nisi standard: risks for buildings in canada’s north ·  · 2014-04-09load risks for buildings...

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NISI Standard: Managing Changing Snow Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North Heather Auld, Risk Sciences International For Changing Snow Loads Standard Working Group & CSA, AANDC, Standards Council of Canada

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Page 1: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

NISI Standard: Managing Changing Snow Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North

Heather  Auld, Risk Sciences InternationalFor Changing Snow Loads Standard Working Group & CSA, AANDC, Standards Council of Canada

Page 2: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Meteorologists have many words for snow:• Snowfall (new snow that falls and measured on a snow board)• Snow on the ground (depth of the accumulated snowpack)• Snow water equivalent (mm of water equivalent or weight of snowpack)

• Snow density (weight per unit volume, kg/m3)• Snow Loads (weight of the near extreme snowpack on an object, usually the roof of a building)

• Snow cover, snowfall accumulations• Light‐Moderate‐Heavy snow, lake effect snow, snow burst, • Wet snow, wet snow accretion (sticks & accumulates on objects),• Blizzard, snow squall, snow flurries/snow shower, • Snow grains, snow pellets, blowing snow, drifting snow,• Snow drift, ablation, sublimation, and many more…

SNOW and METEOROLOGY

Page 3: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

• National/Territorial/Building Codes use snow loads for design: Weight of snow expected to be exceeded once every 50 years

• Buildings designed to withstand the weight of this snow load

Two Snow Load terms: • Ground Snow Load (on ground somewhere in community) and• Roof Snow Load (specific to different parts of a building roof)• Adjust Ground Snow Load for specific roof using code factors • Environment Canada calculates these Ground Snow Loads• Can vary significantly from one community to another • Builders, engineers design roofs and building systems to withstand the 

near extreme snow load on a specific roof and building

Buildings, Roofs and the Depth and Weight of  Snow

Alberta, Jan, 2011Quebec, 2008: 3 dead Sask., Mar, 2013PEI, Feb, 2011

Page 4: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Northern snow is changing:• Snowpack depths are increasing in some regions• Snowfall accumulations are increasing in some regions• Snow densities are increasing• Rain on snow events are increasing• Length of snow season and snow cover is decreaing• Mean snow and extreme snow conditions are changing differently –

can have an extreme in an low snowfall year

Northern snow – Traditionally, dry and wind packedBut, winters are changing and snow is becoming wetter, heavier and/or deeper during some wintersRain and freezing rain (ice storms) also falling on the snowpack

Changing Snow Conditions in the North

Page 5: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Inuvik Annual Maximum Snow Load (kPa)[NBCC Design Load 2.3 kPa]

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

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Year

Snow

Loa

d (k

Pa)

Inuvik Annual Maximum Snow Loads Missing! Scho

ol c

olla

pse

Increasing Heavy Snow in Canada’s North – Inuvik Example (note: while snow cover extent and snow season decreasing)

Page 6: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

• Environment Canada – Meteorological Service calculations• Updated snow loads in North going UP or staying the same – based on 

extreme snow depths only• Changes in snow densities likely very important – but not investigated

Increased snow loads/weights for new buildings in North for upcoming 2015 National Building Code of Canada 

New Increases – indicate growing risks for existing buildings:

Territory Number of Codelocations

Percentage of locations increased

Average increase in snow loads for these locations

Yukon 9 > 40% Smallest increases so farNWT 17 25% Significant increases in these locations 

– snow densities need investigationNunavut 16 75% Moderate increases so far

Page 7: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

• Reduce snow overloading risks over the longer term • pre‐snow season planning for roof snow removal• building and roof maintenance

• Monitor and detect “heavy snow” years and determine when to safely remove roof snow 

• Monitor community snow on the ground conditions• Monitor roof snow conditions• Assess and detect critical snow overloading risks

• Measures to safely remove snow from roof• How to clear roof snow safely• When to seek engineering assessments

• Protect occupant lives from imminent roof collapses• Warning signals, Safe building evacuation• Marking the building or parts of the building for closure

Measures included in new Changing Snow Loads Standard

Page 8: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Risk of collapse of existing buildings may be increasing regionally Detecting high risk winter snow conditions Removing snow reduces overload risks, BUT Roofs fail under snow overloading for a variety of reasons:  

• Built to earlier and lower snow loads• Poor maintenance or construction issues• Added equipment on roof, additions to building• Errors in installation of the roof framing members • Wood cut for installation of light fixtures or heat ducts 

Protecting Lives & Buildings: Detecting High Risk Snow Conditions 

Enterprise, February, 2013 Hay River, May, 2013

Page 9: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Safe Roof Snow Removal

Removal of roof snow removes/reduces the overload risk

Page 10: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Deformed metal

Broken wood truss

Deformed

Warning Signs – Collapse could be imminent without actions

Page 11: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Potential Challenges in Implementing the Changing Snow Loads Standard

• Snow measurements (of right type) are scarce to non‐existent • Risk of collapse also depends on building construction, 

maintenance• Snow densities highly variable ‐ usually not monitored• Rain falling on snow is important – often an unknown• When is too much snow a problem? Minimal guidance• Clearing snow from roof is dangerous too!

Page 12: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Potential Solutions:

• Community snow monitoring for heavy snow (e.g. 3‐4 times/winter in a consistent location)

• Snow weight or water equivalent measurements ‐ use snow tubes and scale, bucket

Advantages:• Safer buildings today and into future; • Detection of at risk snow loads – snow removal when needed• Data for snowmelt flooding risks – support NISI drainage and 

permafrost standards

Page 13: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

Snow depth

Snow Water Equivalent

Measuring Snow, Detecting Higher Risks for Potential Roof Collapses

Page 14: NISI Standard: Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ·  · 2014-04-09Load Risks for Buildings in Canada’s North ... (weight per unit volume, kg/m3) ... • Adjust Ground Snow

The Northern Climate is Changing  during all seasons

Near Inuvik Airport, 2012

• Changing snow conditions• Tornadoes moving north• Updated Canada’s confirmed 

tornadoes up to 2010• More tornadoes in past two 

decades in NWT• Tornado sited near Inuvik in 

2012!• Heavier rainfall events, ice 

storms, shifting wind patterns