nigeria ppt

7/28/2019 Nigeria Ppt

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Nigeria

Government and Politics


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Map


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A Nation of NationsHausa northern Nigeria, traders, governed

by emirs, Muslim, eventually merged withthe Fulani northern, herders, Muslim

Yoruba southwest Nigeria, farmers,

governed by kings, Christians andMuslims

Igbo southeast Nigeria, farmers, stateless,ruled by village councils, Christians

Middle Belt contains many small tribes


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Colonial History1885 Berlin Conference

British Rule indirect rule through the kings,chiefs, emirs of the H-Fdirect rule through appointed warrant chiefs over

the I, Y, MB, established schools to train

bureaucrats to help run the colony, especially inthe Southeastkept nations in competition with each other

cash cropping replaced subsistence agriculture,Br. seized the tin minesDependency Theory


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1920s a nationalist movement began- the Nigerian NationalDemocratic Party

1929 Nigeria affected by the Great Depression

1930s Nigerian Youth Movement first call for selfgovernment by the educated elite

After W.W.II Independence Movement led by NnamdiAzikiwe, workers form unions

British set up regional assemblies in 3 states, politicalparties form around ethnicity

Independence Oct. 1, 1960

First Republic National Gov.: Parliamentary with a Prime

Minister (Balewa), H-F dominated, President Azikiwe ishead of state, Federal System, Importance of census

Coinciding Cleavages and distribution of favors


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Military Rule1965 parliamentary elections, H-F dominated,

Balewa Pr. Min.Jan.1966 General Ironsi (I) unitary system

July 1966 1975 Gen. Gowon, a Christian from

the north

1967 1970 Civil War Igbos try to secede andform Biafra in dispute over oil revenues

Reconciliation Efforts, 12 states

Oil Revenues, corruption, prebendalism


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1975 76 General Muhammed (H-F) takes over tocrack down on corruption and is assassinated

1976 79 Muhammeds chief of staff becomes theleader, General Obasanjo (Y)

Constitutional Assembly to return to civilianrule, 19 states, President elected by majority andmust receive at least 25% of the vote in 12 of the19 states

Import Substitute Industrialization, high gov.spending, subsidized gasoline prices


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Second Republic - 1979 1983 President Shagarileads a U.S. style government, corruption, oilprices fall, austerity measures, election fraud

Military Rule

1984 85 General Buhari (H-F) War AgainstIndiscipline, ended civil liberties. Inflation,unemployment, and foreign debt rise

1985 93 General Babangida (MB)

National Orientation Movement, federalcharacter, Nigerian Youth Service Corps, IMF

loans, SAP austerity program, move towards acapitalist economy,

ECOWAS, freedom of the press


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1992 Babangida writes a new constitution with theArmed Forces Ruling Council, 30 states,presidential-congressional system, creates twopolitical parties: Social Democrats and National

Republican Convention

Third Republic

Elections 1993 winner Abiola, (Y) ChristianBabangida annuls election, protests occur,Abiola jailed, NADECO forms

Babangida resigns and appoints Ernest Shonekan(a civilian) as a caretaker president


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1993 Gen. Sani Abacha (H-F) harsh rule,corruption, bureaucrats = lootocratsenvironmental destruction from oil drilling

(Royal Dutch Shell), MOSOP Ogoni leader was Ken Sarowiwa

Abiolas supporters protest, Abiola is killedin prison, NADECO gets stronger

Abacha dies 1998, replaced by Gen.

Abdulsalami Abubakar (H-F) whoorganizes elections for 1999


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Olsegun Obasanjo President 1999 2007 (Y)


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The Fourth Republic1999 2007 Pres. Olusegun Obasanjo,

V.P. Atiku Abubakar

Government: Federal 36 states

Executive President elected by the peoplemust win a majority in at least 2/3rds of thestates, 4 year term, limit 2, Vice President,

Cabinet, large bureaucracy


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Legislature = National Assembly

House of Rep. representation based onpopulation, 360 single member districts, electedby the people by plurality, 4 year terms

Senate 3 per state and 1 from the federaldistrict elected by the people, 4 year terms

Judiciary Supreme Court(15), ConstitutionalCourt, and Federal Court of Appeals, nationaldistrict courts judges appointed by Pres.,approved by Senate, state and local courts exist

plus Shariah courts in 12 northern states


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Obasanjo administrationPeace and Reconciliation Commission

National Debt little IMF help

Dispute with legislature over budget,

impeachment and settlementParis Club 20 nations who try to help

alleviate poverty arranged for debt

forgiveness of 2/3rds of Nigerias foreigndebt in 2005


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Miss World PageantWorked to end corruption, but owed too many

favors

Established the Economic and Financial CrimesCommission, searching for money stolen byAbacha

Tried to raise the price of gas (fuel is heavilysubsidized) protests and strikes

NEPAD New Partnership for AfricasDevelopment (begun with So. Africa)

MEND protests

Disputed amendment proposal for a 3rd term


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How the Government Works(or Doesnt)

Patrimonialism a method governing in which

authority is maintained through patronageA single ruler treats the state as his personal

property and relies on those he appoints to

office to provide unswerving loyalty.Loyalty pyramids

State officials exercise wide authority in many

areas (especially the economy) for their ownbenefit and the benefit of the ruler


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President gathers and disperses the publicrevenues even though the National Assemblypasses the budget.

Rents, Rent- seekers

Prebends state offices,PrebendalismChop-Chop Politics

Corruption through granting contracts, licenses,

tax evasion, making investments, embezzlementPolitics is a zero-sum game

Extractive Politics

Parastatals N.N.P.C. joint venture withmultinational corporations Royal Dutch Shell,Exxon Mobil, Total, Chevron


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Corporatism

NACCIMA National Assoc. of Chambers ofCommerce, Industry, Mines andAgriculture

Nigerian Labor Congress

CAN Christian Association of Nigeria

Islamic LeagueState Corporatism through parastatals

The Big Men the elites from the military,politics, bureaucracy, states governors,religious leaders


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Political CultureAcceptance of hierarchical relationships

Cynicism about governmentCoinciding cleavages

Rural areas traditional elites remainstrong, high illiteracy rate, believe thatdemocracy = chaos, distant from nationalgov., follow local leaders advice

No concept of a social contract between thenational government and the citizens


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Urbanites highly politicized, angry with gov.

People rely on gov. to provide for them.If you are successful, your are expected to

help out your village. If you owe yourvillage, you owe your family even more.

Nepotism, corruption, leaders expect

deference and bribesElites (Big Men) need a steady flow of gov.money to maintain their status, so gov.

policy revolves around the needs of theelites more than the needs of the country.


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Political PartiesPeoples Democratic Party supported Obasanjo,

YarAdua, and Jonathan northern, but alsogains some support from Yorubas

All Nigerian Peoples Party northeastern, MiddleBelt, Igbos

Alliance for Democracy Yoruba

Form around Big Men so names change

Elections: Independent National ElectoralCommission determines which parties can run(based on criteria) and counts ballots


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Civil SocietyIndependent Interest groups: NADECO,

some labor unions (National LaborCongress), professional organizations,Kaduna Mafia, MEND, MOSOP, CAN and

the Islamic ConferenceFree Press though many tv and radio

stations are gov. controlled

Independent universitiesProtests, Strikes do occur


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ProblemsLegacy of Military Rule

Environmental degradationYouth bulge

Social Indiscipline, Corruption (CPI 130/180)

Poverty more than 40% live on less than $1 aday, GINI index 43.7

Inflation 11.5%, Unemployment 30% (2007 est.)

Health HIV/AIDS, Polio, lack of clean water


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Transit point for heroin and cocaine trafficking fromAfghanistan to U.S., Europe, and East Asia

Illiteracy

Gov. must import gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel,and food

Religious division violence

The National Question

Rentier State Status

Distributional Politics

DebtLack of foreign investment (indigenization decree,then allowing 50% foreign control, corruption)


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Political LegitimacyWhere does political legitimacy in Nigeria come

from? Does it come fromA history of stable and successful governments (as

in the UK)?

A long held sense of national identity (as in theUS)?

A protection of individual liberty and representativegovernment (as in the US)?

An ideology and the improvement of the standardof living (as in China)?


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Charismatic leadership?The success of government-led economic

development?

A history of pragmatic good governance?

Successful political integration of all citizens?

The operation of the rule of law?Honesty in government and governance?

Government responsiveness to the demandsof citizens?


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How is Nigerias political system

able to function?Executive Dominance

Few people have been involved in governingPeople feel powerless to influence the system

Enough people benefit from the system through

patron client politicsIdentity politics and federalism

Oil revenues

Independent electoral commissionsCivil Society - local, ethnic, and national groups


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MEND


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Umaru YarAdua President 2007 -2010(H-F)


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Election of 2007Atiku Abubaker Obasanjos Vice President,

disqualified by the Independent NigerianElection Commission just before the election(Action Congress Party)

Umaru YarAdua supported by Obasanjo(Peoples Democratic Party)

Muhammadu Buhari ( All Nigerian Peoples Party)

Disputed election results, PDP controls bothhouses of the legislature and the presidency


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Political Crisis Umaru Yar Adua died

Vice President Goodluck Jonathanbecomes President

Concern that the military would take over

again Since 2007 more violence (religious and

MEND), environmental destruction,continued reliance on oil money,corruption, protests


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President Goodluck Jonathan


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2011 ElectionPolitical Parties

Peoples Democratic Party Jonathan YChristian

Action Congress of Nigeria Ribadu MB

MuslimCongress for Progressive Change Buhari- H-F

Muslim

All Nigeria Peoples Party Shekarau H-FMuslim, Gov. of Kano

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