nino pepanashvili, business law, tbilisi 2011 / ნინო პეპანაშვილი,...

Nino Pepanashvili BUSINESS LAW - Regulation of International Business biznes samarTali - saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba

Nino Pepanashvili “G.Washington Law House” - nino pepanaSvili, “j.vaSingtonis samarTlis saxli” 1

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saqarTvelo-aSS

strategiuli TanamSromlobisa da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis fondi

GEORGIA-USA STRATEGIC COLLABORATION & GOOD GOVERNANCE

FOUNDATION



ბიზნეს სამართალი

saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba

პირველი გამოცემა

eZRvneba Cems ojaxs, Cems winaprebs

Dedicated to my family, my ancestors

BUSINESS LAW

Regulation of International Business FIRST EDITION

saqarTvelo/Tbilisi • 2011

Georgia/Tbilisi • 2011



naSromi momzadebulia saqarTvelo-aSS strategiuli TanamSromlobisa da

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis fondis iuridiul departamentSi (2003-2011)

©nino pepanaSvili "j.vaSingtonis samarTlis saxli", 2011

©Nino Pepanashvili “G.Washington Law House”, 2011

yvela ufleba daculia

All rights reserved redaqtori: gia qiria, profesori, samarTlis doqtori, iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Editor (complete manuscript review): G.Kiria, Professor, Doctor of Laws, Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

სრული პროფესიონალური წინაsagamomcemlo სერვისი: l.lekiaSvili Complete professional pre-publication service: L.Lekiashvili

wignis dizaini: r.pepanaSvili

Book design by R.Pepanashvili

Seicavs ბიბლიოგრაფიულ ცნობებს და ინდექსs; laTinuri iuridiuli terminebis, frazebis, citatebis, devizebis da sentenciebis leqsikons inglisurenovani eqvivalentiT Includes bibliographical references and index; Dictionary of legal Latin terms, phrases, quotes, mottos and maxims with English equivalent naSromSi ganxiluli saerTaSoriso dokumentebis oficialuri inglisurenovani teqstis Targmani Sesrulebulia avtoris mier (maT Soris: unificirebuli wesebi sagadasaxado garantiebis Sesaxeb (ssp publikacia #458, 1992w. (Uiform Rules for Demand Guarantees/URDG), UNIDROIT konvencia saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb (UNIDROIT Convention on International Financial Leasing (Ottawa, 1988) da UNIDROIT saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekrulebaTa principebi (UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2004). Targmanis koreqtori da pasuxismgebeli redaqtori: n.Ciqovani. naSromSi miTiTebuli literaturis nawili dainteresebuli studentebisTvis xelmisawvdomia prezident T.ruzveltis saxelobis biblioTekaSi (Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library at Georgia-USA Strategic Collaboration and Good Governance Foundation).

Email: [email protected] [email protected]

ISBN 978–9941–0–3270–7

mailto:[email protected]�



avtori gansakuTrebul madlierebas gamoxatavs iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis profesor-maswavleblebisadmi

(2000-2005 wlebi)

naSromze muSaobis procesSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis da gulisxmierebisTvis madlobas vuxdi saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos biblioTekis

TanamSromlebs

nino pepanaSvili, 2011 weli



redaqtorisgan

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg qveyanaSi daiwyo aqtiuri sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba, rac biznesisTvis iseTi umniSvnelo-vanesi kanonebis miRebiT dagvirgvinda, rogoric aris saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 29 oqtombris sahaero kodeqsi, 1997 wlis 26 ivnisis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1997 wlis 15 maisis sazRvao kodeqsi, 1998 wlis kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, 2002 wlis 28 dekembris sarkinigzo kodeqsi da sxva. niSandoblivia is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi stabilurobiT ar gamoirCeva sabaJo da sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba (1997 wlis 14 noembris sabaJo kodeqsi Caanacvla 2006 wlis 24 ivlisis sabaJo kodeqsma, xolo 1997 wlis 13 ivnisis sagadasaxado kodeqsi - 2004 wlis 21 dekembris sagadasaxado kodeqsma, romelSic daaxloebiT samocgzis iqna Setanili cvlileba), rac xels uSlis qveyanaSi biznesis Seuqcevad ganviTarebas. metad mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom saqarTvelos mraval saxelmwifosTan aqvs dadebuli SeTanxmeba ormagi dabegvris prevenciis Taobaze (pirveli aseTi SeTanxmeba gaformda 1996 wlis 28 maiss (konvencia საქართველოს მთავრობასა და უზბეკეთის რესპუბლიკის მთავრობას შორის ორმაგი დაბეგვრის თავიდან აცილებისა და შემოსავლებსა (მოგებაზე) და ქონებაზე გადასახადების გადაუხდელობის აღკვეთის შესახებ), rac mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis TvalsazrisiT. normatiuli bazis srulyofis garda, 90-ian wlebSi mimdinareobda saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gawevrianebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis procesi. 1999 wels xeli moewera msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis oqms. mso-Si gawevrianebis Sedegad saqarTvelom wevri qveynebisgan miiRo vaWrobaSi upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimis pirobebi. msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianeba mniSvnelovani iyo imdenad, ramdenadac gaaqtiurda saxelmwifos msoflio savaWro sistemaSi integraciis procesi (aRsaniSnavia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 2007 wlis daskvna vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, sadac aRniSnulia, rom msoflio savaWro organizaciis daskvnaSi gakritikebulia ormxrivi da regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebi, rac saboloo jamSi, msoflio savaWro urTierTobebSi diskriminaciis gaZlierebas iwvevs). rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobis maregulirebel kanonmdeblobas, unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciaze adre, 1994 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma swored mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni miiRo, moawesriga ÓÀÌÄßÀÒÌÄÏ ÓÀØÌÉÀÍÏÁÉÓ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÈÀ ÌÏßÚÏÁÉÓ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÖË-ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅi ÍÏÒÌÄÁi, ÓÀÌÄßÀÒÌÄÏ ÓÀØÌÉÀÍÏÁÀd gansazRvra ÌÀÒÈËÆÏÌÉÄÒÉ ÃÀ ÀÒÀÄÒÈãÄÒÀÃÉ ÓÀØÌÉÀÍÏÁÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ áÏÒÝÉÄËÃÄÁÀ ÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄÁËÀÃ ÃÀ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÄÁÖËÀÃ, ÌÏÂÄÁÉÓ miRebis ÌÉÆÍÉÈ. sawarmos maregistrirebel organod Tavdapirvelad sasamarTlo ganisazRvra (m.4), magram mogvianebiT es arcTu gonivruli wesi Seicvala da amJamad მეწარმე სუბიექტის რეგისტრაციას საქართველოს იუსტიციის სამინისტროს მმართველობის სფეროში მოქმედი საჯარო სამართლის იურიდიული პირი - საჯარო რეესტრის



ეროვნული სააგენტო ახორციელებს. jer kidev evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis #R(86)12 rekomendaciaSi (miRebuli 1986 wlis 16 seqtembers ministrTa warmomadgenlebis 399-e Sexvedraze) aRniSnuli iyo, rom sasamarTloebis zedmeti samuSao datvirTvis Semcirebis saWiroebidan gamomdinare, sasurvelia sasamarTlo sistemisgan gancalkevebiT arsebuli iseTi organoebis Seqmna, romlebic mxareebs momsaxurebas gauwevs. rekomendaciis danarTSi CamoTvlili arasamosamarTlo funqciebis nimuSebi moicavs savaWro saqmianobiT dakavebul mewarmeTa sabuRaltro wignebisadmi zedamxedvelobas, samewarmeo reestrs, savaWro saqmianobiT dakavebul mewarmeebs, kompaniebs, savaWro niSnebs, satransporto saSualebebs, gemebs, navebs, TviTmfrinavebs, samewarmeo saqmianobisTvis licenziebis gacemas da a.S. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanons xeli unda Seewyo sabazro ekonomikis principebze damkvidrebuli samewarmeo urTierTobebis ganviTareba-CamoyalibebisTvis, rac warmatebiT ganxorcielda, Tumca wlebis manZilze saWiro gaxda kanonSi arsebuli uamravi xarvezis gasworeba, Sinaarsobrivi da terminologiuri gamarTva (magaliTad kmara filialebis registraciis procedura, sazogadoebis reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebuli normebi, sazogadoebis daSla da likvidacia). rac mTavaria, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoniT safuZveli Caeyara saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic ganviTarebul qveynebSi korporaciebis stabiluri funqcionirebis erTaderT saimedo gzad miiCneva. wlebis manZilze saqarTveloSi ganisazRvra saxelmwifos roli korporaciuli marTvis sistemaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili okupirebulia ruseTis federaciis mier, aqtiuri sakanonmdeblo reformebiT, sagadasaxado da sabaJo kanonmdeblobis srulyofiT qveyanaSi SesaZlebelia investorebisTvis mimzidveli garemos formireba, rac upirveles yovlisa, gamarTul, araorazrovan da stabilur kanonmdeblobas gulisxmobs.

iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantis mier warmodgenili winamdebare naSromi “biznes samarTali” (saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba) friad saintereso da praqtikuli daniSnulebis xasiaTisaa. masSi aqcenti gakeTebulia globalizaciis pirobebSi kanonmdeblobaTa harmonizirebisa da unificirebis Seuqcevadi procesebis analizze; yvela sakiTxi ganxilulia SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvlevis safuZvelze. naSromi avsebs erTgvar vakuums, romelic ბიზნეს სამართლის samecniero kvlevisas Seiqmna qveyanaSi. misasalmebelia is faqti, rom warmodgenili Sroma erTgvari gzamkvlevia saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebSi. მასში ganxiluli da gaanalizebulia sakiTxTa iseTi wre, rogoricaa: savaWro politika, saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlis unifikacia, saerTaSoriso savaWro xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi, ormagi dabegvris prevencia, iuridiuli piri, sakuTreba, gadazidva-gadayvana, ijara, lizingi, sabanko garantiebi, finansuri amnistiis samarTlebrivi problema da sxva.



metad mniSvnelovania naSromis meeqvse Tavi, romelic saSualebas iZleva paralelurad ganvixiloT saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba saxmeleTo, wylis da sahaero transportis sferoSi, samoqalaqo, sazRvao, sarkinigzo da sahaero kodeqsebiT daregulirebuli metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogoric aris, gadazidvis xelSekrulebis cneba da gadazidvis xelSekrulebis forma, zednadebis Sedgenis wesi da rekvizitebi samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, tvirTis sazRvao gadazidvis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis cneba da forma, Carteri, taim-Carteri, berbout-Carteri, subberbout-Carteri sazRvao kodeqsSi, gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba, valdebulebebi da uflebebi, multimoda-luri gadazidva, tvirTebis dazRveva, mtkicebis tvirTi, tvirTis dakargvis prezumfcia, tvirTis dakargva, dazianeba, gamgzavnis valdebulebebi da uflebebi, mimRebis valdebulebebi da uflebebi, vadebi gadazidvis saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi - samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT; rkinigzis mier tvirTis gadazidvis safuZvlebi da gadazidvis dagegmva, rkinigzis mier gadayvana-gadazidvis organizeba, zednadebi, gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba, valdebulebebi da uflebebi, tvirTis dakargva, dazianeba, tvirTgamgzavnis valdebulebebi da uflebebi, mimRebis valdebulebebi da uflebebi, mgzavris ufleba-movaleobani, bargis, tvirT-bargis gadazidva, safosto gzavnilis gadazidva, vadebi gadazidvis saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi, dauZleveli Zalა (Force majeure) - saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsis mixedviT; birTvuli ziani da dauZleveli Zalis faqtori - saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsis mixedviT; konvencia tvirTebis sagzao gadazidvebis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb (1979) - konvenciis gamoyenebis sfero, erTmaneTis mimdevari gadamzidvelebi, gadazidvis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, zednadebis Sedgenis wesi da rekvizitebi.

winamdebare naSromi daxmarebas gauwevs ara mxolod samecniero wreebs, aramed praqtikos iuristebs, ekonomistebs, studentebs da saqmiani sazogadoebis farTo fenas.

g. qiria, asocirebuli profesori, iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti



Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba redaqtorisgan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- avtoris winasityvaoba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- teqstSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebis nusxa ------------------------------------------------------------------ teqsti ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ abreviaturebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Legal Latin (laTinur-inglisuri) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

sistemuri bibliografia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- indeqsi -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

detaluri Sinaarsi

1. biznesis garemo §1.biznesze moqmedi faqtorebi §2.savaWro politika §3.gadasaxadebi §3.1.ormagi dabegvris prevencia §3.1.1.ormagi dabegvris prevencia: saqarTvelo - CineTi §3.1.2.ormagi dabegvris prevencia: saqarTvelo - niderlandebi §4.SeTanxmeba Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb: saqarTvelo - TurqeTi §5.saqarTvelos Tavisufali industriuli zona - Tavisufali industriuli zonis samarTlebrivi statusi - Tavisufali industriuli zona da Tavisufali sawyobi - Tavisufali industriuli zonis sawarmo - Tavisufali sawyobis sawarmo §6.saqarTvelo msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi §7.arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis aqti §8.regulirebadi ekonomikuri sferoebi

2.iuridiuli piri

§2.1.iuridiuli piris cneba §2.2.sawarmo saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi §2.3.saerTaSoriso finansuri kompania §2.4.Tavisufali sawyobis sawarmo §2.5.saerTaSoriso sawarmo §2.6.organizacia saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi §2.7.saqvelmoqmedo da religiuri organizaciebi saqarTveloSi §2.8.mewarme fizikuri piri §2.9.amxanagoba §2.10.araregistrirebuli kavSiri (gaerTianeba) §2.11.komerciuli iuridiuli pirebi da pasuxismgebloba kreditoris winaSe §2.12.sawarmos redomicileba §2.13.mewarme subieqtis registracia saqarTveloSi §2.14.biznesis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi §2.15.firmis ekonomikuri buneba §2.16.firmis adgili ekonomikaSi §2.17.ukanono samewarmeo saqmianoba §2.18.administraciuli samarTalwarmoeba mewarmis saqmianobis SemowmebasTan dakavSirebiT §2.19.samewarmeo saqmianobis akrZalva

3.sakuTreba

§3.1.sakuTrebis idea §3.2.sakuTrebis ufleba konstituciaSi §3.2.1.sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesi §3.3.sakuTrebis ufleba saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi §3.3.1.ltolvilTa sakuTrebis ufleba §3.3.2.moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa sakuTrebis ufleba §3.3.3.qalTa sakuTrebis ufleba §3.3.4.rasobrivi kuTvnileba da sakuTrebis ufleba §3.3.5.SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa sakuTrebis ufleba §3.3.6.sakuTrebis ufleba 1950 wlis evropul konvenciaSi §3.4.qonebis cneba §3.5.sakuTrebis Sinaarsi



§3.5.1.sakuTrebis SeZena uZrav nivTebze §3.5.1.1.uflebis winaswari registracia §3.5.2.sakuTrebis SeZena moZrav nivTebze §3.6.sanivTo samarTali saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb kanonSi §3.6.1.uflebebi nivTze §3.6.2.uflebebi satransporto saSualebebze §3.7.sakuTreba - sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTe §3.7.1.qonebis konfiskacia - saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi

4.saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali

§4.1.saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis struqtura §4.2.sks - gamoyenebis sfero §4.3.sajaro wesrigi. imperatiuli normebis gamoyeneba §4.4.miTiTeba §4.4.1.ukumiTiTebis da mesame saxelmwifos samarTalze miTiTebis doqtrina (Renvoi) 5.saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlis unifikacia

§5.1.Lex Mercatoria

§5.1.1.xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes (Pacta sunt servanda) §5.1.2.Force Majeure/Vis Major/Act of God/dauZleveli Zala §5.1.2.1.“dauZleveli Zala” samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi da misi gavlena procesualur vadebze §5.2.UNIDROIT - saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekrulebaTa principebi

§5.2.1.saerTo debulebebi §5.2.2.xelSekrulebis dadeba da warmomadgenlebis uflebamosileba

- xelSekrulebis dadeba - xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi - formulari (Layout key for trade documents) §5.2.3.warmomadgenlebis uflebamosileba §5.2.4.namdviloba

§5.2.5.ganmarteba

§5.2.6.Sinaarsi da mesame pirTa uflebebi

- Sinaarsi - mesame pirTa uflebebi §5.2.7.Sesruleba - saerTo debulebebi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb - garTulebebi §5.2.8.Seusrulebloba - saerTo debulebebi - Sesrulebis ufleba - Sewyveta - zarali

- “xelSekrulebis amaoebis” inglisuri doqtrina (Doctrine of frustration of contract), aSS-is kanonmdebloba da kontinenturi evropa §5.2.9.CaTvla §5.2.10.uflebaTa daTmoba, valdebulebaTa gadasvla, xelSekrulebaTa daTmoba - uflebaTa daTmoba - valdebulebaTa gadasvla - xelSekrulebaTa daTmoba §5.2.11.sasarCelo xandazmuloba - vadebis gamoTvlis wesi - xandazmulobis vadis SeCereba

§5.3.saerTaSoriso nasyidobis xelSekruleba - xelSekrulebis forma - xelSekrulebis Sesruleba - riskis gadasvla

§5.4.E-vaWroba (Electronic Commerce) §5.4.1.UNCITRAL - is rekomendaciebi, modeluri kanonebi da konvencia

§5.4.2.E-xelmowera da E-dokumenti

- eleqtronuli dokumentis originali da asli



- eleqtronuli dokumentis gagzavna da miReba - pasuxismgebloba eleqtronuli dokumentis gayalbebisTvis - sazRvargareT gacemuli cifruli xelmoweris sertifikatis aRiareba §5.4.3.saxelmwofo Sesyidvis eleqtronuli saSualebiT ganxorcielebis wesi

6.gadazidva-gadayvana

§6.1.saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba saxmeleTo, wylis da sahaero transportis sferoSi §6.1.1.teritoriuli zRva (teritoriuli wylebi)

§6.2.saqarTvelos kontinenturi Selfis da gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonis samarTlebrivi

statusi - kontinenturi Selfi/kontinenturi meCeCi - gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zona

- Carteri - saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi - taim-Carteri - berbout-Carteri. subberbout-Carteri saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi

- gadazidvis xelSekrulebis cneba - gadazidvis xelSekrulebis forma - zednadebis Sedgenis wesi da rekvizitebi - prezumfcia gadazidvis saxelekrulebo urTierTobebSi

- konosamenti/Bill of Lading/Connaissement saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi

- tvirTis sazRvao gadazidvis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis cneba da forma - Carteris rekvizitebi - tvirTis dakargva, danaklisi, dazianeba, an gafuWeba - konosamenti/sazRvao zednadebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi

- gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba, valdebulebebi da uflebebi - multimodaluri gadazidva - tvirTebis dazRveva - mtkicebis tvirTi - tvirTis dakargvis prezumpcia - tvirTis dakargva, dazianeba - gamgzavnis valdebulebebi da uflebebi - mimRebis valdebulebebi da uflebebi - vadebi gadazidvis saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsi

- rkinigzis mier tvirTis gadazidvis safuZvlebi da gadazidvis dagegmva - rkinigzis mier gadayvana-gadazidvis organizeba - zednadebi - gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba, valdebulebebi da uflebebi - tvirTis dakargva, dazianeba - tvirTgamgzavnis valdebulebebi da uflebebi - mimRebis valdebulebebi da uflebebi - mgzavris ufleba-movaleobani - bargis, tvirT-bargis gadazidva - safosto gzavnilis gadazidva - vadebi gadazidvis saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi - Force Majeure saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi

- birTvuli ziani da Force majeure

saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsi

saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi

- ipoTeka saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi

- privilegiuri moTxovnebi saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsi

- saSiSi tvirTi saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi

saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsi saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi konvencia tvirTebis saerTaSoriso sagzao gadazidvebis



xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb (1979) - konvenciis gamoyenebis sfero. erTmaneTis mimdevari gadamzidvelebi - gadazidvis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba - zednadebis Sedgenis wesi da rekvizitebi

7. INCOTERMS 2010 - saerTaSoriso komerciuli terminebi

§7.1.INCOTERMS 2010 - wesebi nebismieri saxis transportisTvis

§7.2.INCOTERMS 2010 - wesebi sazRvao, an Sida sawyalosno transportisTvis

§7.3.INCOTERMS 2000 (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU)

8.ijara da lizingi §8.1.terminologiuri problemebi §8.2.ijara §8.3.lizingi §8.3.1.lizingis saxeebi §8.4.UNIDROIT konvencia saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb - konvenciis ganmarteba §8.4.1.finansuri lizingis xelSekruleba §8.4.2.sanivTo (qonebrivi) uflebebi lizingis saganze - Cikagos 1944 wlis konvencia saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb §8.4.3.mxareTa uflebebi da valdebulebebi §8.4.4.lizingis saganTan dakavSirebuli procesualuri wesebi §8.5.saerTaSoriso garantiebi moZravi mowyobilobebis mimarT §8.5.1.konvenciis ganmarteba §8.5.2.konvenciis gamoyenebis sfero §8.5.3.saerTaSoriso garantia §8.5.4.daTqmebi da gancxadebebi

9.sabanko garantiebi

- terminologia - pirdapiri (sammxrivi) garantiebi - arapirdapiri (oTxmxrivi) garantiebi - cnebebi da zogadi debulebebi - valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba - moTxovnebi - garantiis moqmedebis vadis amowurva - maregulirebeli samarTali da iurisdiqcia - sabanko garantia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi

10.inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis saerTaSoriso samarTali

§10.1.samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis konvencia §10.1.1.erovnuli reJimis principi §10.1.2.prioritetis ufleba §10.1.3.patentebi, iZulebiTi licenziebi §10.1.4.sayovelTaod cnobili niSnebi §10.1.5.emblemebis da damRebis gamoyenebis akrZalva §10.1.6.niSnebis gadacema §10.1.7.safirmo saxelwodebebi §10.1.8.arakeTilsindisieri konkurencia §10.2.literaturul da mxatvrul nawarmoebTa dacvis Sesaxeb bernis konvencia §10.2.1.saavtoro samarTlis obieqtebi §10.2.2.dacvis uflebis miniWebis kriteriumebi §10.2.3.avtoris araqonebrivi uflebebi §10.2.4.oficialuri teqstebi

11.sagadasaxado/finansuri amnistia - saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis ganviTareba - aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebisa da qonebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb kanonis SemuSaveba - aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebisa da qonebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb kanonis moqmedebis

sfero - finansuri saxsrebis legalizebisTvis saWiro gadasaxadi da amnistiis moqmedebis wesi - msoflios zogierTi saxelmwifos gamocdileba safrangeTi argentina kolumbia irlandia indoeTi yazaxeTi



- qonebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli amnistiis Sesaxeb kanonis moqmedebis sfero - qoneba, romelic ar eqvemdebareba legalizacias - legalizaciis subieqtebis gaTavisufleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan - legalizaciis subieqtebis gaTavisufleba administraciuli pasuxismgeblobisgan - saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa gaTavisufleba administraciuli pasuxismgeblobisgan belgia italia - finansuri/sagadasaxado amnistiis saxeebi - xangrZlivobis kriteriumi - gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier miRebuli sargeblis tipi

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface from editor ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Preface from author --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List of Abbreviations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Text ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Cases (Decisions of the Supreme Court of Georgia in civil cases, From 2001) ---------------------------------- Abbreviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Legal Latin (Latin-English) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Enumerative (systematic) Bibliography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Webliography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Index -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About Author ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webography�



Sesavali civilizaciis cneba

istoriuli procesebis kanonzomierebaTa garkvevis procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba “civilizaciis” (civilize (-lise), civilization (-sation)1 cnebas, mis Sinaarss. yovel udides civilizacias gaaCnda TviTmyofadi kultura, mis wiaRSi ganviTarebuli unikaluri religia, damwerloba, arqiteqtura da kanonmdebloba.2 mTels msoflioSi evropuli civilizaciis erT-erT unikalur miRwevad ganixileba adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. 1914-1945 wlebSi evropis saxelmwifoebma gamoiyenes “industriuli civilizaciis” teqnologiuri miRwevebi, arnaxuli sisastikiT mospes milionobiT adamianis sicocxle3 da sabolood, 1948 wels miRebul adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi paradoqsalurad aRiares sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba (niSandoblivia, rom postmodernizmis mamamTavari m.fuko gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi werda: “XVIII saukunis dasasrulamde adamiani ar arsebobda...adamiani uaxlesi qmnilebaa, romelic codnis demiurgma Seqmna sakuTari xeliT sul cota orasi wlis winaT...igi mravali aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi Crdils amofarebuli eloda...rodesac bolosdabolos Secnobili iqneboda”4), moaxdines maTi legitimacia, daadgines diskriminaciis akrZalva, dauSveblad cnes adamianebiT vaWroba da me-17 muxliT daadgines, rom yovel adamians aqvs ufleba flobdes qonebas, romlis TviTneburi CamorTmeva dauSvebelia. mxolod am RirebulebaTa Semdeg aris deklarirebuli sindisis, Sromis da ganaTlebis uflebebi; deklaraciis 29-e muxlSi Caiwera umniSvnelovanesi debulebebi: “yovel adamians gaaCnia garkveuli movaleobani sazogadoebis winaSe...adamianis uflebaTa dacvis garantias kanoni iZleva. igive kanoni avalebs yvela danarCens sxvaTa uflebebis aRiarebas da jerovan pativiscemas, kanonebisadmi morCilebas da sazogadoebis samarTliani moTxovnebis Sesrulebas”. msjelobs ra civilizaciis procesis Sesaxeb, profesori n.eliasi yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialur meqanikaze, adamianur urTierTobaTa xelaxal organizebaze, am urTierTobaTa struqturaSi specifikur transformaciebsa da fsiqikuri habitusis struqturaSi momxdar cvlilebebze, romelTa gadajaWvulobis meqanizmebis mimoxilva mniSvnelovania TviT civilizaciis procesis gasagebad. axali drois sazogadoeba dasavlur samyaroSi xasiaTdeba “monopoliaTa warmoqmnis sruliad gansazRvruli mdgomareobiT”5 (ZalTa Tanafardobis gadanacvlebis procesSi SerCeviTi brZolebis mizania “adamianTa ufro da ufro mcirericxovan nawils xelT hqondes Sansebis ufrodaufro meti raodenoba”6). rodesac myari “saxelmwifo” monopoliuri institutebis Camoyalibebis procesi Sedis Zlieri eqspansiisa da diferencirebis fazaSi, ekonomikuri sfero eTmoba Tavisufal, individualur konkurencias da masTan erTad kerZo, monopoliur warmonaqmnebs.7

globalizaciis cneba

jer kidev 1920 wels gamocemul inglisuri enis leqsikonSi sityva globalization ar aris mocemuli, Tumca ganmartebulia globe (globose, globular, globule, globulous): “A perfectly round body...sphere...the earth”.8 termini ar gvxvdeba TbilisSi, 1940 wels gamocemul mokle filosofiur leqsikonSi,9 Tumca, TiTqmis naxevari saukunis Semdeg, 1987 wels gamocemul filosofiur



leqsikonSi10 ganxilulia “globaluri problemebi” (“Tanamedroveobis zogadsakacobrio problemaTa kompleqsi...globalur problemaTa zogadsakacobrio xasiaTi sruliadac ar niSnavs, TiTqos maT ar gaaCndeT konkretuli socialur-klasobrivi Sinaarsi, rogorc amas burJuaziis ideologebi amtkiceben. TviT Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikur aparatsac ki ar ZaluZs uzrunvelyos maTi marTebuli gadawyveta Tu is ar emyareba konkretul socialur realobas...burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi swored es warmoSobs, erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva juris pesimistur prognozebs, “gulgatexilobas progresis mimarT” (r.aroni), xolo, meore mxriv, kacobriobis ganviTarebis SeCerebis meSveobiT “optimisturi” gadawyvetis Ziebis mcdelobas, rogorc amas akeTebs, magaliTad, d.medouzi da misi Tanaavtorebi, rodesac adgenen “zrdis sazRvrebs”, ayeneben sakiTxs warmoebis ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis zrdis Sekavebis Sesaxeb”...). profesori i.Solte aRniSnavs, rom arsebiTi saxeli “globalizacia” pirvelad Cndeba 1961 wels gamocemul leqsikonSi (Reiser and Davies, 1944:212, 219; Webster, 1961). profesori mimoixilavs globalizaciis aspeqtebs da aRniSnavs, rom komunikaciis sferoSi globalizacias xeli Seuwyo kompiuterulma qselebma; organizaciebis sferoSi globalizacia gamoixata kompaniebis, asociaciebis da maregulirebeli uwyebebis gavrceleba-zrdaSi, “romlebic sazRvarmkveTi qselebis saxiT moqmedeben”; ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT globalizacia gamoixata iseT fenomenSi, rogoric aris “globaluri daTboba”, xolo warmoebis sferoSi saavtomobilo mrewvelobis da mikroeleqtronikis seqtorebi moicva e.w. “globalurma fabrikebma”, sadac sawarmoo procesis stadiebi moqceulia ara erovnuli ekonomikis farglebSi, aramed, “ramdenime qveyanas erT sawarmoo xazad aerTianebs”.11 i.Solte globalizacias gansazRvravs, rogorc im procesTa erTobliobas, romelTa meSveobiT socialur urTierTobebs SedarebiT naklebad aferxebs manZili da sazRvrebi imgvarad, rom “adamianTa cxovreba msoflios, rogorc erTi mTlianobis farglebSi miedineba”.12

cxadia, dReisTvis globalizaciis procesi mimdinareobs arnaxuli siswrafiT, samyaro gaxda ufro mobiluri, gadawyvetilebebi miiReba sxvadasxva kontinentze myofi biznes partniorebis mier, internetis meSveobiT, realur droSi. kanonmdebels mxolod erTi umTavresi funqciis Rirseuli Sesruleba ekisreba: upasuxos drois moTxovnas, gardaqmnas sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba, ar Seaferxos biznesi da srulyos adamianis ekonomikur uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi.

Sine Qua Non13

wesismieri Tavisuflebis (Ordered Liberty) principebze damkvidrebul sazogadoebas momavlis uzrunvelsayofad da mZlavri integraciisTvis esaWiroeba "sakuTar wevrTa saerTo rwmena imisa, rom isini samarTlianad arian marTulni"

14 da es naTlad aris asaxuli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi, romlis konstitucia, Tavis droze, bunebiT samarTalSi Camoyalibebuli adamianTa Tanaswori Rirsebis ideiT iqmneboda.15 me-18 saukunis bolos "mTels msoflioSi...sxvagan arsad epyraT xelT Zalaufleba maT, vinc Tavad marTulia"16 da iyo Tu ara es "SeTqmuleba yvela drois mTavrobebis winaaRmdeg"17, CvenTvis dResaviT cxadia: epoqis konstituciuri filosofia efuZneboda umniSvnelovanes faseulobaTa sistemas; Tavisuflebis suli sadac trialebs iqve zomierebis sakiTxi wamoiWreba, roca uaryofil unda iqnas jgufuri upiratesobis mwvave ukiduresobamde gamoyenebis tendencia.18 ra garemoebam unda daicvas xalxi “Semaviwrovebel RonisZiebaTa gatarebisgan”? 1788 wels j.medisoni “federalistis” furclebze werda: “...[warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebis] mier SemoRebuli nebismieri kanoni xom isev maT da maTsave megobrebs SemoutrialdebaT, sazogadoebis sxva fenebze rom araferi vTqvaT. es garemoeba yovelTvis iyo



miCneuli erT-erT yvelaze urRvev kavSirad, rac mmarTvelebsa da xalxs erTianobad kravs. es aris swored maT Soris interesTa Tanaziarobisa da maTi urTierTTanagrZnobis wyaro...Tu mkiTxavT: ris gamo Seikaveben Tavs warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebi da ris gamo ar SemoiReben iseT kanonebs, ranic sxvebis Cagvraze da maTs pirad sargebelze iqnebian gaTvlilni? me gipasuxebdiT: imis gamo, rom amas moiTxovs mTeli sistemis suliskveTeba, samarTlian da konstituciur kanonTa buneba; garda amisa, aseTi ram miuRebeli iqneboda im fxizeli da vaJkacuri sulisTvis...romelic Tavisuflebas asazrdoebs da TviTonac TavisuflebiT sazrdoobs.”19

adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis problema dRemde arsebobs msoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebSi da gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria axali demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobas survili aqvs daamkvidros da ganaviTaros Good-Governance, - demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi.

(romlis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1787 wels a.hamiltoni werda: “mravalgzis miuniSnebiaT, TiTqosda Cvens qveyanas wilad rgebodes Tavisi qceviTa da magaliTiT gadawyvitos mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: namdvilad SeswevT Tu ara Zala adamianTa sazogadoebebs, gansjasa da arCevanze dafuZnebuli vargebuli mmarTveloba (“good government”) daamyaron, Tu erTxel da samudamod arian ganwirulni TavianTi politikuri agebuleba SemTxveviTobasa da Zalmomreobas daumonon. Tuki am miniSnebaSi aris simarTlis raRac marcvali, maSin krizisi, romelic dagvdgomia, vinZlo marTlac is dro iyos, roca es sakiTxi unda gadawydes; da Tu mcdeloba gagvicudda, maSin albaT, davimsaxurebT, kacobriobas usaSvelo Wirad veracxebodeT”20. igive sakiTxs exeboda medisoni: “kargi mmarTveloba (“a good government”) ori ramiT unda gamoirCeodes: jer erTi, igi [senati] unda iyos erTguli im miznisa, rasac xelisufleba eswrafvis; es ki sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara xalxis bedniereba. meorec, igi kargad unda erkveodes im saSualebebSi, ranic am miznis misaRwevad arian aucilebelni. zogierTi xelisufleba orive am niSans moklebulia.”21 aqve sainteresoa kanadis 1867 wlis konstituciuri aqtis IV nawili, romelic gansazRvravs parlamentis uflebamosilebebs da masSi (muxli 91) aRniSnulia: ”...dedofals eniWeba uflebamosileba, ufro meti WeSmaritebis dadgenis mizniT da ara am muxliT dadgenili zogadi debulebebis SezRudvisaTvis, senatisa da TemTa palatis rCeviTa da TanxmobiT gamosces kanonebi mSvidobis, marTlwesrigisa da kanadis kargi mmarTvelobis (“good government”) uzrunvelsayofad...”22

).

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi (1948) aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis safuZvelSi devs sami fundamenturi Rirebuleba: adamianis xelSeuxebloba, Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba. deklaraciam “...ganavrco adamianis uflebaTa platforma, riTac moicva mTeli sfero - samoqalaqo, politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebi, erTmaneTTan daakavSira isini da safuZveli daudo uflebaTa urTierTgaZlierebis tendencias.”23 adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs Soris umniSvnelovanesia mewarmeobis Tavisufleba. msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi mewarmeobis Tavisuflebis idea viTardeba saxelmwifoebrivi politikis humanizaciasTan erTad.24 saqarTvelos konstituciis (romlis preambulaSi gacxadebulia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uryevi neba, daamkvidron ekonomikuri Tavisufleba) 30-e muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom სახელმწიფო ვალდებულია ხელი შეუწყოს თავისუფალი მეწარმეობის განვითარებას. analogiuri debuleba mocemulia msoflios mravali qveynis konstituciaSi, maT Soris daniis, espaneTis da rumineTis konstituciebSi. daniis 1953 wlis 5 ivnisis konstituciuri kanonis 74-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT: “samewarmeo saqmianobisadmi Tavisufali da Tanaswori xelmisawvdomobis nebismieri SezRudva, Tu is ar emsaxureba sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis miznebs, saxelmwifos mier unda aRmoifxvras.”25 espaneTis samefos 1978 wlis 27 dekembris konstituciis 38-e muxlSi mewarmeobis Tavisufleba aRiarebulia sabazro ekonomikis farglebSi: “saxelmwifo organoebi uzrunvelyofen da icaven mis ganxorcielebas, agreTve uzrunvelyofen warmoebis dacvas saerTo ekonomikuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad da, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, dagegmvis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.”26



analogiurad, rumineTis 1991 wlis 8 dekembris konstituciis 45-e muxlSi aRniSnulia: “garantirebulia pirovnebis ekonomikur saqmianobaze daSvebis Tavisufleba, Tavisufali mewarmeoba da misi kanonis farglebSi ganxorcieleba.”27

codnis arqeologia”:28 ekonomika,29

1890 wels gamocemul “ekonomikis principebSi” a.marSali ekonomikas ganmartavda, rogorc mecnierebas adamianis yoveldRiuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb: “Economics is a study of men as they live and move and think in the ordinary business of life”.

biznesi da samarTali

30 daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg marSaliseul ganmartebas aRfrTovanebiT xvdeba profesori g.menqiu: “...es ganmarteba dResac iseve WeSmaritad JRers, rogorc 1890-Si, marSalis wignis pirveli gamocemis wels JRerda”.31 gasuli saukunis moazrovne, filosofosi m.fuko, ganixilavda ra evropuli azrovnebis ZiriTad etapebs XVI saukunidan XX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde, aRniSnavda, rom klasikur epoqaSi codnis mwyobrSi ar arsebobda gageba “warmoeba”,32 xolo “monetisa da fasis klasikuri Teoria istoriuli praqtikis mTel manZilze iqmneboda”.33 msjelobda ra iseT sakiTxebze, rogoric aris simdidris analizi, moneta da fasi, merkantilizmi, girao da fasi, Rirebulebis Seqmna, sargebeli da a.S. aRniSnavda, rom XVI saukuneSi ekonomikuri azri moicva fasis da monetis bunebis problemebma,34 xolo XVII-XVIII saukuneSi adamianebi simdidreze, bunebaze da enaze ise fiqrobdnen, rom ar iTvaliswinebdnen wina epoqebis memkvidreobas.35 rac Seexeba XIX saukunis dasawyiss, maSin Seiqmna codnis imgvari dispozicia, sadac erTdroulad warmoCinda ekonomikis istoriuloba warmoebis formebTan mimarTebaSi da adamianuri arsebobis sasruloba dovlaTis ukmarisobasa da SromasTan mimarTebaSi.36 amgvarad franguli filosofiis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli Taviseburad axasiaTebs XVI-XIX saukuneebis evropuli azrovnebis ZiriTad etapebs da ganmartavs, rom “ekonomika im sakmaod orazrovani refleqsiebisaken gvabrunebs, romelTac SeiZleba anTropologiuri vuwodoT”. misTvis homo oeconomicus (Segnebuli da racionaluri subieqti37) aris sasruli arseba, romlis sicocxle xmardeba saarsebo saSualebaTa mopovebas: “ekonomika SesabamisobaSia adamianuri modgmis biologiur TvisebebTan, romelsac, rogorc rikardos Tanamedrove malTusma aRniSna, aqvs mudmivi swrafva zrdisaken, Tu amas raime saSualeba an iZuleba ar daabrkolebs”.38

me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebis ekonomikuri krizisis (“didi depresiis”) warmoSobis mizezebis da meqanizmis Seswavlisas britaneli ekonomisti j.m.keinsi, mis ZiriTad naSromSi “dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da fulis zogadi Teoria” (1936w.) werda ekonomikis stabilizaciis mizniT saxelmwifos mier adeqvaturi ekonomikuri politikis gatarebis aucileblobaze. “keinsianuri revoluciiT” sistemaSi iqna moyvanili makroekonomikis ZiriTadi problemebi, Camoyalibda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis amocanebi. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove mikroekonomikas, romlis Seswavlis sagania ekonomikis funqcionireba calkeuli saxelmwifoebis doneze, cnobili frangi mecnieri, profesori g.delepliasi aRniSnavs, rom mas safuZveli Caeyara faseulobis valasis TeoriiT (igive erou-debres modeli, romlis ZiriTad safuZvels



anglo-saqsonuri terminologiiT valrasis zogadi wonasworobis Teoria warmoadgens).39

ekonomikis profesori m.blogi (M.Blaug) ekonomikas (ing.economics, berZnuli sityvidan οἰκονομία [oikonomia] οἶκος saxli da νόμος, Cveuleba, samarTali) ganmartavs, rogorc socialur mecnierebas, romelic “analyzes and describes the consequences of choices made concerning scarce productive resources. It is the study of how individuals and societies choose to employ those resources: what goods and services will be produced, how they will be produced, and how they will be distributed among the members of society”.40

amgvarad, saukuneTa manZilze mecnierebi swavloben ekonomikis funqcionirebisa da regulirebis kanonzomierebebs. paralelurad viTardeboda da ixveweboda politikur-samarTlebrivi moZRvrebani, xolo kanonmdeblis gadawyvetilebebi saboloo jamSi, gadamwyvet rols asrulebda ekonomikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. a.smiTis (1723-1790), d.rikardos (1772-1823), s.jevonsis (1835-1882), l.valrasis (1834-1910), k.mengeris (1840-1921), a.marSalis (1842-1924) da j.m.keinsis (1883-1946) paralelurad moRvaweobdnen S.l.monteskie (1680-1755), avtori umniSvnelovanesi naSromisa “kanonTa sulis Sesaxeb” (daiwera 1749 wels, masSi monteskie asabuTebs, rom kanonebi unda Seesabamebodes qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas); C.bekaria (1783-1794), romlis naSromSi “danaSaulTa da sasjelTa Sesaxeb” (1764) mocemulia msjeloba universaluri adamianuri Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb; ekonomikuri da politikuri TanasworobisTvis mebrZoli da kerZo sakuTrebis sastiki mowinaaRmdege f.n.babefi (1760-1797); Tanamedroveobis udidesi filosofosebi, ი.კანტი (1724-1804) da ფ.ჰეგელი (1770-1831); უტილიტარიზმის თეორიის ფუძემდებელი ი.ბენტამი (1748-1832), g.hugo (1764-1844), romelic upiratesobas aniWebda adaTobriv samarTals, g.f.puxta (1798-1846), k.savini (1779-1861), a.tibo (1772-1840), ინგლისელი ლიბერალისტი ჯ.ს.მილი (1806-1873), ავტორი ნაშრომისა „პოლიტიკური ეკონომიის საფუძვლები“, პროფესორები რ.ფ.იერინგი (1818-1892) და გ.ელინეკი (1851 -1911). sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT maT naazrevs da Tvalwin warmogvidgeba kacobriobis ganviTarebis uzustesi suraTi. საბოლოო ჯამში, ეკონომიკური, სოციალური da kulturuli უფლებები aRiarebul iqna, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa Semadgeneli nawili, rasac win uZRoda adamianis uflebaTa yvela kategoriis urTierTadmokidebulebis aRiareba da Semdgom ukve socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis samarTlebrivi bunebis problemis kvleva. ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis dacvis arsebuli sistemis sust mxareebTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikur uflebaTa ganviTarebis maregulirebel saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaTa ZiriTad xarvezad miiCneva “mravali uflebis bundovani formulireba” (p.alstoni).41

samarTlis da ekonomikis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas kanonmdeblis mier, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli sabediswero Secdomebi, romelic saxelmwifos ekonomikur usafrTxoebas daarRvevs (ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba qveynis ekonomikur dinamizms gulisxmobs42). Tanamedrove msoflioSi gaizarda “usafrTxoebis arasamxedro komponentebis, gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuris mniSvneloba”.43



ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis manZilze qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciebis aRdgenis urTulesi procesi mimdinareobs. rogorc Savi zRvis regionis farglebSi saqarTvelos TviTidentifikaciis Sesaxeb 2005 wlis noembris kvlevaSia aRniSnuli, “saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi saxelmwifoSi Tu mis farglebs gareT mimdinare sxvadasxva uaryofiT tendenciaTa gamo, saqarTvelom ver moaxerxa Sesabamisi nabijebis gadadgma sakuTari usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis, aseve, momavali progresisTvis aucilebeli winapirobebis Seqmnis mizniT.”44 rac Seexeba meoce saukunis dasasrulis aRmosavleT evropas, aSS-is kolumbiis olqis saapelacio sasamarTlos yofili Tavmjdomare45 p.m.valdi mas aRwers, rogorc axlad aRmocenebadi respublikebis SeiaraRebuli, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, politikuri Tu socialuri revoluciebis asparezs: "aTasobiT amerikeli da dasavleT evropeli mrCeveli dairazma, raTa...sabWoTa periodis marionet saxelmwifoebs damoukidebel demokratiebad CamoyalibebaSi daxmarebodnen."46 Tavis mxriv Tu raoden specifikur saxelmwifos warmoadgens saqarTvelo, cxadi xdeba, Tu xazs gavusvamT im garemoebas, rom saqarTvelo patara qveyanaa, msoflio masStabiT patara qveynebis raodenoba izrdeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa Teoretikosebis mtkicebis fonze, rom patara qveynebi didxans ver iarsebeben da male gaqrebian saerTaSori asparezidan.47 asimetriuli kavSirebis irgvliv msjelobis kvaldakval saqarTvelosTvis gamoikveTa buferis sagareo politikuri roli. cnebebis: "geopolitikuri sivrce" da "geoekonomikuri sivrce" - gadakveTaze SesaZloa amovikiTxoT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis koncefciis aqsiomebi (usafrTxoebis politika asaxavs qveynis erTian sagareo politikas da ekonomikur interesebs. saxelmwifos erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikas gansazRvravs misi geostrategiuli mdgomareoba da buneba, politikuri da ekonomikuri struqtura. nebismieri saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis usafrTxoeba scdeba mis sazRvrebs. cxadia, arsebobs Semxvedri interesebi da swored interesTa konfliqtis dros SeiZleba warmoiqmnas samxedro, politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu ekologiuri xasiaTis safrTxe). jer kidev 1952 wels arnold uolfersi statiaSi “erovnuli usafrTxoba, rogorc orazrovani simbolo” aRniSnavda: "moTxovna, gatardes erovnuli usafrTxoebis politika, Tavisi xasiaTiT, ZiriTadad, normatiulia. is, savaraudod, unda miuTiTebdes imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifos politika imisaTvis, rom CaiTvalos mizanSewonilad (anu politikad, romelic racionalur saSualebebs iyenebs sasurveli miznis misaRwevad) an zneobrivad (e. i. yvelaze karg, an yvelaze naklebad borot politikad)... termini "usafrTxoeba" imdenad mravalferovan miznebs moicavs, rom erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli politika usafrTxoebis politikad SeiZleba CaiTvalos."48 qveynis ekonomikur usafrTxoeba, gamoxatuli mis ekonomikur dinamizmSi (romlis disonanss iwvevs uvargisi infrastruqtura, korufciis maRali maCvenebeli sajaro da kerZo seqtorebSi, saerTaSoriso biznes-korporaciebis saqmianobis uzrunvelyofis umniSvnelovanes RonisZiebaTa nakleboba) aris RonisZiebaTa erToblioba (qveynis Sida SesaZleblobebi da sakuTari resursebis mobilizebis unari ekonomikuri boikotis, embargos, blokadis winaaRmdeg), romelic daicavs saxelmwifos gare ekonomikuri zewolis pirobebSi, nebismieri berketis mflobeli erTeulisgan. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba agreTve ganixileba, rogorc ekonomikuri



ganviTarebis done, rodesac uzrunvelyofilia erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis realizacia, individis da Sesabamisad sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis pirobebi. jansaRi fiskaluri politika aris ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis xelSemwyobi faqtori. sagadasaxado politikam SeiZleba uzrunvelyos saxelmwifos ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba, anda gaamZafros iseTi safrTxeebi, rogoricaa ekonomikis struqturuli deformacia, saxelmwifos Sida da sagareo valis zrda, sainvesticio krizisi, sistemuri korufcia. saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa ekonomizaciis fonze saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba mieltvis daikavos myari, ukeTesi pozicia saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. kanonmdebelma unda daadginos ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis procesSi resursebisadmi gonivruli mopyrobis da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis garantiebi, radgan “ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTareba damokidebulia mdgrad ekologiur ganviTarebaze”49 (mecnierebis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis sakiTxi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri meTodologiis gamoyenebiT. garemosa da biomravalferovnebis Semosavlianobisa da ekonomikuri faseulobis gamoTvlis meTodologia mocemulia d.pirsis da d.moranis naSromSi “biomravalferovnebis ekonomikuri faseuloba”. ekologiis winaswarganzraxuli dazianebis Sedegia mosaxleobis ekonomikuri da socialuri regresi.50 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT metad sainteresoa portugalieli biologis, m.b.arauJos mosazreba, rom “konservaciis mecnierebis prioritetebi aris humanuri da ara ekologiuri”51). globalizaciis epoqaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba samarTlis ekonomikur analizs, ekonomikuri procesebis iuridiul reglamentacias, Tumca “samarTlebriv regulirebas gaaCnia optimaluri sazRvrebi”.52

rac Seexeba bizness, vebsteris leqsikonSi aRniSnulia, rom sityva biznesi (ing.business) aRniSnavs komerciul, an სავაჭრო saqmianobas, ekonomikuri xasiaTis dilingebs, an transaqciebs (sul mocemulia am sityvis aTi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba), xolo etimologiurad momdinareobs arqauli bisynesse (busyness)-dan, rac mizandasaxul saqmianobas aRniSnavs (busy - saS.inglisuri bisy, Zv.inglisuri bisig, enaTesaveba holand.-german. besich; gamoiyeneboda jer kidev me-12 saukunemde, xolo bisynesse - gvxvdeba me-14 saukunidan53). saerTaSoriso biznesis saxelmZRvaneloebSi biznesi ganisazRvreba, rogorc materialuri formis produqtis, an momsaxurebis warmoebasa da mis realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianoba, romelic uzrunvelyofs mogebas. saerTaSoriso biznesi gulisxmobs biznes-saqmianobis ganxorcielebas saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebis gadakveTiT.54 ekonomikis mamoZravebeli Zala aris fasi, romelic bazarze dgindeba da uzrunvelyofs mogebas. mogeba Tavis mxriv biznesis umTavresi kategoriaa.55 rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso bizness, is ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia saqonlis da momsaxurebis eqsport-importTan da investiciebTan (saerTaSoriso ekonomikis sakiTxebze momuSave specialistebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagania pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi; “sainvesticio klimati, TavisTavad metad farTo cnebaa da moicavs qveyanaSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da politikur-samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts”56). “saerTaSoriso biznesi”, rogorc disciplina, Seiswavlis biznesis, bazris da mTlianad ekonomikis kavSirs msoflio



meurneobis masStabiT, am urTierTobis damyarebis da ganviTarebis profesiul xerxebs.57 “saerTaSoriso biznesi”, rogorc saerTaSoriso disciplina moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: saerTaSoriso biznesis organizaciuli formebi; msoflio sameurneo sistema da saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebi; saerTaSoriso biznes garemo; saerTaSoriso vaWroba da investiciebi (Teoria da institutebi); msoflio finansuri garemo; saerTaSoriso biznesis dinamika da saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebi (regionaluri ekonomikuri integracia, mravalerovani kompaniebis gavlena, diplomatia saerTaSoriso biznesSi); korporaciebis politika da strategia (eqsportis strategia, strategiuli aliansebi); marketingi, buRaltruli aRricxvis sakiTxebi, dabegvra, savaluto operaciebi da savaluto riskis marTva, dafinansebis wyaroebi, sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa finansuri aspeqtebi da adamianuri resursebis marTva (Sromis bazari, menejerTa SerCeva, Sromis anazRaureba, Sromis pirobebi, koleqtiuri SromiTi xelSekrulebebi da sxv.). cxadia, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT SeiZleba gavaanalizoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebze normatiuli aqtebis pozitiuri Tu negatiuri kolosaluri gavlena da saamisod sakmarisia davasaxeloT Tundac investiciebTan dakavSirebuli konkurirebadi saerTaSoriso iurisdiqcia, sainvesticio davebis iurisdiqciis gansazRvra saarbitraJo wesiT ganxilvisas, ucxouri investiciebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis sakiTxebi.58

korufciis SezRudva saerTaSoriso biznesSi

winamdebare naSromi Seiqmna amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erovnuli uSiSroebis strategiis STagonebiT, aSS erovnuli uSiSroebis strategiisa da kavkasiis regionaluri usafrTxoebis sakvanZo sakiTxebis Tanmxvedr RirebulebaTa safuZvelze. prezidenti j.buSi mimoixilavda ra amerikis saerTaSoriso strategias, aRniSnavda, rom SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi mTavari mizania “Tavisufali bazrebisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis meSveobiT globaluri ekonomikuri zrdis axali epoqis Seqmna”.59 garda amisa, is acxadebda: “Zlieri msoflio ekonomika amyarebs Cvens erovnul usafrTxoebas keTildReobisa da Tavisuflebis msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi Setanis gziT. ekonomikuri aRmavloba, romelsac xels uwyobs Tavisufali vaWroba da Tavisufali bazrebi, qmnis axal samuSao adgilebsa da ufro maRal Semosavals. ekonomikuri aRmavloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs xalxs daZlios siRaribe, aCqarebs ekonomikur da samarTlebriv reformebs da korufciasTan brZolas, garda amisa, is aZlierebs Tavisuflebis Cvevebis damkvidrebas. Cven xels SevuwyobT ekonomikis zrdas da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis damkvidrebas amerikis sazRvrebs gareT.”60 rogorc wesi, korufciis analizis saSualebaa ekonomika; korufcia saxelmwifo seqtorSi gulisxmobs araefeqtur industriul politikas, biznesmenebs ubiZgebs Crdilovani seqtorisken, sadac maTi saqmianobis mizani miiRweva sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRveviT.61 zogadad korufcia ganixileba, rogorc ekonomikuri, kulturuli da politikuri problema. maRalCinosnebis da Zlieri biznesis asparezia “meqrTameoba mniSvnelovani kontraqtebisa da koncesiebis mosapoveblad”,62 romlis monawileebad gvevlinebian mravalerovani korporaciebi (“romelTa Zala da gavlena aRemateba zogierTi qveynis imave maCveneblebs, romlebTanac es firmebi TanamSromloben”63), xolo saxelmwifo kanonieri biznesisgan Rebulobs mfarvelobis sazRaurs.64



TargmniTi da leqsikografiuli saWiroebani

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba qarTul enaze naTargmni mniSvnelovani samecniero naSromebi, rac abrkolebs mecnierebis ganviTareba-srulyofas da saerTod aqveiTebs TargmniT xelovnebas. Targmans udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTod qarTuli enis ganviTarebis procesSi. saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces mTargmnelobiTi xelovnebis, gnebavT mecnierebis ganviTarebas (maRali klasis mTargmneli xelovanic aris da imavdroulad mecnieric). saWiroa profesional TarjimanTa mobilizeba, aqtiuri TanamSromloba ucxoel kolegebTan sxvadasxva samecniero terminebis dadgenis mizniT, raTa gamoiricxos cnebaTa aRreva da sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia, rogorc ekonomikisa da iurisprudenciis dargSi, aseve fundamentur mecnierebebSi. mokled mimovixiloT sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, gamocemuli TbilisSi, kavSiris - “iuristebi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis” - mier, romlis mesame nawili gamoica 2006 wels, meoTxe da mexuTe nawilebi - 2007 wels, xolo - pirveli da meore - 2008 wels. unda aRiniSnos, rom am gamocemam didi daxmareba gauwia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mrCevelTa sabWos, romlis wevri gaxldiT mec. aRniSnuli gamocemis pirvel nawilSi warmodgenilia pasuxismgebeli redaqtoris, doqtor v.gonaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli Targmani aSS-is konstituciisa da ocdaSvidi Sesworebisa. aSS-is konstitucia da Sesworebebi gamoica agreTve 1993 wels, qarTul enaze naTargmni a.kobalaZisa da s.baramiZis mier (gamocemis redaqtori m.ugrexeliZe; aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aSS-is konstituciis qarTulenovani Targmani daibeWda agreTve 1995 wels, magram es iyo ara damoukidebeli gamocema, aramed warmodgenilia q.jandas, j.m.beris, j.goldmenis naSromis “amerikuli demokratia (aSS-is xelisufleba da politikuri procesi)” - danarTis saxiT, magram Sesworebebis gareSe. naSromis mTargmneli inglisuri enidan aris r.gaCeCilaZe, Targmanis redaqtori - m.ugrexeliZe. Cemi dakvirvebiT aSS-is konstituciis aRniSnuli Targmanis avtorebi (romelic erTvis jandas, beris da goldmenis naSroms) unda iyvnen a.kobalaZe da s.baramiZe, vinaidan teqsti sityva-sityviT emTxveva aSS-is konstituciis 1993 wlis qarTulenovan gamocemas, romlis redaqtoria m.ugrexeliZe. Tumca, 1995 wlis gamocemaSi amis Sesaxeb miTiTebas ver vxedavT). SevadaroT meToTxmete Sesworebis pirveli nawilis teqstis Targmanis ori varianti: v.gonaSvili: “...arc erT Stats ar aqvs ufleba miiRos, an gamoiyenos kanoni, romelic zRudavs SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeTa privilegiebsa da SeRavaTebs; aseve, arc erT Stats ar aqvs ufleba romelime pirs CamoarTvas sicocxle, Tavisufleba an sakuTreba saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduris gareSe an uari uTxras Tavisi iurisdiqciis farglebSi kanonebiT Tanaswor dacvaze.”65 a.kobalaZe, s.baramiZe: “...arc erT Stats ar SeuZlia miiRos an cxovrebaSi gaataros iseTi kanoni, romelic Selaxavs SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebis privilegirebul uflebebsa da xelSeuxeblobas; arc romelime Stats aqvs ufleba waarTvas vinmes sicocxle, Tavisufleba an sakuTreba saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduris gareSe; arc vinmes SeiZleba eTqvas uari, misi iurisdiqciis farglebSi, iyos kanonis mier Tanabrad daculi.”66



aSS-is konstituciis oficialur inglisurenovan teqstSi gamoyenebulia sityvebi “privileges”, “immunities” da “due process of law”.67 a.kobalaZis da s.baramiZiseul 1993 wlis gamocemaSi “privileges” naTargmnia, rogorc privilegirebuli uflebebi”, sityva “immunities”, rogorc “xelSeuxebloba”, xolo “due process of law”, rogorc “saTanado samarTlebrivi procedura”. amgvarad, miviReT meToTxmete Sesworebis savsebiT gansxvavebuli versiebi. Tu vTargmniT sityvas “privileges”, unda davweroT an “privilegia”, an “upiratesoba” (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Tanaxmad68). Tu vTargmniT sityvas “immunity”, unda davweroT “imuniteti”, an “xelSeuxebloba” (agreTve, qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonze dayrdnobiT69). amdenad, umjobesia aSS-is konstituciis Sesworebis Targmani warmodgenili iyos amgvarad: “arcerT Stats aqvs ufleba miiRos, an aamoqmedos raime kanoni, romelic SezRudavs SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebis privilegiebs da imunitets”, an amgvarad: “arcerT Stats aqvs ufleba miiRos, an aamoqmedos raime kanoni, romelic SezRudavs SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebis upiratesobebs, an xelSeuxeblobas”. saintereso urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs am sityvebs Soris, rac ganmartebulia p.qolinis samarTlis leqsikonSi, kerZod, leqsikonis qarTulenovan versiaSi, sityvis - “immunity” - komentarSi: “...aSS-Si imuniteti aris kongresis wevris dacva difamaciisTvis an zepiri ciliswamebisTvis sarCelis aRZvrisagan palataSi gakeTebuli misi gancxadebebis gamo (gaerTianebul samefoSi amas ewodeba privilege privilegia)”.70 rac Seexeba sityvebs “due process of law”, fraza a.Saios naSromSi m.maisuraZis mier naTargmnia, rogorc “jerovani procedura”, “jerovani samarTlebrivi procedura”, “samarTlebrivi wesrigi”, xolo uSualod meToTxmete Sesworebis teqstis TargmanSi, rogorc “marTlwesrigi” - “arc erT Stats ara aqvs aSS-is moqalaqeTa privilegiebisa da imunitetis SemzRudavi kanonis miRebisa Tu aRsrulebis ufleba. arc erT Stats ara aqvs pirovnebis sicocxlis, misi Tavisuflebis an sakuTrebis marTlwesrigis gareSe xelyofis ufleba”.71 piter qolinis samarTlis leqsikonSi “due process of law” ganmartebulia amgvarad: “saTanado oficialuri Ziebis formaluri moqmedeba”.72

sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi momavalSi sasurvelia iTargmnos uSualod im enidan, ra enazec aris Sesrulebuli teqsti Tavdapirvelad (anu saxelmwifo enidan). espaneTis konstitucia unda gadmoiTargmnos espanurenovani teqstidan, espanuri enis mcodne specialistis mier, aseve, safrangeTis, CineTis, indoeTis konstituciebi da a.S. samwuxarod, TviT r.davidis “Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebis” qarTulenovani Targmani Sesrulebulia rusuli Targmanidan;73 r.f.ieringis “brZola uflebisaTvis” germanuli enidan Targmna i.baqraZem, gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, xolo 2000 wels kvlav daibeWda TbilisSi da rogorc z.nanobaSvilis mier winaTqmaSia miTiTebuli: “igi srulyofilia, raSic Zalze dagvexmara am naSromis rusulenovani Targmanebi (1895 da 1904 wlebis gamocemebi). swored am TargmanebiT visargeble da rusulidan gadmovTargmne wignis daboloeba...”74 amgvarad, “brZola uflebisaTvis” unda iTargmnos xelaxla. rac Seexeba a.Saios naSroms “xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva” - winasityvaobaSi avtori aRniSnavs: “duait semlerma fasdaudeblad iSroma da gamarTuli inglisuriT aametyvela am wignis uxeSi Targmani”...75 cxadia, umjobesi iqneboda, es naSromi qarTul enaze gadmoTargmniliyo ara Tundac



gamarTuli inglisurenovani versiidan, aramed ungruli enidan, anu romel enazec Seqmna is avtorma. amgvarad, xelaxla unda iTargmnos rogorc r.davidi, ise r.f.ieringi, radgan “Targmnis dros didi qmnileba mudam agebs”, vinaidan “...Targmnis dros mudam marad Zveli da marad axali problema wamoiWreba xolme mTargmnelis winaSe: an teqstis mimarT unda Caidino mcireodeni Secodebani, an im enis mimarT, romelsac Targmnis instrumentad irCev. aq sxva gza ar arsebobs, radgan arc erTi enis SesaZleblobani maTematikosis sizustiT ar emTxvevian meore enis SesaZleblobaT.”76 miTumetes, Targmanis Targmani wyalSi gadayrili Sromaa, romlis Sedegia yovlad ususuri teqsti amaTuim mniSvnelovani naSromisa. garda amisa, 2005 wels gamoica norbert eliasis sociogenetikuri da fsiqogenetikuri gamokvlevebi “civilizaciis procesis Sesaxeb”, or wignad. Targmanis avtori i.wereTeli (romelmac cxadia mZime Sromis fasad gadmoTargmna dasaxelebuli kvleva da udavod qebas imsaxurebs), winasityvaobaSi miuTiTebs, rom naSromi rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise teqnikurad sakmaod rTulia da Targmans enobrivi redaqtireba ar gauvlia. mTargmneli aRniSnavs: “mkiTxvels vTxovT mogvitevos is uzustobani da dauxvewavi frazebi, romelsac is am or tomSi waawydeba”.77 cxadia, umjobesi iqneboda ganxorcielebuliyo sociologiis klasikosis naSromis Targmanis enobrivi redaqtireba, raTa gamoricxuliyo uzustobebi, romelTa arsebobis Taobazec winaswar gvafrTxilebs mTargmneli. garda amisa, msurs avRniSno yovlad gaugebari faqti, rac ukavSirdeba qarTul enaze gamocemul saxelmZRvanelos “ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb”.78 wignSi aRniSnulia, rom Targmani Sesrulebulia n.jafariZe-WyoiZis mier, samarTlebrivi terminologia Seaswora g.joxaZem, magram arsad aris miTiTebuli, Tu romeli enidan iTargmna naSromi da rac yvelaze mTavaria, wignSi ar aris miTiTebuli gamocemis weli (vxvdebiT mxolod aRniSvnas “meore ganaxlebuli gamocema”). miuxedavad amisa, saxelmZRvanelo udavod mniSvnelovania adamianis uflebebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis (საქართველოს პარლამენტის ეროვნული ბიბლიოთეკის ელექტრონული კატალოგის მონაცემებზე დაყრდნობით წინამდებარე ნაშრომის ბიბლიოგრაფიაში სახელმძღვანელოს გამოცემის წლად მივუთითე 2006 წელი).79

swori Targmanis problema gamoikveTa adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis 1950 wlis evropuli konvenciis da misi damatebiTi oqmebis Targmanis dros.80 samwuxarod, saWiro gaxda Targmanis koreqtireba (ix.saqarTvelos parlamentis 2006 wlis 9 ivnisis #3251-Is dadgenileba). koreqtirebis Sedegad gasworda konvenciis inglisurenovani dasaxeleba “Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms”. 2001 wlis 27 dekembers (#1243 dadgenilebiT) ratificirebul teqstSi konvenciis dasaxeleba naTargmni iyo amgvarad: “adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropis konvencia”, xolo koreqtirebis Semdeg - “adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konvencia”. SevadaroT dasaxelebuli konvenciis magaliTad, me-5 muxlis me-5 nawilis Targmani sxvadasxva gamocemebis mixedviT: saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWo (1998w.) - “yovel pirs, romelic dapatimrebuli an dakavebuli iyo mocemuli muxlis miTiTebis darRveviT, ufleba aqvs moiTxovos kompensacia, romelsac sarCelis Zala aqvs”.81 gamomcemloba “bona kauza” (2004w.) - “yvela, vinc gaxda dapatimrebis an



dakavebis msxverpli am muxlis debulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, eqneba ufleba kompensaciaze”.82 evropis sabWo, konvenciis da oqmebis qarTuli versia (seqtemberi, 2003w.) - “yvelas, vinc am muxlis moTxovnaTa darRveviT daakaves an daapatimres, aqvs kompensaciis qmediTi ufleba”. koreqtirebuli Targmani (oficialuri qarTuli Targmani, 2006w.) - “yvelas, vinc aris dakavebis an dapatimrebis msxverpli am muxlis debulebaTa darRvevis gamo, aqvs kompensaciis miRebis ufleba”.83 k.korkelia, i.qurdaZe (2004w.) - “yvelas, vinc aris dakavebis, an dapatimrebis msxverpli am muxlis debulebaTa darRveviT, aqvs kompensaciis ufleba”.84 k.korkelia, n.mWedliZe, a.nalbandovi (2005w.) - “yvelas, vinc aris dakavebis, an dapatimrebis msxverpli am muxlis debulebaTa darRveviT, aqvs aRsrulebadi ufleba kompensaciaze”.85 European Acts on Human Rights (1999) - “Everyone who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this article shall have an enforceable right to compensation”.86

Cvens mier Sedarebuli adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis me-5(5) muxlis qarTulenovani Targmanebi metad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. konvenciis teqstis Targmnisas daSvebuli Secdomebi mxolod 2006 wels gamosworda. saWiroa saqarTvelos parlamentma gadaxedos sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebis, SeTanxmebebis da konvenciebis qarTulenovan Targmans, radgan maTi umravlesoba agreTve koreqtirebas saWiroebs. am mizniT metad sasurvelia TanamSromloba specializirebul avtoritetul organizaciebTan, rogoric aris, magaliTad TransLegal (Europe’s leading firm of lawyer-linguists).87

globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze saWiroa enis ganviTarebis procesis uswrafesi aqtivizacia. saWiroa axlad Semosuli terminebis da cnebebis, neologizmebis gemovnebiani Sexameba qarTul saliteraturo enasTan. kvlevis meTodi

naSromze muSaobis dros vxelmZRvanelobdi SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvlevis meTodiT, romlis efeqturobisa da Zveli dogmaturi sistemuri samarTlebrivi azrovnebis naklovanebis Sesaxeb k.cvaigertisa da h.kotcis naSromSi aRniSnulia: "axali meTodebidan erTi - SedarebiTi samarTali - yvelaze ukeT esadageba samarTlebrivi mecnierebis axal realur safuZvelze dafuZnebis amocanas... [is] sazogadoebis cxovrebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis moTxovnasTan uSualo kavSirSi aviTarebs sakuTar, axal sistemas. es sistema adamianTa moTxovnebTan aris dakavSirebuli da efeqturi funqcionireba ZaluZs".88 SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvlevis meTodi samuSao meTodia, azrovnebis sistema, swori Sedegis miRwevis uzrunvelsayofad gankuTvnili kriteriumebis jami, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs sakuTari iuridiuli xarvezebis optimaluri gadawyveta veZioT ucxour marTlwesrigSi.89 naSromSi SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan pirobad dasaxulia “ucxoeli iuristis sadari moculobiT da sazRvrebiT statuturi da CveulebiTi samarTlis, sasamarTlo praqtikis da samarTlebrivi mecnierebis, nasyidobis tipiuri kontraqtebis da zogadi pirobebis, savaWro Cveulebebis Seswavla, magram saWiroa ufro metic. e.rabeli amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: “SedarebiTi samarTlis amocanaTa Sesrulebas iseTive guldasmiT vaxorcielebT, rogorc iTxovs samecniero ideali...”90



wignis agebuleba

winamdebare naSromSi ganxilulia iseTi fundamenturi mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxebi, rogoric aris iuridiuli piri (biznesis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi) (iuridiuli piris cneba, sawarmo saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi, saerTaSoriso finansuri kompania, Tavisufali sawyobis sawarmo, saerTaSoriso sawarmo, mewarme fizikuri piri, sawarmos redomicileba, biznesis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi, firmis ekonomikuri buneba, firmis adgili ekonomikaSi) da sakuTreba (sakuTrebis idea, sakuTrebis ufleba saqarTvelos da msoflios zogierTi qveynis konstituciaSi, sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesi). saxelSekrulebo samarTlidan ganxilulia mxolod ijara, lizingi, gadazidva-gadayvana (agreTve, kanonmdebloba saxmeleTo, wylis da sahaero transportis sferoSi) da sabanko garantiebi. garda zemodasaxelebulisa, naSromi moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali (saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, ukumiTiTebis da mesame saxelmwifos samarTalze miTiTebis doqtrina (Renvoi), saerTaSoriso nayidobis xelSekruleba, E-komercia, UNCITRAL-is rekomendaciebi, modeluri kanonebi da konvencia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi eleqtronul SetyobinebaTa gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, E-xelmowera da E-dokumenti, saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlis unifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (Lex Mercatoria, UNIDROIT - saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekrulebaTa principebi), INCOTERMS 2000 - saerTaSoriso komerciuli terminebi, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis saerTaSoriso samarTali da sagadasaxado/finansuri amnistiis problemebi, romlis ganxorcielebac mosalodnelia momdevno aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. *** Tavdapirvelad winamdebare naSromi mzaddeboda rogorc praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo, saboloo jamSi, aucilebeli gaxda calkeuli institutebis da cnebebis siRrmiseuli analizi. muSaobis procesSi teqsti agebul iqna imgvarad, rom Tanabrad gasagebi da iolad aRsaqmeli yofiliyo rogorc praqtikosi iuristebis da ekonomistebisTvis, aseve studentebisTvis. yovel Tavze muSaobisas Cemi piradi Suqura mecnierebis ukidegano sivrceSi - qarTul-amerikuli universitetis studenti - nino afaqiZe, brwyinvale da usazRvrod niWieri adamiani iyo STagonebis wyaro, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo winamdebare naSromi, raTa misiT esargeblaT agreTve studentebs, vinc momavalSi aqtiuri monawileoba unda miiRos qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobaSi, romlis erT-erTi komponentia daxvewili kanonmdebloba biznesisTvis. sakvlev Temaze muSaobis procesSi vxelmZRvanelobdi cnebaTa zusti ganmartebis dekarteseuli principiT. mecnierebis dargebis mixedviT leqsikografiuli namuSevrebis simwiris problema qarTul samecniero wreebSi mudam aRiniSneba xolme (gvaqvs mcire odenobiT kargi da agreTve, metismetad ususuri da mcire zomis naSromebi). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, praqtikaSi xSirad vxvdebiT arasworad gamoyenebul terminebs. yvelaze xSirad gaugebrobas qmnis, magaliTad, "ziani" da "zarali", "arenda" da "ijara", “garigeba,” "kontraqti" da "xelSekruleba", "vaWroba" da "komercia", "firma" (gvaqvs problemaTa calke jgufi fizikuri da iuridiuli piris saxelTan



dakavSirebiT (firm/firma), gansakuTrebul gaugebrobas qmnis uZravi da moZravi qonebis cnebebi. Jurnalistebis SemTxvevaSi - "latenturi", "eqskluzivi", ”translacia,” "sainformacio mxardaWera", "prevencia", "precedenti." *** winamdebare naSromTan dakavSirebiT gulisxmieri mkiTxvelis mier mowodebuli SeniSvnebi da rekomendaciebi gaTvaliswinebul iqneba Semdgom ganvrcobil gamocemebSi.91

nino pepanaSvili 2002-2010w.



teqstSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebis///// nusxa////////

sk saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi

ssk saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi

sgk saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi

szk saqarTvelos საზღვაო kodeqsi

km saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb

sks saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb

sss saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb

dts saqarTvelos kanoni daculi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb

bru saqarTvelos kanoni birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb

iS saqarTvelos kanoni iaraRis Sesaxeb

ssip

susg

saqarTvelos kanoni sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani

qsm Jurnali qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva

ssp saerTaSoriso savaWro palata

ssip sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri

ysk yazaxeTis respublikis samoqalaqo kodeqsi

rsk ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsi

uks ukrainis kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb

sfl UNIDROIT konvencia saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb (1988)

ssx saqarTvelos kanoni salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb

asvq aministiisa da aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebis da

qonebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni

fla yazaxeTis respublikis kanoni yazaxeTis respublikis moqalaqeTa mier

fulis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli amnistiis Sesaxeb (2001)

qla yazaxeTis respublikis kanoni qonebis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli

amnistiis Sesaxeb (2006)

mSp mTliani Sida produqti

bk literaturul da mxatvrul nawarmoebTa dacvis Sesaxeb bernis

konvencia (1971)

pk samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis konvencia (1883)

spk saqarTvelos sapatento kanoni (1999)



U.S.

Const.,92

The Constitution of the United States

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

CISG United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of

Goods

UN UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2004)

Odl. Oxford Dictionary of Law (OXFORD University Press, 2003)

CGEd. A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary (London 2006, in 2

volumes)

DL Dictionary of Law (P.H.Collin; inglisur-qarTuli iuridiuli

leqsikoni, Targmani qarTul enaze (2002).

ERD English-Russian Dictionary (V.K.Muller (1978).

CCG The Civil Code of Georgia (Tbilisi 2001)



Salus rei publicae suprema lex qveynis keTildReoba uzenaesi kanonia



danarTi #4

ABBREVIATIONS AACA-American Alliance of Creditor Attorneys AALA-American Agricultural Law Associations AALL-American Association of Law Libraries AGM-Annual General Meeting ASEAN-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,i

APEC-Asia-Pasific Economic Cooperation Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam).

ATM-Automated teller machine BBB-Better Business Bureau BIMCO-The Baltic and International Maritime Council ii

BSEC-Black Sea Economic Co-operation

BIS-Bank for International Settlements

BSA-Bilateral Swap Agreements CAC-Central Asian Commonwealth CACO-Central Asian Cooperation Organization CAEU-Central Asian Economic Union /1998-dan: CAEC - Central Asian Economic Cooperation/ CAP-Common Agricultural Policy CASE-Centre for Social and Economic Cooperation CCEC-Coordinating Committee on Electronic Commerce CCFICS-Codex Committee on Food Import and Export CEFTA-Central European Free Trade Agreement CERN-European Organization for Nuclear Research CIBER-Center for International Business Education and Research (USA) CIS-Commonwealth of Independent States CISG-UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna 1980) CSC-Card Security Code EAEC-East Asia Economic Caucus (an EAEG-East Asia Economic Group) EBRD-European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECB-European Central Bank ECCC- European Community Custom Code ECU- European Currency Unit EEC-European Economic Community EFSA-European Food Safety Authority EFTA- European Free Trade Assotiation EGM- Extraordinary General Meeting EMI- European Monetary Institute EMS- European Monetary System EMU- Economic and Monetary Union ESCAP-United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pasific ESCWA- United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EurAsEC /an EAEC/-Eurasian Economic Community FAO-Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations FTA-Free Trade Agreement FTC-Federal Tax Code GATS-General Agreement on Trade in Services

imsoflio qveynebis klasifikatoris a.3 cxrilSi qveynis dasaxeleba qarTul enaze (ix.saqarTvelos erovnuli klasifikatori, saqarTvelos standartizaciis, metrologiisa da sertifikaciis saxelmwifo departamenti; informacia klasifikatorebis Sesaxeb - www.gnims.caucasus.net/clasificators.htm) mocemulia amgvarad: “mianma”, inglisur enaze: “Myanmar (Burma)”, xolo qveynis sruli dasaxeleba - qveynebis dasaxelebaTa CamonaTvalsa da maT kodebSi: “mianmis kavSiri.” iiბალტიის საერთაშორისო საზღვაო კონფერენცია - საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაცია, რომელიც აერთიანებს გემთმფლობელებს, ბროკერებს, გემის აგენტებს; ქმნის და ამტკიცებს საზღვაო გადაზიდვების უნიფიცირებულ ფორმებს, კონოსამენტებსა და სხვა საზღვაო კომერციულ დოკუმენტებს. BIMCO აღიარებულია მსოფლიოს ყველა არბიტრაჟის მიერ. საზღვაო-კომერციული შეთანხმების შედგენისას აუცილებელია მისი დოკუმენტებით ხელმძღვანელობა.



GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade GNP-Gross National Product GSP-Generalised System of Preferences GUUAM-Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova).iii

Harvard Int. L.R.-Harvard International Law Review

HS-Harmonised Commodity Description HTS-Harmonised Tariff Schedule ICC-International Chamber of Commerce ICT-Information and Communication Technologies IDP-Internally Displaced Person IATA-International Air Transport Association IBL-International Banking Law IFAD-International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO-International Labour Organization IMF-International Monetary Fund INCOTERMS-International Commercial Terms INOGATE-Interstate Oil and Gas Transport to Europe IFA-International Franchise Association ISIC-International Standard Industrial Classification ISO-International Organization for Standardization ITC-International Trade Centre MNE-Multinational Enterprise MNC-Multinational Corporation NTB-Non-Tariff Barriers NTR-Normal Trade Relations NYSE-New York Stock Exchange OCAC-Organization of Central Asian Cooperation OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Administration OECD-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PIL - Private International Law PREGP-Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth Program PRGF-Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (IMF) RSI- Relative Strength Index SAC-World Bank Structural Adjustment Credit TEN-Trans-European Networks TNC-Transnational Corporation TRI- Trade Restrictiveness Index TRIMs-Trade-Related Investment Measures TRIPS-Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights TRACECA-TraUNCTAD- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

nsport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia

UNCITRAL-United Nations Commission on International Trade Law UNITAR-United Nations Institute for Training and Research URCG-Uniform Rules for Contract Guarantees, ICC Publication no.325 (1978) URCB-Uniform Rules for Contract Bonds, ICC Publication no.524 (1993) URDG-Uiform Rules for Demand Guarantees, ICC Publication no.458 (1992) URL- Uiform Resource Locator USITC- United States International Trade Commission USTR-United States Trade Representative VAT-Value Added Tax WCO-World Customs Organisation WTO - World Tourism Organisation WTO - World Trade Organisation

iiiregionaluri organizacia, daarsda 1997 wels. warmoadgenda saqarTvelos, ukrainis, uzbekeTis, azerbaijanis da moldaveTis politikur ekonomikur da strategiul alianss. 2005 wlidan: GUAM/suami (organizaciis wevroba Sewyvita uzbekeTma).



danarTi #5

Legal Latin Legal Latin terms, phrases, quotes, mottos and maxims with English equivalentiv

laTinuri iuridiuli terminebi, frazebi, citatebi, devizebi da sentenciebi inglisurenovani eqvivalentiT

Ab absurdo From the absurd Ab Initio From the start; from the beginning. Actus Reus A prohibited act Ad hoc For this purpose; for a specific purpose; For a particular purpose. Ad Infinitum Forever; without limit; indefinitely Ad Litem For the suit Ad fontes To the sources Affidavit “He has made an oath” Alias Otherwise Amicus curiae “Friend of the court” Animus Contrahendi An intention to contract Animus Furandi An intent to do wrong A posse ad esse From possibility to actuality A priori From what comes before Arguendo “For the sake of argument” Audi Alteram Partem “Hear the other side” A Vinculo Matrimonii Of marriage Bene Good Bona fide In good faith. i. e. well Damnum Absque Injuria Harm absent a wrong Damnum Injuria Datum Wrongful injury to the property of another De Bonis Non Assets not yet administered De facto “In fact”; as a matter of fact; something which, while not

necessarily lawful, exists in fact. De Jure Of the law Delict A civil law term which imposes liability on a person who causes

injury to another, or for injury caused by a person or thing under his custody

De minimis “Concerning minimal things” Dominion Utile The property rights of a tenant Dominium Directum Qualified ownership of a land: not having possession or use

of property but retaining ownership Duces Tecum bring with you Emptio (emtio) Latin for 'purchase' or referring to the contract in which

something is bought. Et alii (Semokl. varianti - et al.) And others Et cetera (Semokl. varianti - etc.) And other things of the same kind Ex Aequo Et Bono “In justice and fairness” Exceptio Non Adimpleti Contractus Exception of a non-performed contract Exempli gratia (abr. - e.g.)

For example; "for instance"

Ex officio “By right of office” an “by virtue of one’s office or position” Ex post facto “After the fact” Ex Juris “Outside of the jurisdiction”

ivwyaro: The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations, Jon R. Stone, 2005 (ix.http://www.scribd.com/doc/31398454/Dictionary-of-Latin-Quotations) Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000; Collins English Dictionary, 2003; Random House Dictionary, 2010; Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 1856 Edition (ix.http://www.constitution.org) agreTve: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com



Ex Parte “Outside the awareness of a party” Ex Patriate A person who has abandoned his or her country of origin and

citizenship and has become a subject or citizen of another country Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius

The expression of one thing is the exclusion of the other

Ex relatione (abr.Ex Rel-Tvis) “On the relation of” Ex Turpi Causa Non Oritur Actio Of an illegal cause there can be no lawsuit Ibidem (Semokl. varianti - ibid.) In the same place (book, etc.)

gamoiyeneba citirebisas, sqolioSi: “ix. iqve, gv. ...” Idem (Semokl. varianti - id.) - mamr. sqesis piris aRsaniSnavad; Eadem (Semokl. varianti - ead.) - mdedr. sqesis piris aRsaniSnavad.

Used to avoid repeating the name of a male, or female author (sqolioSi, bibliografiaSi da sxv.)

Id est (abr. - i.e.) “That is” an "in other words" Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat “Ignorance of the law is no excuse” Infra “Below” (is distinguished from supra, Latin for “above”) Inter alia “Among other things” Inter alios “Among others” Inter Partes Between parties Inter Se As between or amongst themselves

Inter Vivos From one living person to another living person In Toto In total Intuitu Personae Because of the person In Pari Delicto Both parties are equally at fault In Personam Regarding a person; a right, action, or entitlement that is attached

to a specific person In rem Regarding a thing; proprietary in nature; a right or judgment

related to the use or ownership of an item of property. Intra vires “Within limited powers” Ipso facto By that very fact itself

Jure By right, under legal authority of the law Jus ex injuria non oritur A legal right or entitlement cannot arise from an unlawful act or

omission Lacuna Denotes an instance when there is no controlling law Lex causae law of the cause Lex fori Latin for the law of the forum Lex loci, rei sitae The law of the place where the thing is situated Lex mercatoria (mercatoris) Law merchant Lex non scripta The unwritten law; the common or custom law. Lex ratio summa or Lex summa ratio

Law is the highest reason

Lex Scripta Written law; statutes Lex Situs A conflict of law rule that selects the applicable law based

on the venue or location of something Lex terrae The law of the land Lex uno ore omnes alloquitur. I versia - “The law speaks with one mouth to all”;

II versia - “Everyone is equal before the law”. Locus classicus "The most authoritative or most frequently cited passage." Locus in quo The place in which Locus sigilli, l.s., L.S. Place of/for the seal Mala fides Bad faith Mobilia sequuntur personam, immobilia situa

Movables follow the person, immovables their locality



Modus operandi Method of operation Mutatis mutandis “With those things having been changed which need to be

changed”; with changes on points of detail Necessitas indicit privilegium quoad jura privata

From necessity spring privileges upon private rights

Nemo debet locupletari ex aliena jactura

No one should be enriched by another's loss

Non est factum Latin for not his deed and a special defense in contract law to allow a person to avoid having to respect a contract that smb. signed because of certain reasons such as a mistake as to the kind of contract.

Nudum pactum An empty pact; a contract for which there is no consideration Obiter dicta igivea, rac "said by the way" an a “statement in passing” Oco citato, (Semokl. varianti - loc. cit.; l.c.)

In the place already cited; e.g. Smith, loc.cit. (gamoiyeneba sqolioSi)

Pacta sunt servanda Agreements must be kept Pari delicto Latin for of equal fault Per annum (abr. - p.a.) Through a year; per year Per diem "Per day" an "for each day" Per se “By itself” Persona non grata "An unwelcome person" Pia causa Charitable purposes Pollicitation Civil law: an offer which has not been accepted Pro bono (Pro bono publico) "For the public good"; Provided at no cost to the interested party Prima facie At first sight Pro forma “As a matter of form” Pro hac vice “For this occasion” an "for this event", "for this turn." Pro possessore A person who holds something only as possessor, not necessarily

as owner Pro rata “Proportionally”; "in proportion" an “proportional” Pro se "On one's own behalf" (aRniSnavs iseT situacias, rodesac pirs ar

hyavs sasamarTloSi warmomadgeneli, mag., advokati: “he proceeded as pro se

defendant“...); "Litigant in Person" (inglisSi da uelsSi) Pro socio On behalf of a partnership Quantum Amount or extent Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se Person who acts through another, acts himself Quid pro quo “Something for something” Quicquid Plantatur Solo, Solo Cedit

Whatever is planted in the ground, belongs to the ground

Rebus Sic Stantibus changed circumstances Reddendum That part of a lease which sets out the amount of rent and

when it is payable Res gestae things done Res ipsa loquitur "The thing speaks for itself” Res judicata Finally decided; already subject to judicial determination Res nulis Nobody’s property Respondeat superior Let the principal answer Restitutio in integrum Restitution to the original position Retraxit A withdrawal of a legal action Salus populi est suprema lex The welfare of an individual yields to that of the community Sic Thus Sic Utera Tuo Ut Alienam Non Laedas

Use your property in such a fashion so as to not disturb others

Sine qua non without which, not



Situs Location Stare decisis “To stand by things decided” (“To depart usual rule of stare decisis”...) Sui generis Of its own kind Sui juris one's own law Tenendum To be held. In law, that part of a contract in which an interest in

real property is created that sets out the extent or limitations of that interest.

Uberrimae fidei Of the utmost good faith Ubi jus ibi remedium For every wrong, the law provides a remedy Ultra petita Beyond that which is sought Ultra vires “Beyond the legal powers of a person (body)”; “without

authority”. (Sead. Intra vires) Use Trust Usufruct The rights to the product of another's property Usury Excessive (illegal) interest rate Venditio A sale Venditio Bonorum Sale of goods Verba Fortius Accipiuntur Contra Proferentem

A contract is interpreted against the person who wrote it

Verbatim “Word by word” an “exactly”. Versus (Semokl. varianti - vs. an v.(sasamarTlo saqmeTa citirebisas)

Against

Videlicet (abrev.Viz) As follows; That is; namely. Used to introduce examples, lists, or items.

Vide infra (abr. - v.i.) See below Vide supra (abr. - v.s.) See above Vigilantibus Et Non Dormientibus Jura Subveniunt

“The law assists those that are vigilant with their rights, and not those that sleep thereupon”



saerTaSoriso aqtebi

- saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (1946) - evropis konvencia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb (1948)

- adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1950) - evropis socialuri qartia (1961) - fakultaturi oqmi saerTaSoriso paqtTan samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (1966)

- ÄÅÒÏÐÖËÉ ÊÏÍÅÄÍÝÉÀ ÖÝáÏÄÈÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀÆÄ ÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ (ËÏÍÃÏÍÉ, 1968) konvencia saqonlis saerTaSoriso yidva-gayidvis procesSi sasarCelo xandazmulobis Sesaxeb (niu-iorki, 1974)

- gaeros konvencia tvirTebis sazRvao gadazidvis Sesaxeb (hamburgi,1978) - gaeros konvencia saqonlis saerTaSoriso yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb (vena,1980)

- gaeros konvencia saerTaSoriso gadasayvani Tamasuqisa da saerTaSoriso martivi Tamasuqebis Sesaxeb (1987)

- konvencia samoqalaqo, saojaxo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze samarTlebrivi daxmarebisa da samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (1993)

- äÀÀÂÉÓ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÊÄÒÞÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÊÏÍ×ÄÒÄÍÝÉÉÓ ÓÔÀÔÖÔÉ (ZalaSia 1955 wlidan) - ucxoeTis saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebaTa cnobisa da aRsrulebis konvencia - londonis saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo sasamarTlos reglamenti /LCIA arbitration rules - saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis saarbitraJo reglamenti /Rules of arbitration - generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb (1994 wlis redaqciiT) - SeTanxmeba vaWrobaSi teqnikuri barierebis Sesaxeb - SeTanxmeba vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sainvesticio zomebis Sesaxeb - SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb 1994 wlis generaluri SeTanxmebis VII muxlis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb

- SeTanxmeba warmoSobis wesebis Sesaxeb - SeTanxmeba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb

- deklaracia iseT SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac sabaJo samsaxurebs gaaCniaT safuZveli eWvi Seitanon deklarirebuli Rirebulebis sinamdvilesa an sizusteSi.

- SeTanxmeba gadazidviswina inspeqciaze. - SeTanxmeba Tavisufali savaWro zonis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. -SeTanxmeba suuamis wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris Tavisufali savaWro zonis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. -1998 wlis 15 aprilis SeTanxmeba Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis (BSEC-is) wevri qveynebis mTavrobebs Soris bunebrivi da teqnogenuri xasiaTis katastrofebis SemTxvevebSi saswrafo daxmarebis aRmoCenasa da saswrafo sapasuxo zomebis miRebaSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. - xelSekruleba Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis wevri qveynebis mTavrobebs Soris danaSaulTan da kerZod mis organizebul formebTan brZolis Taobaze. 2 oqtomberi, 1998. - damatebiTi oqmi "Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis privilegiebisa da imunitetebis Sesaxeb." 30 aprili, 1999. -xelSekruleba "saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis respublikasa da TurqeTis respublikas Soris azerbaijanis respublikis, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis respublikis teritoriebis gavliT baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis ZiriTadi saeqsporto milsadeniT navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb." 18 noemberi, 1999. -SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos da belgiis samefos Soris Semosavlebsa da kapitalze ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb. 14 dekemberi, 2000. -SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da azerbaijanis respublikis mTavrobas Soris sarkinigzo transportis saqmianobis koordinaciis Sesaxeb. 14 ivnisi, 2004.



SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da iranis islamuri respublikis mTavrobas Soris savaWro TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. 9 dekemberi, 2004. - SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da didi britaneTis da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobas Soris Semosavlebsa da kapitalze ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebisa da gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. 24 dekemberi, 2004.



INTERNATIONAL ACTS

- Recommendation on the Legal Value of Computer Records (1985) - UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) with Guide to Enactment, with additional article 5 bis as adopted in 1998

- UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures with Guide to Enactment (2001) - United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (2005)

- Promoting confidence in electronic commerce: legal issues on international use of electronic authentication and signature methods (2007)

- UNIDROIT Convention on Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities (Geneva, 2009) - Luxembourg Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to Railway Rolling Stock (Luxembourg, 2007)

- Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment (Cape Town, 2001) - Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment (Cape Town, 2001)

- UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (Rome, 1995) - UNIDROIT Convention on International Factoring (Ottawa, 1988) - UNIDROIT Convention on International Financial Leasing (Ottawa, 1988) - Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods (Geneva, 1983) - Convention providing a Uniform Law on the Form of an International Will (Washington, D.C., 1973)

- International Convention on Travel Contracts (Brussels, 1970) - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (The Hague, 1964)

- Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (The Hague, 1964) - Model Franchise Disclosure Law (2002) - UNIDROIT Model Law on Leasing (2008) - UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts - ALI / UNIDROIT Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure - Convention on the law applicable to international sales of goods (The Hague, 1955) - Convention on the law governing transfer of title in international sales of goods (The Hague, 1958) - Convention on the jurisdiction of the selected forum in the case of international sales of goods (The Hague, 1958)

- Convention concerning the recognition of the legal personality of foreign companies, associations and institutions(The Hague, 1956)

- Convention on the Law Applicable to Products Liability (The Hague, 1973) - Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition (The Hague, 1985) - Convention on Choice of Court Agreements (The Hague, 2005).

http://www.unidroit.org/english/modellaws/2002franchise/main.htm�

http://www.unidroit.org/english/modellaws/2008leasing/main.htm�

http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/contracts/main.htm�

http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/civilprocedure/main.htm�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Law_Applicable_to_Trusts_and_on_their_Recognition�



normatiuli aqtebi (saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba)

1984

-საქართველოს ადმინისტრაციულ სამართალდარღვევათა კოდექსი 1993

-საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის კანონი საქართველოს მოქალაქეობის შესახებ 1994 -saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb 1995 -saqarTvelos konstitucia -საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის კანონი საავტომობილო ტრანსპორტის შესახებ -saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni Tamasuqis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni Cekis Sesaxeb 1996

-saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni საინვესტიციო საქმიანობის ხელშეწყობისა და გარანტიების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni სასოფლო-სამეურნეო დანიშნულების მიწის საკუთრების შესახებ -საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის კანონი საზღვარგარეთის ქვეყნებისა და კომპანიებისათვის კონცესიების გაცემის წესის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni პროდუქციის და მომსახურების სერტიფიკაციის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni საქართველოს ტერიტორიაზე ნავთობის ტრანსპორტირების ზოგიერთი საშუალების მშენებლობის, ფუნქციონირების, მომსახურების, შეკეთებისა და ექსპლუატაციის და ამ საშუალებებით ნავთობის იმპორტის, ტრანსპორტირების, შენახვისა და ექსპორტის სამართლებრივი პრინციპების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni იძულებით გადაადგილებულ პირთა - დევნილთა შესახებ 1997

-saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi -saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi The Civil Code of Georgia (contains legislative amendments through May 31, 2001). Translated by I.Gabriadze. Tbilisi 2001.

Das Zivilgesetzbuch Georgiens, vom 26.06.1997. Deutsche Übersetzung von Dr. M.Mandshgaladze. Tbilisi 2001. prof. r.kniperisa da prof. l.Wanturias winasityvaobiT. -saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi -saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni dazRvevis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni საქართველოს საერთაშორისო ხელშეკრულებების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ტურიზმისა და კურორტების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni საქართველოში შემოსული და საქართველოდან გასული ტურისტების აღრიცხვის მოწესრიგების შესახებ -საქართველოს ორგანული კანონი საზოგადოებრივი საჭიროებისათვის გადაუდებელი აუცილებლობისას საკუთრების ჩამორთმევის წესის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni აუცილებელი საზოგადოებრივი საჭიროებისათვის საკუთრების ჩამორთმევის წესის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos teritoriaze narCenebis tranzitisa da importis Sesaxeb



1998 -saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni pesticidebisa da agroqimikatebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni vazisa da Rvinis Sesaxeb 1999 -saqarTvelos kanoni saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb -საქართველოს საპატენტო კანონი -saqarTvelos kanoni sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni ინტეგრალური მიკროსქემის ტოპოლოგიის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni საქონლის ადგილწარმოშობის დასახელებისა და გეოგრაფიული აღნიშვნის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ინტელექტუალურ საკუთრებასთან დაკავშირებულ სასაზღვრო ღონისძიებათა შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni სასაქონლო ბირჟებისა და საბირჟო ვაჭრობის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni sursaTisa da Tambaqos Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni navTobisa da gazis Sesaxeb 2000 -saqarTvelos kanoni samSeneblo saqmianobis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni adamianis organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb 2001 -saqarTvelos kanoni samewarmeo saqmianobis kontrolis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni კულტურულ ფასეულობათა საზღვარგარეთ გატანისა და საქართველოში შემოტანის შესახებ 2002 -saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebebis - sakredito kavSirebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni სალიზინგო საქმიანობის ხელშეწყობის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni mefutkreobis Sesaxeb 2003 -saqarTvelos kanoni salicenzio da sanebarTvo mosakreblebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni თამბაქოს ნაწარმით ვაჭრობის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni უკანონო შემოსავლის ლეგალიზაციის აღკვეთის ხელშეწყობის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTveloSi Tambaqos kontrolis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb

2005 -saqarTvelos kanoni licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni თავისუფალი ვაჭრობისა და კონკურენციის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni ელექტრონული კომუნიკაციების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni regulirebis safasuris Sesaxeb



-saqarTvelos kanoni mkacri aRricxvis formebis Sesaxeb 2006 -saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi -saqarTvelos kanoni mikrosafinanso organizaciebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni ინვესტიციების სახელმწიფო მხარდაჭერის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ცხოველთა ახალი ჯიშების დაცვის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni mcenareTa axali jiSebis dacvis Sesaxeb 2007 -saqarTvelos kanoni გადახდისუუნარობის საქმის წარმოების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ტრანსპორტის სფეროს მართვისა და რეგულირების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ფიზიკური და კერძო სამართლის იურიდიული პირების მფლობელობაში (სარგებლობაში) არსებულ მიწის ნაკვეთებზე საკუთრების უფლების აღიარების შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni ბინათმესაკუთრეთა ამხანაგობის შესახებ 2008 -saqarTvelos kanoni okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb 2009 -saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni arbitraJis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni სახელმწიფო საკუთრებაში არსებული ქონების სარგებლობაში გადაცემის შესახებ (Zaladakargulia saqarTvelos 2010 wlis 21 ivlisis #3512 kanoniT) 2010 -saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi -საქართველოს კანონი საქართველოს კონტროლის პალატის შესახებ -საქართველოს კანონი ტექნიკური საფრთხის კონტროლის შესახებ -saqarTvelos kanoni dizainis Sesaxeb -saqarTvelos kanoni saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb (2010 wlis 21 ivlisis #3512 kanoni)

saqarTvelos kanoni saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni qobuleTis Tavisufali turistuli zonis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb საქართველოს კანონი საინფორმაციო ტექნოლოგიური ზონების შესახებ

LEGAL ACTS

- German Civil Code. ix.www.bundesrecht.juris.de/englisch_bgb/index.html - The Fiscal Code of Germany. ix.www.bundesrecht.juris.de/Teilliste_translations.html - Act on Digital Signature (Gesetz zur digitalen Signatur) (1997) Federal Law Gazette (Bundesgesetzblatt) 1997 I 1872 ix.www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/SiG.htm#ToC16 - California Commercial Code. ix.www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html - California Corporations Code. ix.www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html - Civil Code of Québec. ix.http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/accueil.asp

НОРМАТИВНЫЕ АКТЫ - Закон Украины о Международном Частном Праве (2005). - Гражданский кодекс Республики Казахстан (1999). - Гражданский кодекс Республики Армения (1998). - Гражданский кодекс (ГК РФ) (1994). - Закон Республики Казахстан от 02.04.2001 N 173-2 об амнистии граждан Республики Казахстан в связи с легализацией ими денег.

- Закон Республики Казахстан от 5 июля 2006 года № 157-III ЗРК об амнистии в связи с легализацией имущества.

http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html�

http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html�

http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/accueil.asp�

http://www.pavlodar.com/zakon/?dok=00001&ogl=all�

http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1442&lang=rus�



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- avtorTa kolegia (b.buki, g.faltini, j.uaiti, a.gibi, a.peri, t.romaniuki, s.miSevska, m.kovaCi, J. de Sutteri, j.biornsi), samewarmeo codna da unar-Cvevebi - profesiul ganaTlebasa da momzadebaSi. bernhard bukis (evropis ganaTlebis fondi) winasityvaobiT. germaniis saxalxo universitetebis asociaciis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis instituti. 2004 (აღნიშნული წიგნის გამოცემის წლის დადგენაში გაწეული დახმარებისთვის ავტორი მადლობას უხდის DVV International-is თანამშრომელს, qn.marika kereseliZes).

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http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/zimmerman.html�

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- B.Nicholas, The United Kingdom and the Vienna Sales Convention: Another Case of Splendid Isolation? (1993) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas3.html

- B.Nicholas, The Vienna Convention on International Sales Law (1989) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas2.html

- B.Nicholas, Article 78 (1987) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas-bb78.html - B.Nicholas, The United Kingdom and the Vienna Sales Convention: Another Case of Splendid Isolation? (1993) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas3.html

- B.Nicholas, The Vienna Convention on International Sales Law (1989) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas2.html

- B.Nicholas, Article 78 (1987) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas-bb78.html - B.Nicholas, Article 70 (1987) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas-bb70.html - B.Nicholas, Article 69 (1987) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas-bb69.html - B.Nicholas, Article 68 (1987) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas-bb68.html - B.Nicholas, Article 67 (1987) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas-bb67.html - B.Nicholas, Article 66 (1987) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas-bb66.html - B.Nicholas, Impracticability and Impossibility in the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1984) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas1.html

- B.Nicholas, Force Majeure and Frustration (1979) ix.http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas.html - O.Lando,The Rules of European contract law (1999) ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/lando2.html - D.Alford, A Guide on the Harmonization of International Commercial Law (2009) ix. www.nyulawglobal.org/Globalex/Unification_Harmonization1.htm

- M.Hoffman, Features - Revised Guide to International Trade Law Sources on the Internet (2002) ix. www.llrx.com/features/trade3.htm

- Gralf-Peter Calliess, Lex Mercatoria: A Reflexive Law Guide To An Autonomous Legal System ix. www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=109

- Esin Örücü, Critical Comparative Law, Considering Paradoxes for Legal Systems in Transition (2000) ix. www.ejcl.org/41/art41-1.html

- C.M.Germain, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Guide to Research and Literature ix. www.library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/oldsite/2007/guides/cisg/

- Ch.Sheaffer, The Failure of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and a Proposal for a New Uniform Global Code in International Law ix.http://www.cjicl.com/issues/15-2-Sheaffer.pdf

- C.Niggemann, Remarks on the manner in which the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts may be used to interpret or supplement Article 11 of the CISG (2004) ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/niggemann.html

- J.Lookofsky, The 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (2000) ix. www.cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/loo1.html

- L.Nottage, Practical and Theoretical Implications of the Lex Mercatoria for Japan: Central’s Empirical Study on the Use of Transnational Law (2000) ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nottage1.html

- D.Nyer, Withholding Performance for Breach in International Transactions: an Exercise in Equations, Proportions or Coercion? ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nyer.html

- V. S.Cook, The Need for Uniform Interpretation of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1988). ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/cook2.html

- L.Nottage, Who's Afraid of the Vienna Sales Convention (CISG)? A New Zealander's View from Australia and Japan (2005). ix.www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nottage.html

- T.Neumann, Shared Responsibility under Article 80 CISG (2009). ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/neumann1.html

- M.S.Newman, Evaluation Criteria and Quality Control for Legal Knowledge Systems on the Internet: A Case Study (1999). ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/newman.html

- M.Nguyen, An International Perspective of the Perils of Parol Evidence: A Practical Guide for the NC Practitioner (2007). ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nguyen.html

- Y.Nomi, The CISG from the Asian Perspective (2005). ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nomi.html - T.Neumann, Features of Article 35 in the Vienna Convention; Equivalence, Burden of Proof and Awareness (2007) ix. www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/neumann.html

- State Tax Amnesty Programs, (November 22, 1982 - Present). Last Updated: September 2010. Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators. ix.http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/amnesty1.pdf

- What kind of Tax Amnesty does Ukraine Need? Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting in Ukraine, German Advisory Group on Economic Reform. Kiev, April 2003. gv.7.

http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas3.html�


http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas-bb78.html�










http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/nicholas.html�

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ix.http://www.beratergruppe-ukraine.de/download/Beraterpapiere/2003/s32_en_Legeida%20Betliy%20Giucci_Tax%20amnesty.pdf - B.Torgler, Ch.A.Schaltegger, Tax amnesty and political participation. 2004.ix.http://www.estv.admin.ch/ - J.Alm, Tax Policy Analysis: The Introduction of a Russian Tax Amnesty. International Studies Program. Working Paper 98-6. October 1998. Georgia State University Andrew Young Schol of Policy Studies. ix.http://aysps.gsu.edu/isp/files/ispwp9806.pdf

- Guidelines and Rules for the 2009 Virginia Tax Amnesty Program (September 28, 2009) ix.http://www.tax.virginia.gov/Documents/2009%20Amnesty%20Guidelines.pdf

- Tax Alert. Bulletin. February 9, 2005. California Tax Amnesty Program. ix.http://www.reish.com/publications/pdf/TaxAmnesty.pdf

- Florida's Tax Amnesty - July 1, 2010 - September 30, 2010. Frequently Asked Questions and Answers. ix. http://dor.myflorida.com/dor/amnesty/amnesty_faqs.pdf

- Tax Amnesty. Union of Banks of Armenia. Source: German Law Journal #4. - Human Rights Watch World Report 2002. ix.http://www.hrw.org - H.S.Luitel, Essays on Value Added Tax Evasion and Tax Amnesty Programs. Dissertation Submitted to the College of Business and Economics at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. Department of Economics, Morgantown, West Virginia 2005. http://wvuscholar.wvu.edu:8881//exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/20732.pdf

- The Effectiveness of Tax Amnesty Programs in Selected Countries, FRBNY Quarterly Review/Autumn 1989. http://www.ny.frb.org/research/quarterly_review/1989v14/v14n3article5.pdf

- E.Croci, The Market for Partial Corporate Control in Europe: the Evidence about Corporate Raiders. April 2004. ix.www.eea-esem.com/papers/eea-esem/2004/185/ettore_croci_corp_raiders.pdf

- James Alm & Jorge Martinez-Vazquez & Sally Wallace, Do Tax Amnesties Work? The Revenue Effects of Tax Amnesties during the Transition in the Russian Federation (2007) ix.www.ideas.repec.org/e/pal49.html

- James Alm & Jorge Martinez-Vazquez & Sally Wallace, Do Tax Amnesties Work? The Revenue Effects Of Tax Amnesties During The Transition In The Russian Federation ix.www.ideas.repec.org/a/eap/articl/v39y2009i2p235-253.html j.almis mravali saintereso statiis xilva SesaZlebelia: http://ideas.repec.org/e/pal49.html

- W.Burnham, Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States (2003) -The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, Submitted by The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, Pursuant to Public Law 111-21 January 2011. Official Government Edition. Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis sabiblioTeko koleqciidan:

- Private Dispute Resolution in International Business (Negotiaton, Mediation, Arbitration). Vol.I, Case Study and Interactive DVD-ROM by Klaus Peter Berger. 2006.

- Private Dispute Resolution in International Business (Negotiaton, Mediation, Arbitration). Vol.II, Handbook. by Klaus Peter Berger. 2006.

- Cheshire & North’s Private International Law, P.North, J.J.Fawcett. 2004 (Thirteenth edition) (biblioTekaSi xelmisawvdomia am wignis 1987 wlis (Eleventh edition) da 1992 wlis (Twelfth edition) redaqciebic).

- P.Kaye, The New Private International Law of Contract of the European Community (Implementation of the EEC’s Contractual Obligations Convention in England and Wales Under the Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990), 1993.

- European Commentaries on Private International Law, Brussels I Regulation, Edited by U.Magnus, P.Mankowski. 2007.

- Dicey and Morris on The Conflict of Laws (Volume 1, 2). 1987. saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis fondidan:

- D.A.Ball, W.H.McCulloch, International Business (Introduction and Essentials), 1985. - Policy Research Working Paper 3232. Business Environment and Firm Entry, L.Klapper, L.Laeven, R.Rajan. The World Bank, Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department. March 2004.

- International Monetary Fund, Research Department, International Trade and the Business Cycle. Prepared by E.S.Prasad. April 1999. IMF Working Paper.

- R.L.Miller, Business law today. 2000. - Annual Editions: International Business. Edit. by F.H.Maidment. 2007. - Energy and national security in the 21st century. Edit. by P.L.Clawson. 1995.

http://www.beratergruppe-ukraine.de/download/Beraterpapiere/2003/s32_en_Legeida%20Betliy%20Giucci_Tax%20amnesty.pdf�

http://www.estv.admin.ch/�

http://www.tax.virginia.gov/Documents/2009%20Amnesty%20Guidelines.pdf�

http://dor.myflorida.com/dor/amnesty/amnesty_faqs.pdf�

http://wvuscholar.wvu.edu:8881/exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/20732.pdf�

http://www.ny.frb.org/research/quarterly_review/1989v14/v14n3article5.pdf�

http://www.eea-esem.com/papers/eea-esem/2004/185/ettore_croci_corp_raiders.pdf�

http://ideas.repec.org/e/pal49.html�

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ec/en/gfb/search.html?cmd=search&pft=biblio&qs=700%3AMiller+Roger+LeRoy�



- Gingrich, Newt, To renew America. 1995. - B.Reiss, Low risk, high reward. 2000.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА - Р.Гуд, Руководство к унифицированным правилам для гарантий по требованию, 1999. - Покровский И.А. История Римского Права. Издание 3-е, исправленное и дополненное. 1917. ix.www.allpravo.ru/library/doc2527p/instrum3503/

- Л.Григорьев, Работать на экономику страны, Ноябрь 2005. ix.http://sr.fondedin.ru/new/admin/print.php?id=1132298769&archive=1132299029

- Постатейный комментарий к Закону Республики Казахстан “об амнистии в связи с легализацией имущества» от 5 июля 2006 года № 157-III. ix. www7.zakon.kz/site_main_news/73658-zakon-respubliki-kazakhstan-ot-5-ijulja.html

- Н.С.Касьяненко, Недружественные поглощения (рейдерство) организаций в России. Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2009. №2(140). Экономика. Вып.18. С.119-124. www.lib.csu.ru/vch/140/019.pdf Сводъ Законовъ Россiйской Имперiи, в пяти книгахъ, С.-Петербургъ, 1912.

ix.www.civil.consultant.ru - Доклад о торговле и развитии, 2007 год. Организация Объединенных Наций.

leqsikonebi

- didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, or tomad, londoni 2006. - s.jorbenaZe, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tbilisi 1998. - inglisur-qarTuli iuridiuli leqsikoni, II gamocema; profesorebis, l.Wanturias da vl.papavas saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi 2002.

- n.კაპანაძე, m.კვაჭაძე, ლათინურ-ქართული იურიდიული ლექსიკონი; Tbilisi 2008. (რედaqtori ლ.ჭანტურია, მ.ტაბიძე).

- a.neimanis qarTul sinonimTa leqsikoni, mesame gamocema, Tbilisi 1978. - qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, rva tomad. prof. arn.Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi 1950-1964.

- qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli. mTavari redaqtori arn.Ciqbava. Tbilisi 1986.

- d.CubinaSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, meore gamocema. a.SaniZis winasityvaobiT. Tbilisi 1984.

- filosofiuri leqsikoni, Targmani rusuli gamocemidan (filosofiuri leqsikoni, i.t.frolovas redaqciiT, meoTxe gamocema - 1980). Tbilisi 1987.

- s.s.orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, or tomad. avtografiuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo i.abulaZem. gamocemis redaqtorebi el.metreveli, c.qurcikiZe. Tbilisi 1991-1993.

- i.imedaSvili, ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni (prof. g.axvledianisa da d.oniaSvilis redaqciiT). tfilisi 1928.

- mokle filosofiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1940(6). - T.gvarjalaZe, i.gvarjalaZe, inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni. inglisur-qarTuli leqsikoni - mexuTe gamocema; qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni - IV gamocema. gamomcemloba “saqarTvelos macne”.

- rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni, Semdgeneli m.b.kankava, meore gamocema. gamomcemloba “saqarTvelos macne”. redaqtori prof. ak.daviTiani.

- mokle rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Semdgenlebi: a.g.torotaZe, e.a.torotaZe. redaqtori s.g.yauxCiSvili. Tbilisi 1959.

- n.CubinaSvili, rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni, or tomad. al.Rlontis redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT. Tbilisi 1971-1973.

- adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis terminTa leqsikoni. Tbilisi 2008 wlis oqtomberi.

- qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, Sedgenili T. da i. gvarjalaZeebis mier. meore gamocema. Tbilisi 1965.

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- qarTul-franguli da frangul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Semdgeneli n.qeraSvili. Tbilisi 2007.

- Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisi 2003. . DICTIONARIES - A Law Dictionary, by Henry Campbell Black, M.A. Second Edition; Union, New Jersey 1995. - Dictionary of Jurisprudence, by J.J.S. Wharton; London MDCCCXLVIII/1848. - The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition, 2008. Bouvier's Law Dictionary,

1856 Edition, ix.http://www.constitution.org/bouv/bouvier_l.htm - A Smaller Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mithology and Geography, by Sir William Smith,

D.C.L. & LL.D. Twenty-fifth edition. London 1893 (saqarTveloSi wigni xelmisawvdomia prezident T.ruzveltis saxelobis biblioTekaSi (Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library at Georgia-USA Strategic Collaboration and Good Governance Foundation)

- ENCYCLO - Online Enciclopedia - http://www.encyclo.co.uk - The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary - http://www.merriam-webster.com - Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 1856 Edition - Oxford Dictionary of Law, Fifth Edition, Edited by E.A.Martin, gv.382. Oxford University Press,

2003.

СЛОВАРЬИ - Русско-Немецкий Словар, под редакцией А.А.Лепинга. Издание двадцать четвертое.

Москва 1974.

- Англо-Русский Словар, составил В.К.Мюллер. Изд.10-е, Москва 1963.

- Англо-Русский Словар, составил В.К.Мюллер. Изд.17-е, Москва 1978.

- Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона, 1890-1907, Петербург. http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/brokgauz_efron/

- Историческая энциклопедия. Москва 1973-1982.

- Словари и энциклопедии на Академике - www.dic.academic.ru

damatebiTi E-masala (Additional E-reading)

Oxford University Comparative Law Forum - Codification of Private Law in Scotland: Observations by a Civil Lawyer - Andreas Rahmatian: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/rahmatian.shtml#a

- Juxtaposing BTE and ATE: the Role of the European Insurance Industry in Funding Civil Litigation - Willem H. van Boom: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/vanboom.shtml

- The Case for Market for Corporate Control in Korea - Hwa-Jin Kim: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/kim2.shtml

- Unjust Factors or Restitution of Transfers Sine Causa - Duncan Sheehan: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/sheehan.shtml#fn0anc

- The New German Law of Obligations Historical and Comparative Perspectives - Reinhard Zimmermann: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/zimmermann_summary.shtml

- The German Civil Code and the Development of Private Law in Germany - Reinhard Zimmermann: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/zimmermann.shtml

- The search for a medieval Lex mercatoria - by Albrecht Cordes: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/cordes.shtml#fn1anc

- Critical Approaches in Comparative Law - by Iain Stewart: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/stewart.shtml#fn1anc

- The German Act to Modernize the Law of Obligations in the Context of Common Principles and Structures of the Law of Obligations in Europe - Peter Schlechtriem: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/schlechtriem2.shtml#fn2sym

- Restitution for Wrongs: a Comparative Analysis - by Francesco Giglio: http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/giglio.shtml#fn*anc

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/index.shtml

http://www.constitution.org/bouv/bouvier.htm�

http://www.constitution.org/bouv/bouvier_l.htm�

http://www.encyclo.co.uk/�

http://www.merriam-webster.com/�

http://www.constitution.org/bouv/bouvier.htm�

http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/brokgauz_efron/�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/rahmatian.shtml#a�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/vanboom.shtml�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/kim2.shtml�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/sheehan.shtml#fn0anc�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/zimmermann_summary.shtml�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/zimmermann.shtml�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/cordes.shtml#fn1anc�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/stewart.shtml#fn1anc�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/schlechtriem2.shtml�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/schlechtriem2.shtml#fn2sym�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/giglio.shtml#fn*anc�

http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/index.shtml�



The New York Times Collections: (wyaro: http://www.nytimes.com) - Kazakhs Given Tax Amnesty In Move to Bring Money Home by B.Brauer. Published: June 15, 2001

- Tax-Amnesty Revenues Coming Up Short, McCall Says. Published: March 15, 1997. - Strategies; A New York State Tax Amnesty, but Not for New Yorkers by J.M.Rosen. Published: November 05, 1994.

- Metro Briefing | New Jersey: Trenton: Tax Amnesty Advances By Steve Strunsky (NYT) (Compiled by Anthony Ramirez) Published: March 05, 2002.

- Lawmakers in New Jersey Move on Tax Amnesty Plan by L.Mansnerus. Published: December 21, 2001.

- Albany to Offer Tax Amnesty by M.Wilson. Published: November 19, 2002. - Briefing: Taxes; Amnesty Results by K.DeMasters. Published: January 05, 2003. - Newark Offers Tax Amnesty by T.Pristin. Published: December 07, 1996. - A Third Tax Amnesty Is a Bad Idea. Published: December 30, 2001. - New Jersey Opinion; Why Tax Amnesty is Fair, Equitable and of Benefit to All by CH.Hardwick (Republican of the 21st district (The Speaker of the Assembly).

- Gas Drilling Technique Is Labeled Violation by Tom Zeller Jr. Published: January 31, 2011 - Small-Business Guide - Intellectual Property by Darren Dahl. Published: August 5, 2009 - Small-Business Guide - Managing an Online Reputation By Kermit Pattison. Published: July 29, 2009

*** - Kazakh tax amnesty nets twelfth of GDP by O.Auyezov, Reuters, 13 August 2007

(wyaro: http://prosites-kazakhembus.homestead.com). - Government Claims Success in Kazakhstan Capital Amnesty by A.Zaslavsky (July 22, 2001)

(wyaro: http://www.eurasianet.org).

vebografia/vebliografia WEBOGRAPHY/WEBLIOGRAPHY

Selected Internet Sites for Legal Information

www.cisg.law.pace.edu www.lexmercatoria.org www.wto.org www.wipo.org www.gcci.ge www.uncitral.org www.tldb.uni-koeln.de/ - CENTRAL's Transnational Law Digest & Bibliography (TLDB), the world's first online knowledge & codification platform for transnational commercial law. www.trans-lex.org - a free research and codification platform for transnational law. www.archive.org www.gutenberg.org - Project Gutenberg. www.lexadin.nl/wlg - The World Law Guide. www.iuscomp.org - The Comparative Law Society. http://resourcehelp.com/law_search.htm - Legal research engine. http://www.findlaw.com http://web.lawcrawler.com/ - Legal research site. http://gsulaw.gsu.edu/metaindex/ - Links to other legal sites. http://www.lawnewsnetwork.com/ - Legal news. http://www.thomas.loc.gov - U.S. Congress. http://www.loc.gov - Library of Congress.

www.library.lawschool.cornell.edu - kornelis universitetis samarTlis biblioTeka; http://www.law.cornell.edu www.dic.academic.ru - akademiuri leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi. (www.iuscomp.org/gla/index.html - germanuli samarTali inglisur enaze) www.bundesrecht.juris.de/Teilliste_translations.html - germanuli samarTali inglisur enaze. www.legislation.gov.uk/ - vebgverdze xelmisawvdomia didi britaneTis kanonmdebloba (vebgverds marTavs erovnuli arqivi didi britaneTis mTavrobis saxeliT)

http://www.nytimes.com/�

http://prosites-kazakhembus.homestead.com/�

http://www.eurasianet.org/taxonomy/term/1461�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webography�

http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/�

http://www.lexmercatoria.org/�

http://www.wipo.org/�

http://www.gcci.ge/�

http://www.uncitral.org/�

http://www.tldb.uni-koeln.de/�

http://www.trans-lex.org/�

http://www.gutenberg.org/�

http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/�

http://www.iuscomp.org/�

http://resourcehelp.com/law_search.htm�

http://www.findlaw.com/�

http://web.lawcrawler.com/�

http://gsulaw.gsu.edu/metaindex/�

http://www.lawnewsnetwork.com/�

http://www.thomas.loc.gov/�

http://www.library.lawschool.cornell.edu/�

http://www.dic.academic.ru/�

http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/index.html�

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http://www.legislation.gov.uk/�



1ix.The Concise Standard Dictionary of the English Language, abridged from the Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of

the English Language by J.C.Fernald, L.H.D. 1920, gv.99. 2winamorbedi civilizaciebis nangrevebze aRmocenebul axal civilizaciaTa moRvaweebi zogjer uaryofen gavlenis aSkara, logikur kvals da unikalurobaze acxadeben pretenzias. magaliTad, orientalistebis mosazrebaTa sawinaaRmdegod i.martini acxadebs: “...filosofia elinuri geniis mier Sobil movlenad warmogvidgeba”. “...rindis papirusSi naxsenebi maTematikuri xerxebi, miuxedavad maTi mniSvnelobisa, mecnierul midgomas da suliskveTebas aris moklebuli...ver Seedreba berZenTa monapovars - formulasa da kanons” (ix. i.martini I.M., filosofiis istoria, Tbilisi 2008. gv.9-10). jer kidev pirveli msoflio omis dros o.Spengleri “evropis daisSi” werda: “indoeTi, babiloni, CineTi, egvipte, arabuli kultura da maias kultura...arcerT maTgans ukavia upiratesi mdgomareoba...yvela maTgans Tanabari mniSvneloba aqvs, Tanac sulieri koncefciis sidiadiTa da aRmavlobis siZlieriT xSirad aRemateba elinobas” (ix.o.Spengleri, evropis daisi, 2005. gv.27). 3aqve saWirod mimaCnia m.smolisa da j.d.singeris mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli statistikuri cnobis motana: 1816-1965 wlebSi msoflioSi adgili hqonda xuTas samocdaTvramet oms (maT Soris, pirveli da meore msoflio omebis CaTvliT) da es aris saerTaSoriso omebis mxolod nawilobrivi sia (m.doili aRniSnavs, rom dasaxelebulidan daax. asormocdacxrameti ufro samoqalaqo omi iyo da ara saerTaSoriso). wyaro: m.doili, kanti, liberaluri memkvidreoba da sagareo urTierTobebi, 1983. qarTulenovani Targmani ix. qrestomaTiaSi “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria”, Tbilisi 2004. gv.389. agreTve ix. M.Small, J.David Singer, Patterns in International Warfare, 1816-1965, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 391, Collective Violence. (Sep., 1970), pp. 145-155. www.sitemaker.umich.edu/jdsinger/files/patterns_in_international_warfare.pdf

4ix.m.fuko, sityvebi da sagnebi, Tbilisi 2004. gv.371.

5ix.n.eliasi, civilizaciis procesis Sesaxeb, wigni II. Tbilisi 2005. gv.113.

6ix.iqve, gv.116.

7ix.iqve, gv.126.

8ix.The Concise Standard Dictionary of the English Language, abridged from the Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of

the English Language by J.C.Fernald, L.H.D. 1920, gv.233. 9mokle filosofiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1940. 10filosofiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1987. gv.104. moskovSi 1980 wels i.t.frolovas redaqciiT gamocemuli leqsikonis qarTulenovani versia. ix.agreTve, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisi 2003. gv.75. 11i.Solte, msoflio politikis globalizacia, 1997. qarTulenovani Targmani ix.

qrestomaTiaSi “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria”, Tbilisi 2004. gv.170-171

12ix. ix.iqve, gv.171.

13ix.danarTi #5 - Legal Latin.

14uiliam brenani, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo. "riCmondis gazeTebis korporacia virjiniis winaaRmdeg." 1980w. vuTiTeb: n.rurua, Tavisuflebis kanoni, Publici Juris; 2003. ix. agreTve: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/richmondnewspapers.html 15volfgan huberi "adamianis uflebebi da bibliuri kanonmdebloba;" biuleteni "Tavisufleba", #6,7, ivlisi-agvisto, 2002w. 16uoren e.bergeri, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare 1969-1986 wlebSi. jeims medisoni: "Cven unda mivceT unari mmarTvelT, rom marTulni marTon." federalistTa furclebi # 51. vuTiTeb: n.rurua, Tavisuflebis kanoni, Publici Juris; 2003. 17luis brendaisi, aSS; uzenaesi sasamarTlo "olmsteidi aSS-s winaaRmdeg", 1928w. vuTiTeb: n.rurua, Tavisuflebis kanoni, Publici Juris; 2003. 18l.hendi, amerikeli iuristi da mosamarTle. sityvidan "me var amerikuli dRe." 1944w. vuTiTeb: n.rurua, Tavisuflebis kanoni, Publici Juris; 2003.

http://sitemaker.umich.edu/jdsinger/files/patterns_in_international_warfare.pdf�

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/richmondnewspapers.html�



19

ix.The Federalist No.57, The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation; New York Packet; Tuesday, February 19, 1788 [James Madison]; http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa57.htm “...[the House of Representatives] can make no law which will not have its full operation on themselves and their friends, as well as on the great mass of the society. This has always been deemed one of the strongest bonds by which human policy can connect the rulers and the people together. It creates between them that communion of interests and sympathy of sentiments...If it be asked, what is to restrain the House of Representatives from making legal discriminations in favor of themselves and a particular class of the society? I answer: the genius of the whole system; the nature of just and constitutional laws; and above all, the vigilant and manly spirit which...nourishes freedom, and in return is nourished by it.” ix.“federalisti”, #57, 1788w. 19 Tebervali, medisoni (aleqsandre hamiltonTan erTad). qarTulenovani Targmani: federalisti, a.hamiltonis, j.medisonis, j.jeis politikuri eseebi. Tbilisi - 2008. gv.319. aqve vkiTxulobT: “If this spirit shall ever be so far debased as to tolerate a law not obligatory on the legislature, as well as on the people, the people will be prepared to tolerate any thing but liberty” (“Tu es suli odesme im zomamde Seiryvneba, rom Tundac erT iseT kanons moiTmens, romelic arafrad argia arc kanonmdeblobas da arc xalxs, maSin xalxi mzad iqneba yvelaferi Seiwynaros, garda Tavisuflebisa”). 20

ix.The Federalist No.1, General Introduction For the Independent Journal; Author: Alexander Hamilton. October 27, 1787; http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_01.html “It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force. If there be any truth in the remark, the crisis at which we are arrived may with propriety be regarded as the era in which that decision is to be made; and a wrong election of the part we shall act may, in this view, deserve to be considered as the general misfortune of mankind.” ix.“federalisti”, #1, 1787w. 27 oqtomberi, hamiltoni. qarTulenovani Targmani: federalisti, a.hamiltonis, j.medisonis, j.jeis politikuri eseebi. Tbilisi - 2008. gv.7. 21

ix.The Federalist No.62, The Senate; Independent Journal; Wednesday, February 27, 1788 [James Madison]; http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa62.htm “A good government implies two things: first, fidelity to the object of government, which is the happiness of the people; secondly, a knowledge of the means by which that object can be best attained. Some governments are deficient in both these qualities”. ix.“federalisti”, #62, 1788w. 27 Tebervali, medisoni. qarTulenovani Targmani: federalisti, a.hamiltonis, j.medisonis, j.jeis politikuri eseebi. Tbilisi - 2008. gv.347. 22

ix. Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982, http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/3.html “It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make Laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada...” ix.qarTulenovani Targmani: sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili III, Tbilisi 2006. gv.432. 23

ix.a.eide - “ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebi - adamianis uflebaTa Semadgeneli nawili” - ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saxelmZRvaneloSi (redaqtorebi: a.eide, k.krauze, a.rosa), Tbilisi - 2006; gv.23-24. 24Tavad termini “politika” misi Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT mravalgzisi transformaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda. platoni miiCnevda, rom politika aris adamianis mier adamianTa marTvis sfero da politika Tavisi bunebiT racionaluri da intuiciuri elementebis erTobliobaa. aristoteles azriT samarTlianoba dakavSirebulia saxelmwifosTan da politikaSi sikeTe aris samarTlianoba, romelic mTeli sazogadoebisTvis sasargebloa. Sesabamisad, politika saerTo sikeTis mosapoveblad warmarTuli saqmianobaa, misi mizania sazogado sikeTisadmi samsaxuri. ix.a.berZeniSvili, politika, rogorc socialuri movlena, “politikuris” cneba. krebuli “filosofiuri Ziebani”, tomi VI, Tbilisi 2001. gv.134-149.

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_01.html�

http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa62.htm�

http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/3.html�



25

ix.sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili I, gv.171. daniis konstituciuri kanoni, Targmani inglisuri enidan m.margvelaSvilisa. Tbilisi 2008.

muxlis oficialuri inglisurenovani versia: “§ 74 Any restraint on the free and equal access to trade, which is not based on the public interest, shall be abolished by statute.” ix.The Constitutional Act of Denmark of June 5, 1953; The Act of Succession of March 27, 1953. Published by the Folketing, Copenhagen 1999 (The text is identical with that of Fact Sheet/Denmark (010279/7) of the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. veb-gverdze: eu-oplysningen.dk/upload/application/pdf/0172b719/Constitution%20of%20Denmark.pdf 26

ix.sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili III, gv.174. espaneTis samefos konstitucia, Targmani inglisuri enidan m.margvelaSvilisa. Tbilisi 2008.

muxlis oficialuri inglisurenovani versia: “Section 38 Free enterprise is recognized within the framework of a market economy. The public authorities guarantee and protect its exercise and the safeguarding of productivity in accordance with the demands of the general economy and, as the case may be, of economic planning.” veb-gverdze: ix. http://www.senado.es/constitu_i/index.html 27

ix.sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, nawili III, gv.562. rumineTis konstitucia, Targmani inglisuri enidan v.Jvaniasi. Tbilisi 2006. rumineTis konstituciis qarTulenovan Targmans erTvis mTargmnelis SeniSvna sqolioSi, rom Targmani Sesrulebulia rumineTis parlamentis deputatTa palatis oficialur veb-gverdze http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=339&idl=2 gamoqveynebuli rumineTis konstituciis inglisurenovani teqstidan. aqve minda avRniSno, rom mTargmnelis mier miTiTebul misamarTze amJamad ganTavsebulia rumineTis konstituciis teqsti, sadac ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb muxli aris ara 411-e, aramed 45-e muxli: “Economic freedom - article 45 Free access of persons to an economic activity, free enterprise, and their exercise under the law shall be guaranteed. ix. http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=2#t2c2s0a41 28

ix.m.fuko, dasax. naSromi. 29miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika da biznesi mWidrod dakavSirebuli cnebebia, maT Soris aris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba: ”ekonomika” ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre ”biznesi”...”biznesi” aris mewarmeobriv urTierTobaTa ufro konkretuli maxasiaTebeli, romelic viTardeba gansazRvrul subieqtebs Soris, individualuri da jgufuri konkurenciis safuZvelze......”ekonomika” izRudeba konkurenciis aucileblobis aRiarebiT, ”biznesisTvis” mniSvnelovania is, Tu raoden agresiuli, neitraluri an pasiuria es konkurenciuli brZola. ”ekonomika” mxolod afiqsirebs samarTlebrivi normebis arsebobas, ”biznesisTvis” isini warmoadgenen moqmedebis ZiriTad faqtors.” ix.T.Sengelia, biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi 2008 (nawili I, II). gv.31.

30ix.http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/marP.html

31ix.g.menqiu, ekonomikis principebi, Tbilisi - 2000. gv.XXIX.

32ix.m.fuko, dasax. naSromi, gv.213.

33iqve, gv.230.

34iqve, gv.216. 35iqve, gv.262. 36iqve, gv.320. 37

ix.g.delepliasi, leqciebi ekonomikuri azris istoriaSi, Tbilisi 2003. gv.6.

38ix.m.fuko, dasax. naSromi, gv.314.

39ix.g.delepliasi, dasax. naSromi, gv.22.

40ix.http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178548/economics

41ix.m.Seinini, ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebi, rogorc samarTlebrivi

problemebi, saxelmZRvaneloSi - “ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebi“. gv.42-43. 42

ix.a.rondeli, patara qveyana saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, Tbilisi 2003. gv.95. 43iqve, gv.72.

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http://www.senado.es/constitu_i/index.html�

http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=339&idl=2�

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44

ix.saqarTvelos TviTidentifikacia Savi zRvis regionis farglebSi. noemberi 2005. m.raqviaSvili, g.WeliZe, l.samadaSvili, sagareo saqmeTa saministro. qarTul da inglisur enebze. Public Policy Knowledge Network. Policy Paper Series, number 4 2006. gv.29. 45yofili iugoslaviis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunalis wevri. 46

ix.p.m.valdis winasityvaoba h.Svarcis naSromze “konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis damkvidreba postkomunistur evropaSi”, Tbilisi 2003. gv.20-31. 47

ix.a.rondelis dasaxelebuli naSromi. 48Arnold Wolfers ”National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol", in Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 67. #4, 1952. ix.Targmani qrestomaTiaSi "saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria." Tbilisi 2004. gv.196. 49

ix.Pew Oceans Report, 2003. in Notes on The Economic Value of Biodiversity, gv.9. 50

ix.D.Pearce, D.Morant, The Economic Value of Biodiversity. IUCN - The World Conservation Union. 1994. http://www.cbd.int/doc/external/iucn/iucn-biodiversity-value-1994-en.pdf agreTve ix. k.jayeli, g.gvelesiani, biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba Tanamedrove ekonomikuri meTodologiis gamoyenebiT. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centris biuleteni #63, 2001 wlis noemberi. 51

ix.Notes on The Economic Value of Biodiversity. gv.9. www.cbd.int/incentives/doc/biodiv-economic-value-en.pdf 52

ix.g.xubua, samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi 2004. gv.111. 53

ix.www.merriam-webster.com 54

ix.l.yorRanaSvili, saerTaSoriso biznesi, Tbilisi 1998. gv.3. 55iqve, gv.4. 56

ix.m.abdalaZe, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da saqarTveloSi maTi mozidvis problemebi. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centris biuleteni #64, 2002 wlis ianvari. 57

ix.l.yorRanaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv.4. 58

ix.z.gabisonia, sainvesticio davis monawile iuridiul pirTa iurisdiqcia. Tb., 2002. 59

ix.The National Security Strategy (September 2002); I.Overview of America’s International Strategy. President Bush, West Point, New York, June 1, 2002.

60ix.iqve, President Bush, monterrey, Mexico, March 22, 2002.

61ix.s.rouz-akermani, korufcia da xelisufleba, Tbilisi 2002. gv.3. metad sainteresoa

akermanis Semdegi mosazreba: “korufcia amcirebs investiciebis mTel odenobas da zRudavs ucxour pirdapir investiciebs, magram is aqezebs Warb saxelmwifo infrastruqturul investiciebs (Tanzi and Davoodi 1997)”.

62iqve, gv.37. 63iqve, gv.273.

64iqve, gv.44.

65ix.SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, krebulSi “sazRvargareTis qveynebis

konstituciebi”, nawili I. Tbilisi 2008. gv.59-60. 66

ix.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, Tbilisi 1993. gv.31. 67“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” (U.S. Const., Amend. XIV. §1). 68

ix.qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, tomi VI. Tbilisi 1960. gv.281. sityva “privilegia” momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan “privilegium”.

69ix.iqve, gv.709. “imuniteti” momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan “immunitas”.

70ix.inglisur-qarTuli iuridiuli leqsikoni, II gamocema /Peter Collin Publishing/ 2002w.

gv.274.

71ix.a.Saio, xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva (konstitucionalizmis Sesavali), Tbilisi

2003. gv.252 (meoTxe sqolio). Targmani m.maisuraZisa. 72

ix.inglisur-qarTuli iuridiuli leqsikoni, II gamocema /Peter Collin Publishing/ 2002w.

gv.431.



73

ix.r.davidi, თანამედროვეობის ძირითადი სამართლებრივი სისტემები (rusulidan Targmna T.niniZem). Tbilisi 1993. 74

ix.r.f.ieringi, brZola uflebisaTvis, Tbilisi 2000. gv.8. 75

ix.a.Saio, “xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva”, Tbilisi 2003. gv.XV. 76

ix.k.gamsaxurdias vrceli gamokvleva d.aligieris “Divina Commedia”-s pirvel wignze, Tbilisi 1933. gv.LXV. 77

ix.norbert eliasi, civilizaciis procesis Sesaxeb, wigni I. Tbilisi 2005. gv.VII. 78

ix.redaqtorebi: a.eide (norvegiis adamianis uflebaTa institutis ufrosi mkvlevari (oslo, norvegia), k.krauze (abos akademiuri universitetis adamianis uflebaTa instituti (turkvabo, fineTi), a.rosas (abos akademiuri universitetis adamianis uflebaTa instituti (turkvabo, fineTi). 79

ix.www.nplg.gov.ge 80evropul konvencias saqarTvelom xeli moawera 1999 wlis 27 aprils, xolo imave wlis 20 maiss saqarTvelos parlamentma ganaxorciela konvenciis ratificireba, ris Sedegadac is ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelosTvis. 81

ix.saqarTvelos kanonebi. adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso aqtebi da konvenciebi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi 1998w. gv.391. 82

ix.adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani. sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebuli. gamomcemeli “bona kauza”, Tbilisi 2004. gv.270. 83

ix.adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli; saxalxo damcvelis biblioTeka, meore nawili, Tbilisi 2008. gv.10. 84

ix.k.korkelia, i.qurdaZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, 2004 wlis Tebervali. gv.143. 85

ix.k.korkelia, n.mWedliZe, a.nalbandovi, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da misi oqmebis standartebTan, 2005 w. gv.110. 86

ix.European Acts on Human Rights, Ajarian Autonomous Republic, Batumi 1999. gv.15. 87

ix.www.translegal.com 88

ix.h.kotci, k.cvaigerti, SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, Tbilisi 2000; gv.35. 89dasax. naSromi, gv.35-36. 90dasax. naSromi, gv.38. 91n.pepanaSvili, sakontaqto informacia / N.Pepanashvili, contact information: [email protected] an [email protected] 92

ix.Citing Legal Materials - http://www.lib.wsc.ma.edu/legalapa.htm#const (Westfield State University Ely Library).

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