaerobic soil condition under the flooding water, and

carbon rlxation by photosynthesis of algae_ The paddy

rice fleld may be a carbon balanced agricultural system

and this may permit a sustainable land use for long

periods of more than hundreds of years.

Atmcspher e

_~' Resp' Photo' 137Z ""Jrl-ll'll"I// Harvest !:.~~'- 623 l~u" 'l'-'--l

--~. , !~~~~':~~~~~~~~~s~~~~~~~~:~~ ~~~ * 543 ', ~~:~~~s:~:e:::~:. Man ~'/ Carbon in rice ~= ,-cattl e i ' 7 SO i, ~~ ~ F~"'

~ plc~~jng-in (~tu~j)~~) ~ '

' 206 outfiow "'

tZ3 ;~.j Fiood Ing ~:~-~"~~ -~E~~~ LesiL,11LReserv. '=' ==i',,, water '~~#~'~' ~p:~~'~~~'~~~' ' ' ' ' ~e~~~~~~_s

~t~:*~F*~~~' ~~i~'~~*~~~~ ~ ~ *"'~' ;~~'~~~;~ Carbonin algae

' _ ~~~~~~~' - -~1 1~ Z 6 '~~~~=' -. ~~ ss)~~'_":~F~"~~~~~~'~r'f~'-~~__~ ir~~

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' carbon iD So~~ i

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Stable

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Photo. i Resp Plowing-In l------'--:"----": ~11:i,, predatlqn l!' Z49 37

, ,+~ *- '? i Predater

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.

+ --=~ = ~~J~~ ~ ' Penetratio!1 .

. , . '//////"/"'~r:/!'1'///!l~I:/;:m'~'~~';:~'L~1:~u':~'~'/~::.r-J1//-///:"~'l'i'///':~1~~://-

Uod~rgre~n~ w s Car bon bal ance: - 2 1 g C m~z

Fig. 2 Diagram of carbon dynamics and budgets in a paddy agroecosystem .

Photo . refers to photo-synthesis, Resp. to res-piration .

18

Fig. 3 Experimental grazing site in the sandy land.

For four years, six heads/ha of adult sheep were grazed (left) .

Topic 2

Vegetation Degradation Caused by Grazing Sheep in Semi-Arid Regions of Northeast China

A grazing experiment was conducted to clarify the

vegetation degradation process caused by grazing

sheep in relation to micro landform in Kerqin sandy

grassland , Inner Mongolia, China. Phytomass decreased

with the increase in grazing intensity, and drastically

at a heavy grazing plot (6 sheep/ha) . In the site with

high relief and/or relative height , however , phytomass

decreased even at a medium grazing plot (4 sheep/ha) .

Floristic composition was also affected by both grazing

intensity and topography . In the plain site, grass species

with lower palatability and high tolerance to trampling

increased with increasing grazing intensity. On the

other hand , in the site with high relief and/or relative

height, the grass community included Agriophyllum

squarrosum , which is the indicator plant ofshifting

sand dunes distributed at heavy , medium and even light

grazing plot ('_ sheep/ha) . These results indicated that

the vegetation degradation process , animal carrying

capacity , and the strategy for the control of desertiflcation in the surveyed regions, varies with

micro-topography . It was suggested that the grazing

management systern based on land use zoning corresponding with topography should be established to

maintain sustainable grazing.

Topic 3

Plant Box Method a New Method to Discriminate Allelopathy

Allelopathy shall mean any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants that influence

the growth and development of agricultural and biological systems .

Our recent major results were as follows. 1) We

developed a new system to collect and identify

volatile chemicals emitted from intact plants in

agroecosystems _ 2 ) We also developed new discrimination methods named the "Plant Box Method"

and the "Sandwrch Method . " The Plant Box Method is

a mixed planting in agar medium to measure the contribution ofroot exudates from intact plants (Fig. 4) .

We believe allelopathic interactions occur in situ. The

Sandwich Method was developed to measure the effect

of leaf leacheates . By using this method , it is possible

to know the allelopathic activity of fallen leaves to

suppress weeds in the field. 3) We have identified

some candidates for allelochemicals such as L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, from velvetbean, protoanemonin from Pulsatila cernua . As a result of

cooperative work with Kyoto University and weed scientists in Thailand, we recently identifled a new

inhibitory compounds named SZ-1 , and SZ-2 from Gooseweed (Sphenoclea zeylanica) , a noxious paddy

weeds in south east Asia. These cornpounds are dithiorane derivatives and might be promising as herbicide . We have already submitted a patent in 1996 .

4) For the application ofallelopathy to weed control ,

we are recornmending cover crops with allelopathic

activity . A project to suppress weeds in abandoned

field , fallow, orchard gardens , and footpaths ofpaddy

fields by allelopathic cover plants is now in progress .

Fig. 4 Plant box method

19

DIVISION OF MI CR OBI OL O G Y

The Division of Microbiology consists of frve laboratories

covering the studies on systematics, ecology, and bene

ficial uses of microorganisms and nematodes , to clarify

the microbial cornponents of agroecosystems and to

develop methods for managing the ecosystem for the

benefit of mankind .

Systematics of bacteria and fungil Ten species of plant

pathogenic bacteria or fungi have been identified _ To

develop new methods for quickly identifying bacteria ,

a data base of 32 bacteriological properties of each

bacterial species was constructed .

Molecular biology of rice stripe virus (RSV) : The mo-

lecular interactions between RSV and host plants have

been studied . rurther , it was shown that RSV is closely

related to animal Phlebovirus , which suggests thatboth

viruses probably evolved from the same ancestral virus .

Dynamics of plant pathogenic bacteria: The dynamics

of plant parasitic microorganisms has been studied

especially to defme the behaviour of microbial agents , the

mode of action ofcausal toxin , and genetic analysis involved

in pathogenesis and physiological specialization .

Ecology of soil microorganisms: The population structure

of soil fungi , such as Helicobasidium wompa and Scleroa'um

rolfsii, was found to be simple in the freld based on

vegetative compatibility of isolates collected . A method

to determine the diversity of soil bacteria has been

devised. For details, see the opposite pa_~e.

Beneflcial use of soil microorganisms: Chitinases

are a potential biocontrol agent for crop disease.

Genes for chitinases have been cloned from Streptomyces kvidans and analyzed . The chitinase genes have

been introduced into soil rhizobacteria and also into plants .

The use ofgenetically modified microorganisms (GEMS)

in the environment has raised concern about their

potential negative impact. Biological systems for the

containment of GEMS have been developed. Taxonomy and ecological characters of nematodes:

Many species of Criconematidae, Pratylencidae,

Tylenchidae and Longidoridae are newly de-scribed. Recently, much attention has been paid to

free-1iving nematodes for their insect parasitic and

soil-inhabiting properties to use them for insect pest

or plant disease control .

another group induces lesions without a halo (Fig . l) .

A phytotoxin named coronatine induces chlorotic lesions that are similar to the lesions formed by the

pathogen on soybean leaves. It had been thought that only the halo-inducing group produced coronatine .

However , we revealed quite recently that both groups

had a set of genes for coronatine production and

actually produce coronatine in liquid cultures (Table I , Fig.?_) . These evidence indicate that

both groups have the same set of genes to produce coronatine except for the gene site for the regulation .

Our experimental system is useful for elucidating

the host specificity and virulence of plant path-

ogenlc bacteria.

Table l Several properties of the pathogen of bacterial

blight of soybean

Property

Bacterial group

A B Halo-inducing on soybean Coronatine production in liquid medium

PCR signal of coronatime producing genes

+ + +

Topic J

Coronatine production is regulated by host plant It is important to distinguish different types of

pathogenicity for the study of plant pathogenic bacteria . The pathogen for bacterial blight ofsoybean

is divided into two groups. One group induces lesions accompanied by a wide and clear halo, and

+:

Fig . l

Positive -: Negative.

Leaflet symptoms of bacterial blight of soybean

Left: Halo-inducing _2:roup, Right: Non halo-inducing group

O 65 kb -

Fig . 2

l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112

PCR signal of coronatine producing genes Lane 1-3; lO; I l: PCR products of strains in the _group A. Lane 4-9; 12: PCR products ofstrains In the group B.

20

Topic 2

A New Concept to Describe Biodiversity in Coun-

plex Systems Soil microorganisms play very irnportant roles in

recycling elements in nature and in supplying essential

nutrients to agricultural production . Numerous soil

microorganisms are believed to stabilize the soil

ecosystem , and consequently , prevent the explosive

population growth of virulent organisms _

In spite oftheir significance, Iittle is known about

how the bacterial communities maintain their structure ,

or even how much diversity they possess , because ofthe

extraordinary complexity in their system _

In this study , we present a new approach , the

taxon-independent diversity method , to facilitate

rapid evaluation of the complexity of continuous systems without identifying components individually .

' '""~LSj ~

Quantification of bacterial traits

Each cell suspension of the purified bacterial

strains collected from colonies on the PTYGA plate

(Fig. 1-step A) was tested for the utilization of 95

carbon sources using the BIOLOGTM bacterial identiflcation panel (Fig. 1-step B) _ The ability to

utilize the carbon sources (utilized= 1lnot utilized=0) ,

were converted into binary numbers to quantitative-

ly represent traits of each strain (Fig. I -step C) .

A new diversity index The conventional diversity concepts , such as

species diversity , can not detect differences in diversity

level between model communities B and C in figure

2 which have the same number oftaxa and components _

However , methods to describe complex and continuous

systems , such as soil bacterial communities , should

be more sensitive to detect diversity .

A new diversity concept is not taxon dependent ,

but is proportional to differences between the components , and consequently , to the size of the imaginary space constructed with distances calculated by sets of quantified properties of the

components . This diversity index (DI) was calculated as follows

Diversity index = sum of distances between each cluster x average distance between the clusters .

o

We have demonstrated that this concept facilitates

rapid detection of even slight changes in the complexity of bacterial communities amended differently (Fig . 3) , and furthermore , will be

used to describe more complex systems and continuous features , such as images , by picking

up the information of the pixels making the images .

~~' ~eo~~oRly

21

ENTOM+0LOGY =

The major subjects ofthe Division of Entomology

are (1) systematics of insects and faunal analysis of

agroecosystems, (2) insect behavior including the

role ofbio-active chemicals, (3) biological control

of insec-t pests and analysis ot~ the impact of introduced natural enemies upon the native fauna,

and (4) population ecology of insects in the agroecosystem .

Systematic studies include the revision of Mythmna

(Lepidoptera) , and ofNeta/ia and other lchneumonid

wasps (Hymenoptera) , both of which were flnished

this year, dealing with 85 and 75 species respectively

mainly from the Asian re_~:ion_ Faunal sludies were

carried out on the bees living in the plain farm land

in comparison to those in the hillside farm land. A

survey on the entomofauna ofthe secondary vegetation

around the paddy rlelds was undertaken with a special

reference to the _~:round beetles and other crawleTS .

Behavioral studies were carried out on the flight

behavior of noctuid moths , with a habit of long-distance

migration , in relation to their reproductive function , and

also on the reproductive behavior ofthe herbivorous

ladybirds (Epilachna spp.) in relation to their

Iongevity . Sex and aggregation pheromones ofsome

insects ofthe Noctuidae Tortricidae Sc2irabaeideae

and Pentatomidae \ly'ere identified.

Studies on biological control include the surveys

on the effect of an introduced parasitic wasp, Torymus sinensis (Torymidae) , in controlling the

chestnut _2:al I wasp , Dry'ocosmus kuriphi!us (Cynipidae) , and its impact on the activity of the

native parasitoids. A computer simulation model is

being developed to describe the interactions between thrips and predatory anthocorid bugs= in greenhouses . ~lass rearing methods for some predators

and parasitoids, Iike anthocorids, chrysopids and

europhids, are being developed.

Studies on population ecology include surveys

on the impact of the herbivores ( Epilachna vfgintioctopunctata) upon the population of their

host (Solanum caro!inense) . Trends in pest insect

populations in association with the g]obal rise in

temperature caused by the greenhouse gas effect

were analyzed using the data from trappin_~ for paddy pest forecasting, and the climatlc data of the

past 37 years.

Topic 1

Sex pheromone of the smaller tea tortrix The smaller tea tortrix (Adoxophyes sp _ ; Tortricidae)

is an important pest In the tea cultivation of Japan . Its

sex pheromone has already been identified and used in

controlling or forecasting its occurrence. Recently ,

however, it was noticed that the synthetic pheromone

compounds were not effective in Okinawa.

Fig. ,1 The adult mbth~,'of the smallerte, a tortri~, A doxophyes sp . , the Hpnshu= Form J The left

The attractiveness of the compounds were checked in

Okinawa and in Honshu. Virgin females from both areas were also used in the te~_ts. The result revealed

that in Okinawa male moths wel~e attracted to the vir~:in

females from Okinawa, but neither to the compound

nor to the virgin females from Honshu, while in

Honshu the males were attracted to the compound and

the virgin females from Honshu , but not to those from

Okinawa. Matin_~ experlments in the laboratory also

showed that f•,*males accepted males fl~om their own locality, even if they were kept to_~ether in a dense

mixture .

The analyzation of the sex pheromone revieled that

the components and thelr composition differ between

the Honshu and Okinaw'a populatons as shown in Table

l . From the trapping survey using pheromone compounds of the two forms , it became clear that the

populations in the islands of Amami-Oshima, Tokunoshima, Ishigaki and Yonakuni, all belonging to

the South Western Islands of Japan, respond to the

pheromone of the Okinawa form. The Okinawa form is morphologically closely similar

to the Honshu form, but they apparently diffeT from

each other in the composition of and response to the

sex pheromones . This poses an interesting question on

the taxonomic status of these two forms.

=1 22:=1

= :T~ib:le,-; 1, '"' qomponents an"d their=:>composi~on, ot th~_ sei(' pheromones;, =0f ~~~' ~inn, 'er

, Ra, , tios (Q/Q) of"the co_ mponeats> =

:'>~ = = -.-:Components=, > H,onshu,fo, rirt Okulawa form

" ~ ~L~ ~' i; : o == ==f =-~ / ~ "\'/'\ /\2 /\~ /\ /\2./\ ~ ' " CE ; ' 2, =,, >' , cHs:::eH, =2 CSs cH2 cu2 __o~ o cu~'~

= cel' cHa '==Cft=cs Cn2 c~~: = cH"2= crt= c " , ,

= ' =,~ =' " ~=: = b L'~ -=t~ ~/cH\!'//cR\, ;n\2 : ;R\a =;if\e '/cu~;2: '/Cs\2 /c\pti "

= Fn3 c~l ' cH2: "CH~ c~~ = cu :~CHa oi = Yl~3_ =

= , ~, ~,F ~ ~ ' /cH~fiH\;x\2' /cH\2 ;~;~/c\ - : =* , _(~s3 , csi " c~2 ~ 'c.~H= i" css cs2":"~q ' c= ni:= =

31

~ 63

4

i ~,L

8'o

Topic 2

Measurement of the leaf area damaged by insects by

means of image processing In the studies of insect-plant interactions and loss

analysis of crops , it is quite important to measure the

extent of insect damage caused to the plants. In the

course of a study on the interactions between a solanaceous weed Solanurn. carolinense L . , and a

phytophagous Coccinellid beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (F . ) , a method using image analysis

was developed for measuring the leaf area damaged by

insects. This technique Is quite effective even in the

case of the mesophyll feeders like the Epi/achna

beetles . The measuring system consisted of an image

analysis processor (NEXUS QUBE) , a desktop computer (PC9821-As2) and a digitizer. A program for the system was developed in collaboration with the

Division of Information Analysis. Leaves eaten by

insects were photographed with a positive rllm on a

white surface with a ruler. The video images ofthe

damaged leaves were stored in the image analysis

processor through the photovideo camera loaded with

color slides of the leaves. The digital image was

binarized according to the gray levels to separate the

damaged and undamaged parts ofthe infested leaves

and the background. After several manual retouch processes with the digitizer if necessary , the pixels on

the undamaged part and those ofthe whole leafwere

counted . The reliability ofthe method was tested by

measuring several standard cardboards ofdifferent sizes

and also by checking against the measurements by a

leaf-area meter in measuring the models of damaged

leaves. The result proved to be satisfactory. By using this image analysis system , the amount of

the leaf area of S . carolinense consumed by the larvae

and the adults of E . vigintioctopunctata (F.) were

successfully measured .

" " :v~gint~oclopt~:nctatq ' ~n~ its . damage caused- o~ ~ l~af"('f S*, ola, num carol!nense = , ~",~ '=,:=

-:1~S~ S~~':,~:i= i

f ~"I t#~~ # J = '~ ~~::~:;s::,:sY:i

'f~'~' 's

-~~~~t~~'

~~~ir~~"I~'

~~ '~ -= "~f; t ~ ~*

~~*

~~~~r_ ~=~- ~~~' _

= '~' ~~i '~

' '~~ ~! ~ ~~~.~~.=!;~;

~~

~ =./";,f:fl••i. .j ,, / ~

,~

:=t23 i ,'

DIVISI,ON OF PES TI CIDES

Research on pesticides are carried out in this division

consisting of four laboratories. Work on modes of

action of pesticides , and pesticide resistance in

phyiopathogenic fungi and insect pests is carried out in

the laboratories of Fungicide Chemistry and Insecticide

Chemistry , with the aim of developing technology for

resistance management , including biorational designs of

new compounds . The other work on the behaviour of

pesticides in the environrnent, and side effects of

pesticide residues on the living organisms, such as

microorganisms and aquatic insects , is performed

mainly in the laboratories of Herbicide Chemistry and

Environment Pesticide Assessrnent with the aims of

developing the technology to reduce pesticide impact

and to lower pesticide residues to a reasonable level in

the environment .

Topic 1

Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the cotton

aphid , Aphis gossypii

Many populations of the cotton aphid have developed

resistance to organophosphorus , carbamate insecticides

since the begining of the 1980s, and a high level of

resistance to pyrethroid insecticides was also detected

recentLy . Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the

aphid are being studied .

Carboxylesterase (CE) activity ofthe cotton aphid ,

using a -naphthyl acetate as a substrate , varied greatly

among the clones and was closely correlated to the

degree of organophosphorus insecticide resistance but not to that of~arbamate insecticides (Table l) . The

soluble fraction , including approximately 90% ofthe

activity , exhibited hardly any hydrolyiic activity against

active form fenitroxon (MEPO) offenitrothion (MEP)

in both the susceptible and the resistant clones, but

showed significant sequestering activity in the resistant

clones proportional to their CE activity . Both the

carboxylesterase activity and the MEPO sequestering

activity were markedly inhibited by an inhibitor K-2

but not by the other inhibitors DEF and iprobenfos

(IBP) . Among these three esterase inhibitors , only K-2

showed synergistic action on the toxicity of MEP.

Based on these results it was concluded that the CE of

the cotton aphid had a role in MEP resistance as a

sequestering protein .

On the other hand it was shown that CE was not related to carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides . A high

level of resistance to a carbamate insecticide ,

pirimicarb , was shown to be caused by a decrease in

sensitivity of target enzyme acetylcholinesterase to the

carbamate . Also , a high level ofpyrethroid resistance

was suggested to be related with a decrease in sensitivity at the action site of pyrethroids in the

nervous system_

'*~~"~ :~~ * *+ "~; * *~~=~""~ ~i-

~: ,, ',, ! ~ "**" r-

Catboxylesterase activity and resistance ratio,s for organophQ,sphorus and, carbamate insecticides o,f the cotton aphid

()bb yle~terase

. . Resistance ratio act,rv rt y

(nmol/10min/ Penitrothion ' ' Malathion Ethiofencarb Pirimicarb /1 g protein) (MEP)

'~ ,,, ,

H '1~ .

H~6 '

GSM' H.1.,'6

H"i"i

GP2 C

l.1

1.5

l.7

2.5

1'7

20 -,21

*39 :

l(5.7)

3

6

22 29 =

16

13

l(7.7)

7

5

3

23

10

24 21

1 ( I .4)

167

90 1 17

l 03

196 ,178 '

1 59

l (0.~)

> 600

,>600 > 600

> 600

>600 > 600

>600

'j F," =gl~ es n :pa:re,,rt~ese~_, i~Idicate LC 50(P,p~})determlned by msect dippmg method

rr~, rRt

~

~

~: '

# :'L:r*;

*~ *+ ~h~R

i~' ~ r.S P"~J #

!~' r:,~tl ~.

Topic 2

Analysis of multi-pesticide residues in crop

The tolerance for about 300 pesticides has been

established for crops in Japan as ofMarch 31 , 1996 .

The analyiical methods adequate for detecting the

appropriate amount of the pesticide residue in crops has

also been developed simultaneously with the tolerance .

With increases in the kinds of pesticides used on crops ,

however , it has become impossible to effectively and

meaningfully monitor the level of pesticide residues in

general foods by these individual methods . The reasonable approach to monitor pesticide residues in

foods is to simplify analyses by developing methods

which will measure more than one pesticide at a time .

We have developed multi-pesticide residue analytical

EXT~~Tl CN

Acetene bl ended. w=i'th• sample ~.

' ~ , =~ ' - ~~. * ~ ~

PARTITIGN : * ~**' *{

*h~"

"~: Hexane, ethyl acetate/Wat.er ~ '-

~~ on diatcrn~ceovs ear~h clu,mn ~_

r'itch;' s~:pl eS,~:. ::"

~EL eHRCUA~F eRAPHY

cydehex~~e• d i chloro~ meth~n e

~~' ' ~ '

~~

eAS eHReM.ATO' !. eRAPHY(fPD FTD) ' ~ i

~ ~

'i P S N Pe5t]eides '

'~~~~ ~ -~ _._. '~':~~' ~:' ~~,,~'~'~:'~' ,

~~ss~~~~ ' ~~.

MINI ca~VM~ ~. ~;~~

~ 'cuRGM ATC~ ' ~ t~ GRAPHY

l)

;, Florisli S1'1ic~9el' : ~

'-i. charceal

, ,*,* ~;~ ' {~' ~~!~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~'*~'i*~~~;*~~" ~~ " "'*s

'+' ~~ - ~**s~'~ (~S CHRavIATG .Ia pest,el(bs

' G~pcHY (EcD)o g-

;~{_~^_ P Lc ( uv)~.)

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~'r,u ts": amj ve~tabf'es

. ~"~l~ , ~*** ' ~~ b41Nl~ Ca:UMN. ~'~:~

~ CHRavli ATC~ ~ :~" eR:AP'HY ~ ~,~

,~

,,~ . . . ',, ~~ Flcr sli SLI ca9el. **~

charcoal _~.~.~~^.~.*~~ " "i

~~:; ~ ~~ *** - ~~~~~**~**~*~* ' ,,,~ : ~

' GAS CHRaviATO- ~

, ,*~ ~ ~

GRAPHY (FPD FTD. ~'~ ~

'.~~ ECD) ~ + : ' ~*+ , ~. ', ~~~~ H_P.~.,C(VV)) {. ~*~....*-..* *"~"~~~ * ~+****~)~: . . , ~ ~

,' ?~,g I '~"'~;.~~~•t~:.;t~. SldPie-^'A_:'~l{~"a-,;~ i ' ,:,rr~~~~~"'~ i :j"~~,j,"" =~~ IH "' ' i' X)' '~= ~~ of'~

~ t . ! Pii.'~j{';~ii~:~~;'. e~:;~of Pesti.~;,

~

methods using diatomaceous earth columns for partitioning residues into water-irnmicible solvent from

aqueous extract , gel permeation chromatography and

charcoal-Florisil mini-column , for clean up prior to the

determination of pesticide residues by gas chromatography (Fig . I ) . Ordinarily , the longer the time

lapse after application of a given pesticide to a crop,

the lower the residue level of the pesticide in and on

crops . Six pesticides were applied once to rice plants

in paddy fields on different days , and the rice plants

were harvested on the same days . Pesticide residues in

plants were determined by using the above developed

methods _ Residue levels of all pesticides in straw

decreased in order of time elapsed after application .

But , the residue levels of carbaryl and pyridaphenthion

on rice grains to which they were applied 35~days

before harvest (about a week after heading time) was

higher than at the other days . In rice cleaning degrees

of 86 % , about 90 % of organo-phosphorous pesticide

residues were in bran and 10 % in polished rice. For

carbamate insecticides , 70 % ofresidues on grain was

distributed in bran and 30 % in polished rice .

Topic 3

Emission of methyl bronride to the atomosphere Atmospheric methyl bromide is estimated to be the

main source ofstratospheric bromine, which destroys

the ozone layer _ In Japan , methyl brornide is used

extensively for soil and commodity fumigation . Total

annual production and sales of methyl bromide have

increased from about 9 , 200 t to I I , OOO t between

1990 and 1994. In 1994 methyl bromide was used as a fumigant for soil (7,800 t = 71 %) , and for

commodities (2, 800 t = 29 %) . It is well recognized

that a considerable amount ofmethyl bromide used in

fumigation is emitted to the atmosphere . Details on the

emission have not been estimated . Experiments are

being carried out to obtain more accurate estimates of

cumulative methyl bromide losses to the atmosphere

under current soil fumigation methods. After the

common methyl bromide application in the field , methyl bromide fluxes from the taping film and soil

surface , and its concentration versus depth in the soil

were measured . Two field studies showed 30 % and

45 ~6 of methyl bromide used in soil fumigation were

emitted to the atmosphere during 14 days _ Further

experiments are being carried out in order to reduce the

emission by changing plastic materials including gas_

tight taping .

~~~* c~ ~.*~R ~!

f ~! T

' -~~:_~'~~=' j:1~]i:;;~~{;::J;}1;:{{'^~-~'~' ~~t~~~' }~ '~"==~~j!~~f~~~:::~;::i:~Si:i{::~'==~'"i~t' ~ '~~~~~{~~~~~~"~~'_:~i:'~;i:!~r~~~~~~;~j~i~(~i~~~~;;;~~~~~~_~'_';!~~~;i::;~~i'~= ~~;~'~~~ ~ ~="':_.=. _ ~ '~ *='=~~~='*=:~*~~'~~~~~;~'~~;~=~:~:~~*~~~ _ ~~~~~;~"__~~='*:~*~=_=_*' _ ~~~__ ~' __'__~~ _' __' ' '~ _':'_': :ii:i'~"':_!:i:! ::,:.=i'~:i::' -~~{~;,{;_:i',,ji~iif"'-:-i _ _ _ ~s'i~~~_~ _ _~ _

~; ~* ~' :* "i= *+ *' . i*

' '~~=='~~:*~*~'==*-~~~

~; "~f' '>1:~:'

i ~~ ~~;*""_*:;;~>=_~;'*'+~~~_i=

~~~ =:~~~:'~;~~ii~~**'-=-=-~'__~'""='~~"

~* ** "+***

The main objective ofthe Division of Fertilizers is

to develop integrated technology for sustainable agriculture by maximizing fertilizer efficiency and

promoting material recycles in agroecosystems .

For the reasonable use of macronutrients in fertilizers , we have studied the behavior of nitrogen and

phosphorus in agricultural environments . The recent

studies include the separation of nitrogen and phosphorus in livestock urine for fertilizer use, a

nondestructive analyiical system for macronutrients in

soil solutions using hollow fibers , and field researches

on nutrient balance in orchards .

As to micronutrients , we are emphasizing to studies

on soil chemistry and plant physiology of micronutrients in soil-plant systems using the ICP-QMS

and NMR. In particular , the research activities stress

boron. Its uptake of Arabitopsis was analyzed by

using the lOB/ICP-QMS tracer technique, and the complex of boron in plants was identified by using the

in vivo llB-NMR technique_ On the recycling of organic materials associated with

agricultural products , we have accumulated the data on

heavy metals and rare metals in various kinds of

organic sludge for their secure land application.

Another interesting use of organic materials is as

energy sources . Sludge was demonstrated to change

into oil under high pressure and temperature . We are

now attempting to screen micro-organisms which function to stimulate plant growth together with

manure .

Topic 1

The Possibility of Using Neutron lrradiated Phophorus Materials as a Tracer Source

When phosphorus is irradiated with thermal neutrons

in an atomic pile , the nuclear reaction, 31P (n , y) 32P ,

takes place and a part of 31P changes to 32P . By using

this neutron irradiation technique, any phosphorus fertilizer can be easily labelled with 32P _ However , the

change in chemical form of phosphorus may occur during the neutron irradiation. Therefore it is imperative to examine whether the irradiated materials

can be used as a tracer source . The fertilizers tested

are shown in Fig. I . The solubility values of these

materials in water and 2% citric acid solution hardly

changed during the irradiation_ The solubility ofthe

32P in 2 % citric acid solution was also not significantly

different from that ofthe 31P . However, when Florida

PR was dissolved in O . OOIM sulfuric acid, and when G

and FP were dissolved in water, the specific activity of

the extractant was higher than that of whole phosphorus in the material , indicating the preferential

dissolution of the 32P.

Soil incubation tests were also carried out to examine the reactivity ofthe materials in the soil . The

%Pdff in soil solution, which is the fraction of

phosphorus in the soil solution derived from the

materials, was measured by the isotopic exchange method or by using their radiated materials . There was

no significant difference between the %Pdff in soil

solution measured by using the irradiated materials and

that measured by the isotopic exchange method in the

cases of SP , MP , and PAPRS . This result showed that

these irradiated materials could be used as tracer

sources . However, in the cases of Florida PR, G and

FP the %Pdff in solution measured by using the irradiated materials was much higher than that ofthe

isotopic exchange method . These results indicate that

the neutron irradiation technique isn't adequate for

labelling these materials in which water-soluble

phosphorus content is low.

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Topic 2 In vivo llB-NMR Observation of Plant Tissue

The in vivo 11B-NMR ofplant tissue, namely, radish

roots , apple fruit , cabbage leaves and komatsuna plant

leaves and roots , were successfully obtained . In the

spectra, the signals of borate monoester and diester ,

together with boric acid , were o_ bserved which shows

that the in vivo 11B-NMR technique provides direct

evidence that the borate esters exist in plant tissue .

The spectrum of juice and residue prepared from radish

roots and apple fruit revealed that the signals,

especially those of borate esters , in the intact plant

spectra were derived from the water-soluble fraction in

the plant cell .

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Topic 3

Prediction of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil by Sewage Sludge Application

Sewage sludge could be used as fertilizer because it

contains 1-7 % nitrogen and 1-8 % phosphate . It also

contains . however . considerably high concentrations of

heavy metals and its application could lead to the

undesirable accumulation of the metals in soil. The

prediction of the heavy metal accumulation in soil is

necessary for the long-term application of sewage

** *~** '~'+*-++.,

sludge to soil _ We developed a model ofheavy metal

accumulation and a successive calculation method to

predict heavy metal concentrations in soil.

The model was developed on the basis that the concentration of a heavy metal decreases at the rate in

proportion to its concentration derived from sewage

sludge in soil unless further sewage is added . The

model is presented by the equation,

m^= (m~ I + M )e where mn is the metal concentration in soil just before

the (n+ I ) -th sludge application, Mn is the metal

concentration increment by n-th sludge application , and

k' is the decrease rate constant when sludge is applied

at regular intervals .

The concentration values given by the model formula coincided well with the actual measurements

of cadmium , zinc and copper at the sewage sludge

10ng-term application experiments by the Environmental Agency , when appropriate values of k'

were given from the measurements . The value of k'

varies metal elements and characteristics of soil and

sludge . Future increase or decrease in metal concent-

ration, therefore , can be predicted with the model

formula by giving k' from the measurements for a

proper period.

According to the model , the application limit of

sewage sludge to keep zinc concentration in soil below

l 20 mg kg~1 , over 1 5 years the Japanese regulation

standard , was estimated to be 7 to 1 3 t dry matter ha~l

every half year . It was also estimated that 4 to 12

years would be necessary for sludge-derived zinc concentrations in soil to decline to a half after stopping

sludge application .

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'='~ _ ~'=~'~.~ ~~mj~:'~ ~~h=e ~ m!o'~~:-'=.~_=:;-{~~i-"~ _ ,

".~, '~~~enji.:wi~i:[:~~~2~]~"~itl~;; i:~04~'h:a~~~~eh~je~Lj~_..,,,~:,.:j~:'~~'~'::~!~:~,o"a:i~Qlgs~pla:_ wtede '~:~~::f~!~~~ge;~~'ed+

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THE 3RD SYMPOSlUM OF THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION ANALYSIS - Soft Computing for Analyzing Biological Functions

(Sep. I , 1995, No. of participants: 141)

The main therne was to consider the possibilities of

the application of soft computing to biological or

agricultural problems and to find out the ways to solve

those complex problems . The researchers in very

different fields could meet each other and exchange

their fresh ideas . Four ofthe invited speakers from the

outside of MAFF introduce,d several aspects of soft

computing; (1) Prof. Unemi ofSoka Univ. started up

the syrnposium with a talk about the application of

genetic algorithm for simulated breeding; (2) Prof.

Takefuji of Keio Univ . introduced the application of

neural networks for optimization problems, using several successful examples of him and his colleagues .

(3) Prof. Aihara of Univ. Tokyo made the main lecture

of the symposium . He explained how we should face

and handle the chaos problems, especially when we

study about biological functions; (4) Dr. Sakai of

Hokkaido Univ . presented how important the non-linear

approaches were when we analyzed biological or agricultural problems; (5) Then , four researchers from

M A FF presented several examples of the applications

of soft computing to agricultural problems .

THE 12TH WORKSHOP ON PESTICIDE BEHAVIOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT - Behaviour of Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment

and Their Influence on Living Organisms (Oct. 28-29, 1995, No. of participants: 130)

With the aim of reducing adverse influence of pesticides used in agricultural fields on the environment

and improving regulation of pesticide residues, problems on behaviour of pesticides used in fields in

the aquatic environrnent and influence of pesticide

residues on living organisms In water were discussed .

Five following reports were presented; (1) Present

status of pesticide residues in the aquatic environment

and technique for predicting of pesticide residues used

in field; (2) Prediction of behaviour of pesticide

residues used in paddy fields . Prediction of behaviour

of pesticide residues used in upland rrelds; (3) Bioaccumulation and metabolism ofpesticides in fish

and shellfishes , and (4) Assessment for influence of

pesticide residues on 1lving organisms in water.

NIAES •TISA (Tsnkuba Insect Science Association) JOINT WORKSHOP - Effects ot~ the Artifrcial Modirrcation of Environment on the Arthropod Populations, Il (Oct. 18, 1995, No. of participants: 70)

Modifications of the environment induced by human

activities should cause various changes in arthropod

populations and communities . The following topics

were presented and discussed; ( I ) General introduction;

(2) Spider fauna in the urban communities; (3)

Entomofauna on hedges; (4) Urbanization and the butterfly fauna; (5) Aphid population in an artificial

forest; and (6) River conservation works and the

aquatic insect fauna.

THE 15TH SYMPOSIUM ON AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE - Utilization of Soil Classification for Environmental

Management of Natural Resources (Nov. lO, 1995, No ofparticipants: 126)

This annual Syrnposium was focused on the soil

classification and its utilization for environmental

management taking advantage of the publication of

revised "Classifrcation System of Cultivated Soils in

Japan ( 1995) " . Five topics were delivered and lively

discussed; (1) Land classifrcation and land use planning; (2) Soil classification system ofcultivated

soils in Japan; (3) Evaluation ofrole ofthe agricultural

lands and forest on the land conservation in Japan; (4)

Monitoring of soil quality in Southwestern Japan; and

(5) Utilization of soil classirlcation system for soil

management in Hokkaido .

WORKSHOP ON MICRONUTRIENTS IN AGRICULTURE (Oct. 16, 1995, No. of participants: 203)

Micronutrient has become of major interest lately for

the reasonable fertilizer use . For the better understanding of problems and advances in research

relating to micronutrient, the following frve reports

were presented; (1) Micronutrient problems in the

world; (2) Micronutrient problems in Japan; (3) Improvement on micronutrient composition of nutrient

solution for vegetable production; (4) Effect of

micronutrients on qualities of spinach; and (5) Speciations of micro-element in plants.

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THE 13TH WORKSHOP ON SOIL AND WATER - Conservation and Restoration of Soil Environmental

Quality

(Feb. 14, 1996, No. of participants: 230)

The research advances was discussed on the utilization of the biological functions for the conservation of soil quality and restoration of soil

damaged by pollutants such as petroleum , non-decomposable organic compounds , nitrate and salt

accumulation etc . . The following topics were presented;

( I ) Recent advances in biological remediation methods;

(2) Utilization of plant and symbiotical microbes for

soil quality amelioration; (3) Variation among plant

species in ability to absorb heavy metals from soil; (4)

Reduction of salt accumulation in soil by application of

non-stress type fertilizer"; and ( 5 ) New soil conditioner by natural materials for soil erosion control .

RESEARCH MEETING OF METEOROLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ( SYMPOSIA OF AGRO-ENVIRONMENT) - Searching for the Joint of Modelling and Observation (Feb. 20, 1996, No. of participants: 209)

The presentations were as follows; (1) "What rs It

found at the freld observation and experiments?" by

Miyata , NIAES; (2) On the necessary data expected in

making a model of air-plant-soil by Kanda , Tokyo Tec .

Univ.; (3) Finding on the making a model of plant

reaction by Shimaji , NRIVOPT; and (4) Observation

researches on role of model and consideration of

parametalization by Kondo, Tohoku Univ. The commentators ofHirota, Kuwagata, Kanno and Sugita

presented at the fixed session and other lO commentators presented at the open session.

THE WORKSHOP , "BASIC RESEARCH ON SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR ADVANCED APPLICATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA ORGANISMS" (Mar. 7, 1996, No. of participants: 60)

Presentations were given by 3 reputed scientists , Dr .

N. Misawa, Dr. H. Ebinuma, and Dr. Y. Hiei. The subjects of 3 presentations were as follows; (1)

Production of useful carotenoid by metabolic engi-

neering; (2) A novel transformation method to produce a marker-free transgenic plant; and (3) A

transgenic rice plant developed by use of Agrobacteriurn .

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON NO* EMISSION FROM SOILS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY (Mar. 4-6, 1996; No. of participants: 100 )

The most active researchers whose background are

atmospheric chemistry and physics, soil chemistry,

microbiology, forestry, and chemical engineering,

participated to this International Workshop from all

over the world .

The purpose of this International Workshop was , to

integrate existing field and laboratory studies on nitric

oxide (NO) emission from soils in the world, to estimate the emission rate of nitric oxide(NO) from

terrestrial ecosystems , and to evaluate its contribution

to photochemical ozone production in the troposphere.

The conclusion was summarized as follows! "Although NO from soils plays an important role in the

atmospheric chemistry , we have very few data ofNO

emission from soils and NO production and consumption processes _ To evaluate the contribution of

NO from soils to the atmospheric chernistry , more and

more studies in different ecosystems should be done in

the multidisciplinary cooperation with researchers in

the world".

THE 4TH JAPAN-U . S . WORKSHOP ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH -Land-Use and Land-Cover Change and Global Environmental Conservation (Feb. 26-29, 1996, No. of participants: 62)

This workshop have contributed to the promotion of

joint research on global change and the establishment

of cooperative relation-ships among the scientists of

both Japan and United States through information

exchange and discussion. Fifty-seven individuals

participated in the workshop from both Japan and the

U . S . . Five participants represented Indonesia, Malaysia

and Thailand . The workshop was mainly sponsored by

the Science and Technology Agency of Japan and co-chaired by Dr. T . Nagata (NIAES) and Dr. T. J.

Baerwald acting for Dr. R. W . Corell (NSF , U . S.) .

_ ~ ~' ~,::::';;':"' ~~~~;._,~~~~ ~'.~;;"~~~d'i~;/;':~/~: _ j ~'~~:~~':;:;~j/;'j =~~~{:?+.~l; :~

.*';+:~ = ~. . . ~ ~~~~~ ~~~~r~;{e~ ~,L ' / . ~ = ~ S~"".~~~~ . !:L~~' -:~f~ .

~~~~~~>.,8=.; ~~ ~~~~~

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~r~~ ~

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A Research Project of Managing Agro- , Forest- and

Marine-Ecosystems to Control Global Change . (Research period: 1990-1996)

Techniques for the prediction ofchanges production

capacity of the major agricultural products are developed associated with the global environmental

changes. Technologies to control greenhouse gas circulation are developed using functions of agro-,

forest- and marine-ecosystems _ Outlines ofthe themes

related to carbon cycling are as follows:

( I ) Parameterizing C02 budget in the biosphere: C02

flux in agro- , forest- and marine-ecosystem are being

monitored. C02 exchange between the biosphere and

the atmosphere is also being investigated.

(2) Analyzing and enhancing C02 flxation capacity of

ecosystems: We are analyzing fixation of C02 by virgin forest and artificial plantations and developing

technologies to augment C02 fixation by a forest.

Fixation of C02 by shellfishes and phytoplanktons in

marine-ecosystem also is being analyzed.

(3) Elucidation ofvariation in food components of

recombinant organisms .

(4) Establishment of an assessment method for the

advanced application of recombinant organisms.

Control on Fates of Pollutants Related to the High

Technology Industries in Agroecosystem. (Research period : 1993-1997 )

The rare metals have recently suspected to enter into

agroecosystems through the activities of high technology industries . The behavior ofthese elements

in water-soil-plant system has been studied to prevent

agroecosystem from the contamination of these metals .

At the interfaces between soil and water a large

portion of metals was adsorbed on the surface ofsoil

particles . In plant-soil system, the uptake ofrare metals

by plants decreased and the plant growth improved by

the addition ofcalcium carbonate in metal contaminated

soils . Some grasses were found to accumulate highly Li ,

Ga, Ag, Ba. La, T1, Pb and Bi in shoots and tops.

Development of Nitrate Removal Techniques in the

Shallow Groundwater by Using Agroforest Ecosystems .

(Research period: 1991-1995) A purpose of this project was in the following items ,

namely: ( I ) In order to elucidate an advection phenomenon of

groundwater in a shallow aquifer, a technique to explore the heterogeneous strata structure should be

developed and a water advection as well as a contarninant diffusion mechanism under a specirrc stratifrcation state should be clarified.

(2) A purification of water quality in forest and

agricultural lands should be clarified and a land use

model which is effective for an environmental conservation should be presented.

Basic Research on Safety Assessment for Advanced

Application of Recombinant DNA Organisms . (Research period: 1993-1995)

The objectives of this project are to promote the

application of recombinant DNA technology and to continue appropriate implementation of the Guidelines

issued in April, 1989. Outline of the research is as

follows:

(1 ) Development of advanced techniques of speciflc

expression of introduced genes .

(2) Development of appropriate management practices

for deliberately released recombinant organisms .

Development of Techniques for Prediction Cool-weather Damage Through the Analysis of Climate, Crops , and Soil .

(Research period : 1994-1997)

Overview of research is as follows:

( l) Analysis of techniques for estimating the effect of

abnormal weather through remote sensin_~ methods .

(2) Analysis ofspecial features ofabnormal weather

and crop damage. (3) Analysis ofthe interaction between cool-weather

damage and soil fertility and topography.

(4) Development of techniques for predicting cool-

weather damage utilizing weather information and

crop growth models. Crop growth models will be developed, and a new

system which can be used to analyze the daily growth

of crops and predict crop yields in real time will also

be developed.

Study on the Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Cycle Related to Global Warming. (Research period: 1993-1995)

Carbon cycling and budgets are analyzed experimentally in l) croplands and paddy fields, 2) a

pasture , 3) agroforests , 4) a temperate region ecosystem ,

5) natural forests , and 6) marine ecosystems . Models of

local carbon cycling in each ecosystem stated above are

constructed .

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~ /~.~~_ ~ ~~~~1 ~.~'i'~ ,~'~i~~T)~~~-~/~'.~{~'~~..~~s", •S*= ~ ~- f~ ~- ^~~~~ ' ' "'='~ ~ ~. -~i,~~1~~~~ ~ ~~:~,.'i"-'~ji ;'~

Monitoring to Tropical Agricultural Environment

Using Remote Sensing Data Remote Sensing Laboratory, Division of Information Analysis ,

Dqmjment ofEnvironmental Management

Under the Special Coordination Funds of Science

and Technology Agency of Japan , 18 organizations of

Japan perform Joint Research from 1992 to 1996 by . In

this joint research , one big research item is Enhancement of Technology for Monitoring Tropical

Environment with ASEAN Countries . Under this item ,

we study "Agriculture Monitoring Using Remote Sensing. " This study is collaborated with National

Mapping And Resource Information Authority ofthe

Philippines and Bureau of Soils and Water Management of the Philippines . We had some results

of this work, as follows.

ERS-1 and JERS-1 were launched in 1991 and 1992

respectively , and both satellites mounted SAR instruments . Interpretation of SAR images on agriculture has been performed using L-band SAR (JERS- l) and C-band SAR (ERS-1) data at grassland,

upland farming field and paddy area in Japan and the

Philippines . Micro-wave of L-band SAR passes through

agricultural plants and then scatters at the ground

surface, but microwaves of C=band SAR scatters at

agricultural plants organs . Although we cannot get

direct information about agricultural plants using

JERS = I back scattering data, we can get useful

information about agricultural environment from the

data . The ERS-1 SAR can directly measure agricultural

crops , but the data include other information such as

soil surface conditions and topographical features _

Mt . Pinatubo area is located at southwestern part of

Luzon-island in the Philippines and in the northern

west from Manila-city . The JERS= I /SAR image shows

mud flow areas as dark parts , because mud flow makes

flat geographical features . We can easily find new

darnage area by mud flow using these two SAR data .

Cooperative project between NIAES and Wageningen Agricultural University , the Netherlands "Evaluation of effect of natural enemies

on agroecosystems" Laboratory of Natural Enemies,

Division of Entomology ,

Department of Environmental Biology

NIAES made an agreement with Wageningen Agricultural University of the Netherlands on cooperative activities of the projects in May of 1994.

The cooperative activities of the projects will be

implemented until March of 1997 . A joint coordination group was established . The members of

the group are Prof. Dr . J . C . van Lenteren , Head of

Department of Entomology for Wageningen Agricultural University and Dr. Eizi Yano , Chiefof

Laboratory ofNatural Enemies for NIAES. In this

frarnework , Dr . Yano stayed at Wageningen Agricultural University from March to May of 1995 to

do cooperatrve works on "Modelling Studies of Greenhouse Ecosystems for Insect Management by Natural Enemies" . A cornputer simulation model was

developed to evaluate biological control of Thrips

palmi with a predatory bug , . Orius sauteri on green

house eggplants . The results were presented in a

syrnposium during the 20th International Congress of

Entomology held in Florence in August of 1996 . In

March of 1996, Dr. Herman van Roermund of Wageningen Agricultural University stayed in Laboratory of Natural Enemies of NIAES to discuss

about future collaboration about modelling works ofthe

system between T . palmi and O . sauteri . Drs . van

Roermund and Yano shared the view that the model

should incorporate more behavioural and spatial factors .

A computer simulation system developed by Dr . van

Roermund for simulating host-parasitoid interaction

would be useful for developing the model . Prof. Dr . J .

C . van Lenteren visited Laboratory ofNatural Enemies

in October of 1 996 to discussed with Dr . Yano about

possibilities of extension of the project and future

collaboration _

Foreign Scholars

Name Affiliation Research Subject Duration

W.

M.

H_

J.

Chandrachai

M . Dumayac

Wang

Yang

S . Kononenko

G. Hoogenboom

M

H

R.

S.

. S . Moran

Zhao

Leng

D . Brown

W . Leavitt

W . Oechel

S . Roberts

Thailand ,

Department of Land Development

Philippines ,

National Remote Sens-ing Center

China Beijing Normal University

China Beijing Normal University

Russia Institute of Biology

and Pedology Far East-

ern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences

U.S.A. Department of Biologi-

cal and Agricultural Engineering

U.S.A USDA-Agricultural Research Service

China National Environmental Protection Agency

China National Environmental

Protection Agency

Canada University of Guelph

U.S.A. University of Arizona

U.S.A. San Diego State U niversity

U.S.A_ San Diego State

University

Studies on the effect of changes of

tropical forest on soil environments

Multi-seasonal analysis of SAR and

optical sensors data for agricutural

of South Eastern Asia

A comparative study on the material

circulation in rural area in China

and Japan

A comparative study on the material

circulation in rural area in China

and Japan

Biodiversity , T axo n omy and Zoogeography of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) ofthe Eastern Countries

Development of the crop simulation

models

The evaluation of evaporation dynamics and vegetation. resources

with remote sensing

Evaluation of prevention and remedies

for desertification

Evaluation of prevention and remedies

for desertification

Microclimate control effect of paddy

fields remaining in urban fringe areas in Japan

Evaluation of the accuracy in the

global warming gas flux and of its

effect on the global warming in

ecosystem

Evaluation of the accuracy in the global warming gas flux and of its

effect on the global warming in

ecosystem

Evaluation of the accuracy in the global warming gas flux and of its

effect on the global warming in eco sy stem

Nov .

Dec .

Jan .

Feb .

Jan .

Feb .

Jan .

Feb .

Jan .

Mar .

Feb .

Mar .

Feb .

Mar .

Feb .

Mar .

Feb .

Mar .

Mar .

Mar .

Mar .

Mar .

Mar .

Mar .

Mar .

A pr .

13 -5 1995

16 -15 1996

19 -1 1996

19 -l, 1996

25 ~ 24 1996

18 -6 1996

21 -23 1996

21 -11, 1996

28 ~ 16, 1996

3~ 30 1996

5~ 16, 1996

15 -30 1996

16 -10, 1996

STA (Science and Technology Agency) Fellowship

N ame Affiliation Research Subject Duration

T . Wang

E . Mei

Q . Chen

H . V . Roermund

China Institute of Desert

Research Chinese Academy of Science

China Center of Instrumental Analysis Wuhan University

China Agricultural Univer-sity of China

The Netherlands

The development of observation and evaluation methodby using remote sensing and geographical information

system

Development of instrumental analysis

methods to analyze trace and ultra-trace species in environmental sample

Investigation of greenhouse climate covered by newly developed Paly-Olefm films

Development of simulation models of he interaction between pest insects

and natural enemies to improve biological control

Feb .

Aug .

Mar .

Mar .

Jan .

A pr .

Mar .

Apr .

16,

15

1995

1996

10, 1996

9 1997

8~ 7, 1996

11 -10 1996

JICA , etc .

N arhe Nationality Research Subj ect Duration

P . C . Sta Cruz

J _ D . M . Franco

B . C . Mango

C . F . Serrano

M . S . Maureen

D . M . G . Sousa

T . A . Rein

R . G . Palis

Lee Beom-Seon

V . A . Castaneda

Philippines

Dominican Re public

Phili ppines

Philippines

U.S.A.

Brazil

Brazil

Philippines

South Korea

Philippines

Crop Physiology Crop Modelling

Development of biocontrol measures of soil-borne diseases by Fusarium

Soil Chemistry

Soil Physics

Microbiology Immunology

Soil Fertility

Water Pollution Control

Research Organization

Organic acidcomposition exuded fromsome

plant roots under low P condition Effect of organic acid composition in root

exudate on aluminum tolerance among some crop species

Method for survey, classification and productive evaluation of paddy soil

June Sep .

June Nov .

July Oct .

J uly

Oct .

June Aug .

Aug . Sep .

Aug . Sep .

Sep .

Sep .

Jan .

Feb .

Mar .

M ay

5~ 29, 1995

12 -24 1995

25 ~ 12 1995

25 ~ 12 1995

30 -11 1995

22 ~ 12 1995

22 ~ 12 1995

25 ~ 27 1995

16 -15 1996

12 -30 1996

A long-terln overseas research personnel

Name Delegated country Research Subject Duration ofstay

N . Ogawa U.S.A. Studies on the regulatron ofdegrada- Nov . 16 , 1995

tion genes of chlorinated aromatic -

compounds Nov. 15, 1996

Participants in International Conference

Name Venue Name of Conference Duration of stay

T . Hakamata

J . Sindo

T . Akiyama

K . Matsumon

G . Saito

S . Ninomiya

E . Yano

'Y . Shirai

Sweden

S weden

Finland

Taiwan

Philip pines

U.S.A.

The Netherlands

The Netherlands

5th International Conference on Acidic Deposition

5th International Conference on Acidic Deposition

Global Change and Agriculture in the North

International Seminar on Soil

Conservation and Management for Sustainable Slopeland Farming

The 4th Regional Remote Sensing Seminar on Tropical Eco-System management

1995 ASAE Annual Meeting

International Plant Protection

Congress

International Plant Protection

Congress

June July

June June

Nov .

Nov .

Sep .

Sep .

Sep .

Sep .

June June

July

July

July

July

20 -3 , 1995

26 ~ 30, 1995

15 -18 , 1995

25 ~ 30 1995

3~ 10 1995

18 -22 , 1995

2~ 7 1995

2~ 7 1995

Department of Research Planning and Coordination

Hakamata , T . ( 1996) Resource Management and Environmental Issues in Agriculture . Envi ronmental Research Quarterly ( 100) : 120- 126 . (J)

lkeda

lkeda

lkeda

lkeda

, H . (1995) Weed Control Technologies for

Environmental Conservation. Syokucho 29 (6): 183-188. (J)

, H. (1996) Carbon Cycle. Agricultural Remote Sensing : Quantitative Analysis of Environment and Resources: 95-99 . (J)

, H. (1996) Diagnosis of Pasture Plants and

Forages. Agricultural Remote Sensing: Quantitative Analysis of Environment and Resources : 46-50. (J)

, H. and K. Okutomi* (1995) Effects of Tramping and Competition on Plant Growth and Shoot Morphology of Plantago , Era-grostis and Eleusine Species . Acta Botanica

Neerlandica 44 (2) : 151-160.

Kawashima, H. (1995) Water Pollution Interpred by Nitrogen Flow Relating to Food Production .

The Industrial Water Institute 37 ( 1 1) : 5-9 . (J)

Kawashima H. (1996) Nitrogen Cycle in Science 9 (1) : 27-33.

Food Supply and the Japan . Environmental ( J)

Kawashima, H. and H . Toda* (1995) Prediction of Nitrate Concentration in Under ground Water around Field . Journal ofthe Japanese Agricultural Systems Society 1 1 (2) : 1 75-1 8 1 . (J)

Kawashima, H . , M Basm and J (1996) Global N20 Balance and Fertilizer_ Ecological Modeling 87:

Lynch *

Nitrogen 5 1 -57 .

Kawashima, H., M Hoscn and S IshiJrma (1996) Estimation of Pollutant Load from the River Using the Data Compiled by Local

Government . The Industrial Water Institute

38(6) : 7-lO. (J)

Nouchi, I . (1995) Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone Layer and Agriculture and Forestry .

Global Environmental Change and Agricul-tural and Forestry : 71-1 1 1 . (J)

Nouchi , I . and K . Kobayashi ( 1995) Effects of

Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Growth of Plants in the Field . Climate Change and Rice :

169- 1 79 .

Nouchi, I . and K. Kobayashi (1995) Stratospheric

and Tropospheric Ozone and Agriculture in Japan . Agriculture and Enviroument : 172-lSO. (J)

Nouchi I O Ito , Y . Harazono and H . Kouchi* ( 1 99 5 ) Accelerati on of 1 3 C - L abelled

Photosynthate Partitioning from Leaves to Panicles in Rice Plants Exposed to Chronic

Ozone at the Reproductive Stage . Environ-mental Pollution 88: 253-260 .

Nouchi , I . ( 1995) What is a Mechanism ofMethane

release from Rice Paddies to the Atmosphere .

Kagaku To Seibutsu 33: 560-563. (J)

Okamoto, K. and R. Okuno (1996) Prelimmary Study for Implementing a Prediction System of lrrigation . ARIS REPORT (1 1) : 82-1 10. (J)

Shindo , J. , A. Bregt* and T. Hakamata (1995) Evaluation of Estimation Methods and Base Data Uncertainties for Critical Loads of Acid Deposition in Japan. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85 (4) : 2571-2576.

Shindo, J. , K. Oi* and Y Matsumoto (1995) Basic Policy to Design an Air Monitoring Network in Terms of Spatio-Temporal Varia-tions of Air Pollution Data. Environmental Science 8 (3) : 243-260. (J)

Yamaguchi , T.* and S . Yamakawa (1995) Acid Rain in the Tukuba Region. TAGS (7) : 51-62. (~

Yamaguchi , T _ * , S . Yamakawa, N . Ohura and M . Fukuhara (1995) Evaluation of Energy

Consumption and C02 Emission in the Agricultural Field. Journal of the Japanese

Agricultural Systems Society 1 1 (2) . (J)

Yamakawa, S . (1995) Research on Climatic Varia-

tions and Permaculture Including Paddy Crops in Australia. Journal of Agricultural

Meteorology 51 (4) : 355-361 . (J)

Yamakawa, S . ( 1996) Mysteries of Climate Systems

Explored by Cloud Patterns. Kokon-Shoin 41 (2): 64-72. (J)

Yamakawa, S . and T . Yamaguchi* (1995) Analyses of Pressure Patterns and Atmospheric Struc-

ture on Acid Rain in Tsukuba. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 51(3): 259-268 . ( J)

Yokozawa, M . and T . Hara* (1995) Foliage Profile,

Size Structure and Stem Diameter-plant Relationship in Crowded Plant Popula-tions. Annals of Botany 76: 271-285.

Department of Enviroumental Managernent

Evangelista, A.* , P. Reyes* , G. Saito and H. Imai*

(1995) Application of Satellite Image Analysis

for the Estimation of Mt. Pinatubo Mudfiow distribution . Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

41 (2) : 367-370.

FurutE~N; , S. Ninomiya, N. Takahashi* , H. Ohmori*

and Y. Ukai* (1995) Quantitative Evalua-tion of Soybean (Glycine max L .Merr.) Leaflet Shape by Principal Component Scores Based on Elliptic Fourier Descriptor.

Breeding Science 45: 315-320.

H o ryu

Inoue

Inoue

, D.* , S. Ninomiya and D. Suzuki (1996)

WWW Retrieval System with SQL for Research Information Database. Japanese Society of Agricultural Imformatics 5 ( 1) : 29

-38 . (J)

Japan . Research Journal of Food and Agri-culture 19 (3): 38-41 . (J)

Komamura M A Tsumura, K. Kodaira* , K. Yuita and S. Yamasaki (1996) Transfer Factors of Radionuclides from Paddy Soils to Polished Rice . Improvement of Environ-

mental Transfer Models and Parameters : 1 55

-164.

Kouno . * , T . Nanseki* , S . Ninomiya and S . T Taniguti* ( 1 996) Development of a Simple

retrieval Tool "Wgrep" for WWW Informa-tion Resources and its Application for "

Vegetable and Fruits Variety Image Database" . Japanese Society of Agricultural

Imformatics 5 (1) : l-18. (J)

Moriyama, H . ( 1996) Coppice Woods , the Wildlife

Reservoir Made in the Histories of Traditional

Agriculture . Decline and Conservation of Butterflies in Japan, IV 4: 77-89. (J)

Moriyama, H. (1996) Landscape Planning and Management to Conserve the Fauna and Flora in Rural Environments . Journal JSI-

DRE 64(1) : 47-52. (J)

Naito

, Y . (1995) Remote Sensing of Crop Plants

Based on Electromagnetic Measurement . Naito Journal of Agricultural Science 50: 414~}18 . (J)

, Y. and T. Momoki* (1995) Infrared Thermometry of Response of Sweet Potato to Nitrogen for Minimuging Fertilizer Applica-

tion. Kyushu National Agricultural Experi-

ment Station (2) : 74-80. (J)

Kanda

Kato

Kato

, K.* and H. Tsuruta (1995) Emissions of Sulfur Gases from Various Types ofTerrestrial

Higher Plants . Soil Science and Plant Nutri-

tion 41 (2) : 321-328 .

, Y. (1995) The Evaluation of Ecological Function of Farmland and Woodland in Japan. Proceeding of Symposium of the Japan Science Council : 20-25. (J)

, Y . ( 1996) Evaluation Systems of Ecological

Function of Farmland and Woodland in

, S.* , H Yamamoto and T Ogawa

(1996) Eating Quality Profiles of "New Characteristic Rice " : Part4 1992 Crop Year. Report of National Food Research Institute (60) : 37-43 . (J)

, S.* , H. Yamamoto and T. Ogawa* (1996) Eating Quality Profiles of "New Characteristic Rice " : Part5 1993 Crop Year . Report of National Food Research Institute (60) : 45-51 . (J)

Ninomiya, S. , M. Oide and H. Ohmori* (1995) Evaluation of Leaf and Kernel Shape Based on Principal Component Scores of Standardized

Elliptic Fourier Coefficients . ' ASAE Meet-

ing Paper No. 953220

Ohmori

Ohta ,

,H.' ,N.Takahashi* ,Y.Takano* ,S.Ninornlya

and K . Saio* (1995) Application ofthe Fuzzy

Procedure to the Analysis of Genotype X Environment Interaction. Japanese Society of Agricultural Imformatics 4 ( l) : 33-42 . (J)

S.* , Z. Uchijima* andH. Seino (1996) Effects

of Doubled C02-Induced Climate Change on Heart Balance of Ponded Shallow Water

Oide

Saito

,

in Japan . Journal of Agricultural Meteorology

52(1): 1-10.

M., S. Ninomiya and N. Takahashi* (1995) Evaluation on Soybean Plant Shape Using Neural Networks . Proceeding of the 26th Joint Conference on Imaging Technol-ogy : 87-90. (J)

, G., N. Mino and A. Hirano* (1995) Interpretation of SAR Images on Agriculture

Using JERS-1 and ERS-1 Data . Advance in the Astronautical Sciences 9 1 : 727-735.

Sakai

Seino

Seino

Seino

Seino

H .* , H. Ichihashi, K. Saeki* and R. Tatsukawa* (1996) Tissue Distribution of

Heavy Metals in Loggerhead Turtles ( Caretta caretta) . Journal of Environmental

Chemistry 6 (1) :27-34. (J)

, H . (1995) Climatic Warming and Agriculture-

Forestry . Global environmental Change and Agriculture-Forestry : 45-70 . (J)

, H . (1995) Implications ofClimate Change for

Crop Production in Japan . Climate Change and Agriculture: Analysis of Potential Inter-

national Impacts (C . Rosenzweig et al . eds . )

ASA Special Publication (59) : 293-306.

, H . ( 1995) The Impacts ofClimatic Warming on

Cereal Crop Production in Japan . Journal of

Agricultural Meteorology 5 1 (2) : 131-138 . (J)

, H. (1996) Climate in Kanto Region. Soils and Agriculture of Kanto Region : 1-7. (J)

(3) : 215-225.

Thurlow M , .* , K. Kanda* , H. Tsuruta and K. Minami* (1995) Methane Uptake by Unflooded Paddy Soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 41 (2) : 371-375.

Tsuruta, H. Nitrous

Global (Final

1994)

(1995) ,Emission of Methane and Oxide from Agricultural Lands. Environment Research of Japan

Reports for Projects Completed in 38-46 .

Tsuruta, H., K. Yagi, K. Kanda* and T. Hirose* (1995) Nitrous Oxide Emission from Rice Paddy Fields . Proceeding of the

6th International Workshop on Nitrous Oxide Emission : 539-545 .

Tsuruta , H_ , H. Akimoto* , K. Kita* , Y. Kondof and

S . Koga* ( 1 996) Atmospheric Chemistry in the Trosphre . Observations of the Global

Atmospheric Chemistry from the Space :8-50. (J)

Uchijima, Z.* and H. Seino Production and Weather 410-433 . (J)

Uchijima, Z. *

Weather .

Yuita

( 1 995) Agricultural

Asakura Syoten :

and H. Seino (1995) Forestry and Asakura Syoten : 434-447 . (J)

, K. (1995) On "I5th World Congress ofSoil Science (Mexico) " . Japanese Journal of Soil

Science and Plant Nutrition 66 (5) : 581-585 .

( J)

Seino , H. (1996) Development of a Method to Utilize the Information of AMeDAS and Soil for Assessment of Available Soil Water .

Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat 308: 1 70- 1 75. ( J)

Sibayama , M . * S . Arto* . , , H Toumas* , I . Lasse* . S . Morinaga, Y . Inoue and T. Akiyama (1995) Spectral Detection of Subarctic Vegetation Phenophases . Pro-ceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium : 1488-1490 . (J)

Yuita

Yuita

, K. (1996) Development and Application of

the Activable Tracer Method - Movement of lodine Fallen from the Atmosphere in the

Soil Horizon. Proceeding ofthe Application

Studies of the Atomic Energy and Radio Isotopes 35: 82-1-82-8. (J)

,

K . and K . Yagi ( 1996) Dynamics ofBromine

Derived from Pesticides Such as Methyl Bro-

mide in the Soil•Crops•Water•Atmosphere System . Proceeding of the Scientific Meeting

on Parameters for Assessing the Mobility of Trace Substances in the Environment : 1 1 - 1 6 . (J)

Takeuchi, K.* , M. Ide, M. Yokohan andR Brown (1995) Relationship pf Landform and Bio-logical Diversity in Landscape Ecology . Transactions of Geomorphological Union 16

Yuita , K. , M. Komamura and S. Yamasaki (1995) Quantitative Analysis of the Accumulation and

Leaching of Radio lodine Fallen from the Atmosphere in the Soil Horizon. Proceeding

of the Survey Research on Environmental Radionuclide and Radioactivities : 17-18. ( J)

Yokohari, M. and Y . Katoh (1995) Landscape Planning at the National Level in Japan. Process Architecture (127) : 14-22. (J)

Department of Natural Resources

Asakawa, S . * and K. Hayano (1995) Populations of

Methanogenic Bacteria in Paddy Field Soil

Under Double Cropping Conditions (Rice-wheat) . Biology and Fertility of Soils 20: 1 13-1 17 .

Asakawa, S~ , M. Akagawa* , H. Moni* , Y. Koga*

and K. Hayano ( 1995) Characterization of Methanosarcina mazeii TMA Isolated frorn a Paddy Field Soil. Current Microbiol. 31: 34-38 .

Asakawa, S; , K. Inubushi* , M. Akagawa* , Y. Koga*

and K . Hayano (1996) Population ofMethano-

genic Bacteria and Methane Production in Paddy Field Soil with Longterm Application

of Organic Matter. International Workshop on Paddy Fields Sustainable Agriculture and

Control of Greenhouse Gas Emissions : 20.

Britez

Britez

Bunzl

, J . * , T. Hamazaki and T. Hayasaka* (1995)

Metodo para la preparacion de monolitos de suelo . CRIA-Manual Tecnico 8: 30p. (S)

, J.* , T. Harnazaki and T. Shimada* (1995)

Metodo para la preparacion de monolitos der sistema radicular. CRIA-Manual Tec-nico 6: 22p. (S)

. K.* , H. Kofuji* , W. Schimmack* , A. Tsumura. K. Ueno* and M. Yamamoto* (1995) Residence Times of Global Weapons Testing Fallout 237Np in a Grassland Soil

Compared t0239+240pu,241Am, and 137Cs. Health Physics 68 (1) : 89-93.

Clothier, B.* , S. Green* and H. Katou (1995) Multidi-mensional Infiltration : Points , Furrows ,

Basins ,Wells and Disks . Soil Science Society

of Arnerica Journal 59(2) : 286-292.

Du, M~ , T. Maki and J. Lei* (1995) SomeAspotson

Oasis Development and Environment Change during Recent 43 Years in the Taklimakan

Du, M

Desert, China. International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Proceedings 2 , Air Pollution and Climate (2) : 265-268.

* , M. Yoshino* , Y. Fujita* , S. Arizono* ,

T. Maki and J. Lei* (1996) Climate Change and Agricultural Activities in the

Taklimakan Desert , China , in Recent Years. Journal of Arid Land Studies 5 (2) : 173- 1 83 .

Fumoto, T., H. Iwama and K. Banzai (1996) Natively Retained Sulfate and its Effect on

the Acid Buffering Capacity of Andosoils. Applied Geochemistry I I (1-2) : 145-148 .

Hamazaki , T . ( 1996) Geology .

Kanto Region : 1 5-23 .

Soils and Agriculture of

( J)

Harazono , Y . (1995) Air Flow Control in Greenhouse.

Environmental Control in Biology Hand Book (new Ed.) : 85-90. (J)

Hasegawa, S. (1995) Water Balance and Managernent of Wetland Rice PEDOLOGIST 39(2) : 99-106. (J)

Water Fields .

Hatano R , .* , S. Hasegawa and T. Sakuma* (1995) Calibration for the Measurement of

Soil Water Content Using Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR) . Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 66 (6) : 678

-680. (J)

Hayano , K. (1995) Soil Conservation and Nutrition

Management (4) Promotion ofNutrients Supply by Utilizing Microbial Activity , "Agriculture

Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat" 21:310-317 . (J)

Hayano, K., K. Watanabe* and S. Asakawa* (1995) Activity of Protease Extracted frorn

Rice- Rhizosphere Soils under Double Crop-

ping of Rice and Wheat. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 41: 597-603 .

Hayashi, Y. (1995) Distribution in Steeply Sloping Terrain.

the Society of Agricultural

Japan (21): 3-8. (J)

of Shaded Area Kanto Branch of Meteorology of

Hayashi, Y., S. Ono* and Y. Kurose* (1995) Anoma-

ly of the Weather of Summer in 1 993 and 1994 over Shikoku . Journal of Agricultural

Meteorology 51 (2) : 167-170. (J)

lwakiri, S.* . S Hayakawa , T. Maki and H. Yamamoto* (1995) The Symposium 'Meteoro-10gical Improvements in Marginal Arable Land : Improving Hot and Dry Climate ' . Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 5 1 (4) :

371-375 . (J)

lwama

lwama

lwama

lwama

lwama

, H. (1995) Abandoned Rice Terraces and Renovated Land Use. Journal of Soil Physi-

cal Conditions and Plant Growth (72) : I . ( J)

, H. (1995) Sustainable Land Use and Conserva-tion on Sloping Land in Japan and

Practical Erosion Research Methods in Field . Agricultural and Rural Development

with Environmental•Conservation , 1995 45: 24p .

, H . ( 1996 ) Problems on Sustainable Agriculture and Soil Properties in Cerrado ,

Brazil . International C oo peration of Agriculture and Forestry 18 (4) : 10-17. (J)

, H . and K . Banzai ( 1995) Monitoring Methods

of Soil Run off from Agricultural Lands. Hojyo to Dojyo 27(10, Il): 29-34. (J)

, H. , K. Banzai, T. Fumoto, I. Taniyamaand

T. Oota (1995) Slope Failure ofAbandoned Rice Terraces and Revised Conservational Landuse. New Technology in General Agri-culture (8) : 98-102. (J)

Jianguo , Z . * , S. Yamasaki* and A. Tsumura (1995) Water Soluble Rare Earth Elements of Soils as Determined by High - Resolution

ICP-MS. ACTA PEDOLOGIA SlNICA 32: 93-100. (C)

Kawakata, T.* and M. Yajima (1995) Modeling Flow-ering Time of Rice Plants under Natural Photoperiod and Constant Air Temperature. Agronomy Journal 87: 393-396 .

Kim , H.* , K. Kobayashi, I. Nouchi and T. Yoneyama* ( 1996) Changes in Antioxidants Levels and Activities of Related Enzymes in

Rice ( Oryza sativa L . ) Leaves lrradiated

with Enhanced UV-B Radiation under Field Conditions. Environmental Science 9 (1) : 73

-78 .

Kim

Kim

Kim

, H.* , K. Kobayashi. I. Nouchi and T. Yoneyama* (1996) Effects ofUV-B Radiation

on Growth , (~13C Values and Pigments of Three Rice ( Oryza sativa L . ) Cultivars .

Environmental Science 9 (1) : 45-53 .

, H.* , K. Kobayashi, I. Nouchi and T. Yoneyama * ( 1996) Differential Influences

of UV-B Radiation on Antioxidants and Related Enzymes between Rice ( Oryza sativa L . ) and Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L . ) Leaves . Environmental Science 9 ( 1) : 55

-63 .

, H~ , K. Kobayashi, I. NouchiandT. Yoneyama*

(1996) Enhanced UV-B Radiation has Little

Effect on Growth , (~13C Values and Pigments of Pot-grown Rice ( Oryza sativa)

in the Field . Physiologia Plantarum 96: 1-5 .

Kohyama, K.* N Miyaji * . , . , H Otsuka and T . Kasubuchi* ( 1995) Analytical Research

on Changes of Land Use and Present Status of Soil Topdressing in Ishikari Peatland Using GIS . Japanese Journal of Soil Science

and Plant Nutrition 66(5) : 474-481 _ (J)

Kohyama , K . * N Miyaji * . , . , H Otsuka and T . Kasubuchi* (1995) Sustainability Map for Arable Peatland Based on forecasting Data of Ground Subsidence . Japanese Journal

of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 66 (5): 482-489 . (J)

Maki

Maki

Maki

,

,

Maki ,

T . ( 1996) Desertification Seen from Meteo-

rology. Farming Japan 30(1) : 18-24,34.

T. , T. Kawakata* and K. Suda* (1996) White

Head Experiment of Paddy Rice Cultivated

in Pot and White Head Appearance of Upland Rice Cultivated in Open Field . Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 52(1) :

54. (J)

T. , B. Pan* , R. Sameshima* andM. Du* ( 1995) Micro-meteorological Improvement for Crop Growth Environment of Cultivated Fields by Windbreaks in the Arid Land of Trupan in Xinjiang, China. Journal ofArid Land Studies 5 (1) : 21-32. (J)

T. B. , Pan* , M. Du* and R. Sameshima* (1995) Effects of Forest and Net Wind-breaks on Climatic Improvement and Protec-

tion of Sand Movement in Arid Lands of Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land Studies 5(S) : 107-110.

Mitsuchi, M. , H. Obara and H. Harada (1995) Collection of Well-qualified Soil Data and

Analysis of Genetic Properties of Some Terrestrial Soils. PEDOLOGIST 39: 67-72. ( J)

Miyaji N , . * , K. Kohyama* , H . Otsuka and T . Kasubuchi * ( 1995) Surface Subsidence of

Peatland in Bibai , Central Hokkaido. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 66 (5) : 465-473 . (J)

Morokuma, M .* and M . Yajima (1996) Acclimation

of Leaf Photosynthesis to Elevated C02 and Global Warming in Rice Plants . Crop

Research in Asia : Achievements and Perspective Proceeding of 2nd Asian Crop Science Conference : 594-595 .

Obara, H. , K. Kato and T. Hamazaki (1996) The Changes of Tropical Forest and Their Influences 11 -5 Studies on the Effect of Changes of Tropical Forests on Soil Envi-

ronments . Research Programme on the Changes of Tropical Forest and Their Influences , Annual Report : 72-81 .

Osozawa S.* and S. Hasegawa (1995) Diel and Seasonal Changes in Carbon Dioxide Con-centration and Flux in an Andisol. Soil Science 160(2) : 1 17-124.

Ota, T. and I . Taniyama (1996) Application of Activable Isotope Tracers to Analysis of the

Origin of Alluvial Sediments . Proceeding ofthe

Application Studies of the Atomic Energy and Radio Isotopes 35: 82-9 -82-10. (J)

Ota, T . and I . Taniyama ( 1 996) Development and

Application of Neutron Action Analysis of

Rare Metal Elements . Proceeding of the Application Studies of the Atomic Energy and Radio Isotopes 35: 82-15-82-16. (J)

Ota, T. , I. Taniyama, T. Kusaba* , A. Mori* and H. Araya* (1996) Changes in the Soil Properties of Terrace Paddy Fields with the

Years after Abandoned. Journal of Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Growth (73) : 3-10. (J)

Otam T and N Ae ( 1996) Phosphorus (P) Uptake Mechanisms of Crops Grown in Soils with Low P Status I . Screening of Crops for Effircient P Uptake . Soil Science

and Plant Nutrition 42 (1) : 155-163 .

Otsuka, H . ( 1996) Pedological Studies on Volcanic

Ash Soils in Philippine and Japan. Japanese

Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

67 (3) : 243-246. (J)

Otsuka , H . ( 1 996) Soils . Soils and Agriculture of

Kanto Region : 33-41 . (J)

Otsuka H T Yoshida , M. Nakagawa* and M. Okada* (1996) Reports on Supply and Demand of Grains in Main Countries I . U S A. Reports on Supply and Demand of Grains in Main Countries : 3-27. (J)

Otsuka, H. , T. Hamazaki, H. Obara, K. Kato, I . Taniyama, T. Ota and T. Kusaba* (1995)

Soil Taxonomy. Text of the 23th Workshop of Tsukuba Bioscience Hall : 87p. (J)

Saigusa, T .* , H. Katou and Y. Amano (1996) The Effects of Adsorption and Water Content on the Diffusion of Chloride lon in Andosols in

Konsen. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 67(1) : 7-16. (J)

Shenggong, L .* , Y . Harazono , H . Zongying* and

S . Jianyou * (1995) Micrometeorological Characteristic of Cropland at Naiman , Inner

Mongolia. Meteorological Monthly (Beij-ing) 21 (6): 29-32.

Shenggong , L .* , Y . Harazono , H . Zongying* and

S. Jianyou* (1995) Seasonal Change of Micrometeorology over Wheat Field at Naiman, Inner Mongolia. Journal of Des-sert Research 15 (3) : 216-221 .

Tabuchi, T.* and S Hasegawa (1995) Paddy Fields in the World. Paddy Fields in the World : 353p.

Taniyama, I., T. Ota and T. Kusaba* (1996) Determine for the Distribution of Gravel Layer with a Electric Resistivity Survey .

Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant

Nutrition 67 (1) : 71-72. (J)

Watanabe, K.* and K Hayano (1996) Seasonal Variation in Extracted Proteases and Rela-

tionship to Overall Soil Protease and Exchangeable Ammonia in Paddy Soils _ Biology and Fertility of Soils 21: 89-94 .

Yajima, M . (1996) Monitoring and Forecasting of

Rice Growth and Development Using Crop-weather Model . Crop Research in Asia : Achievements and Perspective Proceed-

ing of 2nd Asian Crop Science Conference : 280-284 .

Yamamoto , M .* , Syarbaini* , K. Kofuji* , A.

Tsumura, K. Komura* and D . Assinder* (1995) Determination of Low-Level Tc in Environmental Samples by High Resolution ICP - MS. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , Articles 197 ( l) : 185-194.

Yamasaki, S.* , A. Tsumura and M. Uwasawa* (1995) Double Focusing ICP-MS : A Powerful Technique for Systematic Analysis

of Ultra - trace Elements in Terrestrial Water . Environmental Geochemistry and Health 16: 247-260.

Kaneko, J.* and K Komshi (1995) Rate of Parasitism of Cocoons of Silver Y Moth, A utographa gamma (L . ) in Grass Fields at

Sapporo, Japan and Species Composition of Parasitoids . Japanese Journal of Applied

Entomology and Zoology 39(2): 162-164. ( J)

Konishi, K. (1996) A Revision of Subgenus Paropheltes CAMERON of the Genus Netelia

GRAY (Hymenoptera , Ichneumonidae) of Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology 64 ( l) : 163-187 .

Koyama, K. (1995) Studies on the Nutritional Requirements of Planthoppers and Leathop-pers with Development of Methods Rearing them on Artificial Diets . Bulletin of the

National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (12): 1-74. (J)

Malais , M.* , W. Ravensberg* and E. Yano (1995)

Knowing and Recognizing. Knowing and Recognizing : 1 16p. (J)

Yoshimoto , M. , A. Miyata, Y . Harazono and W . Oechel* ( 1996) Micrometeorology and Heat Budget over the Arctic Tundra at Bar-row. Alaska in the Summer of 1993 . Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 52 ( 1) : 1 1-20 . (J)

Matsumoto , N . and A . Tronsmo* (1995) Population

Structure of Typhula ishikariensis in Meadows and Pastures in Norway. Acta. Agric. Scand. Sect. B, Soil and Plant Sci.

45(3): 197-201 .


Abe , Y . * and K . Konishi ( 1995) Discovery ofTwo

Eucoilids (Hymenoptera) Parasitic on Bean-

flies from Indonesia. Applied Entomology and Zoology 30(2) : 309-312.

Bekku

Hirata

Isogai

, . * , H. Koizumi, T. Nakadai* and Y H . Iwaki* (1995) Measurement of Soil Respiration Using Closed Chamber Method

An IRGA Technique . Ecological Research lO(3): 369-373.

, K. (1995) Descriptions of Two Species of

Longidorus (Dorylaimida : Longidoridae) from Nagano, Japan . Japanese Journal of Nematology 25 (1) : 33-43 .

, M. * , I. Uyeda* , I. Kimura* , Y. Kajino* ,

T. Hagita* and S. Toriyama (1995) Occur-rence of Rice Blach-streaked Dwarf Fijivirus

in Hokkaido . Ann_ Rept. Plant Protec. North Japan 46: 38-41 . (J)

Matsumoto, N . , J. Abe and T Shimanuki (1995) Variation Within isolates of Typhula incarnata frorn Localities Differing in Winter

Climate. Mycoscience 36(2) : 155-158.

Matsuo , K . and M . Nemoto ( 1 995) Simulated Leaf

Canopy Shading with Polymethl Metacrylate

(PMMA) Filter . Weed Research , Japan 40 (2) : 110-113. (J)

Minagawa , N . ( 1995) Bitylenchus lphilus SP. N

Tylenchorh yn ch us Kegasa wai SP . (Nematoda : Tylenchida) from Japan. -Asian Journal of Nematology 5 (2) : 1 60 .

and

N. Afro 151-

Minagawa, N. (1996) "Redescription of Criconema Komabaensis Imamura , 1 931" (= Criconemella

Komabaensis) from Japan (Tyienchida Criconematidae) _ Japanese Journal of Nematology 25 (2) : 70-76.

Morimoto , N . and K. Klritani (1995) Fauna ofExotic

Insects in Japan AppENDIX I List of Exotic

Insects in Japan AppENDIX 2 List of Possible

Exotic Insects in Japan . Bulletin of the National Institute of Agro-Environmental

Sciences (12) : 87-120. Sato Murakarni, Y.* andE. Yano (1995) MassPrloductionof

Indigenous Parasitoids of the Leafminer, Lyriomyza tnfolii (Burgess) . (1) Factors Affecting Rearing Efficiency of the Leaf-

miner. Proceedings of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society 42: 231-233 . (J)

Nemoto , M . ( 1996) Vegetational Changes through Desertification . Farming Japan 30 ( 1) : 25-29 .

Nemoto , H . *

Control

and E . Yano ( 1 995) Topics in Biological

Topics in Biological Control : 1 82p . (J)

Nemoto, M. , K. Shibuya* and M. Saigusa* (1995) Characteristics of Vegetative Propagation of

Common Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) as a Weed in Crop fields . Weed Research ,

Japan 40(3) : 203-208 . (J)

Nishiguchi, M. * , M. Mori* , F. Suzuki, R. Nagata* ,

T . Morishita* , J . Sakai* . K. Hanada* and

T. Usugi * (1995) Specific Detection of a Severe Strain of Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle

Virus (SPFMV-S) by Reverse Transcription

and Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) . Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 61 (2) : 1 19-122.

Ogawa, N . and K. Miyashita (1995) Recombina-tion of 3-Chlorobenzoate Catabolic Plasmid

from Alcaligenes eutrophus NH9 Mediated by Direct Repeat Elements . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 (11) : 3788-3795 .

Ohira, H . and T. Matsumura (1995) Notes on the

Minute Pores Distributing Around the Anternal Insertions of Elaterid-beetles . Coleopterists' News (1 1 1) : 5-6. (J)

Saito. O. (1996) Developmental Response of the Oriental Corn Borer , Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) , to the Suger/Protein Ratio in an

Artificial Diet . Applied Entomology and Zoology 31 (1) : 21-27 .

Saito , O. and C . Kitamura* (1995) Observation of Oriental Armyworm Moth . Pseudaletia separata Walker in Pasture with Nectar Sucking by Congregating Moths. Japanese

Journal of Applied Entomology and ogy 39 (3) : 235-240. (J)

Zool-

, M.* , H. Morinaga* andK. Nishiyama (1995) In

planta Conjugal Transfer of Plasmids from

Phytopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars into Epiphyiic Bacteria. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 6 l

(2) : 114-1 18. (J)

Shimizu Ti , S. Toriyama, M. Takahashi. K. Akutsu*

and K . Yoneyama* ( 1996) Non-viral sequences

at the 5' termini of mRNAS derived from virus - sense and virus - complementary sequences of the ambisense RNA segments of rice stripe tenuivirus . Journal of General

Virology 77 (3) : 541-546.

Shirai

Shirai

,

,

Y. (1995) Longevity, Flight Ability and Reproductive Performance of the Diamond-back Moth , Plutella , xylostella , Related to

Adult Body Size . Researches on Population

Ecology 37 (2) : 269-277.

Y. and A. Nakamura (1995) Relationship Between the Number of Wild Males Captured by Sex-pheromone Trap and the Population Density Estimated from a Mark-Release Study in the Diamondback Moth . Applied Entomology and Zoology 30(4) : 543-549.

Shirai, Y . and S. Nakamura* (1995) Laboratory Evaluation of Flight Ability in the Cabbage Head Caterpillar , Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller

(Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) . The Japanese Journal of Entomology 63 (4) : 841-850.

Takahashi, K.* , K NlshiyamaandM Sato (1996) Pseudomonas syrigae pv . broussonetiae pv .

nov. , the Causal Agent of Bacterial Blight

of Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki x B .papynfera) . Annals of the Phytopath-

ological Society of Japan 62 (1) : 17-22. (J)

. * H . Sawada, F . Tanaka and I Takeuchi , T , Matsuda (1996) Phylogenetic Analysis of Streptomyces spp . Causing Potato Scab Based on 16S rRNA Sequences. Interna-tional Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 46

(2) : 476-479.

Toriyama, S. (1996) Function of Viral RNA Polymerase Proteins in the Negative Standed

Viruses. PSJ Plant Virus Disease Workshop Report 3: 55-66. (J)

Toriyama, S. , I. Okabe, M. Nanzyo, M. Mitsuchiand

M . Kameyama ( 1995) Effects ofAmorphous Clay Minerals (Allophane) on the Adsorption of

Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Soils. Bulletin of

the National Institute of Agro-Environmen-tal Sciences (12) : 75-86. (J)

Tsushima S., H. Naito* andM.Koitabashi* (1995) Change in Panicle Susceptibility Associated

with Flowering Rate of Spikelets in Bacterial

Grain Rot of Rice Caused by Pseudomonas glumae . Annals of the Phyiopathological Society of Japan 61 (2) : 109-1 13 .

Yamamura , K . (1995) Estimation ofPest Prevention

Ability of the Import Plant Quarantine in Japan .

Biometrics 51 (2) : 482-490.

Yamamura , K . Training (1995)

Yano

Yano

Hama ,

Hirose

( 1995) Generalized Linear Models .

Course of Mathematical Statistics

295-350 . (J) Kato , E. (1995) Status of Study and Use oflnsect

Natural Enemies . Lecture Notes of Work-

shop on Research and Development on Insect Functions :27-45 . (J)

, E. (1996) Recent Advances in Biological and Integrated Control of Glasshouse Pests .

Proceeding of the International Workshop on "Pest Management Strategies in Asian Monsoon Agroecosystems" : 245-254.

Yokoyama , K . ( 1996 ) in Soil Microbial

organisms 47: 1-7.

Zhu

Zhu

Kato

Evaluation of Diversity

Community. Soil Micro-

, Y.* , F. Suzuki and I. Matsuda (1995) Analysis of Gene Involved in Toxin Production by Pseudomonas glumae . Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 61 (6) : 609. (J)

, Y; , K. Tamura* , M. Watanabe* , I. Matsuda

and M . Sato* ( 1995) Plasmid - mediated Coronatine Production in Pseudomonas syringae pv . maculicola . Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 61 (6):

570-574 .

Kato

,

,

,

,

ofBoron Sources on Garlic (Allium Sativum L . ) Productivity . Biology and Fertility of

Soils 20: 125-129.

H. , S. Ando* , A. Hosoda* . K. Suzukiand Y. Takagi* (1995) Insecticide Resistance in Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii GLOVER (Homoptera : Aphididae) IV. Susceptibility

of Four Clones separated from Vivipara of Field Populations to Various Insecticides .

Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (2) :1 17-125. (J)

, T . * and H . Hama (1996) Simple Bioassay for

Monitoring Insecticide Resistance Using Male

Adults of Common Cutworm , Spodoptera litura

Fabricius , Captured in Sex-Pheromone Trap

Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoolgy 40(1) : 61-69. (J)

N . and M. Higuchi (1996) The Possibility

of the Use Neutron lrradiated Phosphorus

Materials as a Tracer Source. I. The Application of Phosphate Rock. Proceeding of the Application Studies of the Atomic Energy and Radio Isotopes 35: 82-17-82 21 . (J)

N., F. Zapata* and H. Axmnn* (1995) Evaluation of the Agronomic Effectiveness

of Natural and Partially Acidulated Phos-

phate Rocks in Several Soils Using 32P Isotopic Dilution Techniques. Fertilizer Research 41: 235-242.

N., F. Zapata* and J. Fardeau* (1995) The Ability of Chemical Extraction Methods

to Estimate Plant-Available Soil P and a Better Understanding of P Availability of

Fertilized Andosols by Using Isotopic Methods. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 41 (4) : 781-789.

N . T . Koyama, K . Watanabe, Y . Kobayashi

and H. Niimi(1995)Available P in An-dosols Cropped with Italian Ryegrass : Eval-

uation in the Field by Means of 33P Isotopic

Dilution Method. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 66 (4) : 33 1-336. ( J)

Department of Farmchemicals

Chermsm C , H . Watanabe , S . Attajarusit* , J .

Tuntiwarawit* and S . Kaewroj* (1995) Effect

Kawasaki, A. , M. Yamada* , H. Fukata* andS. Arai

( 1996 ) Predicting the Effect of Sewage Application on the Content of Heavy Metals in Soil. Japanese Journal ofSoil Science and

Plant Nutrition 64(2) : 168-173 . (J)

Kimura , R . ( 1 995) Function of Soil Microorganisms

and its Use . 1995 Agriculture in Kanto and

Tokai : Prospects ofApplication Technology

of Microbial Function : 1-1-1-6 (J)

"Weed Science"Vol . 42 , No. 3 and 4 . Weed

Research , Japan 40 (2) : 130- 140 . (J)

Matsunaga , T . and T . Nagata* ( 1995) In vivo

11B NMR Observation of Plant Tissue. Analytical Sciences 1 1: 889-892.

Kimura , R . ( 1 995) The Present State , Problems and

Prospects of Bioremediation Technology Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Artificial Pol-

ymers . Study of Remediation Technology of

the Environments for Agriculture , Forestry

and Fisheries by Biological Function : 201-

204. (J)

Konno

Konno

, Y. and T . Shishido* (1996)Metabolism of Fenitrothion in the Resistant and Susceptible

Diamondback Moth , Plutella xylostella L .

(Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae) . Journal of Pesticide Science 21 (1) : 17-21 .

, Y_ , Y. Nomura* and T. Shishido* (1995) New Synergists for Pyrethroid Insecticides

against a Pyrethroid-Resistant German Cockroach. Applied Entomology and Zool-ogy 30(4) : 591-594.

Kuwahara, M. and O. Imura(1995)Toxicity of Organophosphates and Synthetic Pyrethroids

to Field Colonies of the Almond Moth, Ephestia cautella WALKER, in Kyushu Island. Japanese Journal of Applied Ento-mology and Zoology 3 (4) : 345-346. (J)

Kuwahara, M., P. Kemmeesuke andY Shiral (1995) Seasonal Trend in Population Density and Adult Body Size of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera Yponorneutidae) , in Central Thailand. Applied Entomology and Zoology 30 (4) : 55 1 -555 .

Kuwahara, M . , P . Keinmeesuke* and N Smcharsn

(1995)Present Status of Resistance of the Diamondback Moth , Plutella xylostella L . ,

to Insecticides in Thailand . Applied Ento-

mology and Zoology 30(4) : 557-566.

Matsumoto, H.* , T. Tominaga* , T. Sumiyoshi* , M.

Tachibana* and M. Ishizaka (1995) On "Weed Sclence"Vol . 42 , No . I and 2 . Weed

Research, Japan 40(1) : 52-57. (J)

Matsumoto.H; , T. Tachibana*

Tominaga* , T . Sumiyoshi* , M.

and M . Ishizaka ( 1995) On

Matsunaga , T . and H . Watanabe ( 1996) Speciation

of Cadmium- ( y-Glutamylcysteinyl Peptide)

Complex from Plants by Size Exclusion High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry . Japanese Journal of Soil Sci-

ence and Plant Nutrition 67 (2): 126-132. ( J)

Saito ,

T .* , H . Hama and K. Suzuki (1995) Insecticide

Resistance in Cotton Aphid , Aphis gossypii

GLOVER (Homoptera : Aphididae) , and Synergistic Effect of Esterase and Mixed-Function Oxidase Inhibitors . Japanese Journal

of Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (2) : 151-158 . (J)

Sugiura, T; , M. Yoshida, J. Magoshi* andS. Ono*

(1995) Changes in Water Status of Peach

Flower Buds During Endodormancy and Ecodormancy Measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance Spectroscopy. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science

120(2): 134-138.

Watanabe, H. (1995)Boron Deficiency in Garlic (Allium sativum)Grown on Tropaqualfs in Northern Thailand. Association for Interna-

tional Cooperation of Agriculture and For-estry 16(4) : 21-39. (J)

Yoshida M., S. Cowg~* and J. Wightman* (1995) Mechanism of Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in Chickpea

Role of Oxalic Acid in Leaf Exudate as an

Antibiotic Factor. Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (6) : 1783-1786.

(J) :Written in Japanese

(S) :Written in Spanish

(C) :Written in Chinese

Other articles are written in English

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A . Utada H . Tsutsui (i040027 1 @ )

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A . Otsuka

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A.D.D.R.: Associate Division Director for Researlch

REMARLK S The 1995 annual report is actually

being published in February 1997, but includes the new org"anization.

research obj ectives and members following the reorganization of October 1996.

Annual Report 1995 (Apr . 1995 - Mar . 199C) 1996 Print

Published by National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Kannondai , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan Phone +81-298-38-8148 Fax. +81-298-38-8199

niaes annual report 1995striped diamonds symbolize inventory，analysis and evaluation of the four...

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