saocaria, rogor axerxebs saqarTvelo mciredi amosunTqvis pirobebSic ki alRo

auRos mowinave qveynebSi mimdinare kreatiul procesebs. am TvalsazrisiT uaRre­

sad nayofier, saintereso da garkveulwilad gasaocar procesebs vxedavT CvenTan

XIX s­is II naxevarsa da XX s­is pirvel aTwleulebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom istori­

uli avbediTobiT saqarTvelo kargavs Tavis saxelmwifoebriobas da aRmoCndeba

naxevrad aziur­monRoluri imperiis ganapira provincia, vxedavT uaRresad prog­

resuli msoflxedvis mqone sazogado moRvaweTa mTel pleadas, Zalze saintereso

movlenebs literaturisa Tu saxviTi xelovnebis sferoSi. amis sailustraciod

sakmarisia davasaxeloT Tundac mxolod vaJa­fSavela da niko firosmanaSvili.

erTi SexedviT, firosamanaSvili

TiTqos gancalkevebiT mdgomi figuraa.

garkveulad es asec aris misi Semoqmedeb­

iTi potenciis, mxatvruli msoflxedvis,

unikaluri mxatv ruli samyaros Seqmnis

TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, Tu davukvirdebiT,

sakmaod naTlad Cans misi warmoCenis sruli

logikuroba.

niko firosmanaSvili daibada qiziySi

(ubatono mxareSi, rogorc vaJa), didi alba­

TobiT, 1862 wels (zogierTi mkvlevris az­

riT – 1864­Si). adre daoblda. axalgazrdo­

niko firosmanaSvili

mxatvroba

saxli mirzaanSi, sadac daibada niko firosmanaSvili

giorgi xoStaria

76

bidan imyofeba TbilisSi, vinme qalanTarovebis ojaxSi. mas axasiaTebdnen, rogorc

uaRresad sufTa, uangaro da cotaTi ucnaur pirovnebas. misi ucnauroba logiku­

rad gamoiyureba rigiTi moqalaqeebis TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare. misi potenci­

is pirovneba ubralod ver Cajdeboda rigiT moqalaqeTa logikaSi, Tumca amasTan

igi Tavisianic iyo, uyvardaT kidec.

xatvisadmi interesi axalgazrdobaSive gamouvlenia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, viciT,

rom meore TviTnaswavl mxatvarTan, gigo zaziaSvilTan erTad, XIX s­is 80­ian wleb­

Si ucdia abrebis saxelosnos gaxsna. komerciulad maTi wamowyeba ver gamarTl­

da, magram CvenTvis es cnoba Zalze sainteresoa – daaxloebiT am dros, XIX s­is

miwurulisTvis, unda momxdariyo misi mxatvruli samyaros Camoyalibeba, rasac

SesaZloa garkveulad xeli Seuwyo rkinigzaze gamyolad muSaobam – aman saSuale­

ba misca gaemdidrebina Tavisi vizualuri STabeWdilebebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

kuTxeze. Semdeg erTxans rZis nawarmiT vaWrobs kompanionTan erTad, xatavs abras

duqnisTvis, magram, cxadia, rom komerciul saqmianobas igi didxans ver gahyveboda.

igi Tavs anebebs am saqmianobas da mTlianad kavdeba mxatvrobiT. xdeba moxetiale

mxatvari, romelic gadadioda duqnidan duqanSi da maT Sesamkoblad suraTebs as­

rulebda. gadmocemiT, kedlebze da SuSazec ki xatavda. nikos Semoqmedebis es mxa­

re (kedeli, SuSa), samwuxarod, ar SemogvrCa, daikarga, magram isic, rac Semogvr­

Ca, marTlac saocaria Tavisi gamorCeulobiT da, rac mTavaria, uaRresad maRali

mxatv ruli doniT, gaazrebiTa Tu mxatvruli `logikis~ siRrmiT.

niko firosmanaSvili

77

imisTvis, rom naTlad davinaxoT niko firos­

manaSvilis logikurobaca da alogikurobac

saWi roa: 1. mkafiod davinaxoT im epoqis Tavise­

bureba, romelSic igi cxovrobda da moRvaweob­

da da 2. SeZlebisdagvarad gavaanalizoT misi

konkretuli namuSevrebi – mxolod ramdenime ti­

puri nimuSis mxatvruli wyobis ganxilvis safuZ­

velze.

yovelgvari movlena, fenomeni, maT Soris,

Semoqmedeba, mxatvroba xdeba drosa da sivrce­

Si. am mxriv Zalze saintereso, koloritul su­

raTs vxedavT – niko firosmanaSvilis mxatv­

robis Camoyalibeba xdeba ormagi gardamavali

omis pirobebSi. istoriulad saqarTvelo, misi

kultura, rogorc sulieri, ise socialuri Tu

ekonomikuri, misi msoflxedva, misi faseuloba­

Ta sistema, SemecnebiTi, eTikuri Tu esTetikuri,

yalibdeba ori didi megakulturuli samyaros

mijnaze – erTi mxriv, Zveli aRmosavleTi (rom­

lis pirdapir kvals axlac vxedavT: erT magaliTad kmara Tundac `iav­nana~ – ia da

vardi tradiciuli komplimenti qalisTvis, nana, igive iSTari uZvelesi nayofiere­

bis qalRmerTi Sumeridan da mTlianad SuamdinareTidan da meore mxriv – antikuri

(berZnuli, elinisturi, romauli). maTma sinTezma (aleqsandre makedonelis Semd­

gom) mogvca kacobriobis kulturuli evoluciis erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi eta­

pi – elinizmi. aRmosavluri elinisturi samyaro, mTeli regionebi da qveynebi gaqra

jer islamuri da mere seljukuri eqspansiis Sedegad, magram misi zogadsakacobrio

monapovrebi dResac arsebobs. sakmarisia davasaxeloT erT­erTi umniSvnelova­

nesi msoflio religia – qristianoba, is aRmosavleT Tu dasavleT evropuli sam­

yaroebi, romelTac erTad saqristiano hqvia. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom saqarTve­

mxatvroba

qali kaTxa ludiYT

orTaWalis turfebi

78

loSi dominantur religiad damkvidrda (gansxvavebiT maxlobeli aRmosavleTis

sxva qveynebisgan, mag., somxeTisgan) qristianobis diofizituri varianti, romelic

macxovarSi adamianur sawyiss arsobrivad miiCnevs. es, cxadia, aisaxeba am samyaroSi

damkvidrebul zogad faseulobaTa sistemaSi da, kerZod, im faqtSi, rom saxviT xe­

lovnebas, maT Soris, kedlis monumentur mxatvrobas, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

eris sulier cxovrebaSi, iseve, rogorc qvasa Tu metalSi warmodgenil reliefur

skulpturas. es uzarmazari kulturuli tradicia, cxadia, Zalian Tavisebur

transformirebas ganicdis XIX s­dan. saqarTvelo kargavs saxelmwifoebriobas

(rac dResac mtkivneulad aisaxeba eris socialur­politikur kulturaSi), magram

ar wyvets sulieri kulturis sferoSi moRvaweobas, romlis paradigmac zogadad

ganisazRvreba Semosuli, CvenTvis ukve axali evropuli mxatvruli msoflxedvi­

sa da ufro tradiciuli tendenciebis sinTeziT, SejaxebiTa Tu SexamebiT. XIX s­Si

kidev ixateba eklesiebi (cxadia, rusuli saeklesio mxatvrobis Zlieri gavleniT)

– bodbe –1827 w., muxrani – 60­ian wlebSi.

naturmorti doqiTa da boTlebiT

niko firosmanaSvili

79

CvenTvis sainteresoa is iSviaTi, magram mainc arsebuli nimuSebi, sadac tradi­

ciuli niadagis saxiT kargad Cans monumenturi kedlis mxatvrobis kvali. am

mxriv istoriuli TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovania `muxranbatonebis ojaxu­

ri portreti~, sadac mkafiod moCans gviani Suasaukuneebis kedlis mxatvrobisa­

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli qtitoruli (damkveTebis) jgufuri portretebis kvali. aR­

mxatvroba

giorgoba bolnisSi

muxranbatonebis ojaxuri portreti. ucnobi avtori. inaxeba saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax. muzeumSi

80

saniSnavia albaT isic, rom garkveul niSas ikavebs abra – reklama, anu mxatvrobis

swored is Zalze Taviseburi mimarTuleba, romelSic scada Tavi niko firosman­

aSvilma. Cven viciT, rom vinme qarTvel mxatvars XIX s­is 60­ian wlebSi mouxatavs

taZari muxranSi da amave dros muxranbatonebis dakveTiT dauxatavs zeTis saRe­

bavebiT jgufuri portreti – muxranbatonebis ojaxuri portreti. am portretSi

vxedavT rigs niSnebisa, romelic mniSvnelovani iqneba niko firosmanaSvilis namu­

SevrebSi, es aris: e. w. negatiuri modelireba, anu formis `amoyvana~, modelireba

`muqze RiiT~, gamosaxulebis warmodgena reprezentaciul kompoziciaSi – TaviT

fexebamde, statuaruli dayenebiT da saxis nakvTebis ufro tipologiuri, vidre

konkre tul­individualuri warmodgeniT – yvela es niSani mniSvnelovnad warmoCn­

deba niko firosmanis mxatvrul meTodSi. mis e. w. portrettipebSi (meTevzeebis

mTeli seria, meezove, mzareuli Salva da sxva).

zogadad, niko firosmanaSvilis mxatvrul meTodSi arsebiTi aris tradiciuli

da axali evropuli zeTis dazguri mxatvrobis struqturuli niSnebis sinTezi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom im dros ewyoboda evropel mxatvarTa gamofene­

bi. pirveli qarTveli mxatvris gigo gabaSvilis gamofena ukve 1891 wels gaimar­

Ta. sainte resoa erTi faqtic – saeklesio­saxalxo dResaswaulebis warmoCenas

vxedavT gigo gabaSvilTanac – `alaverdoba~, mose ToiZesTanac – `mcxeToba~ da n.

firosmanaSvil Tanac – ramdenime pano: `alaznis eposi~, `dReoba bolnis­xaCinSi~,

`giorgoba~ da sxva. gansxvaveba ki isaa, rom Tavisi unikaluri mxatvruli meTo­

diT, mxatvrobis ontologiuri gagebiT (misi arsis wvdomiT), niko firosmanaSvili

ganuzomlad maRla dgas rogorc profesiuli, ise xalxuri mxatvrobis sxva gamov­

linebebze, iqneba es e. w. `Tfilisuri skolis~ nimuSebi – aSkara dekoratiul­mini­

aturuli gadaxriT, e. w. `eTnografiuli tipaJi~ – arcTu ise maRali esTetikuri

RirsebebiT Tu saflavis qvebis reliefebi – momxibvleli Tavisi `uSualobiTa da

Tan Taviseburi monumenturobiT.~…

muxranbatonebis ojaxuri portreti. ucnobi avtori. inaxeba saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax. muzeumSi

niko firosmanaSvili

81

sxva rom araferi gaekeTebina (moeazrebina) niko firosmanaSvils, Savi muSambis

(dermatinis?) SesaZleblobebis sasuraTo wyobaSi CarTvis gamo igi ukve didi mxatv­

ruli intuiciis mqone pirovnebad unda CagveTvala. kerZod, Savi muSamba potenci­

urad matarebelia e. w. binaruli opiziciis ormagi kodisa, anu ormagi aRniSvnisa.

visac erTxel mainc hqonia Sexeba niko firosmanaSvilis mxatvrobasTan, ar SeiZle­

ba ar damaxsovreboda misi Savi (iSviaTad – muqi monacrisfro – Tunuqze) fonebi.

magaliTad, igive `wiTelperanga meTevze~, `qali kaTxa ludiT~, `didi naturmorti

doqiTa da loqoTi~, `doqiTa da boTlebiT~, romelic Tunuqze, muq monacris fro­

moSavo fonzea Sesrulebuli, da mravali sxva nimuSi (xSirad muyaosac ki Savad Re­

bavda).

rogor unda aRviqvaT niko firosmana Svi lis sasuraTo wyobis es Tavisebure­

ba? ro gor unda Sefasdes igi? erTi SexedviT, mar tivia, primitiuli, magram Tu

davukvirde biT, mxatvari fantastikurad iyenebs materialur safuZvels, masalas –

Savi muSamba yovelgvari damuSavebis gareSe Semodis suraTis struqturaSi, rogorc

saxviTi niSani – sivrce, Crdili, muqi laqa saganze da rogorc sasuraTo sibrtyec.

es ki ukve iZleva gardasaxvis gancdas – sad dgas axalgazrda Savgvremani meTevze?

Tu Ramea, ra anaTebs mas? Tu dRea, ratom dgas igi ukuneT sibneleSi?

mxatvroba

82

amrigad, ubralo gadawyveta iZleva harmoniul dapirispirebas – harmonia sxva

araferia, Tu ara dapirispirebul nawilTa Soris winaaaRmdegobis moxsna mTel-

Si. garda amisa, firosmani muSambas iyenebs sagnobrivi formis modelirebisTvis,

anu formis gamosaZerwad. magaliTad, perangze, sadRac wiTeli saRebavis fena odnav

ufro sqelia, sadRac – Txeli, viRebT msubuq, magram zust gradacias, rac gviqmnis

msubuqi perangis faqturis, misi zedapiris gancdas. garda amisa, Savi feri kargad

`iWers~ nebismieri intensivobis qromatul fers, anu Zlier wiTel laqas Tavisi

JReradobiT. aseTi modelireba, sxvaTa Soris, did ostatobas moiTxovs da sulac

ar aris martivi, rogorc erTi SexedviT moCans. amitom aris niko firosmanaSvilis

kopi reba Zalian Zneli, SeuZlebeli Tu ara. aseTi ostaturi lakonuri Zerwva sabo­

loo jamSi gvaZlevs mxatvruli saxis mdidar daxasiaTebas. mayureblis winaSe dgas,

erTi mxriv, Zalian zustad mocemul xasiaTSi meTevze, meezove, orTaWalis turfa,

ZiZa, an doSi, loqo, boTli, tiki da a. S., anu ubralo, adamianuri da saxasiaTo piri

Tu sagani da amasTan am lakonizmis Sedegad viRebT did, ganzogadebul formebs,

ganzogadeba ki mniSvnelobas sZens mxatvrul saxeebs. saboloo jamSi ubralo ada­

miani, sagani, garemo­sivrce, inarCunebs ra Tavis damaxasiaTeblobas, adamianuro­

bas Tu ubraloebas, amave dros warmogvidgeba monumenturad, anu mniSvnelovnad,

warmosadegad. viRebT Zalze metyvel harmoniul mTlianobas, sadac aRniSvnaTa da­

pirispireba Zalze mZafria, metyveli, efeqturi.

firosmanis midgoma amdenad gamomdinareobs TviT suraTis bunebidan: nebis­

mieri suraTi aris suraTgareSe realobidan SerCeuli asaxvis sagnebis integri­

meezove wiTelperanga meTevze

niko firosmanaSvili

83

reba mxat vrul enaSi, enas ki qmnis materialuri safuZveli da misi organizaciis

wesebi. anu enis safuZvelia sasuraTo organzomilebiani sibrtye da es moiT­

xovs gamovlena­gamoyenebas, magram am organzomilebian masalaSi unda aRiniSnos

samganzomilebiani asaxvis sagnis moculoba, wona, faqtura, agebuleba, individu­

aluroba da a. S. Tan aRniSvna unda moxdes garkveul formatSi, anu sasuraTo

zedapirs aqvs Tavisi centri, zeda da qveda, marcxena da marjvena kideebi, aTensa

da radikaluri demokratiis ramdenime sxva qalaq­saxelmwifoSi

cxadia, es did ostatobas moiTxovs, miT umetes, rodesac asaxvis saganTa dia­

pazoni didia, anu rodesac saxezea Janruli mravalferovneba. niko firosmana­

Svili am mxrivac gamorCeulia – igi xatavs naturmortsac da portrettipsac,

cxovrebiseul scenas – magaliTad, qeifis scenebs, soflis cxovrebis amsaxvel

scenebs, cxovelebs, istoriul pirovnebebs da yovelTvis misi saxeebi arian dama­

jereblad saxasiaTo da Tan gardasaxulni, warmosadegni, didebulni, e. i. firos­

mani mSvenivrad grZnobs imasac, rasac xatavs da imasac, ra enaSic muSaobs, anu

formats, funjs, monasms, tonTa Tu ferTa kontrasts Tu erTianobas – e. i. sura-

Ti Tavisi arsiT aris gansxvavebul niSanTa erTianobis safuZvelze miRebuli

erTi didi niSani. igi aerTianebs asaxvis sagnis, masalis, maorganizaciebeli prin­

cipebis (taqti, ritmi, simetriis da wonasworobis mravali saxe, harmonia) niSnebs

– erTaderT da ganumeorebel niSnebs da amaSi aRniSnavs Tavis Tavsac. maga liTad,

mxatvroba

aqtrisa margarita kaci kasriT

84

Cven winaSea moqeife kintoebis

scenac, saocrad organizebuli

sasuraTo zedapiric da TviT

mxat varic, am SemTxvevaSi –

firosmanaSvili – misi ganzoga­

deba, misi gama, misi monasmi, misi

kompozicia da a. S.

rogorc yvela didi Semoqme­

disa, firosmanis produqciac,

misi memkvidreobac araerTg­

varovania – gvaqvs srulyofili,

genialuri qmnilebanic, saSualo

(misTvis) donisac da garkveuli

raodenoba nakleb warmatebuli

(aseve misTvis) suraTebic. ase,

maga liTad, pirovnuli gamosaxu­

lebebidan gamoirCeva: `wiTelpe­

ranga meTevze~, `meezove~, `aqt­

risa margarita~, `qali kaTxa

ludiT~, ̀ qarTveli qali~, natur­

mortebSi – `didi naturmorti~

da `naturmorti doqiTa da boT­

lebiT~. cxovrebiseuli scenebi

suraTebidan – `qeifi mearRne

daTiko zemelTan~, `ma la k nebis

qeifi~, `xuTi Tavadis qeifi~,

xuTi Tavadis qeifi, 1906

Jirafi

niko firosmanaSvili

85

`glexis qali SvilebiT wyaroze midis~,

calke unda gamoirCes mravalsceniani

kompoziciebi, rodesac erT did suraT­

Si gaerTianebulia ramdenime scena: `Ra­

mis qeifi~, `viris xili~ da gansakuTre­

biT misi panoebi, sadac, rogorc wesi,

did formatSi mocemulia Taviseburi

samyaros modeli, magaliTad, kaxeTis

eposi, `giorgoba~ da sxva. erT suraTSi

Tavs iyrian sikeTec da borotebac, maga­

liTad, Zarcva da locva, yaCaRebi da Ta­

vadebi, kintoebi, yaraCoxelebi da a. S.

animalisturi suraTebidan me calke

Janrad gamovyofdi nimuSebs, sadac cxo­

veli, mTeli Tavisi damaxasiaTeblobiT,

warmodgenilia adamianTan, patronTan

erTad – magaliTad, `soflis eqimi~, sa­

dac erTnairad simpaTiuri da adamianu­

ria eqimica da saxedaric.

gamomdinare sasuraTo harmoniis

specifikidan, niko firosmans ufro

exerxeba asaxvis im sagnis gadmocema,

romelsac icnobs – adamianis, sagnis,

mxatvroba

glexis qali SvilebiT wyaroze midis

qeiFfi daTiko zemelTan

86

bunebis, cxovelis. am Tvalsaz­

risiT misi konkretuli tipaJi –

ubralo kintoebi, yaraCoxelebi,

`orTaWalis turfebi~ – ufro

warmatebulad aris Sesrule­

buli, vidre istoriuli perso­

naJebi Tu wmindanebi, Tumca mis

SedarebiT `sust~ namuSevrebSic

aris didi xibli.

xSirad momismenia kiTxva: ki, firosmani uSualoa, gulsac agiCuyebs, magram icis ki man `swori~ xatva, ukeTesi iqneboda Tu ara firosmanaSvils akademi­aSi rom eswavla?

yvela am kiTxvaze SemiZlia

kategoriulad ganvacxado: niko

firosmanma icis yvelaferi is, rac sWirdeba, rom miaRwios umaRlesi donis mxat­

vrul mTlianobas. mravali SemTxvevis moyvana SegviZlia, rodesac firosmanaSvili

SegnebiT midis pirobiT gadawyvetaze. magaliTad, qeifSi daTiko zemelTan ori xe­

lis mtevani Savad aris warmodgenili. ra Tqma unda, firosmanma icis, rom sxeuli

Savi araa, magram saWiro iyo am ori aqcentis `Caqroba~ da isic amisTvis Sav muSambas

tovebs; anda ̀ viris xilSi~ vxedavT aweul xelebs, romelTac xelis mtevnebi ar aqvT

– aqac, cxadia, Segnebul lakonizmTan gvaqvs saqme. mravali aseTi magaliTis moyva­

na SeiZleba, rac migviTiTebs erT rameze – Cven gvyavs didi mxatvari, romelsac,

rogorc yvela did mxatvars, asaxvis sagnebSi aqvs Tavisi diapazoni (e. i. ar xatavs

yvelas da yvelafers) da aqvs Tavisi mxatvruli meTodi, anu xerxebis is erToblio­

ba, romelic aucileblobiTi xarisxiT gulisxmobs erTmaneTs.

soflis eqimi

kaxeTis matarebeli

niko firosmanaSvili

87