nitrogen metabolism - p.g.g.c.g.-11, e-content …cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/62/nitrogen...
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Nitrogen Nitrogen
MetabolismMetabolism
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Available sources of
nitrogen (N2)�Atmospheric nitrogen
�Nitrogen in rocks
�Lightning�Lightning
�Inorganic fertilizers
�Nitrogen Fixation
�Animal Residues
�Crop residues
�Organic fertilizers
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Forms of Nitrogen
�Urea � CO(NH2)2
�Ammonia � NH3 (gaseous)
�Ammonium � NH4
�Nitrate � NO3�Nitrate � NO3
�Nitrite � NO2
�Atmospheric Dinitrogen �N2
�Organic N
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The largest single source of nitrogen is in the
atmosphere.
Nitrogen makes up 78% of our air!
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What happens to
atmospheric nitrogen
(N2) in the nitrogen
cycle?cycle?N
N
N N
N
N
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Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to
ammonia or nitrates
Atmospheric
Nitrogen (N2)
N
N
N
N
Ammonia (NH3)
Nitrogen combines
with Hydrogen to make
Ammonia
Nitrates (NO3)
Nitrogen combines
with Oxygen to make
Nitrates
NN
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Why does
atmospheric nitrogen
N
N
N
N
atmospheric nitrogen
need to be
converted?NN
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Functions of nitrogen
(N2) in plants
�Important element in all living organisms.
�Part of proteins and amino acids, nucleic �Part of proteins and amino acids, nucleic
acids, chlorophylls, cytochromes, alkaloids,
vitamins etc.
�Plays central role in metabolism, growth,
reproduction and heredity.
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How does
atmospheric
nitrogen get
changed into a form
N
N
changed into a form
that can be used by
most living
organisms?
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By passing through one of the four
processes in the Nitrogen Cycle!
(1) Nitrogen Fixation (3) Nitrification
(2) Ammonification
Or
Mineralization
(4) Denitrification
Nitrogen
Cycle
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1. Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen
Cycle
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What is
“nitrogen fixation”
and
what does it mean
N
N
what does it mean
to say
nitrogen gets
“fixed”?
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“Nitrogen Fixation” is the process that causes the strong
two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmosphere to
break apart so they can combine with other atoms.
NNOxygen Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen gets “fixed” when it is combined with oxygen or
hydrogen.
N
NN
Oxygen N
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There are three ways that
nitrogen gets “fixed”!
(a) Atmospheric Fixation
(b) Industrial Fixation
(c) Biological Fixation
Bacteria
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Atmospheric Fixation
(Only 5 to 8% of the Fixation
Process)
The enormous energy of
lightning breaks nitrogen
molecules apart and enables the
nitrogen atoms to combine with
Lightning “fixes” Nitrogen!
Nitrogen combines with Oxygen
NN O
oxygen forming nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides dissolve in rain,
forming nitrates. Nitrates (NO3)
are carried to the ground with
the rain.
Nitrogen oxides forms
Nitrogen oxides dissolve in rain and change to nitrates
Plants use nitrates to grow!
(NO3)
(N2O)
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Industrial Fixation
Under great pressure, at a
temperature of 600 degrees
Celcius, and with the use of
a catalyst, atmospheric
nitrogen (N ) and hydrogen
Industrial Plant combines nitrogen and hydrogen
NNH
NH3
nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen
are combined to form
ammonia (NH3). Ammonia
can be used as a fertilizer.
Ammonia is formed
Ammonia is used a fertilizer in soil
(NH3)
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Biological N2 Fixation
1. Asymbiotic “Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria”
Free living anaerobic(Clostridium)
Free living aerobic(Azotobacter)
Free living Photosynthetic (Clostridium)
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Free Living Bacteria (Asymbiotic)Highly specialized bacteria live in the soil and have the ability
to combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen to make
ammonia (NH3).
Free-living bacteria live in soil and combine
NN
H
NH3
live in soil and combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen
Nitrogen changes into ammonia
(NH3)
Bacteria
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Biological Fixation
2. Symbiotic “Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria”
In non-leguminous plantsIn leguminous plants
Frankia sp.Rhizobium sp.
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Symbiotic Relationship
Bacteria live in the roots of
legume family plants and
provide the plants with
ammonia (NH3) in exchange
for the plant’s carbon and a
protected home.
Legume plants
NH3
N
Roots with nodules where bacteria live
N
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Most atmospheric nitrogen (N2)
is “fixed” and changed to
ammonia (NH3). Ammonia is
highly toxic to many organisms.highly toxic to many organisms.
Can plants use
ammonia?
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Very few plants can use
ammonia (NH3) through…
(1) Nitrogen Fixation
(2) Ammonification
…However,
second process
Ammonification can help!
(2) Ammonification
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What is
ammonification?
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Ammonification: Bacteria decomposers break down amino
acids from dead animals and wastes into nitrogen ammonium.
Bacteria decomposers break down amino acids into ammonium
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Ammonification or Mineralization
NH4 NO2N2O
N2
R-NH2
NO3
NO2
NO
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Why is
ammonification
necessary?
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Because plants cannot use the organic forms of
nitrogen that are in the soil as a result of:
(1) wastes (manure and sewage)
(2) compost and decomposing roots and leaves
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How does ammonification
occur?
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Microorganisms convert the organic nitrogen to
ammonium. The ammonium is either taken up by the
plants (only in a few types of plants) or is absorbed into
the soil particles. Ammonium (NH4) in the soil is stored
up to later be changed into inorganic nitrogen, the kind of
nitrogen that most plants can use.
Bacteria converts organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH )
Ammonium (NH4) is stored in soil.
ammonium (NH4)
Ammonium (NH4) is used by some plants
Bacteria
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What happens to ammonium
(NH4) stored
in the soil?
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(1) Nitrogen Fixation (3) Nitrification
It travels through the third process of the
nitrogen cycle called Nitrification!
(2) Ammonification
Or
Mineralization
(4) Denitrification
Nitrogen
Cycle
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Nitrification ProcessNitrification Process
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Nitrifying bacteria in the ground first combine
ammonia with oxygen to form nitrites. Then another
group of nitrifying bacteria convert nitrites to nitrates
which green plants can absorb and use!
Nitrifying bacteria in soil combine ammonia with oxygen
Ammonia changes to nitritesAmmonia changes to nitrites
Nitrifying bacteria in soil convert nitrites to nitrates
Plants absorb nitrates and grow!
Ammonia Nitrites Nitrates
(NH3) (NO3)(NO2)
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Nitrification is a biological process duringwhich nitrifying bacteria convert toxic ammoniato less harmful nitrate. Nitrification aids in thedecomposition of nitrogenous material andthus in the recycling of nitrogen atoms sincethe decontamination of organic nitrogenproduces ammonia that is subsequently
oxidized to nitrate by nitrification.
There two bacterial species involved.Nitrosomonas sp. Bacteria oxidize ammoniaNitrosomonas sp. Bacteria oxidize ammoniainto nitrite, while Nitrobacter bacteria convertnitrite to nitrate, with both species utilizing the
energy released by the reactions.
Ammonia can be used by some plants.Most nitrogen taken up by plants is convertedby chemoautotrophic bacteria from ammonia,which is highly toxic to many organisms, firstinto nitrite (NO2
-), and then into nitrate (NO3-).
This process is called nitrification, and thesebacteria are known as nitrifying bacteria.
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• Nitrifiers such as Arthrobacter (heterotroph),Aspergilli’s (heterotroph), and Nitrosomonas
(autotroph) are delicate organisms andextremely susceptible to a variety ofinhibitors.
• They are extremely slow growing, unlike• They are extremely slow growing, unlikemany bacteria that can double theirnumbers every hour or so.
• In order to thrive, nitrifying bacteria need arelatively clean environment with a steadysupply of ammonia and oxygen.
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Nitrification is a Two Step Process
1. First Step: Ammonium Oxidation
The microorganisms involved are called the ammonia oxidizers. Nitrosomonas is the most extensively studied and usually
the most numerous in soil. Nitrosospira is an aquatic nitrifier.
•Nitrosomonas
•Nitrosospira•Nitrosospira
•Nitrosococcus
•Nitrosolobus
Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria:
These organisms are chemoautotrophs, growing withammonia as the energy and CO2 as the main carbon source. Speciesare distributed in a great variety of soils, oceans, brackishenvironments, rivers, lakes, and sewage disposal systems.
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2. Second step: Nitrite Oxidation
Microorganism involved: Nitrobacter
Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are found in aerobic, but
occasionally also in anaerobic, environments where
organic matter is mineralized. They are widely distributed inorganic matter is mineralized. They are widely distributed in
soils, fresh water, brackish water, seawater, mud layers,
sewage disposal systems, and inside stones of historical
buildings and rocks. They are also found inside corroded
bricks and on concrete surfaces such as in cooling towersand highway-automobile tunnels.
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How does
nitrogen
reenter the
atmosphereatmosphere
in the
nitrogen
cycle?
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Through the fourth
process called
denitrification!
(1) Nitrogen Fixation
(2) Nitrification(3) Ammonification
(4) Denitrification
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What does
denitrificationdenitrification
do?
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Denitrification converts nitrates (NO3) in the soil
to atmospheric nitrogen (N2) replenishing the
atmosphere.
Nitrogen in atmosphere (N2)
Nitrates (NO3) in Soil
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How does the
denitrification
process work?process work?
Nitrates in soil
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Denitrifying bacteria live deep in soil and in aquatic
sediments where conditions make it difficult for them to get
oxygen. The denitrifying bacteria use nitrates as an
alternative to oxygen, leaving free nitrogen gas as a
byproduct. They close the nitrogen cycle!
Nitrogen in atmosphere closes the nitrogen cycle!
(N )
Denitrifying bacteria live deep in soil and use nitrates as an alternative to oxygen making a byproduct of nitrogen gas.
(NO3)
(N2)
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Other ways that nitrogen
returns to the atmosphere…
Emissions from industrial combustion and gasoline engines create nitrous oxides gas (N2O).
Volcano eruptions emit nitrous oxides gas (N2O).
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(1) Nitrogen Fixation(4) Denitrification
Nitrogen
Cycle
(a)
(b)
(c)
N2
N2O
(3) Nitrification (2) Ammonification
Cycle
Nitrates in SoilAmmonia is converted
to nitrites and nitrates.
Organic nitrogen is
converted to ammonium.
NH3
NO3
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N2
dinitrogen gas(78% of air)
NH4+
N2Onitrous oxide
Denitrification Nitrogen fixationthe Haber Process and lightning
The Nitrogen CycleNH4
ammonium
NO2-
nitrite
NO3-
nitrate
BIOSPHEREDenitrification
nitrification
nitrification
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Biochemistry of nitrogen fixing
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Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!