i

njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

juk; - 12

,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;

NguitapdJ mDkjpf;F fl;Lg;gl;l epiyapy;

Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

rpq;fsnkhopj; Jiw

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ii

njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;juk; 12 - Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjw; gjpg;G 2013

ISBN

Clff;; fy;tpr; nraw;wpl;lk;

rpq;fsnkhopj; Jiw

nkhopfs; khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gjpg;G : Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iii

Kd;Diu

2007 Mk; Mz;by; 6 Mk; 10 Mk; juq;fspy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;r;rp ika

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; gpuNtrk; KiwNa 7> 8> 9 Mk; juq;fspd; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpYk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;> 2009 ,y; mjid fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju cau;ju

tFg;Gf;fSf;fhd fiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; tpupTgLj;Jtjpy; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;

fiyj;jpl;l mikg;Gf; FO ntw;wpaile;Js;sJ. vdNt> 12 – 13 Mk; juq;fspd;

gy;NtW ghlq;fspYkhd ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

E}y;fs; khztu;fspilNa Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;ba Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; gw;wpa tpupthd

jfty;fis Kd;ndLj;Js;sJ. ,j; jfty;fs; jk; ghlk; njhlu;;ghd fw;wy; -

fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; ngupJk; gad;gLk;.

f.ngh.j cah;jug; ghlq;fSf;fhd Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; jahupj;jypy;

fiyj;jpl;l mikg;ghsu;fs; fdp\;;l ,ilepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk;> rpNu\;l

,ilepiyf; fiyj; jpl;lj;ijAk; jahhpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;gw;wpa gpuNtrj;ij tpl

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Ntz;ba fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; gpuNtrk; njhlu;ghf Mrpupah;fs; xU khjpupf;Fs;

topg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; f.ngh.j cah;jug; ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G

topfhl;b jahupg;gpd; NghJ Mrpupau;fs; jk; tpUg;gg;gb nrayhw;wTk; Rje;jpukhf

elf;fTk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,jd; NghJ Mrpupau;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJ

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nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwfspy; jhk; tpUk;gpa Kiwiag;

gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. jhk; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwiaj; jpUg;jpahfTk;

tpisjpwdhfTk; ifahz;L vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis mile;J

nfhs;tJ Mrpupaupdhy; mtrpak; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba gzpahFk;. ,j;jifa

Rje;jpuk; Mrpupau;fSf;F toq;fg;gLtJ cau;jug; guPl;irapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kw;Wk; mg;guPl;ir Fwpj;j r%f mf;fiw> czu;r;rp vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;

nfhz;lhFk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl tpUk;GfpNwd;.

,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b> Mrpupau;;fSf;fhd Xu; mupa ife;E}yhf

mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpuhu;j;jpf;fpNwd;. ,t;thrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy;

cs;s jfty;fs;> Kiwfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs; vd;gd vkJ rpwhu;fspd; mwpTf;

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iv

KfTiu

,t;thrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b 2009 Kjy; juk; 12 ,y; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;nraw;ghl;il xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;s Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gaDilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

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juk; 12 ,y; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;f Muk;gpf;Fk; NghNj ghlj;jpl;lj;ij ed;FnjspTgLj;Jq;fs;. tUlk; G+uhTk; ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s ,Uf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lj;ijmwpKfg;gLj;JtJ khztu;fspd; Cf;fj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;. KOg; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk;epiwT nra;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; khztu;fs; ghlrhiy kPJ ftug;gLtu;;. ,f;fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;G tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;Ffspy;khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhf ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk;cj;Njr nranyhOq;FfisAk; cq;fs; Mf;fj;jpwd; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;gb Ntz;LfpNwd;.

,t; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j midj;JmwpQu;fSf;Fk; Mrpupau;;fSf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtf cj;jpNahfj;ju;;fSf;Fk;vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhFf. ,g;gzpf;F topfhl;ba gzpg;ghsu;; ehafk; Nguhrpupah;.yhy; ngNuuh mtu;fSf;Fk; mr;Rg;gzpfisg; nghWg;Ngw;W epiwT nra;j fy;tpntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fs Mizahsu; ehafk; cl;gl MszpapdUf;Fk; vdJtpN\l ed;wpfisr; rku;g;gpf;fpNwd;. ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;;ghdNeu;; MNyhridfs; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw Clff; fy;tp nraw;wpl;lj; jiytUf;Ff;fpilf;fr; nra;jhy; ed;wpAilatdha; ,Ug;Ngd;.

tpky; rpak;gyhnfhlcjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

v

mwpKfk;

juk; 12 ,d; njhlu;ghlYk; Clff;fw;ifAk; ghlj;jp;l;lj;jpd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nranyhOq;if epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf Mrpupau;fSf;Fr; rupahd

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Mrpupau;fsplKk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

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ghlrhiyfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ 2008 Mk; Mz;byhFk;. mjw;F

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Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J MrpupaUf;F fpilf;Fk; xU Nkyjpf trjpahFk;.

vi

(6) xt;nthU ehSk; Mrpupau;; Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;giwf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ

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cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. njhlu;ghlYk; Clff;fw;ifAk; ghlj;ijf; fw;gJ

khztu;;fSf;F xU Gjpa mDgtkhf miktjw;F Mrpupau; tpN\l

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,Uf;Fk;.

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ghlrhiy Clff; fofnkhd;iw mikj;J elj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau;

mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; cs;sgb gy;NtW ,izg; ghlr; nraw;ghLfspy;

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(8) tpN\lkhf Clff; fy;tp thuk; vd;w Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;JtJk;

Clf Ntiyg; gapw;rp Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; khztu;;fisg; gq;Fgw;wr; nra;tJk;

mtrpakhFk;. mjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapd;

,Wjpapy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghJthf> Mrpupau; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ Gjpa nraw;ghl;Lf; fw;wy;

mDgtj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhFk;.

ge;Jy gP. jahuj;dClff;fy;tpr; nraw;wpl;lj; jiytu;

vii

2013

E}yhf;ff; FO

gzpg;G: Nguhrpupah;. yhy; ngNuuh

gzpg;ghsh; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

MNyhrid: jpU.tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu;; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

newpg;gLj;jy;: jpU.ge;Jy gP. jahuj;d

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cjtp: jpUkjp gp.b.vk;. uj;dhaf;f

cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tsg;gq;fspg;G: Nguhrpupau;. re;jpurpup uh[gf;r

gPlhjpgjp> fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupah; rdj;j kNfe;jpu

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Nguhrpupau;;. jk;kpf fq;fhse;j jp]hehaf;f

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ntF[d Clftpay; gPlk;> fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU.fky; tNynghl

gPlhjpgjp> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp.m[e;jh `g;GMuhr;rp

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;

viii

ntF[d Clftpay; gPlk;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

vOj;jhsu; FO:

jpU. Mde;j gz;lhu mNgrpq;f> iffhty k.tp – khj;jis

jpU. Nf.vk;.b.gp jprhehaf;f> kfhNrd Nj.gh - epf;ftul;ba

jpUkjp. fq;fh `Nuhrpdp rkuNrfu> FUtpl;l - k.k.tp FUtpl;l

jpUkjp. NuZfh gpupaju;rpdp> Njrpa ghlrhiy - fLfz;zht

jpUkjp. thrdh gpupaq;fdp> Gdpj rpWth; kfspu; fy;Y}up - gj;Njfk

jpUkjp. mNuh\h kyyNrfu> fpupy;yty> k.k.tp. fpupy;yty

jkpo; nkhop ngau;g;G:

vk;.vk;.vr;. `]d;

gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;T ngw;w)

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fzpdp tbtikg;G:jpUkjp. vg;.V.vg;. ep];kpah

njhopDl;g cjtpahsu;

jpUkjp;.ehjpah `p]hd;

njhopDl;g cjtpahsu;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gjpg;ghrpupau; (jkpo; nkhop)

t.tp[anyl;Rkp

gzpg;ghsu;

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ix

cs;slf;fk;

gf;fk;

Kd;Diu iii

KfTiu iv

mwpKfk; v-vi

E}yhf;ff; FO vii-viii

ghlj;jpl;lk; (RUf;fkhdJ) 01

FWf;F (fpil)f; fiyj;jpl;lf; fUg;nghUs; 01

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tpUj;;jpfs; 02

ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; 03

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fupa Fwpg;Gf;fSk;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfSk; 04 - 90

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nranyhOq;Ff;fhd khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; 91 - 106

ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; 107 - 108

gpd;dpizg;G

1. cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy; Xu; Clff; fofj;ij Muk;gpAq;fs;. 109

2. Clfg; gapw;rpf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; gps;isfisg;

gq;F nfhs;sr; nra;Aq;fs; 118

3. Clff; fy;tp - xU thu epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; 120

4. And];Nfh cyfg; Gj;jf jpd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;;lk; 121

5. vkJ ghuk;gupak; - ghlrhiy epiyak; 122

1

njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk; - juk; 12

FWf;F(fpil)f; fiyj;jpl;lf; fUg;nghUs;fs;Cross – Curricula Themes

rf tho;T mgptpUj;jp

juk; 12> 13 ,w;fhd

njhlu;;ghlYk;

Clff; fw;ifAk;

Clf mwpT njhlu;ghlw; Nju;r;rp

myF / ghlg;gug;G

1. njhlu;ghly; fw;wy; gpuNtrk;

2. njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk;

3. njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk;

Nju;r;rpfSk;

4. nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg;

gad;ghLk;

5. nghJrdj; njhlu;G (nghJ

kf;fs; njhlu;G)

6. Clff; fyhrhuk;

Nju;r;rp

1.0 njhlu;;ghlypd; ,ay;G> nranyhOq;F

tiffisAk; tpjq;fisAk; xg;gPl;L

uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

2.0 njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;FkpilNa

As;s njhlu;igAk; r%f tfpghfj;ij

Ak; etPd cyfkakhf;fy; r%fj;jpd;

njhlu; ;ghlw; Nghf;FfisAk; ju; ;f;f

uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

3.0 cs;sf Mspil> $l;L kw;Wk;

cgfuzq;fSld; $ba njhlu;ghlw;

Njh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

4.0 nkhopapd; ,ay;G gw;wp tpsf;fp> gy;NtW

Clfq;fspy; nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gL

khw;iw xg;gPl;L uPjpahf gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

5.0 nghJrdj; njhlu;;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;iw eil

Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gy;NtW Kiw

fisAk; fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;J

tijr; nra;J ghu;g;ghu;.

6.0 Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; ,ay;G> guty;>

nry;thf;F> re;ijAldhd njhlu;G

vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

2

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tpUj;jpfs;

mwpT

1. njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; mbg;gilr; nranyhOf;FfSld; njhlu;;Gila gy;NtW

ghl tplaq;fis mwpjy;.

2. rftho;Tld; $bajhf tho;tJld; njhlu;;ghd ghlg;gug;Gfis mwpjy;.

3. njhlu;ghly;> Clfg; gad;ghL njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis mwpjy;.

4. mgptpUj;jpf;fhd njhlu;ghliyg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd gy;NtW tplaq;fis

mwp;jy;.

5. njhlu;;ghly; Clfj; Nju;;r;rpfs; njhlu;;ghd gy;NtW tplaq;fis mwpjy;.

kdg;ghq;F

1. njhlu;;ghliyAk; Clfr; nray;fisAk; cupa Kiwapy; mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;

midtUf;Fk; mtrpak;

2. rftho;Tld; $bajhf tho;tjw;fhf njhlu;ghlw; Nju;;r;rp midtUf;Fk; Njit

3. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clfg; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd mwpT mtrpak;.

4. njhlu;;ghlYf;fhd Clfg; ghtid xU rthyhd tplak;.

5. njhlu;ghly; Clfj;jpwd; tpUj;jp vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l xU tplak;.

jpwd;

1. tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; njhlu;;ghlw; jpwd;fs;.

2. Vidatu;fSld; rftho;Tld; fUkkhw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd Kiwfs;

njhlu;;ghd jpwd;fs;.

3. njhlu;ghly;> Clf xspT kiwtpd;ik fhZk; kw;Wk; njupT nra;Ak; jpwd;.

4. mgptpUj;jpf;fhfj; njhlu;ghliy gad;gLj;Jk; Mf;fj;jpwd;.

5. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clfg; gzpfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l

jpwd;.

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; gpw Nehf;fq;fs;

1. Njrpa mgptpUj;jpr; nranyhOq;fpy; Neubahfg; gq;F gw;Wtjw;Fupa

mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l njhlu;ghly;> Clff; fw;ifj; Nju;r;rpfis

fl;bsikg; gUtj;jpdupilNa tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

2. vjpu;fhyg; gpui[fshf tUk; ,d;iwa ,sQu;fspilNa Clf jfty; mwpit

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

3. gaDWjpAs;s FLk;g myF kw;Wk; r%fj; njhFjpapy; rftho;Tld; tho;tjw;Fj;

Njitahd njhlu;ghly; Clfj; Nju;;r;rpia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

4. $l;L nkhj;jkhf cau; Clfj; Nju;r;rpfSld; $ba kdpj NeaKs;s> capu;g;ghd

gpui[fis ghlrhiyapy; ,Ue;J r%fj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fj; Njitahd

mj;jpthuj;ij ,ly;.

3

ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj; jpl;lKk;

1. ghlrhiy Clff; fofnkhd;iw (School Media Club) nraw;ghl;L uPjpahfelj;jpr; nry;yy;.

2. mgptpUj;j pia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Clf Ntiyg; gapw ;r p

Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ( Development oriented media work Experience programme) gq;Fgw;wy;.

3. ghlrhiy Clf thunkhd;iw (Media Education week) tUlhe;jk; elj;Jjy;.4. tUlhe;jk; Vg;uy; 23 I ikakhff; nfhz;l And];Nfh cyf Gj;jfj;

jpdj;ij (UNIESCO World Book Day) f; nfhz;lhLjy;.

5. FWf;Ff; fiyj;jpl;lf; fUg;nghUs;fis ikag;gLj;jpa khj tpupTiufs;/fUj;juq;Ffs; / tpthjq;fs; Nghd;w ,ize;j ghlr; nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;

gLj;jy;.

6. mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lnkhd;iw Muha;tjw;fhd xU fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhtpy; <Lgly;.

7. nghyp]; epiyaj;Jld; ,ize;J r%f kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ijAk;

rftho;itAk; nfhz;L elj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd ajhu;j;j epiyia Muha;jy;.

8. ghlrhiyapy; vkJ ghuk;gupag; ghlrhiy ikak; ( Our Heritage School Center)xd;iw epWTjy;.

9. njupT nra;ag;gl;l mgptpUj;jpf; fUg;nghUs; xd;wpd; fPo;> kf[u; Mf;fk;

kw;Wk; tpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

10. ghlrhiy E}yfj;jpy; Clfj;Jiw rhu;e;j E}y;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> thrpg;G

Mtzq;fs;> gy;Y}lf cgfuzq;fisr; Nru;f;Fk; jpl;lnkhd;iw eilKiwg;

gLj;jy;.

11. cs;sf E}y;epiyankhd;iw mikf;Fk; jp;l;lj;ij tFj;jy;.

12. cau;ju Clfr; nra;jpfs; cl;gl jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa xU Rtu;g;;

gj;jpupifia ,uz;L thuq;fSf;nfhU KiwNaDk; ntspaply;.

13. NtW ghlrhiyfSld; mDgtq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

14. ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd rftho;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

15. Clff; fy;tp thuj;jpy; xU ehis “ghlrhiyr; Gd;difj; jpdk; “ (Schoolsmile day) vd;w ngaupy; njhlu;ghly; Nkk;ghl;L Ntiyj; jpl;lnkhd;iw

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

16. Clfq;fSf;F Mf;fq;fis/ rpj;jpuq;fis/ Gifg;glq;fis Kd;itj;jy;.

17. Clf mwpT Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis khjhe;jk; / thuhe;jk; elj;Jjy;.18. Clfq;fSf;fhd E}y;fis toq;Fk; nranyhOq;if ghlrhiyapy; jpl;lkpl;L

elj;Jjy;.

19. Muk;gg; ghlrhiyg; ngw;Nwhu;fSf;fhd Clf mwpit (Clfg; gad;ghL)

tsu;g;gij fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;l Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jpl;lkpl;L

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

20. Ra gyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ra ntw;wpf;fhff; fUkkhw;wy; njhlu;ghd

gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghh;j;jy;.

21. Clfq;fspy; njhlu;ghlg;gLk; gy;NtW mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa fw;wiy

Nkw;nfhs;sy;

22. ghlj;Jld; njhlu;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mgptpUj;jpj; njhlu;ghlw;

nraw;jpl;lr; RUf;fj;ij cs;slf;fpajhf xU tUlhe;j E}iy ntspaply;.

4

myF 01 - njhlu;ghly; fw;wy; gpuNtrk;

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu;;ghlypd; ,ay;G> nranyhOq;F tiffisAk;

tpjq;fisAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : njhlu;ghliyf; fw;gjw;fhf mjd; guty;> ,ay;G>

tiutpyf;fzq;fs;> vz;zf;fU vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 8

ghl cs;slf;fk; : njhlu;ghlw; gpuNtrk;

1. njhlu;ghly; mwpKfk;

2. njhlu;ghlypd; guty;

3. njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUf;fSk; tiutpyf;fzq;fSk;

4. njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;Gfs;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgW:1. njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

2. njhlu;ghlypd; tpUj;jpia fye;JiuahlYld; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

3. njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;> tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

4. njhlu;ghlypd;; ,ay;G vj;jifaJ vd;gij Kd;itg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

njhlu;ghly; vg;NghJ Muk;gpj;jJ vd;gijj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; $w KbahJ. MapDk;

kdpjd; rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpa ehspy; ,Ue;J njhlu;ghly; Muk;gpj;jpUf;Fk; vd;W

$wyhk;. mjd;gb Mapukhapuk; Mz;Lfshfj; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sJ

vd;gJ njupfpwJ. kdpjd; jdpj;J tho Kbahnjd;gjhy; $l;lhfNt tho Ntz;b

Naw;gl;lJ. xt;nthUtUf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G njhlu;;ghlypD}lhfNt epfo;e;jJ.

kpf mbg;gilahd njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; njhlf;fk; etPd njhopy;El;g uPjpahd

njhlu;ghly; Kiw tiu> njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sJ.

njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij r%ftpayhsu;fs;> fy;tpapa yhsu;fs;>

murpaywpQu;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;> NtW Jiw rhu;e;j mwpQu;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Muhaj;

njhlq;fpaJld; mJ njhlu;ghd gy;NtW vz;zf;fUf;fis mikf;fTk;

Kd;te;jdu;. mjd;gb njhlu;;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij mwpa Kbe;jJ.

jw;fhyj;jpy; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ ntWk; jftw; gupkhw;wk; vd;gjpypUe;J ntFJ}uk;

nrd;Ws;sJ. xU r%fj;ijf; ifahSk; cgfuzkhf ,d;W njhlu;;ghly;

gad;gLj;;jg;gLfpwJ. kf;fspd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;>

kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fs;> fyhrhuq;fis khw;wpaikg;gjw;F> tpUj;jpnra;tjw;F kl;Lkd;wp

cilj;njwptjw;Fk; njhlu;ghly; ,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;gb njhlu;ghliy

Mokhff; fw;gjw;fhd mj;jpthuj;ij ,LtJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;. ,e;j Muk;gg;

ghlj;jpd; %yk; me;j mj;jpthuk; ,lg;gLfpwJ. mjd; kPJ ,Ue;J nfhz;L

njhlh;ghly; gw;wp tpupthff; fw;Fk; tha;g;G cl;;gLj;jg;gLk;.

5

ghl tplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. njhlu;ghly; mwpKfk;

njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iff;F kdpjdpd; Ik;Gyd;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa gy tiutpyf;fzq;fSz;L.

kdpju;fs; kl;Lkd;wp tpyq;FfSk; $l njhlu;;ghlypy; <LgLfpd;wd

njhlu;;ghly; kdpj r%fj;jpd; epyTiff;F ,;d;wpaikahj xU fhuzp.

mbg;gilapy; njhlu;ghlypd; %yk; fUj;Jf;fs;> jfty;fs; gupkhwg;gLfpd;wd.

2. njhlu;ghlypd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsu;;r;rp

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; rkpf;iQfs;> FwpaPLfs;> milahsq;fs; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

mjidaLj;J jP> Gif> Nksk;> epwq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;

gLj;jg;gl;ld.

Kjypy; nkhopAk; ,uz;lhtjhf mupr;RtbAk; %d;whtjhf vOj;Jk;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

Kjypy; Ngr;Rk;> ,uz;lhtJ vOj;Jk; ,lk; ngw;wJ.

,jw;Fr; rkhe;jukhf rpj;jpuk;> cUf;fs; tiujy; Muk;gkhdJ.

vOJtjw;fhd fw;ghiwfs;> fspkz; jl;Lf;fs;> Xiyfs;> gg;gpu]; Xiyfs;>

Njhy;> Glit> kug;gl;ilfs; Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; fljhrp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

mr;Rf;fiy fz;Lgpbg;G njhlu;ghly; tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;GKidahFk;.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; mr;Rf;fiy tpUj;jp> njhiyNgrp Kiw> fk;gpAld; $ba>

fk;gpapy;yhj xypj; njhlu;ghly;fs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; etPd Clfq;fs;

Njhd;wpaikahy; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpaile;jJ.

3. njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUf;fSk; tiutpyf;fzq;fSk;

njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUf;fSk; tiutpyf;fzq;fSk; Nkiyj;Njaf; fz;L

gpbg;gd;W.

njhlu;ghly; njhlu;ghd MW vz;zf;fUf;fs; cUthfpAs;sd.

mjpfhu thjj; njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU %yk; $wg;gLtJ r%fj;

jiytu;fs;/ Ml;rpahsu;fspdhy; njhlu;;ghly; kw;Wk; Clfr; nray;

xOq;Ffs; fl;Lg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Rje;jpukhd njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU %yk; $wg;gLtJ njhlu;

ghly; Clfr; nray; xOq;FfSf;Fr; Rje;jpukhf ,aq;f ,lkspf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

Nrhtpaj; rkTlik njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU %yk; $wg;gLtJ

nghJ eyid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L njhlu;ghliyAk; Clfr;

Rje;jpuj;ijAk; muR nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

r%fg; nghWg;G njhlu;ghd njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU %yk;

$wg;gLtJ murhq;fj;ijg; Nghd;W ClfKk; r%fg; nghWg;Gld;

njhlu;;ghliyAk; Clfj;ijAk; ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

6

mgptpUj;jpj; njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU %yk; $wg;gLtJ Njrpa

mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L njhlu;ghly;fisf; ifahs

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

[dehafj; njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU %yk; fUjg;gLtJ [dehaf

uPjpahd nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;ghliyAk; Clfj;ij

Ak; ifahSjy; murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj

ahFk;.

njhlh;ghly; vz;zf;fUf;fspd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfis kl;Lk; fw;gJ NghjhJ

`hy;l; y];nty;> \dd; tPtu;> tpy;gu; ];uhk;> vl;tl; \gp> vd;Nghu;

njhlu;ghly; tiutpyf;fzq;fis ntspapl;Ls;sdu;. (NtW tiutpyf;fzq;

fSk; cz;L. MapDk; ,e;j ehd;Fk; NghJkhdit.)

4. njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;G

xU topahf my;yJ ,U topahf eilngw KbAk;.

,aw;ifahd xU nranyhOq;F.

njhlu;ghlYf;fhfj; njhopy;El;g cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; ,ay;G

khw;wkilahJ.

Nfhyq;fs; jdpahu; rhu;e;jJ.

jUzj;Jf;Nfw;w xU nranyhOq;F.

r%f $l;bizg;G> rftho;T vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L elj;j KbAk;.

xUtupd; Jf;fq;fs;> ftiyfisg; Nghf;Ftjw;fhf gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

jdp egu; Kjy; r%fk; tiuapyhd elj;ijfisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; xU

fhuzp.

gy;NtW jilfs; fhuzkhf njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghL Njhy;tpailayhk;.

njhlu;ghLtiug; Nghd;W mjidg; ngWNthUk; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ

Kf;fpakhd xU gpuptpdu; Mtu;.

njhlu;;ghly; rpy kl;Lg;gLj;jy;fSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;.

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nranyhOq;fpy; thapy; fhg;Nghd; vd;w xU vz;zf;fUTk;

Njhd;wpAs;sik.

thapy; fhg;Nghdhy; njhlu;ghly; fl;Lg;ghL gy topfspy; eilngWk;.

thapy; fhg;Nghd; vz;zf;fU> njhlu;ghlypy; xU ,aw;if epfo;thFk;.

7

myF 01 - njhlu;ghly; fw;wy; gpuNtrk;

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu;;ghlypd; ,ay;G> nranyhOq;F tiffisAk;

tpjq;fisAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilfs;> khjpupfs;> gzpfs; vd;gtw;iw

tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 6

ghl cs;slf;fk; : njhlu;ghly; nranyhOq;F

njhlu;ghly; mbg;gil

njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs;

njhlu;;ghlypd; gzpfs;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgW:1. njhlu;;ghlypd; mbg;gilfis tpgupg;ghu;

2. njhlu;;ghly; khjpupfis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

3. njhlu;ghlypd; gzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

mwpKfk;

njhlu;ghly; xU nranyhOq;fhFk;. mJ nrt;tNd nraw;gLtJ> mjw;Fupa

mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; midj;Jk; cupa Kiwapy; njhlu;Ggl;Lr; nraw;gl;lhy;

kl;LNk. xU Kidapy; njhlu;GgLgtDk; mLj;j Kidapy; ngWNthDk;>

,Ug;gJld; njhlu;ghly; ,Utopahf eilngWk; NghJ njhlu;ghlYk; ngWgtDk;

vd;w tfpghfq;fs; khw;wkilAk;. ,jpypUe;J njhpa tUtJ njhlu;GgLgtd;>

ngWNthd; vd;Nghu; re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Nfw;g ,dq;fz;L nfhs;s Ntz;ba gpuptpduhtu;.

vt;thwhapDk; ,t;tpU gpuptpdu;f;fpilNa nra;jp gupkhwg;gLtJ fl;lhak; epfOk;.

nra;jp> gazk; nra;a Xu; Clfk; Njit. mj;Jld; ,r; nranyhOq;fpy;

xypj;jilfSk; fUj;Jj;jilfSk; Vw;gLk;.

,t;tbtj;ij> xU khjpupahf cUthf;f gpw;fhyj; njhlu;ghly; Muha;r;rpahsu;fs;

Kd; te;jdu;;. mjd;gb njhlu;ghlw; nranyhOq;F rPuhf tpsq;f Kbe;jJ.

xt;nthU Ma;thsUk; xt;nthU tpjkhf ,j;njhlu;ghlw; nranyhOq;if

khjpupahf mikj;;jdu;;. mtw;Ws; rpy kpfTk; rpf;fyhdit. vdNt> vspikahd

rpy khjpupfSlhf njhlu;;ghlw; nranyhOq;if tpsf;f KbAk;. njhlu;ghlypd;

gzpfisj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; $w KbahJ. mjw;fhd fhuzk; r%f Xl;lj;Jld;

njhlu;ghlw; gzpfSk; khw;wkile;J nfhz;Lk; tpuptile;J nfhz;Lk; tUtjhFk;.

vt;thwhapDk; ehd;F mbg;gilg; gzpfs; njhlu;ghlypd; %yk; vjpu;ghh;f;fg;

gLtij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ NghJkhdJ.

8

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Jiz

1. njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilfs;

njhlu;ghlw; nranyhOq;F mbg;gil mk;rq;fshy; MdJ.

nra;jp %yj;jpd; thapyhf nra;jpf;fhd jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk;.

njhlu;;GgLgtdhy; nra;jp cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nra;jp vd;gJ Kd;itf;Fk; jftyhFk;.

nra;jpiaf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf Xu; Clfk; my;yJ miytupir Njit.

nra;jp ngwg;gLtJ ngWNthupdhyhFk;.

nra;jpia Vw;Nghd; mjw;fhd Jyq;fisr; nrYj;Jthd;.

,t;thW Jyq;FtJ njhlu;ghlYf;fhd gpd;D}l;lyhFk;.

njhlu;;ghly; mbg;gilfspd; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; jilfs; Vw;gLk;.

,e;j xt;nthU mk;rk; njhlu;;gpYk; ntt;Ntwhff; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs;

njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilfs;> mjd; nraw;ghl;bd;gb tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;Lj;

njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLtjd; %yk; xU khjpupia cUthf;fyhk;.

gy;NtW Ma;thsu;fs; gy khjpupfis cUthf;fpAs;sdu;.

rpy khjpupfs; Neu;;Nfhl;by; mike;Js;sd. rpy khjpupfs; mt;thW mikahJ.

rpy khjpupfs; njhlu;ghlw; fl;likg;igf; fhl;LtjhfTk; rpy khjpupfs;

njhlu;ghly; nraw; njhFjpia fhl;LtjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

`uy;l; y];nty; (1948)> \dd; kw;Wk; tPtu; (1949)> x];Fl; kw;Wk; ];uhk;

(1954)> gu;Nyh (1960) MfpNahu;;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l njhlu;ghly;

khjpupfis kl;Lk; fw;wy; ,q;F NghJkhdJ. (NtW gy ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;

ehd;Fk; NghJkhdit.)

3. njhlu;ghlypd; gzpfs;

njhlu;ghly; kdpj ehfupfj;jpd; cz;ikahd xU gzpia epiw

Ntw;Wfpd;wJ.

ntWk; nra;jp> jfty;> fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhWtJ kl;Lk; njhlu;ghly;

gzpahfhJ.

njhlu;;ghly; %yk; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; vjpu;ghh;f;fg;

gLfpwJ.

njhlu;ghlw; gzpfs; gy ,Ug;gpDk; mjpy; gpujhdkhf rpy gzpfisf;

fw;gJ NghJkhdJ.

nra;jp cUthf;fk;

fy;tp

fyhrhug; gzp;

fUj;J uPjpahd gzp

r%f xOq;fikg;Gg; gzp

epiy epWj;Jjy;

Cf;Ftpg;G

9

jfty; cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; kf;fSf;Fj; njhlu;e;Nju;r;;rpahd #oy; gw;wpa

fupridAld; ,Uf;f Kbjy;.

nghJthf r%fj;jpw;Fk; Fwpg;ghfj; jdp kdpjDf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahff; fy;tpia

toq;Fjy; njhlu;;ghlypd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;.

r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; cUthFjy;> r%f epyTiff;F mtrpakhf

,Ug;gJld; mJ njhlu;;ghlypd; xU gzpahfTk; cs;sJ.

gy;NtW etPdkag;gLj;jy;fSf;fhf r%fj;ij xOq;FgLj;jy; njhlu;ghlypd;

gzpahFk;.

nghJthf r%fj;ijAk; Fwpg;ghfj; jdp kdpjidAk; epiy epWj;JtJ

njhlu;ghlypd; gzpahFk;.

epiy epWj;Jk; gzpapy; mwpTG+u;tkhd nghOJNghf;ifAk; kw;Wk;

vspikahd nghOJ Nghf;ifAk; toq;f KbAk;.

jdpj;jdpahfTk; nghJthfTk; nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Cf;Ftpj;jy;

njhlu;ghlypd; gzpahFk;. (gpioahd topapy; J}z;LtJ r%fj;jpd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fj; jilahFk;.)

r%fj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F Cf;Ftpg;G mtrpak;.

10

myF 01 - njhlu;ghly; fw;wy; gpuNtrk;

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu;;ghlypd; ,ay;G> nranyhOq;F tiffisAk;

tpjq;fisAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : njhlh;ghlypd;; gy;NtW tiffis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf

tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 11

ghl cs;slf;fk; : jd;dfj; njhlu;ghly;

Mspilj; njhlu;ghly;

$l;Lj; njhlu;ghly;

ntF[dj; njhlu;;ghly;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgW:

1. jd;dfj; njhlu;ghlw;; nranyhOq;if tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Mspilj; njhlu;;ghlw; nranyhOq;if tpsf;Fthu;.

3. $l;Lj; njhlu;;ghlw; nranyhOq;if tpsf;Fthu;.

4. ntF[dj; njhlu;;ghlw; nranyhOq;if tpsf;Fthu;.

5. njhlu;ghly; tiffisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

6. xt;nthU njhlu;ghly; tiffisAk; tpidj;jpwDld; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

7. xt;nthU njhlu;;ghly; tiffspd; gad;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

mwpKfk;

r%f mDgtq;fspd; xspj;njwpg;ghf njhlu;ghly; nranyhOq;F Muk;gkhtJ

kdpj kdq;fspyhFk;. mJ %isAld; ,ize;J nraw;gLfpwJ. kdpjdpd;

nraw;ghlhf miktJk; gy;NtW jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; mtw;iwj;

Njitf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. jd;dfj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ mjidNa Fwpf;Fk;.

njhlu;ghlYf;fhd njhopy;El;g cgfuzq;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mtw;iwf;

ifahs;tJk; kdpjNd. vdNt> njhlu;ghly; gw;wpf; fw;Fk;NghJ kdpjhgpkhdq;fspd;

elj;ij gw;wpf; fw;wy; Kf;fpak;.

xUtu; kw;wtu;fSld; njhlu;;ghLk; NghJ Mspilj; njhlu;ghlYk; $l;Lj;

njhlu;ghlYk; ,lk; ngWk;. Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypy; ,UtUf;fpilapy; jfty;fs;

gupkhw;wg;gLk;. ,jidr; Nrhbj; njhlu;ghly; vd;Wk; miog;gu;. Nrhbj;; njhlu;ghly;

vd;gJ tho;f;ifapy; nghJthf ,lk; ngWk; xd;whFk;. Nrhbiaj; jhz;br;

nry;Yk; NghJ mq;F $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; Vw;gLk;. mJ rpW FOthf my;yJ

ngUk; $l;lkhff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;. my;yJ khngUk; $l;lkhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

xU rpwpa $l;lj;Jld; NeUf;F Neu; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl KbAk;. ngupa $l;lnkdpd;>

kdpjtY NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd;gjhy; xypngUf;fpiag; gad;gLj;j

Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. kpfg; ngUk; $l;lk; vd;gJ jkf;F vjpupy; ,y;yhj jkJ

fz;fSf;Fj; njd;glhjtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. mJ xU rdj;njhifahFk;. my;yJ

kf;fs; $l;lkhFk;. ,q;F kf;fs; vd;gjw;F (Mass) vd;w Mq;fpyg; gjk; gad;gLj;jg;

11

gLfpwJ. vdNt> ngUq; $l;lj;NjhL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; njhlu;ghly; ntF[dj;

njhlu;ghly; vdg;gLk;. ntF[dj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhf cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; Clfk;

ntF[d Clfk; vdg;gLk;. G+Nfhsj; njhlu;;ghly; ntF[dj; njhlu;ghlypd;

cr;r epiyahFk;. G+Nfhsj; njhlu;ghliy ntF[d Clfj;Jld; ,izj;Njh

my;yJ jdpahfNth fw;fyhk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. jd;df (cs;sf)j; njhlu;ghly;

Xu; MSf;Fs; epfOk; Ra njhlu;;ghly;.

xt;nthUtUk; Foe;ijg; gUtk; KjNy Ik;Gyq;fspdhYk; jfty;fs;

Nrfupf;fpd;wdu;.

jpul;lg;gLk; jfty;fspy; mNdfkhdit mb kdjpy; gjpag;gLk;.

rpy jfty;fs; FWq;fhy Qhgfj;Jld; ePq;fp tpLk;.

mb kdjpy; gjpe;Js;s jfty;fis tho;f;ifapd; NghJ epidTgLj;jpf;

nfhs;syhk;.

cs;sfj; njhlu;;ghlypd; NghJ jk;kplKs;s jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;thu;.

cs;sfj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; xU gpujhd gzpahf

mikAk;.

jk;kplKs;s jfty;fs; rpwe;jjhapd; jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; rpwg;ghf mikAk;.

jk;kplKs;s jfty;fs; Kf;fpakw;witfshf ,Ug;gpd; jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;

ntw;wpaspf;fhJ.

kpfr;rpwe;j jfty;fis KbAkhd msT jpul;bf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

xUtu; jk;ikg; gw;wp Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Ra ghu;itf;F ,j;jfty;fs;

fhuzkhf mikAk;.

Ra vz;zf;fU cUthf;fk; jk;kplKs;s jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa

epfOk;.

Ra ghu;it> Ra vz;zf;fU vd;gd cs;sfj; njhlu;ghlypy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jit.

kd vOr;rp fhuzkhf cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly; rupahfr; nraw;glhjpUf;Fk;.

gy;NtW kd vOr;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; xUthplKs;s Mw;wy;>

cs;sfj; njhlu;;ghliyg; gz;Gj;juk; kpf;fjhf;Fk;.

2. Mspilj; njhlu;ghly;

,J Ml;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ghly; vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;.

,UtUf;fpilNa epfOk; njhlu;;ghlNy ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLk;.

nghJthf ,J NeUf;F Neu;; nra;Ak; njhlu;;ghlyhFk;.

etPd njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghl;lhy; ,jd; tbtk; khw;wkilAk;.

njhiyNgrpA+lhf> ,izaj;jpD}lhf my;yJ FWQ; nra;jpA+lhf ,J eil

ngwyhk;.

etPd njhopy;El;gj;jpd; cjtpahy; njhiy J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Utu; NeUf;F

Neu;; Ngrpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

12

Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; ,UtUf;fpilapy; eilngWtjhFk;.

midtUk; md;whl tho;tpy; vg;NghJk; Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl

Ntz;b Naw;gLk;.

Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ nra;jpahsu;> nra;jp ngWNthu; vd;w

tfpg;ghfq;fs; khwp khwp tUk;.

rpyNtis Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; xU topahf mikAk;.

Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypy; gy Nehf;fq;fs; cs;sd

- jfty; ngwy;.

- Rf Jf;fq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy;.

- mwpitg; ngwYk; toq;fYk;.

- gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

- cjtpfisg; ngwYk; toq;fYk;.

- topfhl;ly;.

- MNyhrid.

- Fw;wr; rhl;Lf;fis Kd;itj;jy;.

- vr;rupf;if tpLj;jy;.

- Fiw$wy;.

- ,ufrpaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

- nray;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.

- NtW

Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; gaDWjp tha;e;jjhf miktJ mjpy; <LgLgtu;

fspilNaAs;s Kjpu;r;rpapd; gbahFk;.

rPuhd Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; %yk; xU r%fj;jpd; nranyhOq;F rPuilfpwJ.

3. $l;Lj; njhlu;;ghly;

njhlu;ghlyhdJ ,Utiuj; jhz;Lk; NghJ mJ $l;lkhf my;yJ FOthf

khWk;.

xU FO rpwpa> eLj;ju> mjpf vz;zpf;if nfhz;ljhf mikayhk;.

$l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypy; xUtop> ,Utop vd;wthW mikayhk;.

Nfl;ly; my;yJ nrtpkLj;jy; $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpa mk;rk;.

$l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypy; gy tbtq;fs; cz;L.

$l;L vd;gjpy; FO my;yJ Fk;gy; mlq;Fk;.

$l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypy; Ie;J tiffSz;L.

1. vOkhwhd FO

2. njupT nra;j FO

3. fw;ww; FO

4. nfhs;iff; FO

5. nraw;gLk; FO

vOkhwhd FO vd;gJ jpBnud my;yJ vOkhw;whf Vw;gLk; FOthFk;.

njhpT nra;j FO vd;gJ jk; kd vOr;rpapd;gb xd;W $Lgtu;fs;.

fw;ww; FO vd;gJ fw;wiy Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L xd;W Nru;tJ.

nfhs;iff; FOf;fs; jPu;khdq;fs; vLf;f xd;W $LtJ.

nraw;gLk; FO vd;gJ xd;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xd;W NrUk;.

vOkhwhd FO> Kiw rhuhjjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

13

njupT nra;j fw;wy;> nfhs;if tFg;G> nraw;gLk; FOf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;

Kiwrhu;e;j FOf;fshf ,Uf;Fk;

FO vj;jifajhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mjd; Nehf;fk; vJthf ,Ug;gpDk; FOtpd;

epyTif njhlh;ghlYf;F Kf;fpakhdJ.

4. kf;fs; njhlu;ghly; (ntF[d)

ngUe;njhifahd kf;fSld; epfOk; njhlu;ghly;> ntF[dj; njhlu;ghly;

vdg;gLk;.

ntF[dj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gj;jpupif> thndhyp>

njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gd ntF[d Clfq;fshFk;.

ntF[dj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ nra;jp ngWNthu; ahu; vd;gijr; nra;jp

toq;Fgtu; jpl;ltl;lkhf mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.

ntF[dj; njhlu;;ghly; nghJthf epWtd kag;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

xt;nthU ntF[d ClfKk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.

ntF[d Clfk; %yk; ngUe;njhifahd kf;fSf;F xNu jlitapy;

jfty;fisf; nfhz;L nry;y KbAk;.

ntF[d Clfk; vd;gJ ,d;W kf;fs; tho;f;ifapd; xU gFjpahf cs;sJ.

gj;jpupifiaf; ifahs;tjw;F vOj;jwpT Ntz;Lk;.

thndhypg; ghtidf;F Nfl;ly; Mw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ghtidahsu;fSf;Fk; Nfl;ly;> ghh;j;jy; Mfpa ,uz;L

Mw;wy;fSk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthf ntF[d Clfg; ghtidf;F Clf mwpT mtrpak;.

jdJ nra;jpia ,yf;Ff; FOTf;F kl;Lk; Kd;itf;f ntF[d Clfj;jpdhy;

KbahJ.

ntF[d Clfr; nra;jp jpwe;J tplg;gLtjpdhy; r%fj;jpy; ghupa nry;thf;if

Vw;gLj;Jk;.

ntF[d Clfq;fspy; njhiyf;fhl;rpNa [duQ;rfkhfTs;sJ.

njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp vd;gd fhzg;gl;lhYk; kf;fSf;F gj;jpupifAk;

mtrpakhfNtAs;sJ.

ntF[d Clfj;Jf;F gapw;rp ngw;w Clftpayhsu;fs; Njit.

Clftpayhsu; (Media person) jahhpf;Fk; gj;jpfis (Text) Muha;e;J mjD}lhf

gFj;jwpit tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;gtu;; ntF[d Clftpayhsh;fs; (MediaExpert) Mthu;;.

Clftpayhsu; vd;gtu; mbg;gil Clfr; nra;jpiaj; jahhpg;ghu;.

ntF[d Clfj;Jf;F cau;; njhopy;El;gk; Njit.

ntF[d Clfk; KO cyifAk; cl;gLj;Jk; NghJ> mJ G+Nfhs ntF[d

Clfkhf khWk;.

14

myF 01 - njhlu;ghly; fw;wy; gpuNtrk;

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu;;ghlypd; ,ay;G> nranyhOq;F tiffisAk;

tpjq;fisAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4 : gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; tpjq;fis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf

tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : tha; nkhopj; njhlu;;ghly;

tha; nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghly;

vOj;J%yj; njhlu;ghly;

fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly;

nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;;ghly;

Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;;ghly;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgW:

1. tha; nkhopj; njhlu;ghliyg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

2. tha; nkhopay;yhj njhlu;;ghly;fisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

3. vOj;J%yj; njhlu;ghliyg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;;g;ghu;.

4. fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; Gydha;T nra;thu.;

5. nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; Gydha;T nra;thu;.

6. Kiwrhu;; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; Gydha;T nra;thu;.

7. Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;;ghly; Kiwfisg; Gydha;thu;.

8. midj;Jj; njhlu;;ghly; KiwfisAk; xg;gpl;L kjpg;gpLthu;.

mwpKfk;

kdpjd; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhye;njhl;Nl md;whl r%fj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhfj; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl;Ls;shd;. ,t;thW njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;

gLj;jpa gy;NtW tpjq;fs; my;yJ tbtq;fis njhlu;ghly; epGzu;fs; tifg;

gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,t;tiffs; njhlu;;r;rpahf kdpj r%fj;jpd; njhlu;ghlw; Njitfis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; ngUk;ghYk; epfOtJ tha;

nkhopay;yh kw;Wk; fl;Gyj; njhlu;;ghlyhFk;. ,q;F tha; nkhopj; njhlu;ghly;vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; NgRtjhFk;. tha; nkhopj;

njhlu;ghlYld; tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghlYk; NrUk;. mjD}lhfNt njhlu;;ghly;

vOk;. vOj;J%yj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; te;j xd;whFk;. fl;Gyj;

njhlu;ghlYf;F ePz;l tuyhW cz;L. my;wh kpuh> y];Nfh> fw;Fifr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

,jw;fhd rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. ,yq;ifapYk; rPfpupa Xtpaq;fs;> njhutf;f> GJUt

fy Nghd;w tpfhiufspy; fhzg;gLk; RtNuhtpaq;fs; fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly;

rhu;;e;jitahFk;. ,yq;ifapy; fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly;; gw;wp tprhupf;Fk; NghJ njhpa

tUtJ mJ kpf cau;e;j xU kughf ,Ue;jJ vd;gjhFk;. nrtpg;Gy njhlu;ghly;

vd;gJ thndhypia kl;Lk; Fwpf;fhJ. thndhyp vd;gJ gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;gf; fUtpahFk;. ,jid tpl nrtpkLf;ff;$ba midj;Jk;

15

,jpy; mlq;Fk;. nrtpg;Gy njhlu;;ghliyr; Nru;e;j Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l xU newpg;gLj;jYld; eilngWtJld; Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly;

vd;gJ mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj Kiwapd; fPo; epfo;tjhFk;. xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd;

epyTiff;F Kiwrhu; - Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly;fs; ,d;wpaikahjit.

,t;tidj;J njhlu;ghly; tpjq;fs; my;yJ tbtq;fSk; ,d;iwa r%f

epyTiff;Fj; mtrpakhFk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fis tpl Gjpa

Clfq;fspD}lhf Gjpa tbtq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf nry;yplj;

njhiyNgrpA+lhf mDg;gg;gLk; FWQ; nra;jpfs;> kpd;dQ;ry; vd;gtw;iwf; $wyhk;.

,it gw;wpa Nghjpa msT tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Ma;Tfs; ,d;Dk; eilngwtpy;iy.

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,tw;wpYk; rpwg;ghd njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fshff; fhl;l Ntz;b

Vw;gLk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghly;

nrhw;fspD}lhfr; nra;Ak; njhlu;;ghly;.

gue;j fUj;jpy; vOj;jhy; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; midj;Jj;

njhlu;ghly;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

,q;F tha;nkhop vd;gJ NgRtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlYf;F nkhopia mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;.

nkhop gw;wpa Nju;r;rp Njitg;glhJ.

Ngr KbAkhd vy;NyhUk; tha;nkhopj; njhlu;;ghlypy; <Lglyhk;.

vy;NyhUk; tho;f;ifapy; vg;NghJk; Nghy; tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypy;

<LgLfpd;wdu;.

,d;W nrtplu;fSf;Ff;$l Ngr;Rg; gapw;rp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

tha; nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLk; ,UtUk; Fwpg;gpl;l nkhopiaj; njupe;jpUj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

nra;jpia toq;Fgtupd; nkhopia tpl> mjidg; ngWgtuJ nkhopapNyNa

toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ Neu;f;fzpakhd gpuNahfq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fisg;

gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhf mikAk;.

tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ rupahff; Nfs;tpfis Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

NgRk;NghJ nrhw;fis cilj;J> Fog;gkhd Kiwapy; Kd;itf;ff; $lhJ.

nghWg;gpy;yhj tpjj;jpy; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ.

tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ Kd;dhaj;jk; gaDilajhf mikAk;.

tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghly; jpBnud Vw;gLtjhy; vg;NghJk; Kd;dhaj;jk; rhj;jpa

kpy;iy.

tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ nrhy;iy ntspapl Kd; xUKiwf;F ,UKiw

Nahrpg;gJ ey;yJ.

Ngrpa thu;;j;ijia vg;gbAk; kPsg; ngw KbahJ.

tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ nrhw;fs; 7% tPjKk; jhsyak; 38% tPjKk;

tha;nkhopay;yhj rkpf;iQfs; 55% tPjKk; ,lk; ngWk;.

16

2 .tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghly;

vy;NyhUk; md;whlj; njhlu;ghly;fspy; tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghlypy;

mjpfk; <LgLfpd;wdu;.

fyP> kw;Wk; nyju;]; 1976 ,y; $wpajw;Nfw;g tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghly;

gpd;tUk; gzpfis epiwNtw;Wk;.

1. Mspilj; njhlu;;ghlypd;NghJ fUj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s cjTk;.

2. tha;nkhop Kd;itj;jiy tpl ed;F czu;Tld; ntspg;gLj;jy;.

3. fUj;ijAk; Nehf;fj;ijAk; Fog;gkpd;wp ntspaply;.

4. tha;nkhopay;yhj rkpf;iQfs;> milahsq;fs; fhuzkhf cau;

njhlu;ghly; kl;lnkhd;W Vw;gLjy;.

5. tha;nkhop milahsq;fistpl> tha;nkhopay;yhj milahsq;fs;

tpidj; jpwd; tha;e;jit.

6. xd;iw czu;Tk;> Kd;nkhoptjw;Fk; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd Clfk;.

tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghly; njhlu;r;rpahf epfOk;.

tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghlypy; gy Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rpy tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghlw; nra;iffs;> jd;id mwpahky; my;yJ

gof;f Njh\j;jpy; epfo;git.

tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghlYf;F vJtpj ,yf;fzq;fNsh> rl;lq;fNsh

fpilahJ.

tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghlw; nra;iffs; jdpahs; kakhdJ.

Njhw;wk;> cil> cly; mirTfs;> czu;Tfs;> rkpf;iQfs;> Kfght

ntspg;ghLfs;> fz;njhlu;G> $u;ikahd ghu;it> njhLif> kzk;> Ngr;rpd;

Ntfk;> Ngr;rpd; xypf; Nfhyk;> jhsk;> eprg;jk;> mtfhrk;> #oy; vd;w

gy;NtW tha;nkhopay;yhj njhlu;ghly;fs; cs;sd.

kw;wtu;fs; NgRk; tpjj;ij Muha;tjd; %yk; tha;nkhopay;yhj Kiwfis

,dq;fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;.

3. vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghly;

nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jp vOJjy; ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

gyKiwfspy;; vOjyhk; (ifnaOj;J / fdpzp / jl;lr;R) vOJtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw my;yJ njhopy;El;gk; vJthdhYk;

vOj;Jf;F xU Fwpf;NfhSz;L.

gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw my;yJ njhopy;El;gj;Jf;fika vOj;jpd; tbtk;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ

gy;NtW vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd gy;NtW khjpup gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

o mwpf;iffs; o Jz;Lg; gpuRuk;

o fbjk; (jdpg;gl;l / cj;jpNahfk;) o klf;Nfhiy

o Mf;ff; fl;Liu o Gj;jfq;fs;> rpW gpuRuq;fs;o mwptpj;jy; o gj;jpupiff; fl;Liufs;

o mwpTWj;jw; gj;jpuk; o gj;jpupiffs;

o capu;g;Gj;juTg; gj;jpuk; o njhopy; tpz;zg;gq;fs;

xt;nthU MtzKk; mjw;NfAupa jdpj;jd;ikfs; nfhz;lJ.

xt;nthU Mtzj;Jf;Fk; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhop> khjpup> $w;Wfs;

jdpj;Jtkhdit.

17

vOj;Jg; gupr;rak; Vw;gl gy;NtW vOj;jhf;fq;fspy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

Mtz Mf;fk; vd;gJ njhopy;thz;ik kl;lj;jpy; fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

vOj;J %yj; njhlu;;ghlypy; Maj;jk; nra;tjw;fhd Neuk; cz;L.

cau; Mtznkhd;wpypUe;J xU nrhy;iyNaDk; ePf;f KbahJ.

Mtzj;Jf;fhd mbg;;gilahd jpwd;fs; thrpg;gpdhNyNa Vw;gLk;.

Xu; Mtzj;ijg; gy jlit rupahf;Fk; NghJ cau; kl;lj;ij milAk;.

4. fl;Gy njhlu;ghly;

fz;zhy; ghu;g;gjd; %yk; epfOk; njhlu;;ghlNy ,jdhy; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

fz;fspdhy; ghu;;g;gjw;F xU vy;iy fpilahJ.

njhiyf;fhl;rp> rpj;jpuk;> ghijr;rkpf;iQfs;> rpdpkh> Gifg;glk;> rpw;gk;

vd;gd fl;Gyj; njhlu;;ghlypy; mlq;Fk;.

kdpj r%fj;jpd; Muk;gk; KjNy fl;Gyj; njhlu;;ghly; fhzg;gl;lJ.

cUf;fs;> tiuGfs;> Rtnuhl;bfs; vd;gdTk; fl;Gyj; njhlu;;ghlyhFk;.

fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghlypy; fpuhkpaf; fiyfs; Nghd;w kuG uPjpahd KiwfSk;

gad;gLfpd;wd.

Kiwahd jpl;lkplypd; %yk; fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghlypd; cau; kl;lj;

njhlu;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

etPd njhopy;El;gj;jpdhy; fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghliy cUthf;f KbAk; (fzpdp>

vwpitfs; kw;Wk; vwpitay;yhj cgfuzq;fs;)

fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghliy kf;fs; ngupJk; tpUk;Gtu;.

%l ek;gpf;iffs;> rlq;Ffs; vd;gtw;Wld; fl;Gyj; njhlu;;ghly; njhlu;;GgLk;.

fl;GyKiwfSf;fhd nghJf; fUj;Jk; rpwg;Gf; fUj;Jk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

fl;GyKiwfSf;fhd cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fSk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

5. nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;;ghly ;

Nfl;lYf;Fl;gLgit nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;;ghlypy; mlq;Fk;.

gy;NtW xypfs;> rg;jq;fs;> ,ir vd;gtw;why; njhlu;ghl KbAk;.

thndhyp nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghlypd; xU gpujhd ClfkhFk;.

xypg;Ngiof; fUtp> xyp ehlh ,ae;jpuk;> xypngUf;fp ,ae;jpuk; vd;gdTk;

nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;;ghly; tifiar; rhu;e;jitNa.

xt;nthU nrtpkLj;jy; KiwfSk; rpwg;G Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wd.

nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; ,aw;ifahfTk;> jpl;lkpl;l mbg;gilapYk; epfOk;.

%l ek;gpf;if> topghL vd;gtw;Wld; nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; njhlu;GgLk;.

nrtpkLj;jy; KiwfSf;fhd nghJf; fUj;Jk;> rpwg;Gf; fUj;Jk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

nrtpkLj;jy; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fSk;

,Uf;f KbAk;.

gy;NtW epu;thf eltbf;iffs;;> rkpf;iQfSf;fhf nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fs;

rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.(njhq;Fk; kzp> Nkir kzp> irud;>

jPaizf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; Xir> Nehahsu; thfdq;fspd; xyp> Rdhkp

vr;rupf;if xyp)

18

6. Kiwrhu; - Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;;ghly;

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; NkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fpAk;> fPopUe;J Nky; Nehf;fpAk;>

FWf;fhfTk; epfOk;.

Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwrhuh topfspy; xOq;fpd;wpr; nry;Yk;.

jpwikahd xUtUf;F Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghliy epWtdj;jpd; ed;ikf;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

nghJthf Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; gytPdkilAk; NghJ Kiwrhuhj;

njhlu;ghly; guTfpwJ.

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghliy vt;tsT gyg;gLj;jpdhYk; Kiwrhuhj;

njhlu;ghlYk; fhzg;gLk;.

Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Mu;tj;ij> re;Njfj;ijg; gad;

gLj;Jk; xU njhlu;ghly; KiwahFk;.

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghliy tpl Kiwrhuj; njhlu;ghly; NtfkhdJ.

Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlypdhy; fpilf;fhj jfty;fs; Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly;

%yk; fpilf;Fk;.

Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; epfOk; tpjj;ij ehd;F rq;fpypfshf fhl;lyhk;.

jdpr;rq;fpypapy; xUtuplkpUe;J kw;wtUf;Fj; jfty; nry;Yk;.

tje;jpr; rq;fpypapy; xUtuplkpUe;J kw;w vy;NyhUf;Fk; jfty; nry;Yjy;.

epfo;jfTr; rq;fpypapy; re;jpg;gtUf;Fj; jftiy toq;FtJld; mtUk;

mt;thNw nra;thu;.

Nfhl;lr; rq;fpypapy; xUtu; jftiy toq;FtJ Fwpg;gpl;l njhlu;;gpy;

cs;s rpyUf;F kl;LNk> mjidg; ngw;wtUk; mt;thNw nra;thu;;.

NkNyhl;lkhfg; ghu;;f;Fk; NghJ epfo;jfT> Nfhl;lr; rq;fpypfs; xNu tpjkhff;

fhzg;gbDk; mjd; nraw;ghL xd;WNghypy;iy.

D E F G

H

C C D I

B J B

A

jdpr; rq;fpyp tje;jpr; rq;fpyp epfo;j;jfTr; rq;fpyp Nfhl;lr; rq;fpyp

Single Strand Chain Gossip Chain Probability Chain Cluster Cahin

K

A

A

A

B

B

D K

F

S

Y

C

O

H

N L

ME

G

I

H

K

19

myF 02 - njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk; - (50 ghl Ntisfs;)

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;FkpilNaAs;s njhlu;igAk;

r%f tfpghfj;ijAk; etPd cyfkakhf;fy; r%fj;jpd;

njhlu;;ghlw; Nghf;FfisAk; ju;;f;f uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : r%fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> fl;likg;G vd;gtw;iw

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp r%fr; rk gyj;ijAk; mjd; mwpTj;

Njlypd; ,ay;igAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : r%fg; Gupe;Jzu;T

r%fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; (3 ghlNtisfs;)

r%ff; fl;;likg;G (3 ghlNtisfs;)

r%f tsq;fSk; r%fg;gyj;jpd; ikaKk; (3 ghlNtisfs;)

mwpitf; fz;lwpjy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. r%fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp gw;wp ju;f;fuPjpahff; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.

2. r%ff; fl;likg;gpd; mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.

3. r%f tsq;fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.

4. gyk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ijAk; ikag;gLk; tpjj;ijAk; gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

5. mwpTj;Njliy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;ijr; rupahf tpgupg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

vt;tpj jhf;fq;fSk; fl;Lg;ghLfSkpd;wp Rje;jpukhf fhLfspy; Rw;wpj; jpupe;j

kdpjd;> jdJ vspikahd Njitfs; tpuptile;jik> gy;NtW FOf;fs; fhLfspd;

xt;nthU gFjpapYk; ,Ue;J cUthjy; vd;gd fhuzkhf mtu;fspilNa

Nkhjy;fs; voj;njhlq;fpd. mjw;fhd khw;W topahf Muk;gr; r%fk; cUthdJ.

mq;F clw;gyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jiyikj;Jtk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ.

jiyikj;Jtj;ij ikakhff;nfhz;L ,df;FOf;fs; cUthapd.

mt;thW cUthd FOf;fspd; ,ay;Gfspd;gb mtu;fis gykhd FO> gytPdkhd

FO vd;W tifg;gLj;j Kbe;jJ. gykhd FO> gytPdkhd FOit mbikg;

gLj;jpajpdhy; gyk; vd;w vz;zf;fU r%fkakhdJ.

tha;nkhopay;yhj topfspy; Muk;gkhd njhlu;ghly;> nkhop> vOj;J> mr;Rf;fiy

Nghd;w fUtpfspD}lhf xt;nthUtUf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

r%fj;jpd; gyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L G+Nfhs vy;iyfisf; fle;J gyk;

vd;w vz;zf;fU tpuptiltJ kdpj rpe;jid tpupthf;fj;jpd; gpujpgydhfNtahFk;.

mjdhy;> r%fj;jpd; epiyiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gzpia epiwNtw;WtJ

Kd;Ndw;wkhd> etPd njhlu;ghly; Kiwfspdhy; vd;gJ mwpQu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

20

,jd;gb etPd njhlu;ghly; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf cyfk; RUq;fpf;

nfhz;bUg;gjhfTk;> KO cyFk; xU khdpl fpuhkkhf khwpf; nfhz;bUg;gjhfTk;>

njhlu;ghly; epGzuhd kh\y; kf;Y`d; $wpAs;shu;. ,jd;gb r%fj;jpd; gyKk;

mwpTk; tpuptiltijAk; mJ njhlu;ghly; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; $wyhk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz:

1. r%fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

r%fk; vd;gJ khWk; Xu; mikg;G

r%fk; cUthfpapUg;gJ kdpjd; jdpikapy; tho KbahikapdhyhFk;.

,d;Ws;s r%fk; tuyhw;W uPjpahd> gbKiwahd> gbKiwaw;w tsu;r;rpapd;

ngWNgwhFk;.

gbKiwahd tsu;r;rpapy; gy fl;lq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld (Muk;g> mbik>

khdpaKiw> Kjyhspj;Jt> rkTlik vd;w)

gbKiwahd> gbKiwaw;w vd;w ,uz;L tsu;r;rpfSNk ,aw;ifahd

epfo;TfNs.

r%fk; vd;gij r%ftpay;> murpay;> cstpay; uPjpahf tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;jyhk;.

r%f tsu;r;rpAld; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpAk;> jfty;fSk;> mwpTk; ,ize;J

nfhz;ld.

kdpjdpd; kl;Lg;ghlhd Njitfs; vy;iyaw;wjhf khwpaik r%f

tsu;r;rpAlNdahFk;.

r%fj;Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gtw;wpy; njhlu;ghlypd; gq;F Kf;fpak;.

2. r%ff; fl;likg;G

r%fk; vd;gJ Xu; ,aw;ifahd xOq;fikg;G.

jdpkdpjd;> FLk;gk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapNyNa r%fk; cUthdJ.

r%ff; fl;likg;gpYs;s FLk;gk; Xu;; ,aw;if myfhFk;.

r%ff; fl;likg;gpy; NtW gy mikg;GfSk; cz;L.

mj;jifa mikg;Gfs; jdpkdpj> r%fj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfNt

Njhd;wpd.

gy;NtW r%f mikg;Gf;fis nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhrhuk;> rkak;

vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;.

r%ff; fl;likg;G> r%fg; gpukhzj;Jf;Nfw;g gy;NtW tpjq;fspy;

khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sd.

r%ff; fl;likg;gpy; gy mjpfhuf; FOf;fs; epyTfpd;wd.

rfy r%fq;fSk; ,d mbg;gil> Kaw;rp mbg;gil vd;w ,uz;ilAk;

cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

21

3. r%f tsq;fSk; mjpfhu (gyk;) ikaKk; xU r%fj;jpd; ts cupj;J mjd; ikaj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ.

r%fj;jpd; kpfg; ngWkjp tha;e;j tsk; kdpj tskhFk;.

kdpj tsk; Gyik tsj;ij cUthf;Fk;.

Gjpa ngsjpf tsq;fis cUthf;FtJk; kdpj tsNk.

ts cupj;Jlikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl r%f tFg;Gf;fs;

cUthfpd;wd.

gy;NtW gupzhk tsu;r;rpf; fl;lq;fspd; NghJ r%fj;jpd; ts cupj;J

gy;NtWgl;ljhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. (Nfhj;jpu epu;thf Kiw> kd;duhl;rp> [dehaf

Ml;rp> rkTlik muR vd;wthW)

r%ff; fl;likg;gpy; nghUshjhu> cw;gj;jp mjpfhu ikaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cau; r%ff; fl;likg;gpy; muR> rkak;> ntF[d Clfk;> fiy> murpay;

vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.

r%fj;jpd; mjpfhu ikak; khw;wkila fy;tp tpN\l nry;thf;ifr;

nrYj;jpAs;sJ

r%f mjpfhu ikaq;fSf;Fr; rthy; tpl ntF[d Clfq;fspdhy; KbAk;.

4. mwpitf; fz;lwpjy; (Njly;)

mwpTNjly; kdpjdpd; cyiff; fz;lwpAk; Kaw;rpapd; tpisthFk;.

mwpTNjly; xU tuyhw;W uPjpahd nranyhOq;F.

,d;W fhzg;gLk; r%f mwpT ePz;l ehl; Njlypd; gpujpgydhFk;.

njhlu;ghly;> Gyf;fhl;rp> gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> vz;zf;fU> jPu;khdk;> Kd;Ndhb

eltbf;if vd;gd mwpTj; Njlypd; gzpfshFk;.

mwpTj;Njlypy; gy;NtW El;g Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. (mtjhdpg;G>

gFg;gha;T> njhFg;gha;T> gupNrhjid Nghd;w)

22

myF 02 - njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk;

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;GfisAk;

tfpghfj;ijAk; etPd cyfkakhf;fy; r%fj;jpd;

njhlu;ghly; Nghf;FfisAk; ju;f;f uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig

tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G

r%fj;jpdJk; njhlu;ghlypdJk; tpUj;jp

cs;ehl;Lj; njhlu;ghlYf;fpilapyhd mwpT

njhlu;;ghlypd; r%fr; nry;thf;F

njhlu;ghly; Kd;Ndhb eltbf;iffs;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. r%fj; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;;jpfspilNaAs;s njhlu;ig ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.

2. cs;ehl;Lj; njhlu;ghly;fSf;fpilapyhd mwpitj; njspthf tpgupg;ghhu;.

3. njhlu;ghly;> r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij gFg;gha;T uPjpahff;

$Wthu;.

4. njhlu;ghly; Kd;Ndhb eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; mit r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

mwpKfk;

ve;j xU r%fj;jpYk; jdpkdpju;fis ,izj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; fk;gpahf njhlu;ghly;

nraw;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J njhlu;ghlYf;fhd Clfq;fs;

cUthtJ mr;r%fj;jpy; epyTk; kdg;ghq;Ffs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> rkak;> gof;f

tof;fq;fs; Nghd;w fyhrhu mk;rq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhFk;. mjD}lhf xU

r%fj;jpd;> ehl;bd; njhlu;;ghly; ,ay;ig MuhAk; NghJ me;ehl;by;> r%fj;jpy;

thOk; kf;fspd; r%fj; Njitfs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> vz;zq;fs;> vjph;ghu;g;Gf;fs;>

topghLfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; Nghd;w r%fj;jpy; epyTk; epiyikfs; njhlu;ghd

tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw Kbfpd;wJ. jdp egu; mr;r%fj;Jld; ,iaghf;fk; ngWtJk;

mwptpy; Nju;r;rp ngWtJk;> me;ehl;Lf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdtuhf khWtJk;

mr;r%fj;jpd; njhlu;ghly; ClhfNtahFk;.

njhlu;ghlypd;; r%fr; nry;thf;F kpf cau;e;j kl;;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,d;W r%fj;ij

nfhz;L elj;Jk; gpujhd nraw;ghl;Lf; fhuzpahf njhlu;ghly; khwpAs;sJ. mJ

kl;Lkd;wp xt;nthU r%fj;jpdJk; ,ay;Gfis tprhupf;Fk; NghJ mjw;NfAupa

mwpTg; Gyk; njhlu;ghfg; NghjpasT ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;ljhf ,y;iy. ,jd;gb

r%fk; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Xu; mbg;gil kl;lj;jpyhd Ma;nthd;iw

Nkw;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

23

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. r%f kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jp

r%fj;Jf;Fk; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;FkpilNa gu];guj; njhlu;G

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

r%f epyTiff;Fj; njhlu;ghly; mtrpakhf ,Ug;gjhy; r%fKk;

njhlu;ghlYk; Kd;Ndw;wk; milfpd;wd.

njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpailtjhy; kf;fspd; fUj;J ntspg;ghL cau; kl;lj;ij

milfpwJ.

r%fj;jpy; ,ilj;njhlu;G Nkk;gl njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jp cjtpahf mikfpwJ.

gy;NtW r%fr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd; NghJ njhlu;ghliyg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;>

tbtq;fs; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sd.

njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpaile;jikahy; r%fr; nraw;ghL Ntfkile;jJ.

njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpahy; r%fk; RUq;fpaJ.

Jizf; fyhrhuq;fSf;fpilNa epyTk; ,ay;GfSf;Nfw;g njhlu;ghly;

jdpj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

2. cs;ehl;Lj; njhlu;ghly; mwpTg; Gyik

ve;j xU ehl;bYk; jkf;NfAupa njhlu;ghlw; Nfhynkhd;W tpUj;jpaile;

jpUf;Fk;.

xU r%fj;ij jw;NghJs;s epyTiff;F nfhz;L te;jJ mjw;NfAupa

njhlu;ghlw; NfhykhFk;.

,jd;gb ,yq;ifapYk; cs;ehl;L njhlu;ghly; mwpTg; Gyiknahd;W

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

njhlu;ghly; %yk; cs;ehl;bd; gy;NtW fyhrhu ,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

xt;nthU fyhrhuj;ijAk; nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;F njhlu;ghly; fhuzkha;

mike;Js;sJ.

cs;ehl;Lr; rpe;jid> cs;ehl;Lj; njhlu;ghly; mwpTg; Gyikapd; kPNj

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gof;ftof;fq;fs;> vz;zq;fs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs;> r%f kdg;ghq;Ffs;> fiy

vd;gd njhlu;ghlw; Gyikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; mk;rq;fshf cs;sd.

cs;ehl;L kf;fspd; epyTif> cs;ehl;Lj; njhlu;ghly; mwpTg; Gyikapd;

kPNj jq;fpAs;sJ.

3. njhlu;ghlypd; r%fr; nry;thf;F

njhlu;;ghly; r%fj;jpd; kPJ ghupa nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jk;.

r%fr; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghly; %yk; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.

cwtpdu; njhlu;Gfs;> el;G> Nerk; Mfpa r%f epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghlypd;

kPNj epyTfpd;wd.

jdp egu;fspilNa njhlu;;ig ntspf;fhl;LtJ njhlu;ghlyhFk;.

r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhf kf;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy; njhlu;ghlypd; %yk; Nkw;

nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

24

4. njhlu;ghly; Kd;Ndhb eltbf;iffs;

gy;NtW njhlu;ghly;fs; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; fw;f

Ntz;Lk;.

njhlu;;ghlYf;F FWq;fhy> ePz;lfhy Nehf;fq;fSk; ntspg;gilahd>

kiwthd Nehf;fq;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;.

r%f tpUj;jpf;fhfj; njhlu;ghliyr; rupahd topapy; nfhz;L elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

njhlu;ghlypd; tu;j;jf ,yf;Ff;Fk; r%f ,yf;Ff;FkpilNa ,ilntsp

fhzg;gLk;.

njhlu;;ghlypd; r%f ,yf;if miltNj Kd;Ndhbfspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;.

gy;NtW Kd;Ndhb eltbf;iffs; njhlu;;ghlypd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;J

fpd;wd. (kuG uPjpahd elj;ijfs;> Gjpa Kd;Ndhb mikg;Gf;fs;> rka

epWtdq;fs;> FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy Mfpad.)

25

myF 02 - njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk;

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;GfisAk;

tfpghfj;ijAk; etPd cyfkakhf;fy; r%fj;jpd;

njhlu;ghly; Nghf;FfisAk; ju;f;f uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3 : njhlu;;ghlypd; r%f tfpghfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : njhlu;ghlypd; r%f tfpghfk;

jdp kdpj NjitfSf;fhd njhlu;ghly;

r%fj; NjitfSf;fhd njhlu;ghly;

jftw; Nrfupg;Gg; gzp

r%f kakhf;fk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. jdp kdpj NjitfSf;fhfj; njhlu;ghliyg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij myrp

Muha;thu;.

2. r%fj; NjitfSf;fhf njhlu;ghliyg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

3. jftw; Nrfupg;Gf;Fj; njhlu;;ghliy cgNahfpg;gJ gw;wp xg;gPl;L uPjpahff; fw;ghu;.;

4. r%fkakhf;fj;jpy; njhlu;ghlypd; tfpghfj;ijf; fz;lwpthu;.

5. nghJthfj; njhlu;ghlypd; r%f tfpghfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

mwpKfk;

kdpj r%fj;jpy; njhlu;ghly; Muk;gpj;jJ> jdp kdpjDf;Fj; jd; Njitfisj;

jdpNa epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s KbahJ NghdikapdhyhFk;. VidNahupd;

fUj;JfSk; cjtp> xj;Jiog;Gk; kdpjdpd; epyTiff;F mtrpakhFk;. kdpjd;

xU r%fg; gpuhzp vd;gjhy; VidNahUld; Nru;e;J thOk; NghJ xU nghJ

cld;ghL ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhd xU fhuzpahFk;. mjidg; G+uzg;gLj;JtJ

njhlu;ghlyhFk;.

Muk;g r%fj;jpy; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd njhlu;ghly; mtu;fspd;

r%fj; Njitfspd; kl;lj;jpNyNa fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> r%fj; Njitfs;

tpuptile;jik> Njitfs; rpf;fyile;jik fhuzkhf njhlu;ghly; gy khw;wq;fSf;

Fl;gl;lJ. mjd;gb njhlu;ghlypd; gzpAk; tpuptile;jJ.

kdpj r%fj;jpd; epyTiff;Fj; Njitahd midj;J topfhl;ly;fisAk; toq;Fk;

r%fj;ij newpg;gLj;Jgtdpd; epiyf;F> njhlu;ghly; cau;j;jg;gl;lJ ,jdhyhFk;.

mjd;gb r%fj;Jf;Nfw;wgb cWg;gpdu;fis cUthf;Fk; gzp njhlu;ghlypdhNyNa

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

26

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. jdp kdpj NjitfSf;fhd njhlu;ghly;

kdpj r%fj;jpy; nghJthd Njitfs; ,Ug;gJld; jdp kdpj NjitfSk;

Kuz;gl;l tpjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

xUtu; jdJ Njitia epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s VidNahUld; njhlu;G nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

VidNahUld; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; NghJ> njhlu;ghly; Xu; mj;jpahtrpa

fUtpahf mikAk;.

njhlu;ghlw; Nfhyk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; NtWgLk;.

nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; Kiw gad;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhy; cupa Nehf;fk;

epiwNtwhJ.

jdp kdpj Njitfs; epiwT nra;tjpy; Gyf;fhl;rpapy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs;

jilahf mikAk;.

gad;gLj;jf;$ba njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs;> tbtq;fs; VuhsKz;L.

2. r%fj; NjitfSf;fhd njhlu;ghly;

njhlu;ghlypd; %yNk r%fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

r%fj;ijf; nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;F njhlu;ghly; mj;jpahtrpakhdJ.

r%fj;Jf;Fg; gy NjitfSz;L.

r%fj;jpd; jdp kdpju;;fSk; gy; tifg;gLtu;.

gad;gLj;jg;glf;$ba njhlu;ghly; KiwfSk;> tbtq;fSk; gy; tifg;gLk;.

NjitfSf;Fk;> Ml;fSf;Fk; Vw;wgb njhlu;ghly; KiwfisAk;>

tbtq;fisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

r%fj; Njitfis mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; njhlu;ghly; vt;tsTf;F

cjtpahdJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpjy; vspjd;W.

njhlu;ghliyg; gpioahfg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ Fog;gq;fs; Vw;gl KbAk;.

r%fj;jpd; rPuhd epiyg;ghNl njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. jfty; jpul;ly; gzp r%f epiyg;ghl;Lf;F jfty;fs; mtrpak;.

kf;fs; vg;NghJk; jftw; jhfj;Jld; ,Ug;gu;.

clYf;F czT Nghd;W kdJf;Fj; jfty;fs; Njit.

gy;NtW jfty; Clfq;fs; %yk; kf;;fSf;Fr; nra;;jp fpilf;Fk;.

Kiwrhu; Clfq;fs; %yKk; Kiwrhuh Clfq;fs; %yKk; kf;fSf;Fj;

jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk;.

jftnyhd;wpy; gpujhdkhf ek;gfj; jd;ik ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

xU jfty; ek;gfukhf miktjw;F mJ cz;ikahf ,Ug;gJld; cupa

epWtdj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Kiwrhuhj; jfty;fSk; r%f epiyg;ghl;Lf;F cjTk;.

Kiwrhuhj; jfty;fspd; rPuw;w nry;thf;fpdhy; r%fk; Fog;gkilAk;.

rupahd jfty; %yq;fspd; kPJ kf;fsJ ftdk; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;.

r%fj;Jf;Fj; jfty; fpilf;Fk; gpujhd topahf Clfq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

ntF[d Clfq;fis tplTk; etPd Clfq;fspd; %yk; mjpf jfty;fs;

Ntfkhff; fpilf;fpd;wd.

27

4. r%f kakhf;fk; jdJ r%fj;jpd; vjpu;ghh;g;Gf;Nfw;g jk; r%f tho;f;ifr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;

NghJ ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba Kiwfisf; fw;gJ r%fkakhf;fyhFk;.

,e;j elj;ijia my;yJ kdpjd; ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjj;ijg;

gw;wpa fw;wy; Muk;gpg;gJ kpfr;rpwpa gUtj;jpypUe;jhFk;.

r%fkakhf;fypd; NghJ tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Sk; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs;

,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

(1) jdpegu; Njitfis epiwT nra;J nfhs;sy;.

(2) jdpegu;; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; r%fj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l elj;ijfs;.

xUth; r%fkakhFk; %d;W fhuzpfSz;L.

Nghyr; nra;jy; (Identification), gpd;gw;Wjy; (Imitation), tfpghfNkw;wy; (Roleplaying)

Nghyr; nra;tjpy; rpy ,yl;rpathjpfs; elj;ijia jk;kplk; epge;jidg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;sy;.

gpd;gw;Wjypy; xUtUld; neUq;fp tho;e;J> midj;J elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis

Ak; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

tfpghfNkw;wypy; jhk; goFk; kdpju;fspd; xt;nthU tfpghfj;ijAk; Vw;W

mJ Nghyr; nra;jy;.

r%fj;jpy; epyTk; kuGuPjpahd njhlu;ghly; KiwfSk; r%fkakhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

nghJthf ntF[d Clfk; r%fkakhf;fypy; ghupa tfpghfnkhd;iw

epiwNtw;WfpwJ.

fUf; FLk;gj;jpYk;> tp];jPuzf; FLk;gj;jpYk; r%fkakhf;fy; nraw;ghL

NtWgl;lJ.

FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy vd;gd r%fkakhf;fy; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghWg;ghf

,Ug;gpDk; ntF[d Clfq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; r%fkakhf;fk; nghWg;gw;wJ.

28

myF 02 - njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk;

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;GfisAk;

tfpghfj;ijAk; etPd cyfkakhf;fy; r%fj;jpd;

njhlu;ghly; Nghf;FfisAk; ju;f;f uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4 : cyfkakhf;fYk; njhlu;ghlYk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : cyf kakhf;fy; vz;zf;fU

mwpTr; r%fk;

cyf kakhf;fYk; Gjpa Nghf;Fk;

Fbfspd; Clfk;

khw;W ClfKk; vjph;g;G ClfKk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. cyfkakhf;fy; Vw;gLtjd; r%fg; Nghf;FfisAk; vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;

tpgupg;ghu;.

2. jftw; njhlu;ghlypd; ngWNgwhf mwpTr; r%fk; cUthd tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

3. ika kw;Wk; J}u ehLfSf;F cyfkakhf;fYk; mjd; Nghf;FfSk; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij xg;gPl;L uPjpahfg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

4. Fbik Clfk; vd;gjd; jd;ik> mjd; tpUj;jp> nraw;ghL vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

5. khw;W Clfk;> vjpu;g;G Clfk; Njhd;wpa mbg;gil> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;>

mtw;wpd; r%fr; nry;thf;F vd;tw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

mwpKfk;

cyfk; G+uhTk; gy;Njrpag; gupzhkj;jpy; gutpAs;s %yg;nghUs; jfty; njhlu;G

kw;Wk; Clfj;njhFjpfshf tpuptile;Js;sik njhlu;ghlypd; cyfkakhf;fy;

vdg;gLk;. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff;fw;ifapy; mg;Nghf;F gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspYk;

gy;NtW Nfhl;ghLfspd; fPOk; Muhag;gLfpwJ. G+Nfhskakhf;fYk; njhlu;ghlYk;

gw;wp gupNrhjidfspy; <LgLk; rpy mwpQu;fs;> tpQ;Qhdj;jpYk; fyhrhuj;jpdJk;

vjpu;fhy tpUj;jp fhuzkhf gy;NtW ehLfspd; ,iwik kw;Wk; fyhrhuj;

jdpj;Jtk; moptjhfTk; ntF[d ClfKk; njhlu;ghlYk; kdpj Nea Nehf;fj;jpw;

fhfr; nraw;gLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> tu;j;jf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfNt nraw;gLtjhf

fUJfpd;wdu;.

cyfkakhf;fy; r%fj;jpy; tuyhw;W uPjpahf Vw;gLk; gy;Jiw rhu;e;j xU

nranyhOq;fhFk;. mJ kdpjr; nraw;ghl;bd; gy;NtW gug;Gfspy; ,ilj;njhlu;igAk;

(Inter connectendness), ,ilr; nraw;ghL (Interaction), gu];guk; (Inter dependancy),$u;ik (Intensification) vd;gtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;J nkhj;j kdpj r%fj;ijAk;

gbKiw uPjpahd xU Kf epyTifahf khw;wpAs;sJ. rkfhy kdpj r%fk;

jdJ r%fg; gupzhkj;jpd; rpwg;ghd xU Afj;Jf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jpUg;gJld;; E}w;whz;L

fhykhf epytpa %ba r%fKk; Njrpa muRf;; fl;likg;Gk; jdJ epyTifapd;

29

,Wjpf; fl;lj;ij neUq;fpAs;sd. ,f;fl;likg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk;

mtw;iwj; jk; Cl;ly; gpuNjrq;fshf Mf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; etPd r%ff; fl;likg;

nghd;W cUthfp kdpj tho;tpd; rfy nraw;ghl;L mtfhrq;fSk; mjDld;

,ize;Js;sJ. kdpj tuyhw;wpy; Kjw; jlitahf mg;Gjpa r%ff; fl;likg;G

%yk; KO kdpj r%fKk; xU Kfg;gl;l r%fkhf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

G+Nfhs r%fj;jpy; ntF[dj; njhlu;ghly;fs; %ykhf ehLfspd; vy;iy fle;J

epfOk; jfty;> nra;jp> nghOJNghf;F epfo;r;rpfspd; tpupthf;fj;jpd; tpisthf

Njrpa> tya> fyhrhuj; jdpj;Jtk; eyptile;J rk ,d> rkjuj;J> xUKfkhd

G+Nfhsf; fyhrhu> njhlu;ghly; #oy; xd;W cUthfpa tz;zk; cs;sJ. ,J

G+Nfhsg; gupzhkj;jpd; jfty; KjyPl;L (Informational capital) jdpAupikahfpajd;

ngWNgwhFk;.

,J jfty; xd;wpiztpd; epfo;Tfisj; njupT nra;Ak; nranyhOq;F kPJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jp tpl;lJ. jfty;> Clfr; re;ijapd; cs;slf;fk;

gpuNjrj;Jtk;> Njrpak;> tyaj;Jtk; ,optsthFk; Nghf;if Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

mjw;fpilapy; ,e;epiy G+Nfhska nra;jp ngWNthu; Fohj;jpd; gy;tifikahf;Fk;

Nghf;ifj; jPtpug;gLj;Jk;. ,t;thW nra;jp kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;if toq;Fk;

epfo;r;rpfspd; cs;slf;fk; cyfka ,ay;Gfis mile;jijj; njhlu;e;J nra;jp

ngWNthupd; ,uridAk; cyfkakhFk; Nghf;F mjpfupf;Fk;. ,e;epiyapy; nra;jp

ngWNthu; jk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; epfo;tdtw;wpd; kPJ fhl;Lk; Mu;tKk;

ftu;r;rpAk; FiwtiltJld; mtu;fspd; mtjhdKk; Mu;tKk; G+Nfhska

fyhrhuj;jpdhy; eilngWk; epfo;Tfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; ghy; nry;Yk; Clff;

fyhrhuk; G+Nfhskakhf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf gy;NtW Njrpaq;fspd; fyhrhuk;

mu;j;jq;fSk; ngWkhdj; njhFjpfSk; rkfhykakhf;fy; (Synchronization),juf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gly; (Standadization) xNu ,dkhFk; (Homogenization) Nghf;Fvd;gd jPtpukile;J nkhj;j tho;f;if mtfhrKNk ClfkakhFk; Nghf;ifg;

gyg;gLj;Jk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. G+Nfhs kakhf;fy; vz;zf;fU nkhopf;fUj;jpy; - cyfkakhf;fy;> G+kpkakhf;fy;> mfpykakhf;fy;>

G+Nfhskakhf;fy;> ru;tNjr kakhf;fy; vd;w gpuNahfq;fs;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l xU nghJf; Nfhl;ghL ,y;iy

gd;ik mstPl;L> gy;Jiw mtfhrnkq;fpYk; gutpapUf;Fk; Xu; vz;zf;fU

JiwfSf;fpilapyhd gy;Jiw rhu;e;jjhfg; gFg;gha;T nra;ayhk;

tuyhw;W uPjpahd> ,aw;ifahd xU nranyhOq;F

khdpl r%fg; gupzhkj;jpd; xU fl;lk;> Gjpa tk;rk;> Gjpa fl;likg;G

r%fk; vd;gJ xw;iw myfhf kdpj r%fj;ij xd;wpizg;gJ

kdpj r%fj;jpd; gbKiw uPjpahd fl;likg;G

kdpj r%fj;jpd; xU gbKiwf; fl;likg;G

nghJthd kdpj r%fj;jpd; kPJ cUthd kpiff; fl;;likg;G

kdpj r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW ,ay;GfSf;fpilapyhd gu];gu Mspilj;

njhlu;ghlypd; kw;Wk; Mspilr; nraw;ghl;bd; xU ngWNgW

G+Nfhs r%fj;jpd; fhy mtfhrj; njhlu;;Gfs; RUq;fpajd; xU tpisT

30

2. mwpTr; r%fk; jftiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%fk;.

Nkiyj;Nja vjpu;fhy vz;zf; fUtpy; cjpj;jnjhd;W (1970 / 1980) kdpj tuyhw;wpd; xU etAfk;.

mwpTr; r%fj;jpy; gytPdj;jd;ikaw;w guty;> Clfq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngWfpd;wd.

mwpTr; r%fj;Jf;nfd tho;f;ifg; ghzpAk; rpe;jidr; rpwg;gpay;Gk; cz;L.

3. cyfkakhf;fYk; Gjpa Nghf;FfSk; G+Nfhskakhf;fy; xU khWk; nranyhOq;F.

Njrpa muRfs; eyptile;jjd; ngWNgwhFk;.

G+Nfhskakhf;fj;Jld; tyakakhf;fYk; epfOk;.

gz;lg; nghUshjhuj;ijg; kpQ;rp> epjpg; nghUshjhuk; gykilfpwJ.

tpQ;QhdKk;> njhopy; El;gKk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; jPu;f;fkhd xU rf;jpahf

khWjy;.

cyfg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; epjp Vfhjpgj;jpankhd;W tpUj;jpailAk;.

ntF[d Clfq;fspy; msT uPjpahd mjpfupg;G epfOk;.

ntF[d Clfr; nranyhOq;fpy; gy;NtW Nkhjy;fs; tpUj;jpailjy;.

gy;NtW Clfq;fs; xd;wpize;j njhFjpahf khWjy;.

G+Nfhs jfty; mtfhrnkhd;W cUthjy;

fyhrhug; gug;gpy; ntF[d Clfj; jfty;fspd; tfpghfk; tpUj;jpailjy;.

ntF[d Clfq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhd Ra ika Clfq;fs; cUthjy;.

Gjpa Clfq;fs; tpUj;jpailjy;.

etPd Clfq;fSf;F gpd;> etPd Clfq;fSf;fpilNa njhlu;Gfs;

tpUj;jpailjy;.

nghJrdj; jfty; mtfhrk; tu;j;jfkakhjy;

Gjpa fyhrhu tbtq;fs; Njhd;Wjy;

fyg;Gf; fUf; fyhrhuk; cUthjy;.

4. Fbik Clfk; (Civic Journalism)

kf;fs; nra;jpkak; vd;w gpuNahfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;.

Fbkf;fs; nra;jp mwptpg;gpy; <LgLjy; ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.

r%f Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wr; nraw;gly;.

fLikahd nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhrhug; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhfr;

nraw;gLjy;.

gq;Fgw;wy; [dehafj;ij Nkk;;gLj;jy;.

Clfj; jPtpuj;jd;ikia ,jd; Kjy; xNu jlitapy; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.

Fbfspd; Fuiyj; Njbr; nrd;W> mjid ntspf;nfhzu Kbjy;.

cs;slf;fj;jpy; Kjypy; murpaYk; gpd;du; Fw;wq;fs;> Nju;jy; eltbf;iffs;>

Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs;> fy;tpg; gpur;rpid vd;gdTk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

,q;F kuG uPjpahd Njly; rhu; gj;jpupifj; Jiwapd; ,ay;G fhzg;gLjy;.

epfo;Tfis mwpf;ifapLjy; gpuGj;Jt my;yJ mjpfhutu;f;ff; Nfhzj;ij

tpl Fbfspd; Nfhzj;jpy; epfo;jy;.

,jd; %yk; Fbkf;fs; NkYk; [dehafr; nranyhOq;fpy; njhlu;GgLjy;.

Fbrhu; tho;tpd; gz;Gj;juk; ,jd; %yk; Cl;lk; ngWjy;.

31

5. khw;W ClfKk; vjpu;g;G ClfKk;

gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;Jf;F ntspNa nraw;gLk; xU ntF[d Clfg; ghzp.

kuG uPjpahd gyk; nghUe;jpa Clf epWtdq;fSf;nfjpuhf cUthf;fg;gLjy;.

,q;F nra;jpfs;> nghJthd jfty;fs;> rpwg;gk;rq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;

xUtu;; my;yJ rpyu; Nru;e;J nfhz;L elj;Jjy;.

,t;t+lfq;fs; gpujhd fk;gdpfspdhy; epWtd uPjpahf ntspaplg;gLtNjh

my;yJ tpepNahfpf;fg;gLtNjh my;y.

ntWk; ,yhg Nehf;fpyd;wp nfhs;if tplaq;fSf;fhf elj;jg;gly;.

gadhspfs; tl;lk; rpwpjhapDk; r%fj;jpy; $ba nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy;.

cs;slf;fk; gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;lJ.

cyfkakhf;fy; tpNuhjk;> ,dthj tpNuhjk;> Rw;whly; kw;Wk; rpW FOf;

fSld; fUj;Jfs; ,tw;wpy; ngUkstpy; gpujpgypf;Fk;;.

etPd r%fg; ngWkhdq;fs;> mu;j;jq;fs; ,jd; %yk; r%f kakhf;fg;

gLfpd;wd.

Efu;T thjj;Jf;Fk; rduQ;rf fyhrhuj;Jf;Fk; ntF[d fyhrhuj;Jf;Fk;

vjpuhf Kd;tUjy;.

r%fj;jpd; rpe;jidapy; xU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; $ba ftdk;

nrYj;Jjy;.

r%fj;ij xU Gjpa jpirapy; ,l;Lr; nry;y Kaw;rpj;jy;.

32

myF 03 - njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk;

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : cs;sf> Mspil> $l;L kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fSld; $ba

njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : cs;sfj; jdpahs; Nju;r;rpiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 14

ghl cs;slf;fk; : jfty; jpul;Ljy;

kdijf; ifahSjy;

ju;f;fuPjpahd rpe;jidAk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jYk;

Ra vz;zf;fU tpUj;jp

fw;wy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:1. jfty; jpul;ly;> epidT> epidTgLj;;jy; vd;w tplaq;fis ,dq;fz;L tpgupg;ghu;.

2. kdijf; ifahSk; Nju;r;rpia tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

3. ju;f;fuPjpahf rpe;jid kw;Wk; jPu;khdnkLj;jy; njhlu;ghd gad;ghl;il cWjpg;

gLj;Jthu;.

4. Ra vz;zf;fUit tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

5. fw;wiy njhlu;ghlw; Nfhzj;jpy; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

mwpKfk;

njhlu;ghlw; nranyhOq;fpd; mbg;gil> cs;sfj; jdpahs; njhlu;;ghlyhFk;.

mjd; NghJ jfty; jpul;Ljy;> mtw;iwr; nra;jpahf;Fk; nghUl;L Mf;fuPjpahfg;

gad;gLj;jy;> jUzj;Jf;Nfw;wthW nra;jpfis Kd;itj;jy; vd;w gpujhd gzpfs;

eilngWk;. ,q;F ,lk; ngWk; cs;sfj; njhlu;ghlw; nranyhOq;fpy; %d;W

gbKiwfSz;L mit@

1 2 3

czu;T vz;zq;fs; elj;ij

xUtupd; cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly; Vidatu;fSf;Fj; njupa tUtJ elj;ij

%ykhFk;. elj;;ij vd;gJ vz;zq;fspd; ngWNgwhFk;. gy;NtW rpe;jidfs;>

kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; czu;Tfs; fhuzkhfNt vz;zq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,jd;

gb cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ kpfTk; NtfkhdJk; rpf;fyhdJkhd xU

nranyhOq;fhf khWk;.

cs;sfj; njhlu;ghliy NkYk; rpwg;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba Ie;J Nju;r;rpfisf; $wyhk;. mit gpd;tUkhW@

1. gy;NtW %yhjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J gy;NtW jfty;fis kdjpy; gjpj;;Jf;

nfhs;sy;. xUtu; ifahSk; gy;NtW %yhjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,t;thW

njhpe;Njh njupahkNyh jfty; jpul;Ljy; eilngWfpd;wJ. mjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ jdpkdpjdpd; Ik;Gyd;fisahFk;.

33

2. xUtu; kdjpy; Njf;fpitj;Js;s gy;NtW tplaq;fspy; ,Ue;J jdJ

nra;jpf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis kl;Lk; njupT nra;jy;. ,jidr;

nra;tJ NghjpasT jfty;fis kdjpy; itj;jpUg;gJk; Njitahd NghJ

mtw;iwj; njupT nra;J epidTf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjd; %ykhFk;.

3. ju;f;f uPjpahfj; jPu;khdk; vLg;gjd; %yk; nra;jpapd; ,ay;igj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

,J czu;Tg+u;tkhd xd;whfNth> Ez;zwpT g+u;tkhfj; jahupj;jjhfNth

,Uf;fyhk;. mitapuz;Lk; kdpj elj;ij rhu;e;jjhFk;.

4. Njitf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; nra;jpia Mf;Fjy;. ,J kpf Ntfkhf

eilngWtjhFk;. rpyNtis ,e;j Ntfj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;

KbahjpUf;Fk;. kdk; me;j msT Ntfkhfr; nraw;gLk;.

5. nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; nra;jpia Kd;itj;jy;. ,q;F xUtupd; elj;ij

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J tha;nkhopahf my;yJ tha;nkhopay;yhjjhf

epfoyhk;. mJ rkpf;iQf; FwpaPL %yk; eilngwyhk;. nra;jpia

Kd;itg;gjw;fhf ve;j tif topKiwiag; gpd;gw;WtJ vd;gijj;

jPu;khdpg;gJ xt;nthUtUk; ngw;Ws;s mDgtj;ijg; nghWj;jhFk;.

Ra vz;zf;fU vd;gJ xUtu; jd;idg; gw;wp cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; fUj;Jfspd;

njhFjpahFk;. ,jd;gb jhd; vg;gbg;gl;ltu; vd;gij mtNu jPu;khdpf;fpd;whu;.

Fiwe;j tajpy; cs;s gps;isfspilNa fhzg;gLtJ Ra vz;zf;fU

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; ,ay;ghFk;. mjhtJ jhd; vg;gbg;gl;ltu; vd;gJ gw;wp

mg;gps;isaplk; xU njspT ,y;iy. taJ Kjpu;r;rpAld; xUtu; jdJ elj;ijf;

Nfhyj;ij epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;. xt;nthUtupdJk; elj;ij jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJ

,e;elj;ijf; Nfhyj;jpd; gbahFk;. mJ mtupd; njhlu;ghly; elj;ijapy; Neubahfr;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. xUtu; xU tplaj;ij ntspapLk; tpjk;> ntspapLk;

cs;shu;j;jjpd; jd;ik> jPu;khdq;fSf;F tUk; Kiw vd;gd ,jd; mbg;gilapNyNa

jPu;khdkhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. jfty; jpul;ly;> Qhgfk;> Qhgfg;gLj;jy;

gy;NtW %yhjhuq;fspD}lhfj; jfty;fs; jpul;lg;gLfpd;wd.

jfty; jpul;Lk; cgfuzq;fshf [k;Gyd;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;;.

jfty; ngWtjpy; vy;iyfs; ,y;iy.

ey;y jfty;fSk; Nkhrkhd jfty;fSk; fpilj;jy;.

gaDs;s jfty;fSk; gadpy;;yhj jfty;fSk; fpilj;jy;.

fpilf;Fk; jfty;fis Qhgfj;jpy; gjpAk; xU nranyhOq;F cz;L.

FWq;fhy Qhgfj;Jf;Fk; ePz;l fhy Qhgfj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd xd;wpize;j

nranyhOq;F ,Uj;jy;.

cs; kdk;> ntsp kdk; vd;w gpupTfs; ,Ug;gJ.

mDgtk; %yk; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs; ePz;lfhyk; epidtpy; ,Uj;jy;.

QhgfKk; Qhgfg;gLj;jYk; cstpay; nranyhOq;fhFk;.

Qhgfj;jpy; cs;s jfty;fis tifg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

34

Njitahd jfty;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;L Njitaw;w jfty;fis ePf;fptpl

Ntz;Lk;.

jftw; Nfhg;Gfis kdjpy; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ePz;l fhyk; epidTgLj;jhj epiyapYk; epfo;Tfs; Qhgfj;jpy; gjpe;jpUj;jy;.

Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jYk; Qhgfg;gLj;jYk; xU Ez;zwpTr; nranyhOq;

fhFk;.

Qhgfj;jpd; ,ay;G

thrpj;jtw;wpy; 10% Nfl;ltw;wpy; 20% ghu;;j;jtw;wpy; 30% ghu;j;Jf; Nfl;ltw;wpy; 50% vOjp thrpj;jtw;wpy; 70% jhd; nra;jtw;wpy; 80%

%yk;: (Education Media B.Wiman & J.Nierbhusy)

Qhgfj;jpd; ,ay;igf; fhl;Lk; tPj msT> cstpay; Ma;T %yk; jahupf;fg;

gl;ljhFk;. mjd; %yk; njspTgLj;jg;gLk; tplak; fw;wYf;F Kf;fpakhFk;.

Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhfr; nrtpkLj;jy; kpfTk; Fiwe;j Qhgfg;

ngWkhdj;ijNa nfhz;Ls;sJ. cau;e;j msitf; fhl;LtJ> jhd; nra;j my;yJ

<Lgl;l tplaq;fshFk;. mjd;gb kpf ed;whf Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf

vj;jifa Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mj;Jld; Qhgfj;jpy; cs;stw;iw Qhgfg;gLj;j KbAkhd msT xU ehisf;Fs;

,Ugj;ije;J my;yJ mjw;Fk; Fiwthd tPjkhff; FiwtiltJ ,q;F

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb xd;iw Qhgfj;jpy; itj;Jr; rpy ehl;fs; fope;j gpd;

kwe;J NghFk; Nghf;F mjpfupg;gJ njupfpwJ. vdNt> $ba msT Qhgfj;jpy;

itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf vj;jifa Kiwfisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;? vd;gJ

gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Qhgfg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;

100

0

50

25

75

Kjyhk; ehs;

35

Kjy; ehs; Kjy; thuk; Kjy; khjk; MW khjk;

Qhgfj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; jk; Qhgfj;jpy; ,Ug;gtw;iw mbf;fb kPl;ly;

mtrpak;. mjidr; nra;J te;jhy; epidtpy; itj;jpUf;Fk; Mw;wy; cau; kl;lj;ij

milAk;.

Qhgfj;jpy; gjptJ %isapd; Mw;wypdhyhFk;. %isapd; tyJ> ,lJ gFjpfs;;;

nraw;gLk; Mw;wiy cstpayhsu; gpd;tUkhW fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;;.

,lJ %is tyJ %is

Ngr;R fiyr; nraw;ghLfs;

fzpj Mw;wy; ,irahw;wy; / jhsk;Ez;zwpTg; gFg;gha;T kdg;ghq;F

thrpg;G ,dq;fhzy;

vOj;J tpsf;fk;

ngau; Fwpg;gply; rpf;fyhd Nfhyq;fs; gw;wpa Gyf;fhl;rp

tifg;gLj;jy; mtfhrk; gw;wpa Mw;wy;

gbKiw Kfghtk;

rpf;fyhd ,ay;ghf;fg;gbKiw cs;shh;e;j Mw;wy;

tpku;rdk; gFj;jwpT

ju;f;fk; Mf;fj;jpwd;

kjpg;gPL cU

epwk;

Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kw;WnkhU cj;jp jpul;Lk;

jfty;fis Xu;; xOq;F Kiwapy; Nfhitg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhFk;. mjd; %yk;

jdJ kdjpy; xU fzpdpapy; Nghd;W jfty;fisg; gjpT nra;a KbAk;. mj;jifa

rpy Kiwfs; fPNo fhzg;gLtJld; mtw;iwg; gapy rpy fhyk; vLf;fyhk;;.

Mdhy;> mtw;iwg; gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;du; Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gJ ,yFthdJk;

tpUg;gkhdJk; Mf khWk;.

kPl;ly; kPl;ly; kPl;ly;

ePz;l

fhy

Qhgfj;ij

Nehf;fp

Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUf;Fk; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;JtJ vt;thW?

36

• xNu tifahd jfty;fis xd;whfj; njhFj;jy; (cjhuzk;: jfty;

cs;slf;fk; xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;)

• gy;NtW jfty;fis xU rl;lfj;Js; nfhz;L tuy;

(cjhuzk;: njhlu;Gila jfty;fis ,izj;jy;)

• vz;zf;fUg; glk; (cjhuzk;: gbKiwg;gb guty; glk; mikj;jy;)

• jfty;fis xOq;FgLj;jy; (cjhuzk;: jftiy cupa Njitf;Nfw;g

vOJjy;)

• ctkhd ctNkaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; (cjhuzk;: xd;iw kw;nwhd;Wld;

rkg;gLj;jy;)

• gapw;rp (Qhgfj;jpYs;stw;iw kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jy;)

• fw;gidahf cUthf;Fjy; (nrhw;Nrhb> ftpij> cU> Mtzk; Nghd;wit.)

fw;wy; Qhgfk; njhlu;ghd jfty; mikg;G khjpup

,t;TUtpd; %yk; tpsf;fg;gLtJ #oypy; ,Ue;J ehk; ngWk; jfty;fs; Kjypy;

FWq;fhy Qhgfj;Js; GFtjhfTk; ePz;lfhy Qhgfj;jpd; Ez;zwpT mjd;

gpd;duhFk; vd;gjhFk;. vdNt> Qhgfk; itg;gJ vd;gJ ePz;l fhy QhgfkhFk;.

2. kdijf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;

kdk; njhlu;e;J nraw;gLk; xU njhFjp.

czu;TfSk; vz;zq;fSk; njhlu;e;Jk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

Qhgff; fsQ;rpaj;jpYs;s gy;NtW jfty;fs; vkJ fhl;Lg;ghl;il kPwp

Qhgfj;Jf;F tUjy;.

gy;NtW ntspf; fhuzpfshy; J}z;lg;gLjy;.

gy;NtW czu;Tfspd;gb vz;zq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; jPu;khdkhjy;.

czu;Tfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; vz;zq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

R

w;

wh

l

y;

nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; fhuzp

nra;jpia kPsg;

ngWgtu;

Jyq;fy;

Vw;gly;

Gyd;tha;g;gly;FWfpafhy

Qhgfk;

ePz;lfhy Qhgfk;

Kd;dwpT

cyf mwpT

fhuzpf; fhl;Lg;ghL

nkhj;jf; fl;Lg;ghL

vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;%yk;: Gagne & Driscoll -1988

37

czu;TfisAk; vz;zq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; elj;ijiaf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

czu;Tfs;> vz;zq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; gapw;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;.

kdijf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;Fk; xU Kiwahf jpahdk; nghUj;jkhd

nraw;ghlhf tpsq;Fk;.

kdijf; fl;lg;gLj;Jjy; kdpj r%fj;jpd; epyTiff;F mtrpak;.

czu;r;rptrkhd xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; kdijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; xU rthyhFk;.

kdijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; cs;sfj; njhlu;ghliyf; ifahs KbAk;.

kdf; Fog;gk; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; ,ay;ghFk;.

kdijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; xU Ez;zwpTr; nraw;ghlhFk;.

kdijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ltDf;F r%fj;jpy; cau;e;j ,lKz;L.

kdijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; rpukkhd xd;whFk;.

3. ju;f;f uPjpahd rpe;jidAk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jYk;

xU gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd fhuzpfisj; njupT nra;J

nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; ju;f;fuPjpahd rpe;jidahFk;.

xUtu; ju;f;fuPjpahd tprhuizia Muk;gpg;gJ kpfr; rpwpa tajpypUe;jhFk;.

ju;f;f uPjpahd rpe;jid cau; csr; nraw;ghlhFk;.

mwpTk; mDgtKk; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ ju;f;f uPjpahd rpe;jidAk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

xd;gjhk; taJ Kjy; ju;f;f uPjpahd rpe;jid tpuptilfpd;wJ.

ju;f;f uPjpahd rpe;jid cau; jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.

xt;nthUtUk; gy jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jhYk; mit midj;Jk; cau;

jPu;khdq;fshf mikahJ.

cau; jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gJ Ez;zwptpd; mwpFwpahFk;.

gy khw;Wj; jPu;khdq;fspy; jUzj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jPu;khdj;ij vLf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

rpyNtis jPu;khdk; vLf;f ,Uf;Fk; fhyk; kpff; FWfpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

jd;dhy; jPu;khdk; vLf;f KbahjNghJ mLj;jtu;fspd; MNyhridiag;

ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

rPuw;w jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; vLf;fg;gLtJ rPuw;w jPu;khdkhf mikAk;.

jPu;khdk; vLg;gjd; gbKiwfs;

1. xU gpur;rpid ,Ug;gij ,dq;fhzy;.

2. gpur;rpidapd; ,ay;ig gFg;gha;tJk; Ma;tJk;.

3. jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; mtrpaj;ij KbT nra;jy;.

4. khw;Wj; jPu;khdq;fs; rpytw;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

5. khw;Wj; jPu;khdq;fis kjpg;gpLjy;.

6. jPu;khdj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; ,ay;ghw;wiy kjpg;gply;.

7. kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd jPu;khdj;ij vLj;jy;.

4. Ra vz;zf;fU tpUj;jp xUtu; jhd; vg;gbg;gl;ltu; vd mwpe;J itj;jpUf;Fk; tpjk; Ra

vz;zf;fUthFk;.

jkJ ,ay;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ Ra vz;zf;fU Nghjpg;gjhFk;.

jhd; ahu; vd;gij ,dq;fz;L itj;jpUg;gJ midtu;f;Fk; Kf;fpak;.

38

Ra vz;zf;fU vd;gJ r%ftpaypy;> cstpaypd; NknyOe;j xU fUj;jhFk;.

Ra vz;zf;fUit Cl;lk; ngwr; nra;tJ gw;wp Ma;Tfs; eilngWfpd;wd.

,t;ntz;zf;fU ,g;NghJk; tpUj;jpaile;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

Ra vz;zf;fU Kd;ida gpwg;Gld; njhlu;ghdjy;y.

gpwg;gpNyNa mike;jpUf;Fk; xd;wy;y.

mJ xUtu; Rw;whlYld; NkhJtjhy; ngWk; mDgtj;jpd;gb cUthf;fpf;nfhs;Sk;

xd;whFk;.

Ra vz;zf;fU vd;gJ xUtu; jd;idg; Gyf;fhl;rpg;gLj;jp itj;Js;s tpjkhFk;.

tiutpyf;fzk;

Ra vz;zf;fU vd;gJ xUtu; jdJ ,ay;G gw;wpAk; mtu; NtW kdpju;fSld;

jdJ tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW JiwfSld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpAk;

cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;s xU ngWkhdj;Jld; $ba Gyf;fhl;rpfSld; $ba>

xOf;fikf;fg;gl;l fr;rpjkhd vz;zf;fUj; njhFjpahFk;. (nuh[u;]; - 1959)

Ra vz;zf;fU vd;gJ xUtu; jd;idg;gw;wp cz;ikahfNt fUJk;

ngWkhdq;fSld; $ba ek;gpf;iffspdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg; gy;

njhFjpahFk;. (gu;fp - 1970)

Ra vz;zf;fU vd;gJ xUtu; jdJ Mw;wy;fs;> Nju;r;rpfs;> Njhw;wk;> r%f

mq;fPfhuk; gw;wpf; nfhz;Ls;s kdg;ghq;F> czu;Tfs;> mwpT vd;gitahFk;.

(gu;d; - 1983)

Ra vz;zf;fU %d;W gpupTfs; nfhz;lJ.

1. cly; ,ay;G gw;wpa Ra vz;zf;fU

2. Mw;wy;fs; gw;wpa Ra vz;zf;fU

3. r%f mq;fPfhuk; gw;wpa Ra vz;zf;fU

,jd;gb ,k;%d;iwAk; tpUj;jpahf;fpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; xUtupd; Ra

vz;zf;fUit tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. Ra vz;zf;fU gw;wpf; $wf;$ba

,uz;L gpujhd tplaq;fshtd:

1. Ra vz;zf;fUit kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gLj;j KbAk;.

2. Ra vz;zf;fU vd;gJ khWk; xd;whFk;.

vdNt> xUtu; jdJ Ra vz;zf;fU njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL nra;J mjd; xt;nthU

gpupTfis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;s eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. xUtUf;F r%fj;jpy;

xU jdpj;Jtk; tUtJ ,jd; %ykhFk;. ,q;F mtupd; elj;ijAk; kdg;ghq;Fk;

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

5. fw;wy; midtUk; fw;f Muk;gpg;gJ Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpypUe;jhFk;.

#oy; fw;wypd; xU gpujhd %yk;.

fw;wypy; gy Nfhyq;fSz;L.

taJ Kjpu;r;rpAld; fw;wy; Nfhyq;fspy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLk;.

39

xUtupd; mwpTk; mDgtKk; fw;wypy; njhlu;e;J gad;gLk;.

fw;wy; vd;gJ vspikahd fUj;jpy; $wg;gLk; $w;iwtpl Ez;zpa xU

nranyhOq;F.

fw;wy; vd;gJ mwpT> gad;ghL my;yJ mDgtk; Clhf ePbf;Fk; elj;ij

khw;wkhFk;.

fw;wy; jhdhfNt epfOk; xd;W.

fw;wy; vd;gJ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpAld; kl;Lg;gl;ljd;W.

fw;wy; vt;thW epfo;fpwJ? vd;gJ gw;wpg; gy;NtW Ma;Tfs; ele;Js;sd.

fw;wy; njhlu;ghd ,U gpujhd Nfhl;ghLfs; cz;L.

1. J}z;ly; Jyq;fw; Nfhl;ghL

2. fs mwpiff; nfhs;if

,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wp vspikahf mwpe;J nfhs;tJ fw;wYf;Fg; gaDs;sjhf

mikAk;.

J}z;ly; Jyq;fy; nfhs;if %yk; tptupf;fg;gLtJ gpujhdkhf fw;wy; eilngWtJ

J}z;lYf;Fk; Jyq;fYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpdhyhFk;. mjhtJ ,q;F

J}z;lYf;F xUtu; Jyq;fy; nrYj;Jifapy; fw;wy; epfo;fpwJ. (,jw;fhd

cjhuzk; fhl;lTk;.)

J}z;ly; Jyq;fw; nfhs;ifapd; %yk; fw;wy; epfo;tJ J}z;lYf;Fk;

Jyq;fYf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ghFk;. mjd; NghJ Fwpf;NfhSld; mwpifia

Kd;itj;J fw;wy; epfOk;. ,q;F mwpif vd;gNj mwpthFk;. mjdpy; Gyf;fhl;rp>

rpe;jid tpsf;fk; vd;gd mlq;Fk;. Gyf;fhl;rp vd;gJ tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JtjhFk;.

xt;nthUtupd; Mw;wypd;gb ,t;tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jypy; rkkpd;ik fhzg;gLk;.

xNu tplak; njhlu;ghd ,Utupd; Gyf;fhl;rp NtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhk;. (,jw;F

cjhuzk; fhl;lTk;.)

J}z;ly; Jyq;fw; nfhs;ifapd; FiwghLfis ,dq;fz;L mjw;Nfw;wgb

cUthdNj fs mwpiff; nfhs;ifahFk;. ,t;tpuz;L nfhs;iffspd; %yk;

fw;ww; nranyhOq;F epfOk; tpjk; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpU nfhs;iffSk;

cs;sf / jdpahs;, njhlu;ghlw; nranyhOq;Fld; njhlu;Ggl;lJ. mjhtJ xUtupd;

cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly; nranyhOq;F gytPdkhdnjdpd; J}z;liy Vw;fTk;

Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;jTk; KbahJ NghFk;. mNj Nghd;W Gyf;fhl;rp> tpsq;Fjy;

vd;w gzpfSk; eilngWk;.

40

myF 03 - njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk; - (50 ghl Ntisfs;)

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : cs;sf> Mspil> $l;L kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fSld; $ba

njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : Mspilj; njhlu;ghlw; Nju;r;rpiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : gaDs;s Ngr;R

nrtpkLj;jw; Nju;r;rp tpUj;jp

xj;Jzu;T

gz;ghL

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. gaDs;s Ngr;rpid tpsq;fp> mtw;iwf; ifahSthu;.

2. nrtpkLj;j Nju;r;rp tpUj;jp Kiwfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld;> Nfl;lw; Nju;r;rpfis

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

3. xj;Jzu;T vd;gij tpsf;fp> mjid mDgtuPjpapy; Gupe;Jnfhs;thu;.

4. Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ gz;ghlhf ele;J nfhs;thu;.

mwpKfk;

xU r%fj;jpd; epyTif Mspilj; njhlu;gpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. midtUk; jk;

md;whl tho;tpy; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl Ntz;bNaw;gLk;. mJ gy;tifg;gLk;.

gyUld; mJ njhlu;GgLk;. Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ nra;jp toq;Fk; ,lKk;

nra;jp ngWk; ,lKk; njhlu;e;J khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt> Mspilj;

njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;Sk; NghJs;s Kf;fpa gzp> kw;wtupd;

gpur;rpid my;yJ czu;it jd;Dld; epge;jidg;gLj;jp kjpg;gPL nra;Jnfhs;Sk;

Mw;wyhFk;. mt;thW nra;a KbAkhapd; VidNahu; njhlu;gpy; fupridAld;

nrayhw;w vkf;Fr; re;;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk;. NkYk;> VidNahUld; njhlu;gLk;NghJ

gz;ghl;bidf; filg;gpbj;jy; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gz;ghL vd;gJ rhu;gsTf;

$w;whFk;. xt;nthU r%fj;jpYk; my;yJ fyhrhuj;jpYk; gz;ghl;ilg; NgZk;

tpjKk; mjid ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjKk; gd;ikj; jd;ik tha;e;jd. vt;thwhapDk;

jUzj;Jf;Nfw;w tpjkhf gz;ghl;Lld; fUkkhw;Wk; Nju;r;rp xUtuplk; ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,it xUtuJ jdpg;gl;l tho;Tf;Fk; njhopy;rhu; tho;Tf;Fk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit.

41

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. gaDs;s Ngr;R (%d;W ghlNtis) xU Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,UtUf;fpilapy; epfOk;

fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wy; ,JthFk;.

nkhopNa ,jd; mbg;gilahf mikAk;.

Ngr;Rld; rkpf;iQfSk; FwpaPLfs;> milahsk; vd;gdTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,Utu; Ngr;rpy; <LgLtjdhy;> nra;jpahsUk; ngWgtUk; ,lk;khWk;.

njspT> Fog;gkpd;ik> nkhop vd;gd Kf;fpak;.

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba Ntfj;jpy; Ngr Ntz;Lk;.

nghWik> mikjp vd;gd Ngr;Rld; fye;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ngr;R vg;NghJk; ngWgtid tpsq;fpr; nra;ag;gLtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

NgRgtUf;F Neu; Jyq;fis fhl;LtJ Nfl;gtupd; nghWg;G.

czu;r;rp trg;glf;$lhJ.

jdf;F ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj> jdf;Fr; rupahfj; njupahj xd;iwr; nrhy;yf;

$lhJ.

Mspilg; Ngr;Rfspd; Nehf;fq;fs; gythf ,Uf;fyhk;.

xt;nthUtUk; jpdKk; gy tfpghfq;fis Vw;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.

,t;tfpghfq;fs; jk; Ngr;rpy; NeubahfNt nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtd.

Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypy; fbdkhdtu;fSld; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl Ntz;b

tUk;.

mj;jifatu;fis nty;tjw;F gaDs;s Ngr;Rfis cgNahfpf;fyhk;.

mj;jifatu;fis ntw;wpnfhs;tJ xUtupd; jdpg;gl;l tho;tpd; rthyhf

mikAk;.

gy;NtW egu;fspd; NgRk; ghzpia Muha;tjd; %yk; jdJ Ngr;Rg;

ghzpiaAk; newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

2. nrtpkLj;jy; Nju;r;rp tpUj;jp (%d;W ghlNtis) Nfl;lYk; nrtpkLj;jYk; ,UtpjkhFk;.

Nfl;ly; vd;gJ ftdkpd;wp jfty;fisf; Nfl;gjhFk;.

Nfl;ly; Nju;r;rpia tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhz;l xUtUf;F rPuhd Kiwapy;

jfty;fis cs;thq;f KbAk;.

Nfl;lw; Nju;r;rp cau;kl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Qhgfr; nranyhOq;Fk;

ntw;wpaspf;Fk;.

rPuhd Mspilj; njhlu;ghlYf;F Nfl;lw; Nju;r;rp gadspf;Fk;.

gy;NtW kd vOr;rp epiyikfs; Nfl;lypy; tpUg;gj;jfhj ghjpg;Gf;fis

Vw;gLj;Jk;.

kd vOr;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Nfl;liy cau;kl;lj;Jf;Ff;

nfhz;L tuyhk;.

Nfl;lw; Nju;r;rp tpUj;jp vd;gJ ePz;lfhyk; gapw;rpngw Ntz;bajhFk;.

kdpj capup gpwe;jJ KjNy Nfl;lypy; <LgLk;.

gytPdkhd Nfl;lYf;Fr; rpy fhuzq;fSz;L.

Nfl;lypy; ehd;F fl;lq;fSz;L.

42

1. Nfl;ly;: ,jpypUe;J fUjg;gLtJ Xu; xypiar; nrtpNaw;gJ. mJ

jhdhfNt epfo;tJ. nrtpNaw;wypd; gpd;dNu mtjhdk; Vw;gLk;. mJ

Kw;wpYk; Xu; clw; nraw;ghNl.

2. tpsq;Fjy;: jhd; nrtpNaw;w xypia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; ,uz;lhtjhf

epfo;tjhFk;. xt;nthU xypiaAk; tpsf;Ftjw;F mit gw;wpa

Kd;dDgtk; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf xUtUf;F rPdnkhopapyhd xU

Ngr;Rf; Nfl;lhy; mjid tpsq;Fk; Mw;wy; ,y;yhjpUf;fyhk;. jhd;

mwpe;j nkhopfspy; xd;wpy; ,Ue;jhNyNa tpsq;Fk;. ,jpy; nkhop gw;wpa

Kd;dwpT gad;gLk;. mjd; mbg;gilapNyNa tpsq;Fjy; my;yJ

tpsq;fhjpUg;gJ eilngWk;.

3. kjpg;gPL: %d;whtJ fl;lj;jpy; epfo;tJ. jhd; tpsq;fpatw;iw kjpg;gPL

nra;tjhFk;. mJ xU jftyhf khWtJ ,f;fl;lj;jpyhFk;. ,jd;gb

jfty; jk;khy; Kjypy; FWq;fhy Qhgfj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

4. vjpu;tpisT: ,Wjpf; fl;lj;jpd; NghJ nghUj;jkhd Xu; vjpu;tpisT

Vw;gLk;. mJ jdpahs; NtWghl;L vjpu;tpisthFk;. mjhtJ Nfl;lypd;

NghJ ,Utu; fhl;Lk; vjpu;tpisTfSf;fpilNa rkkpd;ik ,Uf;f KbAk;.

Nkhrkhd Nfl;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fr; rpy fhuzq;fSz;L

1. Njitaw;w jd;ik.

2. rupahd ftdkpd;ik.

3. Gyf;fhl;rpapy; FiwghL.

4. nkhopiag; Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; FiwghL.

5. nkhopia tpsq;Ftjpy; cs;s rpukk;.

Nfl;lw; Nju;r;rpia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1. tpsf;fj;Jf;fhf.

2. gpioapd;ikf;fhf.

3. Nfl;lw; jilfis eptu;j;jpahf;f.

4. Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf.

5. gy;NtW kd vOr;rpfSk; Nfl;lYf;Fj; jilahf miktjhy;.

Nfl;ly; tpsq;Fjy; kjpg;gply; vjpu;tpisT

43

Nfl;ly; Nju;r;rpia tpUj;jpahf;Fk; gbKiwfs;

1. Nfl;Fk; tplaj;jpy; xU gw;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.

2. Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kdjpy; cUthf;Fjy;.

3. Nfl;gtw;iw khdrPfkhf tptupj;jy;.

4. Ngr;rpd; Kf;fpa nrhw;fis> thf;fpaq;fis kdjpy; cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.

5. jdf;Ff; fpilj;j jfty;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; my;yJ Kf;fpaj;Jtkpd;ik

gw;wpj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

Nfl;ly; Nju;r;rp gw;wpa rpwg;gk;rq;fs;

1. jdpahspd; tfpghfj;ijg; nghWj;J Nfl;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw

NtWgLk;.

2. NgRk; xUtuhf> Nfl;Fk; FOtpy; xUtuhf> Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypd;

xU gpuptpduhff; Nfl;gjw;fhd Kiwapy; NtWghLz;L.

3. xj;Jzu;T

- xUtupd; kd vOr;rp czu;it jd;dpy; Vw;gLj;jp> mNj mbg;gilapy;

czu;tNj xj;Jzu;T vdg;gLk;.

- r%f tho;f;ifia ntw;wpfukhf;fpf; nfhs;s Vidatu;fspd;

RfJf;fq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

- xj;Jzu;Tld; $batu;fs; VidNahu; tplaj;jpy; md;ghf elg;gu;.

- xj;Jzu;Tld; $batu;fSf;Fr; r%fj;jpy; Xu; mq;fPfhuKz;L.

- xUtupd; kd vOr;rp epiyapd; NkNyhl;lj;ijg; gw;wp Mokhff;

fhz ,jdhy; KbAkhFk;.

- xj;Jzu;T Kd;Ndw;wkilag; gue;j mDgtk; Ntz;Lk;.

- ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; Mf;f E}y;fis thrpg;gjd; %yk; xj;Jzu;T

mjpfupf;Fk;.

3. gz;ghL (%d;W ghlNtis)

r%fj; njhlu;G gw;wpa mq;fPfhuk; gz;ghl;bd; milahskhFk;.

gz;ghL vd;gJ fhl;rpg;gLk;> njupAk; xd;whFk;.

gy;NtW r%fq;fspd; gz;ghl;L elj;ijfs; NtWgl;lit.

Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypy; gz;ghL r%f epiyiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

gz;ghL %yk; Mspilj; njhlu;gpd; tbtk; njupAk;.

gz;ghL gue;j mstpy; r%fkakhf;fg;gLtjdhy; r%fj;jpy; rkepiy

tpUj;jpailAk;.

r%fj;jpd; njhluhd> epiyahd epyTiff;Fg; gz;ghL Xu; mj;jpahtrpaf;

fhuzpahFk;.

44

myF 03 - njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk;

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : cs;sf Mspil> $l;L kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fSld; $ba

njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : $l;Lj;njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

$l;lj;ij ,dq;fhzy;

$l;Lg;gzp> nghWg;G tif $wy;

Neu;Kff; fye;Jiuahly;

fUj;J NtWghLk; xUikg;ghLk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. $l;lk; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzk; nra;thu;.

2. nghWg;G> tif$wy; vd;gtw;wpd; NtWghl;il ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw kjpg;ghu;.

3. rupahd Neu;Kff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;wpd; ,ay;Gfisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

4. VidNahu; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg; goFthu;.

5. Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

6. $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypy; gz;ghlhf ele;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;ij Muha;e;J>

guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

xU r%fg; gpuhzp vd;w tifapy; kdpjd; vg;NghJk; mLj;jtu;fSld; ,ize;J

fUkkhw;Wthu;. $l;Ltho;f;if vd;gJ kdpjdpd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd gof;fkhFk;.

xt;nthUtupd; ghJfhg;Gf;F> epyTiff;F> fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wYf;F $l;lk; my;yJ

kdpju;fs; Njit. mJ thOk; fiyahFk;. $l;lk; vd;gJ xU rpyiu my;yJ

gyiuf; nfhz;l kdpjf; FOthFk;. ,tu;fspilNa gy NtWghLfs; epyTk;.

taJ> fy;tpj;juk;> njhopy;> ghy;> tFg;G> epwk; Mfpad ,t;NtWghLfSf;fhd

fhuzq;fshFk;. <Lgl;Ls;s gzp my;yJ njhopy; Fwpj;Jk; ,g;gy;tifik

fhzg;gLk;. ,jd;gb $l;lk; NkYk; ,U gpupthfg; gpupAk;. mit FO> Fk;gy;

vd;whFk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> nkhj;jr; r%fj;jpYk; FO my;yJ Fk;gYf;F ,ilNaahd

epyTiff;F njhlu;ghly; mtrpakhFk;. xUtiu kw;nwhUtUld; njhlu;GgLj;Jk;;

fhuzp njhlu;ghly; vd;gjhFk;. ,jdhy; njhlu;ghly; xt;nthUtUf;fpilapyhd

njhlu;ghliy mjpfupf;fTk; gpupf;fTk; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.

$l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; gzpapy; jdpahl;fs; jk; nghWg;Gf;fs;> tif $wy;fs;

gw;wpa mtjhdj;Jld; fUkkhw;w Ntz;Lk;. xU njhlu;G %ykhfNt nghWg;G

Vw;gLk;. tif$wy; vd;gjd; fUj;J kw;nwhUtupd; J}z;Ljypd;wp jhNd njhlu;G

gw;wp Xu; ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhFk;. nghWg;igj; jl;bf; fopf;fyhk;.

45

MapDk;> jhNd Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l ,izg;G vd;gjhy; tif$wiy epiwNtw;w

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLthu;. $l;lhd NtiyfspYk; nghWg;G> tif$wy; vd;w ,uz;L

fUj;Jf;fs; vOfpd;wd.

Neu;Kff; fye;Jiuahly; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ $l;lj;jpdupilNa Vw;gLk;

fye;JiuahlyhFk;. mjpy; xU FO Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspy; <Lglyhk;. my;yJ

xUtu; - ,Utu;> xU FOTld; fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lglyhk;. ,jpy; vJ epfo;e;jhYk;

fye;Jiuahly; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

mJ mul;ilay;y. mj;jifa xU fye;Jiuahlypd; Nehf;fk; xU tplaj;jpy;

cld;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

xU $l;lj;jpdupilNa Vw;gLk; njhlu;ghlypy; cld;ghL Nghd;Nw cld;ghbd;ikAk;

Vw;gl KbAk;. cld;ghLk; cld;ghbd;ikAk; ,ay;Ng. Mdhy;> ,q;F gz;ghL>

Kf;fpakhdJ. cld;ghbd;ikapd; NghJ mJ td;Kiwahf khwyhk;. mg;gb

ele;jhy; mq;F fye;Jiuahlypd; Nehf;fk; nfl;LtpLk;. mjd;gb $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly;

Nju;r;rpia xUtuplk; tpUj;jp nra;jy; [dehaf r%fj;jpd; epyTiff;F mtrpakhd

xU fhuzpahFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. $l;lj;ij ,dq;fhzy; (,uz;L ghlNtisfs;)

$l;lk; vd;gJ xd;whff; fUkkhw;Wk; kdpju; FO

,f;FOtpy; $l;Lg; gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

- Nehf;fq;fs;

- njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs;

- cz;ikj;JtKk; gpd;gw;wYk;

- gy;NtW tfpghfq;fs;

- rftho;T

- ngWkhdq;fSk; epakq;fSk;

- gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; epakq;fs;

,f;$l;Lg; gz;Gfs; rpijtiltjhy; $l;lk; rpijtilayhk;.

xU $l;lk; epiyg;gJ rkkhd ,ay;Gfs; $ba mstpy; ,Ug;gjhyhFk;.

$l;lj;jpdpilNa gy;tifik fhzg;gLk;.

2. $l;lhfg; gzpahw;wy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; (,uz;L ghlNtisfs;)

$l;lk; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ> xU Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sthFk;.

,jdhy; $l;lhd gzpfSk; ,Uf;Fk;.

$l;lhd Ntiyfis xt;nthUtUf;fpilNa gfpu;e ;J nfhs;Sk;

nghWg;Gs;sJ.

jd;kPJ nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;l xU Ntiy Fwpj;J Xu; <Lghl;il Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tJ tif $wyhFk;.

$l;lhd nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ nghWg;Gk; tif$wYk; Kf;fpak;.

nghWg;GlDk; tif $wYlDk; Ntiy nra;tjd; %yk; $l;lhd

Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

46

3. fye;Jiuahly; (,uz;L ghlNtisfs;)

Neu;Kff; fye;Jiuahly; vd;gJ xt;nthUtUf;fpilNa xU tplak; Fwpj;Jr;

nra;Ak; Ngr;R thu;j;ijahFk;.

gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gy;NtW fye;Jiuahly;fs; eilngWk;.

fye;Jiuahly; %yk; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs; cUthfpd;wd.

gpur;rpid jPu;g;gjpy; fye;Jiuahly; ngupJk; cjTk;.

fye;Jiuahly; %yk; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspf;nfhz;Ltu

KbAk;.

xU gpur;rpidiag; gw;wpa> xUKfg;ghl;Lf;F fye;Jiuahliy cgNahfpf;f

KbAk;.

4. fUj;J Ntw;WikAk; cld;ghLk; (,uz;L ghlNtisfs;)

$l;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fspilNa fUj;Jfs; gy;tifg;gLk;.

Rje;jpuf; fUj;Jfs; epyTk; $l;lj;jpy; fUj;J Ntw;WikAk; cld;ghLk;

,Ug;gJ ,ay;ghFk;.

fLikahd fl;Lg;ghLfs; epyTk; r%fj;jpy; fUj;J Ntw;Wikf;F ,lkpy;iy.

fUj;J Ntw;WikAk; cld;ghLk; [dehafg; gz;GfNs.

5. gz;ghL (,uz;L ghlNtisfs;)

xU $l;lj;jpy; Jizf; fyhrhu ,ay;Gfs; ,Uf;f KbAk;.

mjd;gb gz;ghL $l;lj;Jf;Ff; $l;lk; NtWglyhk;.

$l;lj;jpdupilNa rPuhd njhlu;igg; Ngz gz;ghlhd elj;ij mtrpakhFk;.

$l;ljpy; Gjpjhfr; Nru;gtu;fs; $l;lj;jpd; gz;ghl;L elj;ijfis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

$l;lj;jpy; midtUk; gz;ghL mw;wtu;fshf ,Uf;Fkplj;J $l;lk;

KwptilAk;.

47

myF 03 - njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk;

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : cs;sf> Mspil> $l;L kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fSld; $ba

njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4 : njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gy;NtW cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;

Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlw; Nju;r;rpfs;

Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fs; ghtpj;jy;

vwpitj; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fs; ghtpj;jy;

vwpitay;yhj njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fs; ghtpj;jy;

#oy;rhu;> Mf;fk;rhu; cgfuzq;fs; ghtpj;jy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fspd; cgNahfj;ijg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

2. vwpitj; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fspd; cgNahfj;ijg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

3. gy;NtW vwpitay;yhj njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fspd; cgNahfj;ijg;

guPl;rpg;ghu;.

4. #oy;rhu; my;yJ Mf;fk;rhu; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fis Mf;fp> mtw;iwg;

guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

5. njhlu;ghly; ntw;wpailtjpy; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fs; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tprhupg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

njhlu;ghlw; nranyhq;fpy; kdpj rf;jpapd; vy;iyf;F te;jTld; ntsp

cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. mjd; %yk; kdpjdpd; njhlu;ghly;

gzpia ntw;wpngwr; nra;a Kbfpd;wJ. ,jw;nfd etPd tpQ;Qhdf; fUtpfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf xUtupd; Fuiy cau;j;jpg; NgRjtpy; xU

vy;iyAz;L. mjid kpQ;rpg; Nghf Ntz;Lkhapd;> xypngUf;fpf; fUtpiag;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. njhlu;ghly; eilngWk; ,lj;jpy; ,y;yhjitfisf;

fhl;Ltjw;fhf efy;glk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bNaw;gLk;. vdpDk;

ghupa mstpyhd efy; glq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; rpukKz;L.

vdNt> etPd njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp vwpit cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;j

KbAk;. mg;NghJ $ba vz;zpf;ifapdUf;F xd;iwg; ngUg;gpj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.

vwpitapy;yhj cgfuzkhf gyiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

njhlu;ghlYf;F vg;NghJk; njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfs; Njit vd;wpy;iy. mjw;fhd

kuG uPjpahfj; jahupj;j Mf;f uPjpahdtw;iwAk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. cjhuzkhf

Rw;whlypy; xU kuj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fpisnahd;iw my;yJ g+it>

48

fhia njhlu;ghliyr; rpwg;ghf mikg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. mNjNghd;W

nghk;kyhl;lk; Nghd;w Mw;Wif cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

vy;yh tifahd njhlu;ghly;fspd; NghJk; njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;

NghJ mJ gw;wpa Nju;r;rp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd

Nju;r;rp ,y;yhj NghJ mj;jifa fUtpfs; ,Ue;jhYk; njhlu;ghlw; gzpfspd;

NghJ gad;gLj;j Kbahkw; NghFk;. ,t;tidj;J tif cgfuzq;fspdJk; gzp

njhlu;ghlw; gzpia ntw;wp ngwr; nra;tjw;fhfNt MFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzg; gad;ghL (%d;W ghlNtisfs;)

gy;NtW Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fs; ,d;W ghtidapYs;sd.

xt;nthU tplaj;Jf;Fk; gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wd.

$l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ xypthq;fp> ikf;uNghd; vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wd.

gytif xypthq;fpfs; cz;L. (fk;gpapy;yhj> fk;gp ,ize;j> nfhOf;fpAld;

$ba> jiyapy; khl;lf;$ba)

Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypy; njhiyNgrp ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fs; ,d;W mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; tifapy;

Nru;e;Js;sd.

2. vwpitj; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzg; gad;ghL (%d;W ghlNtisfs;)

vwpit vd;gJ etPd njhopy;El;gr; nranyhOq;nfhd;whFk;.

vwpit cgfuzg; ghtid nryT $ba xd;W.

vwpit cgfuzq;fisg; ghtpg;gjd; %yk; fUj;Jf;fis tpUg;Gf;FupajhfTk;

njspthfTk; Kd;itf;f KbAk;.

jw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugy;akhf ,Ug;gJ gy;Y}lf vwpitf; fUtpahFk;.

gy;Y}lf vwpit fzdpAld; njhlu;Ggl;lJ.

gy;Y}lf vwpitia ,Wtl;L> xspg;Ngiof; fUtpfNshL ,izf;fyhk;.

fzdpiag; gad;gLj;j KbAkhjyhy; gytw;iwAk; kpf capu;g;ghf

Kd;itf;f KbAk;.

Nkd;jiy vwpit xg;gpl;L uPjpapy; nryT Fiwe;j xd;W.

tOf;fp vwpitf;Fj; Njitahd tOf;fpfis Kd;$l;bNa jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

Nkd;jiy vwpitf;fhd CLfhl;bfSk; Kd;$l;bNa jahu;nra;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

vwpit cgfuzq;fspd; midj;Jk; kpd;rhuj;jpdhy; ,aq;Fgit.

cld; vwpitf; fUtp %yk; Gj;jfq;fspy; cs;stw;iw mt;tr; re;ju;g;gj;

jpNyNa vwpitg;gLj;j KbAk;.

49

3. vwpitay;yhj njhlu;ghly; cgfuzg; gad;ghL (%d;W ghlNtisfs;) ,it nryT Fiwe;jJk; kpd;rhuk; Njitaw;wJkhd cgfuzq;fs;.

gad;gLj;JtJ ,yFthdJk; vspikahdJkhFk;.

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; ,yFthdJ.

nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vwpitay;yhj cgfuzq;fshf@

- fUk;gyif

- ntz;gyif

- fhe;jg; gyif

- gf;fg;Gul;b Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.

,it xt;nthd;Wk; jdpj;Jtkhdit.

,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba KiwfSz;L.

,e;j xt;nthU cgfuzj;ijAk; jdpahfTk; ,izj;Jk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

4. #oy; rhu;e;j> Mf;fuPjpahd cgfuzg; gad;ghL (%d;W ghlNtisfs;)

#oypYs;s ve;jnthU ,aw;ifg; nghUisAk; njhlu;ghlw; nranyhOq;fpd;

NghJ NjitahdthW gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

#oypy; cs;s mNdfkhdtw;iw Mf;fj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;jyhk;. etPd

Mf;f cgfuzq;fshf nghk;ikfs;> ifg;nghk;ikfs; Nghd;wtw;iw

cgNahfpf;fyhk;.

njhopy;El;g cgfuzq;fistpl ,J Nghd;w kuGuPjpahd my;yJ #oy;rhu;e;j

Mf;fj;jpwd; tha;e;j cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;Jjy; kpfTk; tpUg;Gf;FupaJ.

njhlu;ghlYf;F Vw;wtpjkhf ,tw;iw Kd;$l;bNa jahu; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

,it kpfTk; nryT Fiwe;j cgfuzq;fs;.

nghJ tplaq;fs;

,g;gFjpapy; njhlu;ghlYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW cgfuzq;fs; gw;wp

mwpitAk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd gapw;rpiaAk; khztu;fSf;F

toq;Fjy; mtrpak;. jdpj;jdpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gj;ij xt;nthUtUf;Fk;

toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mjidtpl gy;NtW #oy;rhu;> kw;Wk; Mf;fuPjpahd

cgfuzq;fisAk; njhlu;ghlYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jiyg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ mtrpak;.

mjd; %yk; nryT Fiwe;jJk; tpUg;gkhdJkhd cgfuzg; ghtidf;fhd

kdg;ghq;F tsu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

50

myF 04 - nkhopAk; ntFrd Clfg; gad;ghLk;

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : nkhopapd; ,ay;G gw;wp tpsf;fp> gy;NtW Clfq;fspy;

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij xg;gpl;L> gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : nkhopapd; ,ay;G> mjd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; nkhopapd;

njhlu;ghly; tfpghfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 14

ghl cs;slf;fk; : nkhopia ,dq;fhzy;

nkhopapd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd guty; nkhopapd; njhlu;ghly; tfpghfk;

capu;g;G nkhopg; Nghf;F

nkhopapd; Vw;GilikAk; Vw;Gilikapd;ikAk;

Jiz nkhopfs;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. nkhopapd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd gutiyg; gw;wp njspthf tpsf;Fthu;.

2. nkhopapd; gzpiaAk; njhlu;ghly; tfpghfj;ijAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

3. thOk; nkhopia ,dq;fz;L> mjd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

4. nkhopapd; Vw;Glik> Vw;G cilikapd;ik gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

5. Jiz nkhop gw;wp njspthf tpsf;Fthu;.

mwpKfk;

nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; kdpj tuyhw;wpd; cd;djkhd xU epfo;thFk;. FwpaPLfs;>

rkpf;iQfs;> xypfs; %yk; fUj;Jg; gupkhwy; kdpjDf;F kpfg; gue;j mstpy;

fUj;Jg;gupkhwr; re;ju;g;gkhf mike;jJ. mjw;F gy E}W my;yJ Mapuk;

tUlq;fs; vLj;jpUf;Fk;. cyfpy; tuyhw;W uPjpahd ehfuPfk; rhu;e;jjhf cUthd

gy;NtW nkhopfs; gd;Kfg;gl;lit. xNu fhyg; gFjpapy; gy;NtW ,dq;fSf;fhf

NtWgl;l nkhopfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik tpag;Gf;FupaNj.

xt;nthU ,df;FOTk; cUthf;fpa nkhopAk; ntt;Ntwhf tsu;r;rpaile;jikia

tuyhw;wpy; mwpa KbAk;. mupr;Rtbapd; Njhw;wk;> vOj;J tbtj;ij mikj;jik>

nkhop cr;rupg;G vd;gd ,f;fhyg; gpuptpy; Kiwahf tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sd.

vOj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fpak;> nkhopahf;fj;jpd; fUj;J vd;gtw;wpd; ngWNgwhf Gjpa

Mf;fuPjpahd fUj;Jf;fs; cyfpy; Njhd;wpd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; xNu nkhop vd;gJ

xU ,dj;jpd; jdpj;Jt milahskhff; fUjg;gLk; msTf;Fr; r%fj;jpy; njhlu;Gfs;

tpUj;jpaile;jd.

51

Clfj; Njhw;wj;jpy; nkhopapd; gq;F kpfg; ngupaJ. Kjypy; Njhd;wpaJ

gj;jpupifahFk;. mJ vOj;J}lfkhf mike;jJld; vOj;Jf; FwpaPL mjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. thrfu;fs; mjid thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. thndhypapdJ Kf;fpa

mk;rKk; nkhopjhd;. mJ Ngr;R nkhopahFk;. mjid kf;fs; nrtpkLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; Ngr;R> vOj;J Mfpa ,U nkhopj; jpwd;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ

vdf; $wyhk;.

,d;W njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; nkhop gw;wpAk; my;yJ Clfq;fspy; nkhopiag;

gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; Fwpj;Jk; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjw;fhd

fhuzk; nkhopapd; gpujhd gzpahd njhlu;ghliy kl;Lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk;

Clfq;fs; nkhopapd; Vida gzpfisAk; Gwf;fzpg;gjhFk;.

vdNt> Clfq;fspy; nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ njhlu;ghf GjpaNjhu; ciuahly;

njhlq;Ftjw;fhd Neuk; te;Js;sJ. cau;ju tFg;G khzt khztpfs; ,g;ghlg;

gug;igf; fw;Fk;NghJ mj;jifa ciuahly; njhlu;tjw;fhf fye;Jiuahl #oy;

cUthFk; vd;W njupfpwJ.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. nkhopapd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsu;r;rp (,uz;L ghlNtisfs;) nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; kdpj r%fj;jpd; mj;jpahtrpa mk;rkhf ,Ue;jJ.

nkhop vd;gJ kdpjd; jdJ fUj;ij ntspaplg; gad;gLj;jpa rf;jptha;e;j

cgfuzk;.

cyfpd; xt;nthU ehfupfq;fSf;Fk; xt;nthU tpjkhd nkhopfs;

cUthfpd.

xt;nthU nkhopfSf;FkpilNa NtWghLfSz;L.

nkhopapd; tbtj;Jf;Nfw;g cUt vOj;Jf;fs;> FwpaPl;L vOj;Jf;fs; vd

tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

rPd> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspy; ,d;Dk; gz;ila cUt vOj;Jf;fNs

gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.

rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfs; FwpaPL %yk; fUj;J

ntspapLfpd;wd.

vOj;JU tbtk; ePz;l fhykhf khw;wj;Jf;Fl;gl;L te;Js;sJ.

vOj;jpd; tbt khw;wk; epd;Wtpltpy;iy.

nkhopf;fhd mupr;RtbNa gupzhkj;jpd; Kf;fpa epfo;T.

gy;NtW nkhopfspd; mupr;Rtbfs; khWgl;lit.

nkhopf;F ,yf;fhFk; NtW gy tpjpfSk; cz;L.

nkhopf;fhd ,yf;fzk; fUj;J ntspg;ghL vd;gd mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.

nkhop vd;gJ xU fiyAk; tpQ;QhdKkhFk;.

nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp gupzhkthj> cUthf;fthjf; Nfhl;ghLfSz;L.

2. nkhopapd; gaDk; mjd; njhlu;ghly; tfpghfKk; Foe;ijg; gUte; njhl;Nl nkhop fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nkhopia cs;thq;fYk; ifahsf; fw;gJk; mjd; gad; MFk;.

xU gps;is #oypy; cs;s ve;j xU nkhopiaAk; fw;Fk;.

nkhopia cs;thq;fy; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpypUe;J kuzk; tiu njhlUk;.

52

nkhop kdpjdpd; njhlu;ghlYf;F cjTtJ cs;thq;fypd; ClhfNtahFk;.

nkhopapy; fUj;Jk; (Semantics) cr;rupg;Gk; (Semiotics) vd;w ,UtifAz;L.

xU nkhop kl;Lk; njupe;jtUf;F ,d;ndhU nkhopia tpsf;f KbahJ.

3. thOk; (capu;g;G) nkhopg;Nghf;F ,d;Wk; tof;fpYs;s njhlu;ghly; nkhopNa capu;g;G nkhopahFk;.

njhlu;e;J gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yNk nkhop capu;thOk;.

nkhopiaj; njhlu;e;J gad;gLj;Jtjhy; mJ Cl;lk; ngWtJld; khw;wKk;

milfpwJ.

nrhw;fs; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisAk; ngWk;.

nkhopapd; nrhw;fspd; fUj;J cgNahfj;Jf;Nfw;g NtWgLk;.

capu; thOk; nkhopapd; %yk; kpf czu;T g+u;tkhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwd;

kp;f;fjhfTk; fUj;J ntspapl KbAk;.

nkhop Cl;lk; ngWtjhy; Gyf;fhl;rpg; gy;tifik Vw;gLk;.

cyfpd; rpy nkhopfs; rpy fhyk; capu;g;G nkhopahf ,Ue;J gpd;du;

,we;j nkhopahf khWk;.

rpy nkhopfs; rpy fhyk; nkhopahf ,Ue;J> gpd;du; capu;g;G nkhopahf

khWk;

capu;g;G nkhopapy; jdpj;Jt ,ay;GfSz;L.

4. nkhopapd; Vw;GlikAk; Vw;Glikapd;ikAk;

nkhopapd; Vw;Glik vd;gJ kf;fshy; kuGfs; Vw;fg;gLtjhFk;.

Vw;Gilikapd;ik vd;gJ kf;fspd; kuGfis kPWtjhFk;.

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nkhopf;F kuGfSz;L. me;epakw;w ,ay;Gfs; cz;L.

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nkhop vd;gJ xU nghJ tplakhFk;.

Vw;Glikaw;w nkhop> Vw;Gila nkhopapd; kuGfis kPWk;.

nkhop tpUj;jpailfpwJ. Mdhy; Vw;Gilahik vd;gJ nkhop tpUj;jpad;W.

nkhopia Vw;Gilikaw;w tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;JtJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl KbahJ.

nkhopia Vw;Gilikaw;w tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; cupik Clfq;fSf;Ff;

fpilahJ.

mjw;fhfg; gy cjhuzq;fSz;L.

nkhop xU Njrpa jdpj;Jtk; vd;gjhy; mjidg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5. Jiz nkhop Jiznkhopapy; gpujhd nkhopapd; ,ay;GfSk; Jiz nkhopapd; ,ay;GfSk;

fhzg;gLk;.

Jiz nkhop vd;gJ gpujhd nkhopapy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J nrd;wJ.

Jiznkhop Jizf; fyhrhuk; rhu;e;jJ.

Jiznkhop Njhd;wpaJ r%fj; Njitiaf; fUjpahFk;.

Jiz nkhopapy; me;jf; fyhrhuj;jpd; #oy; njd;gLk;.

Jiz nkhopapy; rpy nrhw;fs;> ctikfs;> tbtq;fs; Njhd;Wk;.

Jiznkhop me;j ,df; FOtpd; njhlu;ghlYf;Fg; gad;gLk;.

53

myF 04 - nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; gad;ghLk;

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : nkhopapd; ,ay;G gw;wp tpsf;fp> gy;NtW Clfq;fspy;

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij xg;gpl;Lg; gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : nkhopapd; gy;NtW gad;ghLfis xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 14

ghl cs;slf;fk; : Ngr;R

Mw;Wif

tptuzk;

ciu

gpujpahf;fk;

mwpKfk;

nkhop vd;gJ kdpjd; fz;lwpe;j cd;djkhd njhlu;ghly; fUtpahFk;. ,jd;

%yk; kdpjd; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; czu;TfisAk; gy;NtW tifapy;

ntspapLtjw;F KbAkhd Kiwfs; fhyhfhykhfg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,d;W ehk; me;jg; guPl;rpj;jypd; ngWNgwhf nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;.

nkhop vd;gJ xU nghJ vz;zf;fUthf ,Ug;gpDk; tpNrl re;ju;g;gq;fisg;

nghWj;Nj mjidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bNaw;gLfpd;wJ. xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;

Vw;gLk; Njitiag; nghWj;J nkhopiag; gad;gLj;JtJ vt;thW? vd;gJ gw;wp

kdpjd; ,g;NghJ ,dq;fz;Ls;sgbahy; nkhopapd; nrhw;fSf;Fk; $w;Wf;fSf;Fk;

fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; mf;fUj;Jf;fs; vg;NghJk; xNu tpjkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLt

jpy;iy. mit re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Nfw;gTk; jdpahl;fisg; nghWj;Jk; NtWgLk;.

nkhopf;F mg;ghy; nry;Yk; msTf;Ff; fUj;ij typAWj;Jtjpy;> Ngr;rpy;

tha;nkhopapy;yhj njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; fhl;rpfs; Njitg;

gLfpd;wd. mjd; NgW nkhopf;F my;yJ tha;nkhopay;yhj rkpf;iQfSf;fpilapy;

NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; fpilahJ. mq;F ,uz;Lk; ,ize;Nj fUj;J cUthFk;.

,j;jifa fhl;rpahsu;fs; Mw;wiyg; ngWtjw;F ePz;lfhy mDgtk; Ntz;Lk;.

nkhop vd;gJ Ngr;R> ciu vd ,Utifg;gLk;. Ngr;R vd;gJ kw;nwhUtUld;

,lk;ngWk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijahFk;. ciu vd;gJ xUtu; Nkw;nfhs;s VidNahu;

Nfl;gjhFk;. Ngr;rpd; tbtj;Jf;Nfw;g mJ Kd;itg;ghf mikAk;. ,q;F Ngr;R

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtJ gadhspf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapYk; jUzj;Jf;Nfw;w

tpjj;jpYk; mikj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUg;gjdhyhFk;.

nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jYf;fhd gpujp Kf;fpakhFk;. mjhtJ

vOj;Jf;fs; %yk; fUj;J ntspaplg;gLk;. ,jdhy; nkhopapd; gy mk;rq;fs;

Fwpj;Jf; $ba ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. mJ gadhspf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;

tifapy; mika Ntz;Lk;. nkhopg; gad;ghl;by; vOj;Jf;Fs;s mD$yk; ahnjdpy;>

vt;tpjj; njhopy; El;gg; gad;ghLkpd;wp ghJfhf;fg;gLtjhFk;.

54

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. Ngr;R

gu];guj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhf nkhopia xypg;gjhFk;.

Ngr;rpd; tbtj;Jf;Nfw;g mJ gy;NtWgLk;.

Ngr;R %yk; fl;lisaply;> Ntz;Ljy;> jd; $w;W vd;gtw;iw Kd;itf;f

KbAk;.

Ngr;R %yk; jdpahl;fSf;fpilNa ey;Ywitg; NgZk; #o;epiy Njhw;Wtpf;f

KbAk;.

2. Mw;Wif

Ngr;rpy; cr;rupg;G> nfhs;epiy> elj;ijf; Nfhyk; vd;gd ,iztjhy;

fhl;rp Njhd;Wk;.

Mw;Wif %yk; Ngr;rpd; fUj;J cWjpg;gLk;/NtWgLk;/Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk;

epiy Vw;glyhk;.

gu];guj; njhlu;ghlypy; ,J Kf;fpak;.

Mw;Wif %yk; fUj;J ed;F vwpitg; gLj;jg;gLk;.

Mw;Wif vd;gJ jdpahs; rhu;e;j xU epfo;T.

Mw;Wif jhdhfNt gapw;wg;gLtJld;> mwpe;J mjid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s

KbAk;.

3. tptuzk;

nkhopapd; %yk; gytw;iw tptupf;f KbAk;.

khdpl r%fj;jpy; tptuzk; Xu; mj;jpahtrpag; gzpahFk;.

Clfg; ghtidapy; vg;NghJk; tptuzk; ,lk;ngWk;.

ClftpayhsUk; gadhspAk; tptuzj;jpy; <LgLtu;.

tptuzj;jpd; NghJ nkhop kl;Lk; NghjhJ.

tptuzj;jpd;NghJ jdpg;gl;l Nehf;;Fk; fUj;Jk; Kf;fpak;.

nkhopia cgNahfpj;J> jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jk; Nehf;Fk; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ.

xNu tplaj;ijg; gy tpjkhf tptuzg;gLj;j> nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

4. ciu

ciu vd;gJ nrhw;fis xypg;gjhy; Kd;itg;gjhFk;.

Ngr;Rk;> ciuAk; xNu ,ay;Gld; fhzg;gl;lhYk; ciu vd;gJ jdpahs;

gzpahFk;.

nkhopia Mf;fuPjpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;> ciuapd;NghJ Kf;fpakhFk;.

gyUk; ciuapd; NghJ nrhw;fis cr;rupg;gjpy; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtu;.

jUzj;Jf;Nfw;w Ngr;Rf; Nfhyk;> upjk;> Ntfk;> Kd;itg;G vd;gtw;wpy;

rpwg;gpay;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;.

55

5. gpujp vOj;J

gpujp vd;gJ> vOj;Jf;fis vOJjy; md;W.

gpujpf;F xU Nehf;fKz;L.

gpujpia me;j Nehf;fj;ij Kd;itj;Nj jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gy;NtW gpujpnaOj;Jf; Nfhyq;fSz;L.

gpujpnaOj;Jf; Nfhyq;fs; njhopy;El;gj;jpdhy; khw;wkile;Js;sd.

cau;ju gpujpapy; ,Ue;J xU nrhy;iyj; jhDk; ePf;f KbahJ.

nkhopapd; Fwpg;gpl;l kuGfs;> tpjpfs;> ,yf;fzk;> epWj;jw; Fwpfs;> $w;Wf;fs;

mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.

gpujp khjpupfs; gyTz;L. mtw;iwf; fw;wwpa Ntz;Lk;.

56

myF 04 - nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; gad;ghLk;

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : nkhopapd; ,ay;G gw;wp tpsf;fp> gy;NtW Clfq;fspy;

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij xg;gpl;L gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 : gy;NtW Clfq;fSf;Nfw;g nkhopiaf; ifahSk;

tpjq;fisAk; Nfhyq;fisAk; xg;gpl;Lg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 122

ghl cs;slf;fk; : mr;R Clfj;Jf;fhd vOj;J

thndhypf;fhd gpujp

njhiyf;fhl;rpf;fhd gpujp (vOj;Jk; Ngr;Rk;)

etPd Clfq;fspy; nkhopf; ifahs;if

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. gy;NtW Clfq;fspy; nkhopiaf; ifahSk; tpjq;fs;> tpjpfs; gw;wpg; guPl;rpj;Jg;

ghu;g;ghu;.

2. mr;R Clfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiy

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

3. thndhypf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nkhopf; ifahs;if Mw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

4. njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd vOj;J> Ngr;R> gpujp vOJjy;

njhlu;ghd nkhopf; ifahs;ifiag; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

5. etPd Clfq;fspy; nkhopg; ghtidapd; Nghf;ifAk; gpur;rpidfisAk; Gydha;T

nra;thu;.

mwpKfk;

njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; nkhopg; gad;ghL gw;wpa Gjpa mtfhrq;fs;

Njhd;wpAs;sd. mjhtJ njhlu;G+lfq;fspd; Njhw;wkhFk;. kpf ePz;l fhyk; Cl;lk;

ngw;W te;j nkhop kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l topfspNyNa Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J

vd;w tbtq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Mdhy;> njhlu;g+lfq;fspd; Njhw;wj;Jld;

mtw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd nkhop gw;wpa Njly; xd;W ,lk;ngw;wJ.

Clfq;fSld; njhlu;ghd Clftpayhsu;fSk; Clf Ma;thsu;fSk; Clff;

fy;tpapy; <Lgl;Ls;stu;fSk; nkhopia Clfj;jpy; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd

gy;NtW Kiwfisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;fj; njhlq;fpdu;.

gj;jpupif> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gd KiwNa cyfpy; Njhd;wpaJld;

xt;nthd;wpdJk; jdpj;Jtk; mtw;wpw;fhd nkhopg; gad;ghl;bYk; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpd. mj;Jld; Clfq;fSf;Fk; nkhopia Mf;f uPjpahfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba

epiy Vw;gl;lJ. czu;Tg+u;tkhd nra;jpfs;> ntspaPLfs; njhlu;ghf kf;fs;

fhl;Lk; Mu;tk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;likapdhy; nkhopia czu;Tg+u;tkhfg; gad;gLj;j

Ntz;ba epiy Clfq;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;lJ.

57

,q;F Clfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kl;Lg;ghLfs; nkhopg; ghtidapy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpaikiaf; fhzyhk;. gj;jpupifia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mjd; gpujhd

jiyg;Gr; nra;jpf;F kpff; FWfpa ,lNk xJf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjw;nfd ftu;r;rpahfTk;

Njitahd jfty;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk; tifapYk; ngupa vOj;Jf;fis

cgNahfpj;J nkhopiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ. thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp

vd;gtw;wpy; ,j;jifa kl;Lg;ghLfs; nkhopg; ghtidapy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,jd; ngWNgwhf Clf nkhop vd;w xU jdpj;Jtkhd nkhopg;

ghtidiag; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;ba epiy cUthfpAs;sJ. Clfq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; gadhsp vd;NghUf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;G>

nkhopapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. jdJ vjpupy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtu; njhlu;ghlypy;

<LgLk; NghJ> nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;Jf;F khw;wkhd Kiwapy; njhiytpy;

cs;stu;fSld; njhlu;ghLk; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt>

Clfq;fspy; nkhopg; ghtid vd;gJ rpwg;ghf Muha Ntz;baJk; ,Jtiu

g+uz tpUj;jpailahj xd;whfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Clfq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nghl;bapd; fhuzkhfTk; nkhop kpfTk; fPo; kl;lj;ij

Nehf;fpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUg;gijAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. gadhspfis

neUq;Fjy; vd;gijj; jtwhf tpsq;fpf;nfhz;Ls;s etPd ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;>

kdpju;fs; md;whlk; NgRk; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. ,jd;

%yk; nkhopapd; jdpj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; Njrpa ,ay;Gf;Fk; ngUk; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

mJ kl;Lkd;wp mj;jifa nkhopia cs;thq;Fk; gadhspfspd; elj;ij tpUj;jpapy;

tPo;r;rpNaw;gLtijj; jtpu;f;f KbahJs;sJ. Clf nkhopg; gad;ghL> tu;j;jf

epakq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. mr;R Clfj;Jf;fhd nkhopg; ghtid mr;R Clfk; vd;gjpy; gj;jpupif> Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; Kjyhdit

mlq;Fk;.

gj;jpupif> Gj;jfk;> rQ;rpif vd;gtw;Wf;fhd jdp ,ay;GfSz;L.

gj;jpupiffs; jpdKk; my;yJ thunkhUKiw ntsptUtJld; mit

mtrukhf thrpf;fg;gLk; xd;whFk;.

rQ;rpiffs; ntspaplg;gl;l fhyj;jpd; gpd;dUk; thrpf;ff;$bait.

Gj;jfq;fs; ePz;l fhyj;Jf;F kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; thrpf;ff;$bait.

gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif> Gj;jfq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtj;Jf;Nfw;w nkhopg;

ghtid ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Gj;jfq;fspd; gf;fq;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhtpbDk; rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupiffspd;

gf;fq;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; vd;gtw;wpYs;s kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lq;fis

cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ rpukkhd fhupakhFk;.

gj;jpupif> rQ;rpiffspd; kuGuPjpahd ghtidf;F khw;wkhd tifapy;

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

mtrukhf cs;thq;fg;gLk; tifapyhd ftu;r;rpahd nkhopNa gj;jpupiffspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

gj;jpupiffspd; nkhop rhjhuz nghJ kf;fSf;F Vw;wjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

gj;jpupiffs; xt;nthU ,yf;Ff; FOTf;Fkhd nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk;

rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

58

2. thndhyp Clfj;Jf;fhd nkhopg; ghtid thndhyp vd;gJ xU Nfl;ly; Clfk;

thndhypapd; nkhopiaf; Nfl;lypdhy; kl;LNk cs;thq;f KbAk;.

thndhypg; gadhspfs; jhk; Nfl;ltw;iw kdjpy; cUtfpj;Jf; nfhs;tu;.

thndhyp Nfl;Nghu; gy kl;lq;fspy; ,Ug;gjdhy; vspikahd nkhopiaNa

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Njitaw;w tpjkhd jfty;fs;> juTfs; Nru;f;ff;$lhJ. thndhyp nkhopg; ghtid> Nfl;Nghupd; cUtf Mw;wiy Nkd;gLj;Jtjhf

mika Ntz;Lk;. Nfl;Nghupd; mwpT> mDgtk;> urid> Mu;tq;fspd;gbNa mtu;fsJ Gyf;fhl;rp

mikAk;. thndhyp Clfj;jpy; ahu; vOjpdhYk;> mjidg; gadhspfsplk; nfhz;L

nry;Nthu; fiyQu;fshtu;. thndhypf; fiyQu;fsplk; ftu;r;rpfukhd Ngr;R td;ik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;fis cr;rupj;jy;> neUf;fk;> ek;gpf;if vd;gd thndhypg; Ngr;rpd;

NghJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. thndhypg; Ngr;Rfs; gpujpfspd; mbg;gilapYk; gpujpfspd;wpAk; ,lk;ngWk;. gpujpfs; ,Ue;jhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; Ngr;R vspikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

thndhyp epfo;r;rpfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;w nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfj;Jf;fhd vOj;J> Ngr;R> gpujpahf;fk; njhiyf;fhl;rp> Nfl;ly;> ghu;j;jy;> mirT> epuy;fs; ,ize;j Xu; Clfk;. njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;Tfs; $ba msT fhl;rp rhu;e;jd. fhl;rpfSld; nkhopAk; ,izf;fg;gl;Nl njhiyf;fhl;rpf; fUj;Jf;fs;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; Clftpayhsu; fl;GydhFk; tifapy; Njhd;Wthu;. njhiyf;fhl;rp Clftpayhsupd; rfy Njhw;wq;fisAk; ghu;itahsu;

fhz;fpd;whu;. njhiyf;fhl;rpf;fhf rpwg;Gj; njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fhl;rpAk; Ngr;Rk; nghUe;Jtjhf ,Ug;gJ njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfq;fspy;

mj;jpahtrpa mk;rkhFk;. njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfSf;fhf vOj;Jg; gpujpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpg; gpujpahf;fk; Xu; Mf;fj; njhopw;ghlhFk;. njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfspd; ,ay;Gf;Nfw;g nkhopg; gad;ghL ,lk;ngw

Ntz;Lk;.

4. etPd Clfq;fspy; nkhopg; ghtid gpujhdkhf fzpdp> nry;Ngrp> ,izak; vd;gd ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,e;j etPd Clfq;fs; ,d;W njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wd. etPd Clfj;jpYs;s ,lk;> nryT vd;git fhuzkhf> Mf;fq;fs;

FWfpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. etPd Clfq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ru;tNjr nkhopfspy; ,aq;Fgit. cs;ehl;L nkhopfspy; etPd Clfq;fis ,aq;fr; nra;a Gjpa

nkd;nghUs;fs; Njit. FWQ;nrhy; gad;ghL> etPd Clfj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fspy; cs;ehl;L nkhopfis vOJk; Nghf;Fk; cz;L. etPd Clfq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpdhy; cs;ehl;L nkhopfs; rthy;fSf;F

cl;gl;Ls;sd.

59

myF 04 - nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; gad;ghLk;

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : nkhopapd; ,ay;G gw;wp tpsf;fp> gy;NtW Clfq;fspy;

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij xg;gpl;Lg; gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : Clfj;jpy; nkhopg; ghtidapd; gyd;fisAk; gytPdq;

fisAk; xg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 122

ghl cs;slf;fk; : Clfj;jpy; nkhopg; ghtidapd; gyk;

Clfj;jpy; nkhopg; ghtidapd; gytPdk;

Clfj;jpy; nkhopg; ghtidapd; kl;Lg;ghL

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. gy;NtW Clfq;fspy; nkhopg; ghtidapd; gyd;fis xg;gpl;L uPjpapy; tpsf;Fthu;.

2. gy;NtW Clfq;fspy; nkhopg; ghtidapd; gytPdq;fisf; fz;lwpthu;.

3. gy;NtW Clfq;fspd; nkhopg; ghtidapd; kl;Lg;ghLfisf; $Wthu;.

mwpKfk;Clfq;fspy; nkhopg; ghtidj; njhopy; El;gk; ifahsg;gLfpwJ. gj;jpupif>

thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;w %tif Clfq;fspYk; $bf; Fiwe;j msTfspy;

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. gj;jpupif> thndhyp vd;gtw;wpy; mjpfkhfTk;

njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; FiwthfTk; nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhff; fUj Ntz;bAs;sJ.

MapDk;> ,k;%d;W Clfq;fspYk; nkhopg; ghtidapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; rkkhdNj.

Clfq;fspy; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; kdpjd; jdJ nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; mjid

NtW tpjkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; fhzyhk;. Clfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gj;

jd;ikf;Nfw;gNt mtw;wpy; nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; NgW mq;F epyTk;

gyk;> gytPdk;> kl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L fUkkhw;w Ntz;bNaw;gLk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. Clfj;jpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; gyk; RUf;fkhf> fr;rpjkhf> Mf;fuPjpahf nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ.

kdq;ftu; tpjj;jpy; nkhopiaf; ifahs KbAk; vd;gJ.

gadhspapd; czu;Tfis Nkk;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gJ.

gadhspapd; ftdj;ij <u;f;f KbAk; vd;gJ.

60

2. Clf nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; gytPdk;

gad;gLj;Jk; nkhop r%fj;jpy; midtUf;Fk; nghUj;jkw;wjhf ,Uj;jy;.

gad;gLj;Jk; nkhop r%fj;jpy; vy;NyhuhYk; ed;F tpsq;f KbahjpUf;fyhk;.

gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopia rpy gadhspfs; Gwf;fzpf;fyhk;.

3. Clfnkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; kl;Lg;ghLfs;

gj;jpupifapy; ,lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

thndhypapy; KbAkhd msT RUf;fkhff; fUj;Jf;fisf; $w Ntz;Lk;.

njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; Njitaw;w tpjj;jpy; mjpfkhf nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd;

%yk; mjd; Mw;Wifj; jd;ik Fiwayhk;.

gadhspfspd; kl;Lg;ghLfspdhy; nkhopapy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

gz;ghl;L kl;Lg;ghLfspdhy; nkhopiaf; ftdkhff; ifahs Ntz;Lk;.

61

myF 5.0 - nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : nghJrdj; njhlu;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;iw eilKiwg;

gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy;NtW KiwfisAk; fUtpfisAk;

gad;gLj;Jtijr; nra;J ghu;g;ghu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : ,yq;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>

nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G vj;jifaJ vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : kf;fs; njhlu;G mwpKfk;

kf;fs; tiutpyf;fzk;

kf;fs; njhlu;ghlypd; NjitAk; ,ay;Gk;

kf;fs; njhlu;G - tiutpyf;fzk;

kf;fs; njhlu;G cgNahfk; (,yq;if njhlu;ghf)

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. ~nghJkf;fs;| vd;gjid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

2. nghJ kf;fs; njhlu;gpd; mtrpaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

3. nghJkf;fs; njhlu;gpd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

4. nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fis tpgukhff; $Wthu;.

5. ,yq;if njhlu;gpy; nghJkf;fs; njhlu;Gg; ghtidapd; kuGuPjpahd> etPd

gz;Gfis cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpku;rpg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G vd;gJ Gjpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU ghlg;gug;ghfj;

njupe;jhYk; mjd; gzpfSk; gad;ghLk; kuG uPjpahd r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;jik

njspT. kuGuPjpahd r%f tho;tpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW r%fg; gzpfspd;

NghJ mtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;s> kf;fs; njhlu;G mtrpak; vd;gij

mtu;fs; mDtj;jpy; fz;lwpe;jhu;fs;. vdNt> mtu;fs; gytpjkhd r%fj; njhlu;G

Kiwfis jk; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. jpUkzk;>

kuzk;> gy;NtW rka> r%f tpohf;fs;> GJkid GFjy;> tptrha eltbf;iffspd;

NghJk; ,t;thwhd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJrdj; njhlu;G Kiwfis mtu;fs;

kpfr; rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,yq;if gw;wp MuhAk;NghJ njupa tUtJ

mj;jifa nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G Kiwfis efu> fpuhkpa> gpuNjr uPjpapYk; rka>

,d uPjpapYk; gy NtWghLfSld; gad;gLj;jpAs;sikahFk;.

,d;iwa r%fj;jpd; Gjpa NjitfSf;fhfTk; kf;fs; njhlu;G mjpfkjpfk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gy xOq;fikg;GfSf;Fk; jk; epyTiff;fhfTk; nghJrdj;

njhlu;G Njitg;gLk;. mNjNghd;W xU tPl;il vLj;jhYk; ez;gu;fs;> maytu;fspd;

NjitAz;L. murpay;thjpfSf;Fj; jk; murpay; fUkq;fisr; nrt;tNd epiwNtw;w

Mjuthsu;fSk; thf;fhsu;fSk; Njit. ,t;thW gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhfg;

nghJrdj; njhlu;G gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

62

nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G vd;gij xU ghlkhf Nahrpf;Fk;NghJ njupatUtJ@ mJ

xU Nkk;ghl;L cghakhFk;. mjd;NghJ re;ijg;gLj;jypy; Nru;fpd;wJ. re;ijg;

gLj;jypd; xU gpupT tpw;gid Nkk;ghL MFk;. re;ijg;gLj;jypy; Efu;Nthu;

njhlu;ig cau;kl;lj;jpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Nkk;ghl;L cj;jpahf nghJrdj;

njhlu;G gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. kf;fs; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ kyu;r;rpahd kdg;ghq;Fld;

,Ug;gpd; mJ tzpfj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikAk;. vdNt

nghJkf;fspilNa mj;jifa czu;it Vw;gLj;JjYk; mjidg; NgZtJk;

gy;NtW cj;jpfspD}lhfr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthf> kuGuPjpahd r%fj;jpYk; etPd r%fj;jpYk; nghJrdj; njhlu;Gj;

Njit rkkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJrdj; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;>

tbtq;fspNyNa NtWghL fhzg;gLk;. <w;wpy; mit vy;yhtw;wpdJk; Nehf;fk;

xd;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mjhtJ nghJkf;fSld; ey;y> el;G uPjpahd njhlu;igg;

NgZtjhFk;.

cjhuzkhf xU ghlrhiyia vLj;jhYk; mjd; ghy; xU [duQ;rfj;jd;ik

Vw;gl kf;fs; njhlu;Ng gad;gLfpwJ vd;gjhFk;. vdNt> ed;F mwpe;J nghJrdj;

njhlu;G cj;jpfisj; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jhd; my;yJ jdJ

epWtdk;> my;yJ jhd; rhu;e;j mikg;Gfis ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;y

KbAk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. ~nghJkf;fs;| tiutpyf;fzk;

nghJkf;fs; njhlu;Gg; gzpapy;> kf;fs; vd;W nghJthd rfy kf;fisAk;

Fwpf;fhJ.

nghJkf;fspy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l FONt ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

,jd;gb nghJrdk; (Publics) vd;gJ gd;ikf; fUj;jpy; tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;jg;gLk;.

midj;J mikg;GfspYk; njupTnra;ag;gl;l xUkf;fs; FO ,Uf;Fk;.

mikg;Gr; rhu;e;j kf;fs; FO> mikg;Gf;F cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; ,Uf;Fk;.

Xu; mikg;gpd; kf;fs; FO kw;Nwhu; mikg;gpd; kf;fs; FOtpypUe;J

khWgl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

tzpf mikg;ig vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; mjpy; mlq;Fk; kf;fs; FOf;fis

gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

1. ,df;FOkq;fs;

2. Copau;fs;

3. Nritfs;> nghUl;fs; toq;FNthu;

4. KjyPl;lhsu; (tq;fp my;yJ epjpj;jhgdk;)

5. tpepNahfpg;Nghu;

6. Efu;Nthu; / gadhspfs;7. MNyhrfu;fs;

,t;thW ve;j xU mikg;gpdJk; kf;fs; FOit tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

63

2. kf;fs; njhlu;gpd; mtrpaKk; ,ay;Gk;

tzpf uPjpahd my;yJ tzpf uPjpay;yhj vj;jifa mikg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk;

mjd; epyTiff;F kf;fs; mtrpak;.

xU tPl;Lf;F> rka epWtdj;Jf;F> ghlrhiyf;F> itj;jparhiyf;Ff; $l

mtw;wpd; epyTiff;F kf;fs; Njit.

kf;fs; njhlu;gpd; Njit> tzpfj; Njitia kpQ;rpajhFk;.

re;ijg;gLj;jw; fyit Nkk;gLj;jw; fyit

cw;gj;jp tpiy tpsk;guk; gpurpj;jk;

jdpg;gl;l nghJkf;fs;

tpepNahfk; Nkk;ghL re;ijg;gLj; njhlu;G

jy;

3. kf;fs; njhlu;G tiutpyf;fzk; kf;fs; njhlu;G> mwptpj;jypy; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpwJ vd;gJk; mwptpj;jiyg;

gad;gLj;jhtpbDk; vy;yh mikg;GfSf;Fk; kf;fs; njhlu;G mtrpak; vd;gJk;.

kf;fs; njhlu;G re;ijg;gLj;jypy; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpwJ vd;gJk; re;ijg;gLj;j

ypd; xU gpupthf kf;fs; njhlu;igf; fhl;l KbAk;.

kf;fs; njhlu;G re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nkk;ghl;bypUe;J NtWgl;lJ.

kf;fs; njhlu;G gpurpj;jg;gLj;jypy; ,Ue;J NtWgLtJld;> kf;fs; njhlu;G

%yk; gpurpj;jk; fpilf;Fk;.

gy Ma;thsu;fs; gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdu;.

xt;nthU tiutpyf;fzj;jpdJk; nrhw;fs;> tpgupg;G> $w;Wfs; NtWgl;ljhf

,Ug;gpDk; mtw;wpd; nghJthd fUj;J xd;Nw.

gpupj;jhdpa> kf;fs; njhlu;G epWtdj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzk;kf;fs; njhlu;G vd;gJ xU mikg;Gf;Fk; mjDld; ,ize;j kf;fSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd gu];guj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jp> mjidg; NgZtjw;fhf mwpe;J>

jpl;lkpl;Lg; nghWikahf vLf;fg;gLk; Kaw;rpahFk;.

,e;jpa kf;fs; njhlu;G epWtdj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzk;kf;fs; njhlu;G vd;gJ xU mikg;Gf;Fk; mjd; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;itAk; ed;kjpg;igAk; cUthf;fTk; NgzTkhf vLf;fg;gLk;

jpl;lkpl;lJk; ePbj;jpUg;gJkhd midj;J Kaw;rpfSkhFk;.

64

,jd;gb Nkw;gb tiutpyf;fzq;fs; %yk; kf;fs; njhlu;G vd;gjd; %d;W

gpujhd gzpfs; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

1. mikg;Gf;Fupa kf;fs; FOTk; epyTk; njhlu;GfSk;

2. rPuhd njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cgNahf Kiwfs;

3. njhlu;Gfspd; gz;Gk; juKk;

4. kf;fs; njhlu;Gg; gad;ghL (,yq;if njhlu;ghf)

,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; muru;fs;> Ml;rpahsu;fs;> nghJkf;fSld; rPuhd

njhlu;igg; NgZtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jik.

kf;fspilNa tpUg;ig mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf muru;fshy; gy;NtW

rka eltbf;iffs;> fiy El;gq;fs;> ,yf;fpak; Nghd;w Jiwfspy;

Nritahw;wg;gl;lik.

kf;fspd; fUj;ij mwptjw;fhf Ml;rpahsu;fs;> muru;fs; khWNtlk; jupj;J

,lj;Jf;fplk; nrd;wik.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; mur mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa ntsp ehl;ltu;fSk;

kf;fs; tpUg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> jpl;lkpl;l kf;fs; njhlu;G

eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ldu;.

1948 ,y; Nrhy;ngup Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; murhq;fj;

jftw; jpizf;fsk; mikf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; kf;fs; njhlu;G Fwpj;j Kf;fpa

eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lik.

jftw; jpizf;fsj;jpd; KjyhtJ epu;thf mwpf;ifapd;gb mjd; Muk;g

Nehf;fk; gpd;tUkhW:

1. muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;ig cau; kl;lj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L

tUjy;.

2. gy;NtW ntspaPLfs;> ifNaLfs;> nra;jp mwptpj;jy;fis ntspaply;

%yk; murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfs; njhlu;ghf kf;fis tpspg;g+l;ly;.

3. ,e;j ehl;by; jfty;fis tprhupf;Fk; ntspehl;ltu;fSf;Fk; cs;ehl;ltu;-

fSf;Fk; nghJeytha ehLfSf;Fk; ,yq;ifapd; rhu;gpy; Kd;tUk;

J}Jf; FOtpdu;f;Fk; jfty;fis toq;Fjy;.

4. mur jpiug;glg; gpuptpd; fUkq;fis xOq;fikj;jy;.

5. mur ntspaPLfis ntspaply;> re;ijg;gLj;jy;.

mur> jdpahu;> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspy; kf;fs; njhlu;G eltbf;if

fSf;fhf kf;fs; njhlu;G mjpfhup> Clf cj;jpNahfj;ju;> nra;jp cj;jpNahfj;ju;

Mfpa ngau;fspy; miof;fg;gLk; mjpfhupfs; ,Ug;gu;.

gy;NtW kl;lj;jpyhd kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSf;fhf kf;fs; njhlu;G mjpfhupfs;

Clhf cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;> jfty; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ,Ug;gu;.

nghyp]; Nritapy; kf;fs; njhlu;Gg; gpupnthd;Wk;> ghJfhg;Gr; Nritapy;

Clfg; Ngr;rhsUk; nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G tptfhuj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.

nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G kw;Wk; Fw;wj; jLg;Gg; gzpafj;jpd; %yk;

eilngWk; gzpfs;.

1. Fw;wj;jLg;G njhlu;ghf kf;fis tpspg;g+l;ly;> ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;F

tpspg;g+l;ly;> tpupTiufs; elj;Jjy;.

2. gy;NtW Jiwfs; rhu;e;;jjhf kf;fis mwpTWj;j> J}Jtuhyaq;fspd;

mDruizapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tptuzg; glq;fisf; fhl;Ljy;.

65

3. ghlrhiyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;fSf;fhf nghyp]pd; gzpfis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk;

tifapyhd fz;fhl;rpf; $lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;jy;.

4. nghyprhUf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

tpupTiufs;> fUj;juq;Ffs;> nrayku;Tfis elj;Jjy;.

5. Fw;wj;jLg;G> nghJrdj; njhlu;G vd;gd njhlu;ghf gj;jpupiffspy;

fl;Liufs; vOJtjd; %yk; kf;fSf;F tpspg;g+l;ly;.

6. mdu;j;j epiyikfspd; NghJ cjtpfSk; cjtpj; njhiffSk; toq;f

eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

7. ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd rka tpohf;fspd; NghJ kf;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhf>

kf;fs; njhlu;Gg; gzpapy; VjhtJ xd;iw elj;Jjy;.

8. njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> gj;jpupif cl;gl Clfq;fspy; nghyp];

jpizf;fsk; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfisg; gpuRupj;jy;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis

Vw;ghL nra;jy;.

9. Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jftw; jpizf;fsj;Jld;

,ize;J fUkkhw;wy;.

10. nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F tpspg;g+l;ly;> kf;fs; njhlu;G gw;wpa tpupTiufs;

elj;Jjy;> Vw;ghL nra;jy;.

,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW r%f re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ kf;fs; njhlu;G

Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. (jpUkzk;> kuzk;> rka tpohf;fs;> ahfq;fs;>

tUlhe;j rk;gpujha tpohf;fs;)

xU r%f epWtdk; vd;w tifapy; FLk;gj;jpYk; xU kf;fs; njhlu;Gj;jpl;lk;

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jdpahl;fSk; r%fKk; jk; ,lj;ijf; nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;fhf kf;fs;

njhlu;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

ghlrhiyapYk; xU gaDs;s kf;fs; njhlu;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupj;J

eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; r%fj;jpy; [duQ;rfj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;j

KbAk;.

66

myF 5.0 - nghJ kf;fs; njhlu;G

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : nghJrdj; njhlu;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;iw eilKiwg;

gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy;NtW KiwfisAk; fUtpfisAk;

gad;gLj;Jtijr; nra;J ghu;g;ghu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fUtpfs;>Kiwfisg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : kf;fs; njhlu;Gf; fUtpfs;mr;R Clfk;fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfk;Gifg;glq;fs;fz;fhl;rpfs;Clfj; njhlu;GmDruiz

Rw;whlw; fUtpfs;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. kf;fs; njhlu;G eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfs;> Kiwfs;

vd;git gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.2. xt;nthU fUtpfs;> Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw xg;gpl;L kjpg;gpLthu;.3. xt;nthU fUtpfs;> Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw kf;fs; njhlu;G eltbf;iffSf;fhfg;

gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.4. xt;nthU fUtpfs;> Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd mDgtj;ijg;

ngWthu;.

mwpKfk;

kf;fs; njhlu;G eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; gy;NtW fUtpfis cgNahfpf;f KbAk;.mtw;wpd; gpujhd fUtpfshd mr;R Clfk;> fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfk;> Gifg;glk;>fz;fhl;rpfs;> #ow; fUtpfs; gw;wpAk; Clfj; njhlu;G mDruizahsu; vd;wkf;fs; njhlu;G tbtq;fs; gw;wpAkhd mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisAk; ngWjy; kpfTk;gaDilaJ. ,f;fUtpfSk; tbtq;fSk; jdpj;Jtkhd rpwg;gpay;Gfs; nfhz;lit.mj;Jld; mtw;iw ntt;Ntwhf kf;fs; njhlu;Gf; fUkq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jKbAk;. ,t;tiyaikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhf mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jt ,ay;Gfisntt;Ntwhf ,dq;fhzy; mtrpak;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. mr;R Clfk;

mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd gpujpfs; Njitg;gLk; mr;Rg; gzpfspd;NghJ rkjsmr;R tbtNk gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Fiwe;jsT gpujpfs; Njitg;gLk; mr;R Ntiyfspd;NghJ vz; rhu;e;j (b[pw;wy;)

mr;RKiw ,yhgfukhdJ.

67

rkjs kw;Wk; vz;rhu; mr;R Kiwfspd; ,Wjp tbtk; Neu;j;jpahdJ.

vz;rhu; mr;R Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp gjhif> Rtnuhl;b Nghd;wtw;iw fljhrp>

nghypj;jPd;> Jzp> gpshj;jpf; Nghd;wtw;wpy; mr;rplyhk;. rkjs mr;rpy; ,it

rw;Wr; rpukk;.

mr;R Clfj;jpy;> Rtnuhl;b> klf;Nfhiy> nra;jpr; rQ;rpiffs;> jtiz

ntspaPl;Lr; rQ;rpiffs;> gjhif> fhl;rpg;gyif vd;gdtw;iw Mf;fyhk;.

mr;R Clfj;jpy; cs;slf;Fk; nrhw;fs;> glq;fs; kpfTk; ftdkhfj; njupT

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nrhw;fSk;> glq;fSk; kf;fs; njhlu;ig epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sg; nghUj;jkhdjh

vd;gijf; fzpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

mr;R Clff; fUtpiar; rpy fhyk; gadhspaplk; itj;jpUf;f KbAk;.

fz;ftu; tpjj;jpy; mr;R Clfk; jahu; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU mr;R Clf Mf;fq;fspd; gz;Gj;juk; njhlu;gpYk; jdpj;jdpahff;

ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU mr;R Clf Mf;fKk; ntt;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wd.

2. fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy Clfk;

fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gyf; fUtpfs;> kf;fs; njhlu;Gj; Jiwapy; kpfTk; tpisjpwDld;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

njhiyf;fhl;rp> rpdpkh Nghd;w fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fspy;> njhiyf;fhl;rp

kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; midj;J epfo;r;rpfisAk; kf;fs; njhlu;G eltbf;iffSf;

fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

- nra;jp

- elg;G tptfhu epfo;r;rpfs;

- tpisahl;L epfo;r;rpfs;

- rpwg;G epfo;r;rpfs; (rikay;> Njhl;l myq;fhuk;> fhy;eil tsu;g;G)

- ehlfKk; ehlfk; rhu;e;j epfo;r;rpfSk;

- rka epfo;r;rpfs;

- fye;Jiuahly;> ciuahly; epfo;r;rpfs;

- rpWtu; epfo;r;rpfs;

- tpQ;Qhd epfo;r;rpfs;

- fy;tp epfo;r;rpfs;

- gpuahz epfo;r;rpfs;

- ngz;fs; epfo;r;rpfs;

,jidtpl tOf;fp vwpit> Nkd;jiy vwpit> gy;Y}lf vwpit vd;gdtw;iwAk;

,Wtl;L> xspg;Ngio Nghd;wtw;iwAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

3. Gifg;glq;fs; gy;NtW njhopy;El;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa Gifg;glq;fisg; gy msTfspy;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Gifg;glq;fis vspjhf> FWq;fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jyhk;.

kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; Gifg;glk; epu;khzpf;fg;gLk;NghJ kpff; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

68

nghUj;jkhd Gifg;glq;fis Nfhg;gpypUe;J njupTnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

NgRk; Gifg;glk; my;yJ ,aq;Fk; Gifg;glk; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.

kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhf Gifg;glk; Mf;Fjy; xU rpwg;Gg; gzpahFk;.

kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; gy;NtW tiffspy; Gifg;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

- Gifg;glf; fz;fhl;rpnahd;iwj; njhlu;e;J elj;Jjy;.

- Njitahdtu;fSf;Fg; gpujpnaLf;Fk; tha;g;igf; nfhLj;jy;.

- nra;jp mwpf;iffSld; Gifg;glq;fisAk; ntspapLjy;.

- rpwg;Gf; fl;LiufSld; gpuRupg;gjw;fhf toq;Fjy;.

- ad;dy; fz;fhl;rpfshf Kd;itj;jy;.

- tpNrl re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

- ngUg;gpj;J> nghJ ,lq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

- epWtdj;jpd; thu ntspaPLfspy; gpuRupj;jy;.

- gy;NtW gj;jpuq;fs; (Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;> klf;Nfhiy> kbg;G)> rpW E}y;fs;>

Rtnuhl;bfs;> Copau; ife;E}y;> tUlhe;j mwpf;if Nghd;wtw;wpy;

cl;gLj;jy;.

- rydkw;w glkhf gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jy;.

Gifg;glq;fSf;Fj; jiyg;gply; %yk; Mf;fuPjpahd fUj;ij toq;fyhk;.

4. fz;fhl;rp

fz;fhl;rpfspd; Nehf;fk; mtw;iwg; ghu;itapLgtu;fspd; C}lhff; fUj;Jf;fisg;

gug;Gjy;.

ve;jnthU mikg;gpdJk; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s jpl;lkpl;l

fz;fhl;rpia cgNahfpf;f KbAk;.

fz;fhl;rp gy;tifg;gLk;.

- g+f;fs; fz;fhl;rp

- tu;j;jff; fz;fhl;rp

- tptrhaf; fz;fhl;rp

- fy;tpf; fz;fhl;rp

- itj;jpaf; fz;fhl;rp

- ru;tNjrf; fz;fhl;rp

- ,lk; ngau; fz;fhl;rp

- rpW fz;fhl;rp (ad;dy; fz;fhl;rp> fz;fhl;rpg;gyif. Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

rhjdq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; Mfpad)

ngUk;ghYk; khehLk;> fz;fhl;rpAk; xd;whf eilngwy;.

fz;fhl;rpiag; ghu;g;gtu;fs; nfhz;L nry;y> rpy kf;fs; njhlu;Gf; fUtpfs;

mtrpak;.

kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhff; fz;fhl;rpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; fz;fhl;rpia ntw;wp

ngwr; nra;tjw;F kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; mtrpak;.

5. Clfj; njhlu;Gfs;

kf;fs; njhlu;Gj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa jfty;fis> gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay;

Clfq;fs; %yk; kf;fis Nehf;fp mDg;Gtjw;Fk; mJ gw;wpa mwpit>

tpsf;fj;ij> tpUg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Clfj; njhlu;Gfs; %yk; Kaw;rpj;jy;.

Clfj; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpfis elj;j Kd;du;> Clfq;fs; gw;wpa njspthd

tpsf;fk; ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;.

69

ntw;wpfukhd Clfj; njhlu;Gf;fhd nfhs;iffs; cz;L.

kf;fs; njhlu;G cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; midj;J Clfq;fSlDk; ,Utopj;

njhlu;ghliyg; Ngzptuy; Ntz;Lk;.

jk; mikg;G gw;wp rupahdJk; ek;gfukhdJkhd jfty;fis> Jupjkhfg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sf;$ba Kiw gw;wp Clfq;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Clfq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd midj;Jj; jfty;fisAk; Clfk; %yk; toq;Fjy;.

Njitahd NghJ fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Clf khehLfs; elj;Jjy;.

xt;nthU jfty;fisAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Clfq;fSf;F trjp nra;J

nfhLj;jy;.

kf;fs; njhlu;G cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;> mikg;gpd; cau; Kfhikj;Jtk;

Clfq;fSldhd jdpg;gl;l njhlu;Gfisf; $bf; Fiwe;j msTfspy; NgZjy;.

fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; nra;jp mwptpg;Gfis Clfq;fSf;F toq;Fjy;.

Clff; fye;Jiuahly;fs;> khehLfs; elj;Jtjd; %yk; Clfj; njhlu;Gfis

Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;.

Clfj; njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;fhd xU tpNrl cj;jpNahfj;ju;

xt;nthU mikg;gpYk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

6. mDruizahsu;

mikg;gpd; ed;kjpg;igAk; kf;fs; Gupe;Jzu;itAk; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

tifapyhd gy;NtW nraw;ghLfSf;fhd epjp> khdpaq;fs; toq;Fjy; ,jd;

fUj;jhFk;.

FWq;fhyr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;> ePz;lfhyr; nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;Fk; mDruiz

fpilf;Fk;.

mDruiz toq;Fjy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epge;jidapd; fPo; eilngWk;.

gy;NtW Jiwfspd; nraw;ghLfs;> nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhd mDruizfs;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

- tpisahl;L

- fz;fhl;rp

- njhopy;rhu; eltbf;iffs;

- fyhrhu> rka epfo;r;rpfs;

- fy;tp

- Rfhjhu eltbf;if

- ntspaPLfs;

- ed;ikahd fhupaq;fs;

- tPlikg;G> tPjpaikg;G

Kiwahff; fUkkhw;Wk; mNdfkhd mikg;Gfs;> jhk; tUlhe;jk; kw;Wk;

fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jpl;lkplYf;Nfw;g mDruizia eilKiwg;

gLj;Jk;.

xU tpsk;guj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; tpsk;guj;ijtpl mDruiz %yk; fpilf;Fk;

kf;fs; tpUg;G cau; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.

,yq;ifapy; kJghdk;> rpful; cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F mDruiz toq;f KbahJ.

70

7. Rw;whlw; fUtpfs;

xt;nthU mikg;Gf;Fk; kf;fs;> thbf;ifahsu; tUk; Xu; ,lk; ,Uf;Fk;.

(cjhuzk;: tq;fp> jghw;fe;Njhu;> itj;jparhiy> fhupahyak;> ghlrhiy>

tpw;gid epiyak; Nghd;wd...)

xt;nthU ,lq;fSf;Fk; tUgtu;fspilNa tpUg;G> ey;Yzu;T Vw;gLk; tifapy;

mt;tplq;fspd; #oiy cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mofhd fl;llr; #oy;> g+e;njhl;b> kPd; jhq;fp> rpWtu; tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;>

njhiyf;fhl;rpg;ngl;b> fhw;Wr; rPuhf;fp trjp> nrhFrhd jsghlq;fs;>

cgfuzq;fs;> kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLk; mr;R Mtzq;fs; Nghd;w gy

tplaq;fs; Rw;whlw; fUtpfspd; fPo; mlq;Fk;.

ve;jnthU mikg;gpYk; ,j;jifa jpl;lkplg;gl;l Rw;whly; fUtpfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; kf;fs; njhlu;G Nehf;fk; epiwNtWk;.

xU tPl;byhapDk; nghUj;jkhd Rw;whlw; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

mq;FtUk; kf;fspilNa kfpo;Tzu;it Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

Rw;whlw; fUtp Mf;fk;> guhkupg;Gf;F gzr;nryT Vw;gLk;.

Rw;whly; fUtpfs; jpl;lkpl;L cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

nghyp]; epiyak;> itj;jparhiy Nghd;w ,lq;fspYk; nghUj;jkhd Rw;whlw;

fUtpfs; mikf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; rpwe;j kf;fs; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.

71

myF 5.0 - nghJ kf;fs; njhlu;G

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : nghJrdj; njhlu;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;iw eilKiwg;

gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy;NtW KiwfisAk; fUtpfisAk;

gad;gLj;Jtijr; nra;J ghu;g;ghu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhd gy;NtW Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;

fhl;Lthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : kf;fs; njhlu;Gj; Nju;r;rpfs;

mr;R Clfj; Nju;r;rp

Clf mwptpj;jy;

Clff; fye;Jiuahly;

Rw;whly; cUthf;fk;

jdpahs; gpk;gk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. kf;fs; njhlu;Gg; gzpfSf;fhf mr;R Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

2. Clf mwptpj;jy; ntspapliyr; nra;Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

3. khjpup Clff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jthu;.

4. kf;fs; njhlu;G Nkk;gLk; tifapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU #oiy cUthf;Fthu;.

5. kf;fs; njhlu;Gg; gzpfspy; jdpahs; gpk;gj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; tpjj;ij

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

mwpKfk;

kf;fs; njhlu;G eltbf;iffs; ntw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;j mjpy; NghjpasT

Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij khztu;fs; njupe;Jnfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mr;R Clfj; Nju;r;rp vd;gJ

xU ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpia mr;R Clfk; %yk; ntspaplYk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l

gadhspfsplj;Nj mjidf; fpilf;fr; nra;jYkhFk;. ,q;F mbg;gilapy; vt;tif

mr;Rj; njhopy;El;gj;ij vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ? vd;gJ gw;wpa Nju;r;rp ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W Xg;nrl; mr;Rj; njhopy;El;gk; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld;

NjitahdNghJ jpiu mr;Rk;> vz;rhu;e;j mr;Rk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;gb

xt;nthU mr;R KiwapdhYk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; njhopy;El;gf; fUkq;fs; gw;wpAk;

xt;nthU Njitf;Fk; gad;gLj;Jk; mr;Rj;jhs; my;yJ ml;il kw;Wk; Jizg;

nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; ed;F mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlu;ghfNt Clf mwptpj;jy; tpLf;fg;gLk;. mj;jifa

Clf mwptpj;jnyhd;wpd;NghJ nkhopiar; rPuhff; ifahs Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;

Njitaw;w tpjj;jpyhd xU vOj;Jf;$l mjpy; ,lk;ngwf;$lhJ. vdNt> nkhopia

Mf;fuPjpahfg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpAk; ,q;F Kf;fpakhdJ. md;wpAk;

Clf mwptpj;jypy; cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; gw;wpa rupahd tpsf;fk;

ngw;wpUj;jYk; mtrpak;. Njitahd jfty;fis Kiwahf cl;gLj;JtJk;

mtrpak;.

72

Clff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jk; Nju;r;rpia tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ>

mj;jifanjhd;iw elj;jp eilKiw mDgtk; ngWtjD}lhfNt. vdNt

ghlrhiyapd; tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jp Clff; fye;Jiuahly;

xd;iw elj;j Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Clff; fye;Jiuahly; elj;JtJ

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtjhy; kl;Lk; me;j mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

Rw;whliy cUthf;Fk;NghJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l Xu; ,lj;jpy; Rw;whliyf; fz;ftu;

tpjkhf mikf;Fk; mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyf;

fhupahyaj;ij ,jw;Fj; njupTnra;ayhk;. ntspapy; ,Ue;J tUgtu;fSf;F my;yJ

ngw;NwhUf;F kfpo;r;rpahf te;J> kfpo;r;rpahfNt ntspNawf;$ba xU #o;epiyia

Vw;gLj;JtJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jd; %yk; ghlrhiyapy; cau; kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;

fyhrhuk; xd;iw Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.

jdpahs; gpk;gj;ij Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;bNaw;gLtJ> jhd; re;jpf;Fk; kf;fsplk;

ek;gpf;ifiaAk; ey;Yzu;itAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhFk;. mjd;gb xUtupd;

cly;nkhopAk;> elj;ijf; NfhyKk;> nfhz;zpiyAk; gpk;gj;ij Vw;gLj;j cjTk;.

mJkl;Lkd;wp Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp xUtupd; gpk;gj;ij cUthf;fTk; KbAk;.

mjw;fhd cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. Fwpg;ghf xU epWtdj;

jiytupd; gpk;gj;ij J}f;fpf;fhl;Lk; cj;jpfis mwpe;jpUj;jYk; mtw;iwg; guPl;rpj;Jg;

ghu;j;jYk; gaDilajhFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. mr;R Clfj; Nju;r;rp

FtpT mr;R> rkjs mr;R> jpiu mr;R> vz;rhu; mr;R vd;gd njhopy;El;g

uPjpahf NtWgl;lit.

FtpT mr;Rf;fhf <a vOj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

FtpT mr;RKiw gbg;gbahf tof;nfhope;J Nghfpd;wJ.

rkjs mr;Rf;fhfj; jfLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rkjs mr;rpd; %yk; cau;juj;jpyhd mr;Rg; gpujpfs; ngwyhk;.

jpiu mr;R jdpahd Xu; mr;rply; KiwahFk;.

jpiu mr;rply; %yk; fljhrp> Jzp> ml;il Mfpatw;wpy; mr;rpl KbAk;.

vz;rhu; mr;R jw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugy;akhAs;sJ.

vz;rhu; mr;R Jupjkhfr; nra;af;$baJ.

vz;rhu; mr;Rg; gpujpfs; kpff; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifg; gpujpfisf; $lg; ngwyhk;.

vz;rhu; mr;rply; Kiwapy; kpf mtrukhf mwpf;if Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupf;fyhk;.

xt;nthU mr;R KiwiaAk; xt;nthU Njitf;fhf gy;NtW tpjq;fspy;

gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

xt;nthU mr;R KiwapdJk; juk;> fpuak;> Kbf;Fk; Ntfk; vd;gd NtWgl;lit.

2. Clf mwptpj;jy; Clf mwptpj;jy; xd;iwj; jahu; nra;a mbg;gilj; jfty;fisf; fz;lwpa

Ntz;Lk;.

Clf mwptpj;jypd; Nehf;fj;ij KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Njitahd jfty;fisf; ftdkhfj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

73

njupT nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fis Mf;fuPjpahfTk; nghUj;jkhfTk; njhFf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

midj;J Clfq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; mwptpj;jy; jahu; nra;ag;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

mwptpj;jypy; cj;jpNahfg+u;t xg;gk; ,lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Clf mwptpj;jiy ntspapLk; NghJ kpd;efy;> kpd;dQ;ry; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ.

3. Clff; fye;Jiuahly;

Clff; fye;Jiuahlypd; Nehf;fj;ij tFf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Clff; fye;Jiuahlypy; Kd;itf;Fk; jfty;fis cupa Kiwapy; njhFj;Jf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Njitf;Nfw;g mr;R my;yJ fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy khjpupapy; jfty;fis kPs;

Mf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Clff; fye;JiuahlYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;ijj; njupTnra;J nfhz;L

mjid tpUg;Gf;Fupa tpjj;jpy; Maj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Clff; fye;JiuahlYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk; miog;gpjo; cupatUf;Ff; fpilg;gij

cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJk; mtu;fspd; Jyq;fiyg; ngwYk;.

Clff; fye;Jiuahlypy; gq;Fgw;Wgtu;fis ed;F cgrupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Clff; fye;JiuahlYf;F tUgtu;fis tuNtw;Fk; fUkgPlnkhd;iw Vw;ghL

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Neuj;ijr; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;jp> jpl;lkpl;l Neuj;Jf;Nf fye;Jiuahliy

epiwT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fye;Jiuahlypy; gq;F ngWgtu;fSf;F tpdhf;fs; vOg;g tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. Rw;whly; Mf;fk;

tUk; kf;fspd; kdijf; ftUk; tifapy; Rw;whliy Mf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mjw;Nfw;gj; njupT nra;Ak; ,lj;ij ed;F Muha Ntz;Lk;.

#oiy Mf;Fk; jpl;lk; xd;iwj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.

#oy; jahupg;gpy; ePz;lfhy> FWq;fhy epiyg;ghLfSz;L.

#oiyj; njhlu;e;J ftu;r;rpahf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Rw;whliy epu;khzpf;Fk;> guhkupf;Fk; gzpfis xt;nthUtuplk; xg;gilf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

5. jdpahs; gpk;gk;

xUtupd; gpk;gj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; kf;fs; njhlu;Gg; gzpahFk;.

jdpahspd; ,ay;G> epyTif> elj;ij> Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhf

jahu;g;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

rpy gzpfspd;NghJ jdpahs; gpk;gk; kpf Kf;fpak;.

jdpahs; gpk;gj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; xU ePz;lfhyg; gzpahFk;.

Xu; mikg;igr; Nru;e;jtu;fspd; gpk;gk; mt;tikg;Gf;Fg; Gfohf mikAk;.

jk; gpk;gj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ Fwpj;J midtUk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

jkJ gpk;gk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtJ vj;jifa gz;Gfshy;> ,ay;Gfshy; vd;gij

,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jkhd ,ay;Gfis> gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

74

myF 5.0 - nghJ kf;fs; njhlu;G

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : nghJrdj; njhlu;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;J-

tjw;fhfg; gy;NtW KiwfisAk; fUtpfisAk;

gad;gLj;Jtijr; nra;J ghu;g;ghu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 5.4 : kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fisj;

jPl;Ltjd; gbKiwfisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : kf;fs; njhlu;Gj; jpl;lk;

epiyikg; gFg;gha;Tk; gadhspfis ,dq;fhzYk;

kf;fs; njhlu;G ,yf;FfisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk;

cUthf;Fjy;.

KiwfisAk; cj;jpfisAk; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

jpl;lkply;

Kd;kjpg;gPL

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. Kd;Ndhb Ntiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;fhd epiyikiag; gFg;gha;T nra;J gadhspfis

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

2. kf;fs; njhlu;G Kd;Ndhb epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;fhd ,yf;Ffs;> Nehf;fq;fis

tFg;ghu;.

3. Fwpg;gpl;l Kd;Ndhb epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfs;> cj;jpfis

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; njupT nra;thu;.

4. Kd;Ndhb epfo;r;rpf;fhd nkhj;jj; jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

5. jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; cs;sjh vd kjpg;gpLthu;.

6. Kd;Ndhb epfo;r;rpiag; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

,e;jpa kf;fs; njhlu;G epWtdk; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;sjw;fpzq;f kf;fs; njhlu;G

vd;gJ Xu; mikg;Gf;Fk; mjDld; njhlu;ghd kf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd gu];gug;

Gupe;Jzu;tpidAk; ed;kjpg;igAk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; NgZtjw;Fkhf

vLf;fg;gLfpd;w jpl;lkplg;gl;lJk; ePbj;jpUg;gJkhd midj;J Kaw;rpfSkhFk;.

,e;j vspikahd tiutpyf;fzj;jpd;gb njspthFk; xU Kf;fpa tplak; ve;j

Xu; xOq;fikg;Gf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fSld; ey;y njhlu;igg; NgZjy; mt;tikg;gpd;

epyTiff;F mtrpak; vd;gjhFk;. mt;tikg;Gld; kf;fs; thbf;ifapy; <LgLk;

NghJ ,j;njhlu;G ,U tpjj;jpy; nraw;gLk;. xd;W rPuhd kf;fs; njhlu;G %yk;

midj;J tif thbf;ifahsu;fsJk; kjpg;igg; ngWtjhFk;. ,q;F midj;J

tif thbf;ifahsu; vd;gJ mt;tikg;Gld; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; ntsp kdpju;fs;>

cs;sf kdpju;fshd Mszp vd;NghuhFk;. ve;j Xu; mikg;igAk; ntw;wpfukhf

elj;jpr; nry;y ,e;j kjpg;G my;yJ ed;kjpg;G mtrpakhFk;.

75

Fwpg;ghf tzpf Kaw;rpfis Nehf;fpd; ed;kjpg;igAk; GfioAk; fl;bnaOg;Gjtjw;

fhf tpsk;guk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mjw;fhd nryTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. kf;fs;

njhlu;G eltbf;iffspd; NghJk; nryT Vw;gLk;. MapDk; tpsk;guj;jpd; %yk;

fpilf;Fk; Gfo;> ed;kjpg;G vd;gtw;iwtpl epue;jukhdJk; cWjpahdJkhd xU

ed;kjpg;G kf;fs; njhlu;gpdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ePz;l fhy

Nehf;fk; nfhz;l midj;J mikg;GfSk; jk; tUlhe;jj; jpl;lkplypy; kf;fs;

njhlu;G epfo;r;rpfis cs;slf;FtJld; mjw;fhd nryTfis xJf;fTk;

eltbf;if vLf;fpd;wd.

tUlhe;jj; jpl;lkpliy eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ xU nghWg;Gtha;e;j tplakhFk;.

mjid mjw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzj;ijr; nryT nra;jy; vd;w FWfpa

fUj;jpy; ghu;f;ff;$lhJ. kf;fs; njhlu;G Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;LtJk;

mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;JtJk; mjd; gpujpgyd;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tJk;

,jpylq;Fk;.

KjyhtJ gzp ,Uf;Fk; epiyik vg;gbg;gl;lJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpjyhFk;. ,jd;

fUj;J jkJ mikg;gpd; jw;Nghija epiy md;W. midj;Jr; #o;epiyfisAk;

ed;F Muha Ntz;Lk;. #o;epiy vd;gjpy; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu #oYk;

mlq;Fk;. NtW mikg;Gfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;s kf;fs; njhlu;G eltbf;if

fisAk; rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;f;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.

,uz;lhtjhf kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;> ,yf;Ffisj;

jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtjhf me;j Nehf;fq;fs;> ,yf;Ffis ntw;wp

nfhs;tjw;fhd cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;> tbtq;fs; vit? vd;gJ

gw;wp KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nkhj;j kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fk;

xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzj;ijg; nghWj;Jk; ,jid epr;rag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpj;jpl;lk;

mjdbg;gilapNyNa tFf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf fhyr; rl;lfk;> Kiwik>

nghWg;Gf;fs; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gly;> epajpfs; vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

tFf;fg;gl;l jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j Kd;du;> mjid Kd;kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. jpl;lk; ve;j msTf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ> ajhu;j;jkhdJ vd;gijj;

jPu;khdpg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. eilKiwg;gLj;jpajd; gpd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ

gpd; kjpg;gPlhFk;. mJTk; kpf mtrpakhdNj. mt;thwpy;yhjNghJ eilKiwg;

gLj;jg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; cupa ,yf;if mile;J nfhz;ljh? ve;j tplaq;fspy;

jtwpaJ@ mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vd;d vd;gij mwpa KbahjpUf;Fk;. gpd;

kjpg;gPl;by; fz;lwpjy;fis mLj;j jpl;lkplypd;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;Ljy;> ehd;F Nehf;fq;fis epiw

Ntw;Wjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

1. kf;fs; njhlu;G Nehf;fq;fis epr;rapj;jy;.

2. epjp> khdpl tsq;fspd; NjitiaAk; ,ay;igAk; fzpg;gply;.

3. Kd;Dupikiaj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

4. nghUj;jg;ghl;ilf; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;.

76

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. epiyikg; gFg;gha;Tk; gadhspfis ,dq;fhzYk;

kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; jdpg;gl;l xU gzpad;W.

rfy #o;epiyfisAk; Muha;e;j gpd;dNu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; jpl;lkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

#o;epiy vd;gjpy; cs;sf> ntspaf epiyikfs; mlq;Fk;.

#o;epiy vd;gjpy; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu fhuzpfs; mlq;Fk;.

Fwpg;ghf Nghl;b mikg;Gfspd; epiyikia Muha Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fs; njhlu;G Ntiyj;jpl;lk; vg;NghJk; xU kf;fs; FOit ,yf;fhff;

nfhz;L jpl;lkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

vdNt> ,yf;F kf;fs; FOit ,dq;fz;L> mtu;fsJ nrhe;jg; gz;Gfs;>

,ay;Gfis Muha Ntz;Lk;.

gadhspfs; FOit rupahf Muha;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; tplaq;fspd;gb

epfo;r;rpiaj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW epiyikg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; gadhspia ,dq;fhzy; vd;gd

vspikahd Xu; tplakd;W. tpNrl gzpahFk;.

ghupa epWtdq;fspy; ,j;jifa epiyikg; gFg;gha;Tk; gadhspfis ,dq;fhzYk;

njhlu;e;J Ma;Tfs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

gy mikg;Gfs; ,jw;fhf ntsp epWtdq;fspd; epGzu;fs; Nritiag;

ngWfpd;wd.

kf;fs; njhlu;Gr; Nritfis toq;Fk; rpwg;G epWtdq;fSk; ,j;jifa

Ma;Tfisr; nra;fpd;wd.

Ma;T> mtjhdpg;G> tpdhf;nfhj;J> fye;Jiuahly;> epGzu; mwpf;if Nghd;wit

%yk; ,j;jifa epiyikg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> gadhspfis ,dq;fhzy;;

njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;> juTfs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

2. kf;fs; njhlu;G ,yf;FfisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; tFj;jy;

ePz;l fhyj;jpy; mila vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; ed;kjpg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> vjpu;fhy

thbf;ifahsu;fis ntd;nwLj;jy; vd;gd ePz;lfhy Nehf;fq;fspy; mlq;Fk;.

FWq;fhyj;jpy; mile;Jnfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; kf;fs; tpUg;ig Nkd;gLj;jy;>

tpw;gid mjpfupg;G vd;gd FWq;fhy Nehf;fq;fspy; mlq;Fk;.

Neub Nehf;fq;fshf xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;F kf;fs; FOitf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy;

jkJ mikg;ig Nehf;fpf; nfhz;L tUjy; my;yJ jk; mikg;Gf;F tUif

jUk; thbf;ifahsu;fspilNa tpUg;ig mjpfupj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.

kiwKf Nehf;fq;fshf thbf;ifahsu;fisj; jk; Nritfs; kPJ ftu;e;jpOj;jy;

Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.

kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpfisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ ,t;thW cupa Nehf;fq;fs;>

,yf;Ffis mikj;J mtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

3. Kiwikfs;> cj;jpfs;

kf;fs; njhlu;G Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspd;NghJ ifahsf;$ba Kiwfs;> cj;jpfs;

tbtq;fSz;L.

kpfTk; tpisjpwd; tha;e;j Kiwfis> tbtq;fisj; njupTnra;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

77

njupT nra;Ak; Kiw> cghak; Nehf;fj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

KiwfSk; cj;jpfSk; epjp xJf;Fld; xj;Jg;Nghf Ntz;Lk;.

tbtk; vd;gjpy; kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; mr;R Clf tbtk;>

fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy Clf tbtk;> Clff; fye;Jiuahly;> fz;fhl;rp vd;w gy

tplaq;fs; mlq;Fk;.

cj;jpfs; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; NghJ

gad;gLj;Jk; gpuNtrkhFk;.

cj;jp my;yJ cghak; vd;gjpy; xU fz;fhl;rpia Muk;gpj;J itf;f xU

murpay;thjpiaf; nfhz;LtUjy;> gadhspfisf; ftUtjw;fhf gupRfs;

toq;Fjy; my;yJ rpwe;j Jyq;fSf;fhd xU kjpg;gPl;L Kiwiaf; ifahsy;

Nghd;wtw;iwAk; $wyhk;.

4. jpl;lkply;

kf;fs; njhlu;Gj; jpl;lk; vd;gJ njupT nra;ag;gLk; Kiwrhu; cj;jpfs;>

tbtq;fspd; njhFjpahFk;.

xt;nthU KiwAk;> cj;jpAk; tbtKk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;e;J

nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

xt;nthU KiwAk; cj;jpAk; cupa fhyj;jpy; Xu; xOq;F Kiwapy; eilKiwg;

gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nkhj;jj;jpl;lj;ij rpwpa myFfshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU myifAk; xt;nthUtupd;

nghWg;gpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;.

rpwpa myFfs; rupahf ,aq;Ftij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; epajpfs; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lkply; $l;lhf eilngw Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lkplypy; nts;Nshl;lkpLk; xU jpl;lKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G $l;lhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lj;Jf;fhd tuT nryTj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

jpl;lj;ij khw;wpaikf;Fk; mtfhrk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

rpwe;j jfty; njhFjpnahd;W jpl;lkplYld; ,ize;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lkplYf;F tp];jPuzkhd khjpupnahd;W gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l midtUk; jpl;lj;ij ed;F mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

5. Kd; kjpg;gPL

kpf ed;whfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l jpl;lnkdpDk; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;j Kd;du;>

Kd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lk; eilKiwr;rhj;jpakhdJ> tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fj; jhf;Fg; gpbg;gJ>

Nehf;fj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ vd;gij ,Wjpahff; fzpg;gPL nra;jNy Kd;

kjpg;gPL MFk;.

Kd;kjpg;gPl;il xU ntspf;FO nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jpl;lkplw; FOTk; rk;ge;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

jpl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; khw;wq;fis kjpg;gPl;Lf;FO rpghu;R nra;jy;.

Kd;kjpg;gPL %yk; jpl;lj;jpd; eilKiwf; fl;lq;fs;> tbtq;fs; rupahff; fzpg;gPL

nra;ag;gLjy;.

78

myF 6.0 - Clff; fyhrhuk;

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; ,ay;G> guty;> nry;thf;F>

re;ijAldhd njhlu;G vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; ,ay;G> mtrpak;> tpUj;jp vd;gtw;iw

tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 15

ghl cs;slf;fk; : Clff; fyhrhuj;ij ,dq;fhzy;

fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzq;fs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;

Clfj;Jf;Fk; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G

Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; r%f epiy

Clff; fyhrhuk; kf;fs; fyhrhuj;jpd; xU tpupthf.

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzq;fis> vz;zf;fUf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Clfj;Jf;Fk; fyhrhuj;Jf;fpilNaAs;s njhlu;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

3. Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; r%fj; Njitia cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.

4. Clff; fyhrhuk; kf;fs; fyhrhuj;jpd; xU tpupthf;fkhf mike;j tpjj;ij

tpgupg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

fyhrhuk; vd;gJ ,aq;Fk; nranyhOq;fpd; ngWNgwhFk;. ,jd; fUj;J fyhrhuk;

njhlu;e;J khwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. fyhrhuk; vd;w gjk; Culture vd;w

Mq;fpyg; gjj;jpypUe;J Muk;gpj;jjhFk;. r%ftpay;> khdpltpay; mwpQuhd vl;tu;l;

la;yu; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;sgb fyhrhuk; vd;gJ mwpT> topghL> ek;gpf;if> fiy>

gz;ghL> rl;lk;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;w tifapy;

kdpjd; jdjhf;fpf; nfhz;l gof;f tof;fq;fs;> Mw;wy;fs; mlq;fpa fUj;Jj;

njhFjpahFk;.

1936 Mk; Mz;by; uy;g; ypz;ld; $wpajd;gb fyhrhuk; vd;gJ mq;fj;jtu;fspd;

tho;f;if Kiwf;F mjhtJ mtu;fshy; fw;fg;gl;L Nrfupf;fg;gl;lJk;> gq;fpl;Lf;

nfhz;L guk;giu guk;giuahff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; fUj;Jf;fs;> gof;fq;fshFk;.

1944 Mk; Mz;by; khdpltpayhsu; gP. kypNdhT];f;fp fhl;bajd;gb fyhrhuk;

vd;gJ cgfuzq;fs;> Efu;Tg; nghUl;fs;> gy;NtW r%ff; FOf;fspd; fl;likg;G

,ay;Gfs;> khdpl vz;zq;fs;> El;gq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> rlq;Ffs; ,ize;j

njhFg;ghFk;.

r%ftpay; uPjpahf r%fk; vd;gJ tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLtJ jdpahs; Mspilr;

nraw;ghLfspdhy; ,ize;j r%ff;$l;L vd;whFk;. fyhrhuk; vd;gJ mr;r%fj;jpd;

tho;f;if Kiwapd; rhukhFk;. ,jpypUe;J fUjg;gLtJ r%fKk; fyhrhuKk;

xd;iwnahd;W xl;bapUg;gijahFk;. xU r%fk; epiyj;jpUf;Fkhdhy; mjw;Fupa

79

fyhrhuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; fyhrhuk; epiyf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;Fupa

r%fk; epyt Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. midj;J jdpegu;fSk; gpwe;jTlNdNa xU

fyhrhu Mshf khWfpwhu; vd;w xU $w;Wk; cz;L. Mdhy;> cz;ikapy; me;j

Ms; jhapd; fUtpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj xU fyhrhu kdpjdhf khWtij fu;g;gpzpg;

ngz;fSf;fhd gy;NtW rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;fisf; fhZk;NghJ njspthfpd;wJ.

Clff; fyhrhuk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij MuhAk;NghJ njupa tUtJ> xU

fyhrhuj;jpd; tbtj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ntF[d Clfk; vj;jifa nry;thf;ifr;

nrYj;JfpwJ vd;gij Muha Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ntF[d Clfq;fspd;wp

tho;e;j r%fq;fspy; fyhrhuk; Fwpj;j ngUk; nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;JtJ rkak;>

fy;tp> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> kuGfs;> KjpNahu; cl;gl;l r%fj; njhlu;ghFk;. MapDk;>

ntF[d Clfq;fspd; gutYld; ,tw;iwnay;yhk; kpQ;rp fyhrhuj;jpd; kPJ

fLikahd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd fhuzpahf mJ khwpAs;sJ. Clff;

fyhrhuk; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ mj;jifa Clfr; nry;thf;F fLikahf

cs;s xU r%fj;jpd; fyhrhukhFk;. mj;jifa xU r%fj;jpd; midj;J elj;ijf;

Nfhyq;fSk; my;yJ ngUk;ghyhd elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs; Clfq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk;

nra;jpfspdhy; ifahsg;gLfpwd. ,J njupe;Jk; njupahkYk; eilngWk;. etPd

Afj;jpy; g+Nfhs kakhf;fypd; fPo;> ,t;thW Clfj;jpd; %yk; g+Nfhs kl;lj;

njupTfs; Fwpj;J midj;J ehl;L kf;fSk; J}z;lg;gl;Ls;shu;fs;. mjd; ngWNgwhf

xt;nthU ehl;bd; r%fj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd fyhrhu ,ay;Gfis kpQ;rp> g+Nfhsf;

fyhr;rhu ,ay;Gfs; guTk; ,ay;G ,Ug;gJ njupfpwJ. ,d;W Clff; fyhrhuk;

xt;nthU r%fj;jpduJk; rk;gpujhag+u;tkhd fyhrhuq;fSf;Fg; ghupa rthyhf

khwpAs;sJ. fyhrhuk; khw;wkilfpwJ vd;gJ cz;ikNa. mJ khw;wj;Jf;Fl;gl;l

gbKiwapyhFk;. Clff; fyhrhuj;jpy; ,g;gbKiw kPwg;gLk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf

Clfk; cUthf;Fk; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; cldbahfNt fyhrhuj;jpdhy;

cs;thq;fg;gLk;. epyTk; rk;gpujha fyhrhuj;Jf;F mJ Vw;wjh? khw;wkhdjh?

vd;w tprhuizfs; fpilahJ. xU tifapy; mJ Clfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhu

gykhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzKk; mbg;gilfSk;

khdpltpayhsu;fs; fyhrhuk; gw;wp gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fs;> vz;zf;fUf;fis cUthf;fpAs;sik.

la;yu;> ypz;ld;> kypNdhT];fp MfpNahupd; tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; fw;wy;NghJkhdJ.

ve;j xU fyhrhuKk; gy mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;lJ. Jizf;fyhrhuk;> vjpu;f;fyhrhuk;> fyhrhu cWJiz> fyhrhuj; jpzpg;G>

fyhrhuj; Njf;fk;> fyhrhu tpupT> fyhr;rhu tpUj;jp vd;gd fyhrhumbg;gilfshFk;.

Jizf; fyhrhuk; vd;gJ gy;NtW fhuzpfs; kPJ NtWgl;likAk; Jizr;r%fj;jpd; fyhrhukhFk;.

vjpu;f;fyhrhuk; vd;gJ epyTk; fyhrhuj;Jf;F vjpuhff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gLk;NtW ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;l fyhrhuf; FOf;fisf; Fwpg;gJld; mJ xU ,ay;ghdr%f epfo;TkhFk;.

fyhrhu cWJiz vd;gJ xU fyhrhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F NtWfyhrhuj;jpd; etPd kag;gLj;jy;fs;> my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;

gLtjhFk;.

80

fyhrhuj; jpzpg;G vd;gJ nry;thf;Fs;s xU r%fk; jk; fyhrhuj;ij gytPdkhd

xU r%fj;jpd; kPJ jpzpj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.

fyhrhuj; Njf;fk; vd;gJ fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wkilahJ xNu khjpupahf

,Uj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.

fyhrhug; gpupT vd;gJ kdpj r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

gytw;iw cUthf;fpg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.

fyhrhu tpUj;jp vd;gJ gy Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs;> fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; Nru;e;J xU

fyhrhuk; khw;wkiljy; my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wkiljiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.

2. Clfj;Jf;Fk; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G

fyhrhur; nranyhOq;fpd; xU gykhd fhuzpahf Clfk; fhzg;gLjy;.

Clfj;Jf;Fk; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpd; ,ay;G xt;nthU r%fj;jpd;

fyhrhur; nry;thf;F my;yJ gytPdj;ijg; nghWj;Jj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

rpy fyhrhuq;fs; kpfg; gykhf Clfr; nraw;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.

[dehafj;jpd; Xu; ,ay;ghd Clfk; gykhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mJ fyhrhuj;jpy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Nghf;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

jpwe;j nefpo;e;J nfhLf;Fk; fyhrhunkhd;wpy; Clf elj;ij Rje;jpukhdjhf

,Uf;Fk;.

fyhrhuj;jpd; kPJ Clfj;jpd; nry;thf;F mjpfupg;gjd; ngWNgwhf Clff;

fyhrhuk; cUthFk;.

3. Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; r%fj; Njit

Clff; fyhrhuk; cUthtJ r%fk; Clhf ntspaPLfSld; ,irthf;fk;

miltjhy; MFk;. r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu elj;ijiag; ghjpf;Fk;@ rkak;> gz;ghL> rk;gpujhak;>

fy;tp vd;gtw;wpd; nry;thf;iftpl Clfj;jpd; nry;thf;if r%fk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sik.

etPdkiltjpy; r%fj;Jf;Fs;s tpUg;gk; Clff; fyhrhuj;jpdhy; ep&gzkhfpwJ. rpf;fyhd r%fr; #oypy; r%fj;Jf;Fg; nghJthd jfty; gupkhwypy; Clfk;

rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gly;. etPd Clfk; vd;gJ xU fUtp vd;gijtpl xU tho;f;if Kiw vd;gNj

cz;ik. Clff; fyhrhuk; fhuzkhf r%fj;Jf;Fg; G+Nfhskl;l epyTif fhzg;gly;. Clff; fyhrhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ftu;r;rpia r%fk; tpUk;Gjy;. rk;gpujha fyhrhuj;jpd; kl;Lg;ghLfis Clff; fyhrhuk; kPwpr; nry;fpwJ. r%fj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Clff;fyhrhuk; cjTjy;. Gjpa r%fj; Njitfis Clff; fyhrhuk; cUthf;Fjy;.

4. Clff; fyhrhuk;> kf;fs; fyhrhuj;jpd; tpupthf;fNk

fyhrhuj;ij cUthf;FjYk; NgZtJk; kf;fNs. Clff; fyhrhuk; cUthtJ Clfq;fspdhy; ntspaplg;gLk; tplaq;fis

kf;fs; tho;f;if elj;ijahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjdhyhFk;. kf;fs; fyhrhuj;jpd; rk;gpujha fhuzpfis kPwp> Clff; fhuzp kf;fspd; kPJ

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sik. <w;wpy; Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; mNdf mk;rq;fs;> kf;fs; fyhrhuj;Jld; ,ize;J

nfhs;sy;.

81

myF 6.0 - Clff; fyhrhuk;

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; ,ay;G> tpUj;jp> nry;thf;F> re;ijj;

njhlu;G vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : Clff; fyhrhu tpupthf;fj;ijAk; xj;Jiog;igAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 12

ghl cs;slf;fk; : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; gutYk; Rw;Nwhl;lKk;

Clff; fyhrhuKk; njhopy;El;gKk;

Clff; fyhrhuKk; r%f khw;wKk;

Clff; fyhrhur; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpd; rkkpd;ik

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; gutypdJk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpdJk; ,ay;ig ,yq;ifr; #oypy;

tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fk; njhopy;El;gj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igAk;

tpthjj;Jf;Fl;gLj;Jthu;.

3. Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fk; r%f khw;wj;Jf;FkpilNa epyTk; gu];guj; njhlu;igf;

fz;lwpthu;.

4. Clff; fyhrhu Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpd; rkkpd;ik g+Nfhs kl;lj;jpy; epyTk; ,ay;ig

tpgupg;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;> etPd Clfq;fspd; vOr;rp kf;fs; fyhrhuj;jpy; ghupa

nry;thf;if Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;gJ xU tuyhw;W epfo;thFk;. mr;R Clj;jpd;

nry;thf;F r%fkakhf;fg;gl;lhYk; mJ kf;fs; fyhrhuj;jpd; mbg;gil

fl;likg;ig khw;w VJthftpy;iy. mr;R Clfk; kf;fs; fyhrhuj;ijg; Nghrpj;jJ.

MapDk; ,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk; etPd Clfq;fs; jk; Mf;fq;fis kf;fs;

fyhrhuj;jpd; mbg;gilfspy; epd;W cUthf;ftpy;iy@ khwhf mtw;Wf;Fr;

rthy;tpLk; tifapNyNa ntspapl;ld. ,q;F ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplak;

,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk; etPd Clfq;fs; Nkiyj; Njrf; fyhrhuj;ijj; jpzpg;gjpy;

<Lgl;lJ vd;gjhFk;.

Clfq;fSf;fpilNa Nghl;bAk; tu;j;jf Nehf;fKk; NknyOe;jikapdhy;

,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk; etPd Clfq;fs; cyfk; g+uhtpYk; tzpf Clf cs;sfr;

re;ijiaNa gug;gpd. mjpy; gy;NtW Mf;f uPjpahd tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;lhYk;

Nkiyj;Njrf; fyhrhuj;jpdhy; kjpg ;gplg;gl ;litfSk; Nkiyj;Njaf;

fyhrhuq;fspdhy; epr;rapf;fg;gl;litfSNk mjpy; ngUk;ghYk; ,Ue;jd.

82

Fwpg;ghf mz;kpa ,U jrhg;jq;fspy; cyfk; g+uhtpYk; Clfj; njhopy;El;gk;

ek;gKbahj msTf;F Ntfkhfg; gutpAs;sJ. njhopy;El;g cgfuzq;fSld;

jfty; gupkhWk; KiwfSk; khw;wile;Js;sd. nra;kjpj; njhopy;El;gj;ij KO

cyFk; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpaikNa ,jd; mbg;gilahFk;. vdNt>

Kd;ndg;NghJkpy;yhj tifapy; Nkiyj;Njrf; fyhrhuk; cyfk; g+uhTk;

Nt&d;wpAs;sijf; fhzyhk;. Kf;fpakhf cs;ehl;Lf; fyhrhuj;ijf; Fiwthff;

fUJjy;. Nkiyj;Njaf; fyhrhuk; Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ> cau;thdJ vdf; fUJjYk;

mt;thW fUjg; gof;fg;gl;lJk; fhuzkhf Clff; fyhrhuk; tpuptilaTk; gue;j

mtfhrk; fpilj;jJ.

Clff; fyhrhuk; vd;gJ ntWkNd Clfg; gad;ghly;y. mJ nkhj;j r%fj;jpdJk;

tho;f;if Kiwia khw;Wtjhf mike;jJ. mJ ve;j msT Ntfkhf

eilngw;wnjdpy; mJgw;wp ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahfr; rpe;jpf;fTk; Kbahj epiyf;Fr;

r%fk; js;sg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; Clfj;jpd; ,e;j Ntfkhd tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd

Kd; mDgtk; r%fj;jpy; ,y;yhjpUe;jikahy; ,j;jifa epiyia vjpu; nfhs;tJ

vg;gb vd;gijr; rpe;jpf;fTk; r%fj;jpdhy; Kbatpy;iy.

,jpypUe;J njupatUtJ ahnjdpy; Clff; fyhrhur; Rw;Nwhl;lk; rkkpd;wpf;

fhzg;gLtjhFk;. mJ Nkiyj;Nja tho;f;if Kiwia fPioj;Njaq;fSf;Ff;

nfhz;L tUtjw;Fg; gad;gl;lNj jtpu fPioj; Njaf; fyhrhuj;ij Nkiyj;

Njaq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjpy;iy. ehk; thOk; Mrpa tyaj;jpy; epyTk;

cau; tho;f;iff; Nfhyq;fisAk; tho;f;if mk;rq;fisAk; cyf kl;lj;Jf;Ff;

nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf Nkiyj;Njr tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; tho;f;iff;

$WfisAk; cyfk; g+uhTk; gug;Gtjw;F Clff; fyhrhuj;jpdhy; Kbe;Js;sJ.

<w;wpy; Clff; fyhrhuk; vd;gjhy; ehk; fUJtJk; Nkiyj;Nja fyhrhuj;jpdhy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l Clff; fyhrhuj;ijNa vd;gJk; njupa tUfpd;wJ.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; gutypdJk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpdJk; ,ay;G

Clff; fyhrhuk; Fwpg;ghf Nkiyj;Njr r%f fyhrhuj;ij %yhjhukhff;

nfhz;lit.

Clff; fyhrhuj;jpdhy; epfo;tJ Nkiyj;Nja fyhrhu ,ay;Gfs;> mNj

mbg;gilapy; my;yJ mjd; Nghypahf cyfk; g+uhTk; gfpug;gLtjhFk;.

Clfr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; xU vNjr;rjpfhuj;jd;ikNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Clff; fyhrhur; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; gupkhw;wk; vd;gJ kpff; FiwthfNt

epfo;e;Js;sJ.

Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpd; kPJ mgpkhdkpd;ik Clff; fyhrhug; gutYf;F mD$ykhf

mike;Js;sJ.

Clff; fyhrhu guty;> Rw;Nwhl;lk; vd;gjd; gpujhd tfpghfj;ij epiwNtw;WtJ

Clfq;fNs.

Clff; fyhrhu tpUj;jpAk; Rw;Nwhl;lKk; Xu; ,aw;if epfo;thf md;wp jpl;lkpl;l

nraw;ghlhfNt fhzg;gly;.

Clff; fyhrhur; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpd; %yk; et FbNaw;wthj murpay; Nehf;fq;fis

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbe;Js;sik.

83

2. Clff; fyhrhuKk; njhopy;El;gKk;

fle;j ,U jrhg;jq;fspy; Clfj; njhopy;El;gk; ek;gKbahj msTf;F Kd;Ndw;wk;

fz;Ls;sJ.

Clfj; njhopy;El;gj;Jld; kpd; ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gKk;

,ize;Js;sJ.

,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fSld; etPd Clfq;fspd; tpUj;jpAk; Nru;e;Js;sJ.

jfty; gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd r%f elj;ijfs; ntFthf khw;wkile;Js;sJ.

Neubj; jfty;fSld; fyhrhu ,ay;GfSk; elj;ijrhu; mk;rq;fSk; xyp /xspgug;gg;gLfpd;wd.

Clff; fyhrhuk; Clfj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Neub tpisthFk;.

Clfj; njhopy;El;gk; tsu;r;rp njhlu;e;Nju;r;rpahf eilngw;W tUjy;.

Clfj; njhopy;El;gk; r%fkl;lj;jpy; vspikahd ghtidahf khwpAs;sik.

Clff; fyhrhuj;ijf; nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;F Clfj; njhopy;El;gk; Jizahf

mike;Js;sJ.

Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fk; Clfj; njhopy;El;gj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa neUq;fpa

njhlu;Gz;L.

Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; ngWNgwhf r%fk; Clff; fyhrhuj;ijf; NfhUfpwJ.

3. Clff; fyhrhuKk; r%f khw;wKk;

r%f khw;wk; vd;gJ Xu; ,aw;if epfo;thFk;.

r%f khw;wk; njhlu;e; Nju;r;rpahf eilngWjy;.

Clff; fyhrhuk; fhuzkhf r%fk; nraw;ifahfTk; JupjkhfTk; khw;wj;Jf;

Fl;gl;lik.

Clff; fyhrhuk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wj;jpdhy; xU fyhrhu Nkhjy;

Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

Clff; fyhrhuj;jpdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;s r%f khw;wq;fs; tu;j;jf

Nehf;fq;fisAk; Nkiyj;Njrkakhf;fiyAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sik.

Clff; fyhrhuk; fhuzkhf Fwpg;ghf ,isQu;> rpWtu;fs;> ngz;fspd;

elj;ijfspy; ghupa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sik.

r%fj;jpd; czu;Tg+u;tkhd elj;ijfs; kPJ Clff; fyhrhuk; fLikahd

nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jjy;.

Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; cgha uPjpahd gpuNtrq;fspy; r%fk; rpf;fpAs;sik.

Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; NkNyhl;lkhd Nehf;fq;fs; Nghypahf ,Ug;gJld; %d;whk;

cyf ehLfspd; r%ff; fUj;Njhl;lj;ij khw;Wk; cs;Nehf;fj;ijAk;

nfhz;Ls;sik.

84

4. Clff; fyhrhur; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpd; rkkpd;ik

Clff; fyhrhuj;ij cUthf;Fk; cj;jpfisj; jpl;lkplg;gLtJ Nkiyj;Nja

kakhf;fiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lhFk;.

Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; Rw;Nwhl;lk; xUtopg; ghijahfNtAs;sJ.

cyfpd; xt;nthU fyhrhuq;fspYk; ngWkjpahd mk;rq;fisg; gupkhwpf;

nfhs;sy; Clff; fyhrhur; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpdhy; eilngWtjpy;iy.

Nkiyj;Njrj;jpd; Neub my;yJ Nghyp elj;ij mk;rq;fNs Rw;Nwhl;lj;Jf;Fl;

gLfpd;wd.

Fwpg;ghf Mrpa> Mgpupf;f tyaq;fspd; fyhrhug; ngWkhdq;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;

gl;Ls;sikAk;> Fiwj;J kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sikAk; Nkiyj;Njrf; fyhrhuk;

cau;thf kjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk; Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; gapw;Wtpj;jyhfTk;

fPioj;Nja thjk; epe;jpf;fg;gl;L Nkiyj;Nja thjk; r%f kakhf;fg;gLtJk;

,e;jr; Rw;Nwhl;l rkkpd;ikapd; Njhw;wg;ghLfNs.

85

myF 6.0 - Clff; fyhrhuk;

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; ,ay;G> tpUj;jp> nry;thf;F> re;ijj;

njhlu;G vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

Njh;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; nry;thf;ifr; rkepiyahf

tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 10

ghl cs;slf;fk; : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; nry;thf;F

fyhrhu mjpu;T

fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;G

fyhrhug; gupkhw;wk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; nry;thf;if ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpD}lhf Gydha;T

nra;thu;.

2. Clff; fyhrhuk; fhuzkhf fyhrhuk; mjpu;Tf;Fs;shfpapUf;Fk; tpjk; gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

3. gy;NtW ntspehl;Lf; fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; cs;ehl;Lf; fyhrhuj;ij Mf;fpukpj;

Js;s tpjj;ij cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.

4. fyhrhug; gupkhw;wk; fhuzkhf Njrpa fyhrhuk; Cl;lk;; ngw;Ws;s> rPuope;Js;s

tpjj;ij ,yq;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsf;Fthu;.

mwpKfk;

Clff; fyhrhuk; vd;gJ kf;fs; fyhrhuj;jpd; xU tpupthf;fkhf ,Ug;gpDk; mJ

kf;fs; fyhrhuj;jpd; mk;rq;fisg; gpd; js;sptpl;L tpUj;jpaile;J tpuptiltjhf

cs;sJ. mjd; r%fr; nry;thf;F gy;tifg;gLk;. xU fyhrhuj;Jf;Fupa fhuzpfs;

gykhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;F mjdhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fk; FiwthfNt

,Uf;Fk;. MapDk; fyhrhuj;jpd; fhuzpfs; gytPdkhf ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; my;yJ

Clff; fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; $ba nry;thf;Fld; Kd;tUk; NghJ cs;ehl;Lf;

fyhrhuj;jpd; kPJ mJ ghupa nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jk;. etPd Clf> jfty;;

r%fj;jpy; ,e;epiyikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; rpukkhf cs;sJ. mjw;fhf

,U gupfhuq;fSz;L.

xd;W> Clff; fyhrhu tbtq;fis fLikahd fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs;shf;FtjhFk;.

,jw;fhf jPtputhjf; nfhs;iffSk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. mjhtJ rkaj;ijAk;

rl;lj;ijAk; ,jd; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfshfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;

,JNghd;W jPtputhj Kiwapy; rkaj;ijAk; rl;lj;ijAk; fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;JtJ

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljd;W. ,jw;fhd cjhuzk; Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; jhypghd;fs; Clfk;

njhlu;ghfg; gpd;gw;Wk; jPtputhjf; nfhs;ifahFk;. mz;ikapy; $l jhypghd;fs;

FLk;g tpohnthd;wpy; ug; ghly; ,irj;jikf;fhff; fLk; jz;lid tpjpj;jdu;.

,j;jifa r%fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghLfshy; nkhj;j kf;fisAk; fl;Lghl;by; itj;jpUf;f

KbahJ.

86

,uz;lhtJ> Clf mwpit r%fk; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,jd; %yk;

ntspaPLfis ajhu;j;jkhf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nju;r;rp r%fj;jpy;

tYtilAk;. ,J r%fj;Jf;fhd gue;j fy;tp KiwahFk;. vdpDk;> epyTk;

ajhu;j;jk; ahnjdpy; Clf epWtdq;fs; njhlu;e;J Vw;gLj;jptUk; nry;thf;iff;

fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahikahFk;. ,jd; %yk; fyhrhu mjpu;T eilngWk;. mj;Jld;

gykhd mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;J fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;Gk; eilngWk;. vt;thwhapDk;

fyhrhu epyTiff;Fj; Njitahd fyhrhug; gupkhw;wKk; Clff; fyhrhuk;

fhuzkhf kpfTk; capu;g;ghf eilngWtij kwg;gjw;fpy;iy. ,jd; %yk; ve;j

xU r%fKk; mgptpUj;jpailAk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. fyhrhu mjpu;T

epyTk; fyhrhuj;jpy; kjpf;fg;gLk; mk;rq;fs; ntspf; fyhr;rhuq;fspdhy;

jho;TgLj;jg;gLk;NghJ r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; czu;T fyhr;rhu mjpu;thFk;.

fyhrhu mjpu;T> Nkhjy; ,ay;G %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

rpyNghJ fyhrhu mjpu;T ,isQu;> KjpNahu; Nghuhl;lkhfTk; fhl;lg;glyhk;.

Gjpa fyhrhu mk;rq;fis r%fj;jpy; xU rhuhu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mNjNtis

kw;nwhU rhuhu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shikahy; ,t;tjpu;T Vw;gLk;.

fyhrhu mjpu;T cyf tuyhw;wpy; vy;yhf; fhyq;fspYk; r%fj;jpy; $bf;

Fiwe;j msTfspy; ,Ue;jJld; vjpu;fhyj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.

r%f rk;gpujhaq;fs; fLikahdjhf ,Uj;jy; fyhrhu mjpu;Tf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

tpNuhjf; fyhrhuj;jpdhy; fyhrhu mjpu;T Vw;gly; cyfpd; mNdf ehLfspy;

ngUkstpy; eilngw;Ws;sik.

2. fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;G

xU fyhrhuj;jpd; mk;rq;fs; NtW xU fyhr;rhuj;Jf;Fs; tYf;fl;lhakhf

,izj;jy; fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;G vdg;gLk;.

jpl;lkpl;l mbg;gilapYk; jpl;lkplhkYk; fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;G epfOk;.

tuyhw;W uPjpahff; fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;G murpay; epfo;Tfspd; Neub my;yJ

kiwKfr; nraw;ghL vdj; njupa te;Js;sJ.

fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;G et fhydpj;Jtthj nraw;ghlhFk;.

fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;gpd; gpd;dzpapy; tu;j;jf Nehf;fk; cz;L.

jpl;lkpl;l mbg;gilapy; epfOk; fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;gpy; Clfq;fspd; MjuT

mjw;Ff; fpilf;Fk;.

Muk;gj;jpy; fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;ghf tUk; mk;rq;fs; gpd;du; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;

xU gFjpahf khWk;.

fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;G gyte;jkhf my;yJ je;jpNuhghakhf eilngwyhk;.

87

3. fyhrhug; gupkhw;wk;

fyhrhug; gupkhw;wk; r%f uPjpapy; kpfTk; gaDs;sJ.

tuyhw;W uPjpahfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ fyhr;rhug; gupkhw;wk; epfo;e;j mk;rq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fyhrhug; gupkhw;wk; xt;nthU fyhrhuj;jpdJk; tpUg;gj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;

gLfpd;wd.

gupkhw;wg;gl;l fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; gpd;du; me;je;jf; fyhrhuj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd

mk;rkhfNt khwptpLk;.

fyhrhug; gupkhw;wk; ehLfSf;fpilNa eilngWk;NghJ r%f rftho;Tf;F

mJ fhuzkha; mikAk;.

fyhrhug; gupkhw;wk; ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xj;Jiog;Gf;F VJthFk;.

fyhrhug; gupkhw;wk; jpl;lkpl;Lk;> jpl;lkplhJk; eilngWk;.

fyhrhug; gupkhw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf r%f mgptpUj;jp Vw;gLk;.

88

myF 6.0 - Clff; fyhrhuk; - (50 ghlNtisfs;)

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; ,ay;G> tpUj;jp> nry;thf;F> re;ijj;

njhlu;G vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.4 : Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fk; re;ijf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s ,ilj;

njhlu;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

ghl Ntisfs; : 10

ghl cs;slf;fk; : Clff; fyhrhuKk; re;ijAk;

cyfkakhf;fYk; et jhuhz;ik thjKk;

tu;j;jf Mjpgj;jpaKk; Clff; fyhrhuKk;

re;ijg; gutYk; Clff; fyhrhuKk;

Clf tpsk;guKk; r%fKk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfs;:

1. cyfkakhf;fypdJk; jhuhz;ik thjj;jpdJk; Njhw;wk;> guty;> nry;thf;F

vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

2. Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; kPJ re;ij Mjpf;fk; my;yJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

3. Clff; fyhrhuj;ijf; nfhz;L elj;Jjy;> re;ijg; gutyhf;fj;jpw;Ff;; fhuzkhf

mikAk; tpjj;ij ,yq;ifapd; mDgtj;jpd; Clhfg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

4. Clf tpsk;guk; r%fj;Jf;F vj;jifa ed;ikfis toq;Fk;? vd;gJ gw;wpAk;

mjdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikahd> jPikahd nry;thf;Ffs; gw;wpAk; gFg;gha;T

uPjpahf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

mwpKfk;

Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fk; re;ijf;FkpilNa gpupf;f Kbahj njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Clff; fyhrhuj;ij cUthf;FtJk;> nfhz;L elj;JtJk; re;ijapd; tu;j;jfr;

r%fNk. re;ijapd; epyTiff;F Clff; fyhr;rhuk; ghupa gq;fspg;ig toq;FfpwJ.

vdNt> Clff; fyhrhuj;ij jd;ghl;by; ,aq;f tu;j;jf r%fk; ,lkspg;gjpy;iy

tsq;fs; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ tu;j;jfr; r%fj;jplNkahFk;. Clff; fyhrhuj;ij

ntspg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; re;ijf;Ff; fpilf;f ,JNt fhuzkhFk;. Clff;

fyhrhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; midj;J khw;wq;fspd; %yKkhd ed;ikia re;ij

vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ. vdNt> Clf fyhrhuj;jpd; rpwpa> ngupa midj;J mk;rq;fisAk;

jkf;Fr; rhjfkhf itj;jpUf;fNt re;ij tpUk;Gk;.

re;ij vd;gjpy; Efu;NthUk; mlq;;Ftu;. ,q;F Efu;NthUf;F vJtpj mjpfhuKk;

,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy. Efu;Nthu; tu;j;jf mjpfhuj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;

Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;F ,iuahfpd;whu;fs;. mt;thW jhk; ,iuahfpapUg;gij

Efu;Nthu; mwpakhl;lhu;fs;. mjw;fhd fhuzk; re;ij Clfr; fyhrhuj;ij

kpfj; Jy;ypakhd cj;jpfspdhy; newpg;gLj;JtjhFk;. mjw;fhfr; re;ij Clf

Ma;TfisAk; Mf;fr; rpe;jidiaAk; Clfj; njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; ed;F

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ.

89

Clf tpsk;guq;fs; r%fj;jpd; kPJ ghupa nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jk; xU

njhFjpahFk;. mJ r%fj;Jf;Fj; Njitahdnjhd;W vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.

Mdhy;> mjd; %yk; nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; kf;fsplk; nfhz;L

nry;yg;gLtij tpl Nkyjpfkhd gzpfs; eilngWfpd;wd. mjhtJ gy;NtW

nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; njhlu;ghd kdg;ghq;ifr; r%fj;jpy; fl;bnaOg;Gk; FWq;fhy

Nehf;fk; ,e;j tpsk;guq;fspy; gykhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtijf;; fhzyhk;.

tu;j;jf Vfhjpgj;jpak; muRfspd; kPNj fLikahd nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpf;Fk;

#oypy;> r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;if Vw;gLj;Jtnjd;gJ Mr;rupakhd njhd;wy;y.

Mdhy; ,e;j r%fk; Clf Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;nfhs;sg; gapw;wg;glhik ghupa

gpur;rpidahf cUntLj;Js;sJ. ,jd; ngWNgW Clfk; r%fj;ij top elj;Jk;

efu;Tr; rf;jpahf khwpAs;sikahFk;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd Jiz

1. cyfkakhf;fYk; jhuhz;ik thjKk;

r%fj;Jf;Fk; njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpf;FkpilNa gu];guj; njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.

cyfkakhf;fk; vd;gJ Clfq;fshNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;l xd;W.

Clf kw;Wk; jftw; njhopy;El;gk; fhuzkhf cyfk; g+Nfhsf; fpuhkkhfg;

khw;wg;gl;Ls;sik.

muR> Njrpak; vd;w vz;zf;fUf;fs; cyfkakhf;fj;jpd; fPo; rthiy vjpu;

Nehf;Fjy;.

cyfkakhf;f tbtj;jpw;Nfw;g mJ Nkw;Fynfq;Fk; gutpAs;sik.

Njrpa jdpj;Jtk;> Njrpa fyhrhuk; vd;gd cyfkakhf;fypd; fPo;; rthiy

vjpu; Nehf;fpAs;sik.

cyfkakhf;fypd; tpisthf etPd Gjpa jhuhz;ik thjk; cUthfpAs;sik.

Gjpa jhuhz;ik thjj;jpd; mbg;gil cyfkakhf;fkhFk;.

Gjpa jhuhz;ik thjk; INuhg;gpa Nkiyj;Nja tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

Njrpa nghUshjhu> RahjPdj;Jld; Gjpa jhuhz;ik thjk; NkhJk; epiy.

Gjpa jhuhz;ik thjj;ijf; nfhz;L elj;jy; Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa

tfpghfkhFk;.

2. tu;j;jf Mjpf;fKk; Clff; fyhrhuKk; Clfk;> tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPNoNa ,aq;FfpwJ.

Clfk; tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;jpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.

tu;j;jf mDruizf;F mg;ghy; Clfq;fSf;F RahjPd epiyg;ghL xd;W

fpilahJ.

Clfj;jpd; midj;J ntspaPLfSk; tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;jpd; ghJfhg;G vd;gitf;Fs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Clff; fyhrhuj;ij jk; Njitf;Nfw;g ifahs tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;jpdhy; KbAk;.

r%f kdg;ghq;if tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;Jld; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; nrk;ikg;gLj;jiy

Clfk; nra;fpwJ.

Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; tbtq;fspw;Nfw;g mjd; tu;j;jf Mjpgj;jpak; kiwe;J

my;yJ ftu;r;rpahd rPuhd tpjj;jpy; Njhw;wkspj;jJ.

Clff; fyhrhuj;ij jkf;Nfw;wgb ifahs Clf epyTiffs; Clf Ma;Tfis

Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

90

3. re;ij tpupthf;fKk; Clff; fyhrhuKk;

re;ijapd; tpupthf;fj;jpy; Clff; fyhrhuk; ngUk; gq;fspg;ig epiwNtw;wp

tUfpwJ

Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;F cl;gLgtu;fs; jhk; re;ij tpupthf;fj;jpy; <LgLfpd;wik

gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gjpy;iy.

re;ij %yk; tpupTgLj;jg;gLk; Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk;

kuG uPjpahd fyhrhuf; fUj;Jf;fspd; Fuy; cuj;J xypf;fhik.

kuG uPjpahd fUj;Jf;fis vg;NghJk; re;ij tpupthf;fk; Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ.

(cjhuzkhf rkar; rpd;dq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw nghUl;fspd; Rw;Wj;jhs;fSf;fhf

my;yJ tu;j;jff; FwpaPLfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtij kuG uPjpahd fyhrhuk;

mDkjpf;fhJ. mj;Jld; mJ Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fis cWjpg;gLj;j Clff;

fyhrhuj;ijf; ifahs;tij re;ij tpupthf;fj;jpd; NghJ mtfhrk; fpilf;fhJ.

kw;WnkhU cjhuzk; ̀ yhy; czT njhlu;ghd FwpaPl;il ,LtJ ve;j xU

ehl;bYk; czT tu;j;jfj;jpd; NghJ mj;jpatrpakhd xU fhuzpahf cs;sJ.

mg;gbapy;yhj NghJ re;ij tpupthf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ. ,J rk;gpujhaf;

fyhrhur; rpe;jidf;F Clff; fyhrhuk; fl;Lg;gLk; xU fl;lkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.)

4. Clf mwptpj;jYk; r%fKk;

Clf mwptpj;jy; xU r%fj; Njit.

Clf mwptpj;jy; xU tu;j;jfj; Njit.

Clf mwptpj;jy;fs; %yk; r%f elj;ijfs; khw;wkilAk;.

r%f elj;ijfis rPuhdjhfTk; rPww;;wjhfTk; khw;w Clf mwptpj;jyhy;

KbAk;.

Clf mwptpj;jy;fs; tu;j;jfu;fspd; Neubf; fUj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; kf;fs;

Nritfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis

khw;Wtjw;fhf murpay; uPjpahfTk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

Clf mwptpj;jyhy; xt;nthU tplak; njhlu;ghf r%fj;jpy; xU fUj;jhliy

Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.

xU nghUs; my;yJ Nrit my;yJ fUj;ij ek;gpf;ifAld; njupT nra;tjw;F

Clf mwptpj;jy; kf;fSf;F cjTfpd;wJ.

91

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;Ff;fhd khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;

(1) mbg;gil mwpTWj;jy;fs;

,e;jg; gFjpapy; $wg;gLtJ fw;wy;> nranyhOq;Ff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba khjpupr;

nraw;ghLfshFk;. ,tw;iw ,Nj tpjkhfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Mrpupaupd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g khw;wq;fisr; nra;J nfhs;s

KbAk;. mj;Jld; xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lk; njhlu;gpYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW xU

nraw;ghL kl;Lk; NghJkhdjy;y. khjpupr; nraw;ghl;il Muha;;e;J xt;nthU ghl

NtisfSf;Fupajhf tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba NtW nraw;ghLfisg;

nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jahu;nra;J nfhs;tJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. tFg;giwf;F

te;j Kjy; jpdk; tpl;l ,lj;;jpypUe;J njhlq;FtJ Nghd;w Ritaw;w Kiwfisg;

gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. xt;nthU ghl Ntisapd; NghJk; Gjpa mDgtj;ij khztu;fs;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapyhd tpUg;gj;ij mtu;fspilNa Vw;gLj;JtJld;> Gjpa

mDgtj;ij toq;f Mrpupau; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ghlNtisapd;

NghJk; gad;gLj;Jk; Gjpa nraw;ghLfis Kd;$l;bNa jahupj;J Nfhitg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tJld; mtw;iw xU Kiw gad;gLj;jp tpl;lhy; kPz;Lk; Njitahd

khw;wq;fisr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; gyk;> gytPdq;fis ,dq;fz;L Fwpg;ngLj;Jf;

nfhs;sy; %yk; xU jlit jahu; nra;j nraw;ghLfis mLj;j tUlq;fspy;

gad;gLj;j KbAkhFk;. Xu; Mrpupaupd; jdpj;JtKk; rpwg;Gk; Vidatu;fs; jahup;j;J

toq;Fk; nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; jq;fpapy;iy. khwhf> jdf;NfAupa

xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhliuj; jahu; nra;J nfhs;tjhFk;. ghlj;jpD}lhf Gjpa

mDgtj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mJ Fwpg;Gfis toq;fp kdg;ghlk; nra;J

nfhs;sg; gz;Zk; Kiwahy; KbahJ. khwhf nraw;ghl;L uPjpahff; fw;wYf;Fr;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ftjd; %ykhFk;.

(2) fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jw; nranyhOq;fpd; Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gil

tFg;giwapy; gad;;gLj;Jk; Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwAk; khztu; ikaf;

fy;tp KiwAk;> ,g;ghlj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; nghUj;jkw;witNa. gjpyhfg;

gad;gLj;JtJ jfty; Clf ikaf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; KiwAkhFk;.

TEACHER

STUDENT STUDENT

KNOWLEDGEDATABASE

EXPERTSYSTEMS

TECHNOLOGY - BASED PARADIGMBranson Model of Learning - 1990

92

,f; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; ghzpf;Nfw;g MrpupaUk; khztUk; jfty; kw;Wk;

Clfq;fisf; ifahs;tu;. rpyNtis MrpupaUf;F Kd;Ng xU jfty; khztUf;Ff;

fpilf;ff;$Lk;. ,jd;gb Mrpupau; khztu;fis tpl jfty;fisf; ifahs;gtuhf

khw Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; KbAkhd msT jfty;fis> Clfq;fisf; ifahs

khztu;fisj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. ,izaj;ij xU gykhd jfty; ikakhfg;

gad;gLj;j KbAk;. mj;Jld; ehshe;j> thug; gj;jpupiffis> Gj;jfq;fis>

,Wtl;Lf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;jf;

$ba xU fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; #oiy cUthf;FtJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.

jfty; %yhjhuq;fis ,dq;fhz;gJk; jfty;fisj; jpul;LtJk; jfty;fisg;

gFg;gha;T nra;tJk; Fwpj;J Mrpupau;> khztu;fSf;F cjt Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;

fUj;J> Clfj; njhlu;ghly; Mrpupau; ehSf;F ehs; Gjpjhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

mj;jifa xU khw;wj;Jf;F Mrpupau; jahuhf Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtdKk;> fy;tp mikr;Rk; ,ize;J

eltbf;iffs; vLj;Js;sd. vt;thwhapDk; ,k; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; xU jdpg;gl;l

Njitia> Mu;tj;ij Mrpupau; jd;dpy; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW

Ra vz;zf;fUit tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; VidNahupd; cjtpapd;wpNa

jdJ Mrpupau; tfpghfj;ijg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;s mtfhrk; fpilf;Fk;.

ghl myF 01 : njhlu;ghly; fw;ifg; gpuNtrk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : njhlu;ghliyf; fw;gjw;F mjd; gutiyAk; ,ay;igAk;

gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk; vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;

tpsf;Fthu;;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wpa jdJ fUj;ij vOJk;gb

xU jdp xg;gilia toq;fTk;.

gb 2 : %tu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;fp> xU fUj;ij cUthf;f mwpTWj;jy;

toq;fTk;.

gb 3 : FO cUthf;fpa fUj;ij jhspy; vOjp> gyifapy; njhq;f tplg;

gz;zTk;. xt;nthU FOTk; mjid Kd;itf;f Vw;ghL nra;aTk;.

gb 4 : xt;nthU FOTk; Kd;itj;j Kf;fpa nrhy; my;yJ $w;iw NtWgLj;jp

vOjg; gz;zTk;.

gb 5 : me;jr; nrhw;fis> $w;Wf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa xU

fUj;ij my;yJ tiutpyf;fzj;ij cUthf;Fk;gb FOf;fisg;

gzpf;fTk;.

gb 6 : xt;nthU FOtpd; fUj;ijAk; Kd;itf;fg; gz;zTk;.

93

gb 7 : Vw;fdNt jahu; nra;J itj;Js;s y];nty;tpd; tiutpyf;fzj;ijf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;. mjid vy;NyhUk; thrpf;f ,lkspf;fTk;

gb 8 : jkJ FO jahupj;j tiutpyf;fzq;fSf;Fk; y];ntypd; tiutpyf;

fzj;Jf;fpilapyhd ,ilntspia ,dq;fhz mtfhrk; toq;fTk;.

gb 9 : y];ntypd; tiutpyf;fzj;ijf;; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 10: y];ntypd; tiutpyf;fzj;ij vOjpf;nfhs;s topg;gLj;jTk;.

ghl myF 01 : njhlu;ghly; fw;ifg; gpuNtrk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : njhlu;ghly; mbg;gil khjpupfisAk; mtw;wpd;

gzpfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : y];ntypd; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; Ie;J fl;lq;fisAk; ngupa

vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjp> jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ml;ilfspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j Itiu

Vw;ghL nra;aTk;.

gb 2 : Ie;J ml;ilfSk; gbKiw xOq;fpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk; tifapy;

ItiuAk; tupirahf epw;fr; nra;aTk;. xOq;F tupiria khztu;fspd;

fye;Jiuahlypd;gb rPu;nra;Ak; Mrpupau;> ve;j mwpTWj;jiyAk; toq;ff;

$lhJ.

gb 3 : ml;ilfs; xOq;FKiwg;gb fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa gpd;G> xt;nthU ml;il

gw;wp khztu;fspd; fUj;ijf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.

gb 4 : xt;nthU ml;ilf;Fupa njhlu;ghly; gpuptpdiuf; Fwpg;gpl topg;gLj;jTk;.

(njhlh;GgLgtu;> nra;jp> Clfk;> ngWgtu; nry;thf;F)

gb 5 : xt;nthU gpuptpdu; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

ghl myF 01 : njhlu;ghly; fw;ifg; gpuNtrk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : njhlu;ghlypd; gy;NtW tiffis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf

tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : fz;iz %bf;nfhz;L rpWtajpy; ele;j epfo;ntd;iw epidTgLj;Jk;

gb khztu;fsplk; $wTk;.

94

gb 2 : jhk; epidj;j rk;gtj;ijf; $w tpUk;Gk; rpyUf;F ,lkspj;jy;.

gb 3 : gy tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G epfo;e;j xd;W> xU jftyhf vt;thW

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gij tprhupf;fTk;.

gb 4 : mt;thwhd vj;jid jfty;fs; jk; fsQ;rpaj;jpy; cs;sd vd

tprhupf;fTk;.

gb 5 : epidTr; nranyhOq;F jhdhfNt epfOk; tpiuthd xd;W vd;gij

tpsf;fTk;.

gb 6 : Ngdh> Fz;^rp> jhs; vd;gtw;wpy; xUjiyg;gpy; ,uz;L epkplk; Ngr

tpUk;Gfpd;wtiu mioAq;fs;.

gb 7 : Ngr;rpd; Kbtpy; mJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;. me;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;

jq;F jilapd;wp te;jJ vt;thW? fUj;J tu kWj;jpUe;jhy; mJ Vd;?

me;jf; fUj;Jf;fis epidtpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ vt;thW? epidtpy;

gjpj;jy;> epidj;jy; vd;w ,uz;L nraw;ghLfs; ,Ug;gJ gw;wp tpsf;fTk;.

midtUk; jkJ kdJld; NgRtjhfTk; njhlu;ghlypd; Muk;gk; mJNt

vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

ghl myF 01 : njhlu;ghly; fw;ifg; gpuNtrk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4 : gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; tpjq;fis xg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : xU jpUkz itgtj;ij cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahliy

Muk;gpf;fTk;.

gb 2 : mq;F gy tpjkhd njhlu;ghly;fs; epfo;tij tpsf;fTk;.

gb 3 : xt;nthd;iwAk; xt;nthUtu; gyifapy; vOj ,lkspf;fhJ> xNu

tplaj;ij xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jlitfs; vOj mDkjpf;fTk;.

gb 4 : gyifapy; vOjg;gl;l njhlu;ghly;fs; ele;j tpjk; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhff;

$w khztu;fis topg;gLj;jTk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jlitfs;

vOjg;gl;ltw;iw ePf;fp tplTk;.

gb 5 : khztu;fs; vOjpatw;iw gbKiwapy; xOq;FgLj;jp vOj> rpy

khztu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fTk;. Njitahd topfhl;;ly;fis> toq;fTk;.

gb 6 : xt;nthU njhlu;ghly; tpjk; gw;wpAk; RUf;fkhf fye;J nraw;glTk;.me;j xt;nthd;Wk; kdpj r%fj;jpd; njhlu;ghlw; Njitia epiwNtw;wg;

gad;gLgit vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

95

ghl myF 02 : njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : r%fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;> tsu;r;rpAk;> r%ff; fl;likg;G

vd;gtw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp> r%fj;jpd; mjpfhur;

rk epiyiaAk; r%fj;jpd; mwpTj; Njlypd; ,ay;igAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : ua;lu; `fhu;l; vOjpa Mgpupf;f tho;f;ifiaf; fhl;Lk; ehty; Nghd;w

xU Gj;jfj;ij tFg;giwf;Ff; nfhz;L tuTk;. mjidf; fhl;b

thrpj;jpUf;fpwPu;fsh? vd;W Nfl;fTk;. mjd; fij gw;wpr; RUf;fkhff;fye;JiuahlTk;. mjpy; Mgpupf;ff; fhLfspy; cs;s gz;ila fpuhkq;fs;

gw;wp tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sij vLj;Jf; $wTk;.

gb 2 : ehtypd; gpujhd ghj;jpukhd f;thl;lu; Nkd; Nfhj;jpu kdpju;fshy;

gpbf;fg;gl;L> rpiwf;ifjp Nghy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk; xU ge;jpia

tFg;gpy; thrpj;Jf;fhl;l xU khztiu Vw;ghL nra;aTk;. Njitahd

tw;iw kPz;Lk; xU Kiw thrpf;fg; gz;zTk;.

gb 3 : me;jg; ge;jpapy; cs;s tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nfhj;jpu

thrpfsplk; vj;jifa ,ay;Gfs; fhzg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd;gij Nahrpf;f

khztu;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;. rpW FOf;fshf mf;fUj;ij bik

fljhrpapy; vOjg; gz;zTk;. vOjpatw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j topg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 4 : mf;fUj;Jf;fis nghJthff; fye;Jiuahb> fhLfspy; tho;e;j kdpju;fs;

gpd;du; Nfhj;jputhrpfshf khwpaik gw;wpAk; me;jf; Nfhj;jpu r%fk;

etPd r%fk; tiu tsu;r;rpailtjpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisAk;

fye;JiuahlTk;. mtw;iwg; gyifapy; gl;baw;gLj;j topg;;gLj;jTk;.

ghl myF 02 : njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig

tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : ,w;iwf;F gy E}W tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dhy; fly; Nfhs; Vw;gl;Ls;sik

kw;Wk; tpfhukfhNjtpapd; fijia tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahlTk;. gpd;du;

mz;ikapy; Vw;gl;l Rdhkp gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 2 : tFg;G khztu;fis ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

Kjyhk; FO: fsdpapy; Vw;gl;l fly; Nfhs; ehL KOtJk; gutpa

tpjk; Fwpj;Jk;.

96

,uz;lhk; FO: Rdhkp mdu;j;jk; ehL g+uhTk; gutpa tpjk; Fwpj;Jk;

tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy; %yk; nra;J fhl;l topg;gLj;jTk;.FOtpy; cs;s midtUk; gq;FngWk; tpjj;jpy; mJmika Ntz;Lk;. xU FOtpd; Kd;itj;jiy kw;iwaFO mwpf;ifapl Ntz;Lk;.

gb 3 : xt;nthU FOTk; ifahz;l njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis> gyifapy;gl;bayplTk;.

gb 4 : Kjy; Kd;itg;gpd; NghJ ifahsg;glhj rpy njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs;,uz;lhtJ Kd;itg;gpd; NghJ ifahsg;gl;likAk; rpy njhlu;ghly;Kiwfs; ,uz;lhtJ FOtpy; khj;jpuNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik gw;wpAk;fye;JiuahlTk;;.

gb 5 : ,d;Dk; xU E}whz;Lfspd; gpd; ,r;nraw;ghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gbd; mjpy;Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;glTs;s njhlu;ghly; gzpfs; vj;jifajhf ,Uf;Fk;vdTk; fye;Jiuahb> khztu;fsplkpUe;J tUk; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis

fUk;gyifapy; vOjTk;.

ghl myF 02 : njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3 : njhlu;ghlypd; r%f tfpghfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : kfjdKj;jh ntsp ehL nry;yntd flTr;rPl;Lg; ngw nfhOk;Gf;F

te;jik gw;wp> Gjpa fijnahd;iw cUthf;fTk;. mjid tFg;gpy;

Kd;itf;fTk;. me;jg; gaz tpguq;fis khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 2 : kfjdKj;jhtpd; gazj;jpy; rpy fl;lq;fisg; gl;bayplTk;.

1. rPlu;fsplk; tpil ngwy;

2. g];]py; gazk; nra;jy;

3. xU filapy; NjdPu; Fbj;jy;

4. Gifg;glk; vLj;jy;

5. flTr;rPl;Lg; ngwy;

gb 3 : xt;nthU fl;lj;ijAk; tfpghfkhfr; RUf;fkhf Kd;itf;f khztu;FOf;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;fTk;.

gb 4 : xt;nthU fl;lj;jpy; kfjdKj;jhtpd; tfpghfk; khw;wkiltijg; gw;wpf;fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 5 : xt;nthU tfpghfNkw;wypd;gb xt;nthUtupd; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy;gy;NtW fl;lq;fisf; fhl;l KbAk; vd;gijf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 6 : xUtupd; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; njhlu;ghly;gad;gLtijAk; mjidj; jtpu;j;J xd;iwAk; nra;a KbahJ vd;gijAk;

fye;JiuahlTk;.

97

ghl myF 02 : njhlu;ghlYk; r%fKk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4 : cyfkakhf;fYk; njhlu;ghlw; Nghf;FfSk; vd;gij

tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : ehshe;j my;yJ thuhe;j gj;jpupiffs; rpytw;iw tFg;Gf;Ff; nfhz;L

tuTk;. xt;nthU gj;;jpupifiaAk; FOf;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

gb 2 : mg;gj;jpupiffspy; cupa nra;jpfs;> fl;Liufis thrpj;J mit

cyFld; njhlu;GgLk; tpjk;> Gj;jwpit Kd;itf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

tpjk;> gy;NtW vjpu;f;fUj;Jf;fs;> cld;ghLfs;> thrfu;fspd;; Clf

<LghL vd;w gy jiyg;Gf;fspy; fUj;Jf; $w FOf;fis topg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 3 : kf;fs; ,j;jifa cyfj; jfty;fspd;wp tho KbAkh? vd;w jiyg;gpy;

khztu;fis thjj;jpy; <LgLj;Jf.

ghl myF 03 : njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : cs;sfj; jdpahs; Nju;r;rpiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 15 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : Irf; epA+w;wd; <h;g;Gr; rf;jpia fz;Lgpbj;j epfo;it Ritahf tFg;gpy;

Kd;itf;fTk;.

gb 2 : Irf; epA+w;wd; tfpghfj;ij Vw;f xU khztid miof;fTk;.

gb 3 : khztdpd; tfpghfNkw;wy; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 4 : Irf; epA+w;wd; jkJ kdJld; Ngrpf;nfhz;L ju;f;fpf;Fk; tpjj;ij

tpsf;fTk;. ,q;F epA+w;wd; xU ju;f;fuPjpahd rpe;jidia cUthf;fpaik

gw;wpAk; mjw;fhf mtUf;F cs;sj;jpy; Njf;fp itj;jpUe;j ju;f;f

uPjpahf jfty;fs; gad;gl;lik gw;wpAk; ehKk; ,J Nghd;w gytw;iwj;

jpdKk; rpe;;jpg;gpDk; ,J Nghy ju;f;fpg;gjpy;iy vd;gijAk; jdJ

kdJld; NgRtjd; %yk; ngWkjpkpf;f gy fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;f

KbAk; vd;Wk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

98

ghl myF 03 : njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : Mspilj; njhlu;ig tpupTgLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : gpd;tUk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;. xU tNahjpg Mz; /ngz; g]; epWj;Jkplj;jpy; jd; gf;fj;jpYs;stuplk; VNjh nrhy;y

Kaw;rpf;fpd;whu;. Mdhy;> mtu; mjidf; ftdpg;gjhf ,y;iy.

Kd;idatu; vd;d nrhy;y Kaw;rpf;fpwhu; vd;W Vidatu;fSf;Fj;

njhpahJ.

gb 2 : ,r;re;ju;g;gj;ij tfpghfNkw;fr; nra;J fhl;Lk;gb %d;W FOf;fis

topg;gLj;jTk;. kw;WnkhU Kd;itj;jiy mtjhdpj;Jf; fUj;Jf; $w

Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wTk;.

gb 3 : tfpghfNkw;wypd; NghJ gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tpjKk;

xt;nthU FOtpYk; mJ NtWgl;l tpjKk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

xt;nthUtu; fijj;j tpjk;.

kw;wtu;fs; fijj;j tpjk;.

tNahjpgupd; gpur;rpidapy; kw;wtu;fs; fhl;ba czu;Tfs;.

mth;fspd; elj;ijapy; fhzg;gl;l gz;ghL.

gb 4 : vy;NyhUk; md;whl tho;tpy; VidNahUld; tpisjpwd; tha;e;j

njhlu;ghly; gupkhw;wj;jpy; <Lgl Ntz;b Vw;gLtJk; mjw;fhd Nju;r;;rp

,y;yhjNghJ r%f epiyg;ghL ghjpf;Fk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLf.

ghl myF 03 : njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : $l;Lj; njhlh;ghly; Nju;r;rp

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gj;ij khztu;fsplk; Kd;itf;fTk;. Gjpa njhiyf;

fhl;rp ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhd mDkjp toq;fg;gLtjw;F xU njhiyf;fhl;rp

epWtdj;jpd; gzpg;ghsu; rig xU $l;lj;ijf; $l;bAs;sJ. rpy

gzpg;ghsu;fs; ,e;j ehlj;ijj; jahupg;gij tpUk;gtpy;iy. mjw;fhd

fhuzk; mjd; cs;slf;fk; r%fj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ vd;gjhFk;.

r%fj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w tplaq;fisg; Kd;itj;J gzk; rk;ghjpg;gJ

,e;j njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdj;jpd; gzpay;y vd;W mtu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.

NtW rpyu; ,e;ehlfk; ,urpfu;fspilNa nghpJk; [duQ;rj;ij milAk;

vd;Wk; mjdhy; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilf;Fk; vd;Wk; tpsk;guj;jpd;

%yk; mjpf yhgk;; ngwyhk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdu;. jPu;khdk; vLg;gJ

xj;jpitf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; $l;lk; Kbtilfpd;wJ.

99

gb 2 : ,g;gzpg;ghsu; rigf; $l;lj;ij elj;j khztu;fisg; gzpf;fTk;.

gj;Jg;Ngu; mstpy; ,jpy; gq;Fgw;wyhk;. ,UNtW FOf;fis

Ntz;LkhdhYk; <LgLj;jyhk;.

gb 3 : Vida khztu;fis gzpg;ghsu; rigf; $l;lj;ij mtjhdpf;fr;

nra;aTk;.

gb 4 : mtu;fspd; mtjhdpg;Gf;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk;

$wTk;.

gb 5 : khztu;fspd; mtjhdpg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fye;Jiuahly;

gw;wp fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fTk;.

gb 6 : fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;gf;f tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sTk;

gzpg;ghsu; rigapd; FO czu;Tk; nghWg;Gzu;r;rpAk;

jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nghWg;G gw;wp mr;rfj;jhu;fspd; kdg;ghq;F

fye;Jiuahly; itj;j tpjk;

kw;wth;fs; Ngr ,lkspj;j tpjk;

fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;

gad;ghL

ghl myF 03 : njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk; Nju;r;rpfSk;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4 : njhlu ;ghlYf ;fhd gy ;NtW cgfuzq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jk; Nju;r;rpia ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fspd; glq;fisj; jahu; nra;J tFg;gpw;Ff;

nfhz;L te;J fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;. my;yJ khztu;fisNa mtw;iwf;

nfhz;LtUk;gb Kd;$l;bNa mwpTWj;jTk;. mt;thW nfhz;Lte;j

tw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 2 : xt;nthU cgfuzkhfj; njupT nra;J nfhz;Lte;jtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jTk;.

gb 3 : vspikahd> gaDs;s xU fUtpnad Nke;jiy vwpitia cgNahfpf;f

KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;;fTk;.

gb 4 : Nke;jiy vwpitf;Fj; Njitahd CLfhl;bfis jahupf;Fk;

jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jdpj;jdpahff; fljhrpapy; jahhpf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.

100

ghl myF 04 : nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; ghtidAk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : nkhopapd; ,ay;G> mjd; gad;ghL> nkhopapd; njhlu;ghly;

tfpghfk; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthh;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : Vw;fdNt jahu; nra;J nfhz;l rpy thndhypr; nra;jpfis khztu;fs;nrtpkLf;f Vw;ghL nra;aTk;. mjpy; xd;whf fl;lhak; ,yq;if xypgug;Gf;$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; nra;jpia cl;gLj;jTk;.

gb 2 : xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; nra;jpia Vida thndhypr; nra;jpfSld;xg;gpl;L> kjpg;gPL nra;a khztu;fis topg;gLj;jTk;. Rje;jpukhff;fUj;Jj; njuptpf;f mtfhrk; toq;fTk;.

gb 3 : xt;nthU thndhypr; NritapdJk; nkhopg; ghtidapd; my;yJ Vw;G>kWg;G gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;f khztu;fis topg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 4 : nkhopia xU ehl;bd; jdpj;Jtr; rpd;dkhff; nfhs;s KbAkh? vd;gJgw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.

ghl myF 04 : nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; ghtidAk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : nkhopapd; gy;NtW gad;ghLfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahff;

fhl;Lthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : me;jNu rPdp rhg;gpl;l fijia Mf;fuPjpahf vOj khztu;fistopg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 2 : tpUk;gpa ,U khztu;fis tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd miof;fTk;. xUtu;fijiaf;$w kw;wtu; nrtpkLg;ghu;. nrtpkLg;gtu; gy Nfs;tpfisf;Nfl;L fUj;Jf;fs; $wp> fij $wypy; gq;F ngWthu;.

gb 3 : KO tFg;Gf;Fk; fijiaf; $w Kd;ghf khztu;fis Kd;Ndmiof;fTk;. mtUf;F fij $w ,lkspf;fTk;.

gb 4 : nrtpkLg;gtu;fspd; kdjpy; cupa tplak; glkhf tpOe;jjh? fij$Wgtu;; cly; nkhopfs; ifahz;lhuh? vd;W khztu;fsplk;tpdhtTk;.

gb 5 : me;jNu rPdp rhg;gpl;l fijia gw;wp tpku;rpf;f khztu;fistopg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 6 : xNu fijia gy;NtW tpjkhf Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ nkhopia ntt;NtWtpjkhf ifahs;jy; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;. mt;thW gytpjkhdcgNahfk; mtrpakhd xd;W vd tpsf;fTk;.

101

ghl myF 04 : nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; ghtidAk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 : gy;NtW Clfq;fs; nkhopiaf; ifahSk; Kiwfs;>

Nfhyq;fis xg;gPl;L uPjpahfg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghh;g;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 15 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; ghly; Nfl;L xU SMS (FWQ;nra;jp) vOJk; gb

xU khztid miof;fTk;.

gb 2 : Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jTk;. nra;jp vOJk; nghUj;jg;ghL

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 3 : etPd Clfj; njhopy;El;gq;fshy; nkhopg;ghtidapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s

rthy;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 4 : Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fs;> Mq;fpyky;yhj nkhopfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ

gw;wpAk; mtu;fs; etPd njhopy;El;gepiy rthiy vjpu;nfhs;stpy;iy

vdTk; jk; nrhe;j vOj;Jf;fis jhkhf gad;gLj;Jgtu;fNs ,j;jifa

rthiy vjpu;nfhs;thu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 5 : xU njhiyefy; mDg;g Mq;fpy vOj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> xU nra;jpiaj;

jahu; nra;aTk;.

gb 6 : mjid mLj;jtu;fSld; gupkhwp thrpf;fg; gz;zTk;.

ghl myF 04 : nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; ghtidAk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : ntF[d nkhopg; gad;ghl;L gyk;> gytPdk; gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : ehshe;j gj;jpupiffs; rpytw;iw tFg;Gf;Ff; nfhz;L tuTk;.

gb 2 : xt;nthU gj;jpupifapYk; cs;s gpujhd nra;jpj; jhspid gyifapy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk;gb khztu;fs; rpyiug; gzpf;fTk;.

gb 3 : xt;nthU jiyg;gpd; Mf;fj;jpwd; gw;wp tprhupf;fTk;.

gb 4 : mj;jiyg;Gf;fs; thrfu;fis vt;tsT J}uk; ftUk; vd;gijf;

fye;JiuahlTk;.

102

gb 5 : mr;nra;jpj; jiyg;Gf;fisAk; nra;jpfisAk; NtW tpjkhf vOJk;

gb xU Vw;ghl;il toq;fTk; (gpuNjr nkhopfspy;).

gb 6 : rpy xg;gilfis kl;Lk; tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fg; gz;zTk;.

gb 7 : gpuNjr nkhopfis Njrpa nra;jpfspy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ vd

fye;JiuahlTk;.

ghl myF 05 : nghJ kf;fs; njhlu;G

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : ,yq;ifia rpwg;ghff; nfhz;L> gykhd kf;fs;

njhlu;G vj;jifaJ vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : gz;bifj; jpdnkhd;wpy; tPl;Lf;F tUk; tpUe;jpdu;fisr; rpj;jpupf;ftfpghfNkw;wy; xd;iw Kd;itf;f khztu; FOnthd;iw topg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 2 : tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;f tPl;by; ,Ug;Nghu; eltbf;if vLf;Fk; tpjk;>gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;gpuNahfq;fs;> rkpf;iffs; gw;wp khztu;fSld;fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 3 : gz;ila r%fj;jpy; tPl;bd; Kd;gFjp tpUe;jpdu;fSf;nfd;Nw mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jijf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 4 : tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;Fk; gy;NtW rlq;F Kiwfs; ,Ue;jik gw;wpfye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 5 : tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;Fk; rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahb md;Wk;,d;Wk; vg;gb vd xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

ghl myF 05 : nghJ kf;fs; njhlu;G

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW

fUtpfs;> tpjq;fis guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : ghlrhiyapd; Clf tpohTf;;fhf rhd;wpjo;fs;> gupRfs;> fz;fhl;rp

elj;Jjy;> cgrupg;G eltbf;iffs;> xypgug;Gf; fUtpfs;> Nkilfsikg;G>Rtnul;b> gjhif Mfpa gy;NtW tplaq;fSf;fhf mDruiz toq;Ftjw;fhf rpy khztu;fis Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;.

gb 2 : ghlrhiy Clf mjpfhupfshf NtW rpy khztu;fis Vw;ghL

nra;aTk;.

103

gb 3 : Vida khztu;fis mtjhdpg;ghsu;fshfj; njhpT nra;aTk;.

gb 4 : mDruizahsu;fSld; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;. mbg;gil

epge;jidfs; Fwpj;J xUkpj;j fUj;Jf;F tUjy;. tu;j;jfu;fspd;

epge;jidfisf; fye;JiuahlTk;. Clfr; r%fj;Jf;F $ba ed;ikfs;

fpilf;Fk; tz;zk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 5 : fye;Jiuahly; gw;wp mtjhdpg;ghsu;fspd; fUj;ijg; ngwTk;.

gb 6 : kf;fs; njhlu;G mDruizahsu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mtu;fs;

mDruiz toq;Ftjhy; ed;kjpg;G mjpfupf;Fk; my;yJ tu;j;jf

tpUj;jpf;fhf vd;gijf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

ghl myF 05 : nghJ kf;fs; njhlu;G

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : kf;fs; njhlu;Gf;fhfg; gy;NtW Nju;r;rpfis ntspf;

fhl;Lthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : ehshe;j gj;jpupiffs; rpytw;iw tFg;gpy; gfpu;e;jspf;fTk;.

gb 2 : khztu;fs; FOf;fshf gj;jpupifia thrpj;J tpohf;fs;> jpwg;G

tpohf;fs;> guprspg;G tpohf;fs; Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wp gj;jpupifapy;

te;jpUf;Fk; nra;jpfis ,dq;fhz topg;gL;j;jTk;.

gb 3 : xt;nthU FOTk; xU nra;jpia cuj;J thrpf;fg; gz;zTk;.

gb 4 : Clff; fofj;jpy; Kd;dhy; eilngw;w my;yJ eilngwTs;s tpN\l

epfo;nthd;iwg; gw;wp> gj;jpupifr; nra;jpnahd;iw ntspapLtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 5 : njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU tplak; my;yJ gzp gw;wpa Xu; Clf mwptpg;igj;

jahu; nra;ag; gzpf;fTk;.

gb 6 : xt;nthU FOTk; jahupj;j Clf mwptpg;Gf;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j

topg;gL;j;jTk;. midj;J khztu;fSk; te;J mtw;iw thrpf;f

topg;gL;j;jTk;.

gb 7 : FOf;fspd; mwptpg;Gf;fis xd;W jpul;b> xNu mwptpg;ghfj; jahupj;J

mtw;iw midtUk; vOjpf;nfhs;s topg;gL;j;jTk;.

gb 8 : ,e;j mwpf;ifia Clfq;fSf;Fj; jghy; %yk; mDg;Gtjw;fhf

mtw;wpd; Kftupg; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahu; nra;J tUkhW Xu; xg;gil

toq;fTk;.

104

ghl myF 05 : nghJ kf;fs; njhlu;G

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.4 : kf;fs; njhlu;G epfo;r;rpnahd;iwj; jpl;lkpLk; gbKiw

fisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : ghlrhiyapd; Clf tpohnthd;W elj;JtJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 2 : mt;tpohtpy; gq;Fngwr; nra;Ak; kw;Wk; ftdj;ijg; ngw tpUk;Gk;

gpuptpdu; ahu; vd;gijg; gyifapy; vOj khztu;fis topg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 3 : me;j tpohTf;F mjpjpfis miof;f Ntz;Lkh? ,y;iyah? vd;gijj;

jPu;khdpf;f khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;. gpujk mjpjpapd;

gad; ahJ? fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 4 : ghlrhiy Clhf tpohtpy; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s gpujhd Clftpayhsu;fis

mioj;J ghuhl;L toq;FtJ vt;tsT gaDs;sJ vd;W fye;Jiu

ahlTk;.

gb 5 : mt;thW toq;fg;gl Ntz;batu;fs; ahu;? vd;w gl;baypy; Fiwe;jJ

Itupd; ngau; mlq;fpajhf jahupf;fg; gz;zTk;.

gb 6 : me;j Itu; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;l Xu; Vw;ghl;il toq;fTk;.

ghl myF 06 : Clff; fyhrhuk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; ,ay;G> Njit> guty; vd;gtw;iw

tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : ,d;iwa ,isQu;fspd; [duQ;rfkhd elj;ij Nfhyq;fs; rpytw;iw

gyifapy; vOj topg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 2 : xt;nthU elj;ijAk; Vd; mtu;fSf;F Kf;fpakhf mikfpd;wJ vdf;

fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 3 : mj;jifa elj;ijfs; mtu;fis te;jile;jJ ve;j topahf vd;gijf;

fye;JiuahlTk;. mJ ntF[d Clfj;jhy; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 4 : mj;jifa elj;ijfis ,isQu;fspilNa ];jhgpg;gjw;fhd Njit>

ntF[d Clfq;fSf;F Vw;glf; fhuzk; vJ vd;gijf; fye;Jiu

ahlTk;.

105

gb 5 : ntF[d Clfj;jpd; gpd;dzpapYs;s tu;j;jf r%fj;jpduhy;

,isQu;fspd; elj;ij ifahsg;gLtJ> tu;j;jf Nehf;fq;fis epiw

Ntw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfntdf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 6 : ntF[d Clfq;fspy; tUk; gy;NtW elj;ijfs; kpfTk; ftu;r;rp

fukhdJ vd;Wk; mit Gwf;fzpf;f Kbahjgb Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ

vd;gijAk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 7 : r%f elj;ijiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; rkak;> fy;tp> kuGfs;> gof;f

tof;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpl> Clfk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtij

cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 8 : kf;fs; tho;f;ifia ifahSk; mjpfhuk; Clfj;jpdhy; ifg;gw;wg;

gl;Ls;sik> Clff; fyhrhuk; Njhd;wf; fhuzk; vd;gij cWjpg;

gLj;jTk;.

ghl myF 06 : Clff; fyhrhuk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; gutiyAk; mjd; fl;likg;igAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : r%f elj;ijfspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtJ njhlu;ghd fl;Liufs; my;yJ

nra;jpfs; mlq;fpa gj;jpupiffs; rpytw;iw tFg;gpy; nfhz;L te;J>

FOf;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

gb 2 : mj;jifa khw;wq;fs; epfOk; ,ay;G gw;wp> xU fye;Jiuahliy

Nkw; nfhs;sTk;.

gb 3 : me;j xt;nthU fl;Liur; nra;jpfspD}lhf Vw;gl;Ls;s elj;ij

khw;wq;fis ,dq;fz;L> gl;baypl FOf;fis topg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 4 : Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fis Kd;itf;f FOf;fSf;F Neuk; toq;fTk;.

gb 5 : njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy khw;wq;fis gyifapy; gl;bayplTk;.

gb 6 : mj;jifa khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;j tpjk; gw;wpAk; mjpy; Clfq;fspd;

njhlu;G gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

106

ghl myF 06 : Clff; fyhrhuk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : Clff; fyhrhuj;jpd; nry;thf;if xg;gpl;L> rkepiyapy;

tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : xU thndhypg; ngl;bia ,af;fp> nkhopiaf; nfhr;irg;gLj;Jk; Gjpaghly; xd;iwr; nrtpkLf;f Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;.

gb 2 : me;jg; ghlypy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s Ngr;Rj; jkpo; gw;wpa xU fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

gb 3 : me;jg; ghlypy; nkhopapd; fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;G gw;wp fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 4 : kuG uPjpahd r%fj;jpy; mj;jifa fyhrhu Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;Ls;smjpu;Tfspd; ,ay;G gw;wp fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 5 : me;j thndhyp vj;jifa r%fj;ijg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gijf;fye;JiuahlTk;.

gb 6 : fyhrhug; gupkhw;wj;jpdhy; xU fyhrhuk; nrwptiltJld; fyhrhuMf;fpukpg;gpdhy; fyhrhuk; fLikahf khw;wj;Jf;Fl;gLtijAk;tpsf;fTk;.

ghl myF 06 : Clff; fyhrhuk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.4 : Clff; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fk; re;ijf;FkpilNaAs;s

,ilj;njhlu;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL 01 : Neuk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

gb 1 : rpy gj;jpupiffis khztupfspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fTk;

gb 2 : mtw;wpd; tpsk;guq;fs; gw;wpa Xu; Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;s mwpTWj;jy;toq;fTk;. mjpy; tpsk;guq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk;> mJgj;jpupifapd; nkhj;j ,lj;jpd; tpfpjk;> tpsk;guj;;jpd; msTfs;> tpsk;gujhuu;fs;> tpsk;guq;fspd; cs;slf;fk;> tpsk;guq;fspd ,ay;G> tpsk;gucj;jp> Mf;fj;jpwd;> epwq;fs; vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

gb 3 : Xu; mwpf;if jahupj;J tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;Fk;gb FOf;fistopg;gLj;jTk;.

gb 4 : xU ngupa tpsk;guj;ij khztu;fspd; tpUg;gg;gb njupT nra;Jnfhs;sTk;.

gb 5 : mjidg; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> Clfk; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk;nry;thf;iff; fye;JiuahlTk;.

107

ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;

Nju;r;rp 1.0 (ghlg;gug;G – njhlh;ghlw; fw;ifg; gpuNtrk;)

FO xg;gil: ghlrhiyapd; njhlh;ghly; gzpfis ,uz;L kzpj;jpahyq;

fspy; Muha;e;J mwpf;ifaplTk;.

jdp xg;gil: njhlu;ghly; tiffs;> njhlu;ghly; tpjq;fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd

vd;w tpjj;jpy; Xu; cUit A .3 jhspy; tiuaTk;.

Nju;r;rp 2.0 (ghlg;gug;G – njhlu;ghlYk;> r%fKk;;)

FO xg;gil: gj;Jg; Ngu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb njhlu;ghlYf;Fk;>

r%fj;Jf;F kpilNaAs;s njhlu;igg; gw;wp mtu;fsJ

fUj;ijAk; mJ gw;wpa xU kjpg;gPl;ilAk; cs;slf;fj;jpy;

Xu; mwpf;if jahupf;fTk;.

jdp xg;gil: gj;Jg; Ngu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb njhlu;ghly; Vd; Njitg;

gLfpwJ vd;gJ gw;wpa mtu;fsJ fUj;ijAk; mJ gw;wpa

kjpg;gPl;ilAk; mwpf;ifaplTk;.

Nju;r;rp 3.0 (ghlg;gug;G – nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; ghtidAk;)

FO xg;gil: CLfhl;bj; jhs;fs; ehd;fpidg; gad;gLj;jp Nke;jiy vwpit

Clhf xU Kd;itg;igr; nra;aTk;.

jdp xg;gil: ehd; ahu;? vd;w jiyg;gpy; 4 gf;fq;fspy; fl;Liu vOJf.

Nju;r;rp 4.0 (ghlg;gug;G – nkhopAk; ntF[d Clfg; ghtidAk;)

FO xg;gil: gz;giy (F.M) thndhyp miytupirfs; %d;wpd; nra;jpf

Sld; ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; nra;jpia xg;gpl;L

Xu; mwpf;if jahu; nra;f. cjhuzk; fhl;b mwpf;ifia

tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.

jdp xg;gil: xU gj;jpupifapypUe;J mgptpUj;jprhu; nra;jpnahd;iwj; njupT

nra;J> mjid thndhypr; nra;jpia khw;wp vOJf.

Nju;r;rp 5.0 (ghlg;gug;G – kf;fs; njhlu;G)

FO xg;gil: jpUkz itgtnkhd;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kf;fs; njhlu;G

Kiwfs; (gioa> Gjpa) gw;wp Muha;e;J Xu; mwpf;if

jahupf;Ff.

108

jdp xg;gil: xU itj;jparhiy> murhq;ff; fhupahyak;> xU tu;j;jf

tq;fp> xU $l;;LwTf; fpis> xU Glitf;fil> NjdPu;f;fil

Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,uz;L ,lq;fisj; njhpT nra;J> mtw;wpy;

kf;fs; njhlu;G nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij xg;gpl;L mwpf;ifapLf.

Nju;r;rp 6.0 (ghlg;gug;G – Clff; fyhrhuk;)

FO xg;gil: ,U tNahjpg cwtpdu;fSld; ciuahb> mtu;fspd; rpW

guhaj;jpy; ,Ue;jij tpl ,d;iwa r%fj;jpd; gof;f

tof;fq;fs;> cil mzpfs;> czT> ghdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy;

fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; khw;wkile;Js;s tpjj;ijAk; me;j

khw;wj;jpy; ntF[d Clfj;jpd; gq;ifAk; fhl;Lk; mwpf;if

nahd;iwj; jahhpf;fTk;.

jdp xg;gil: njhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guq;fs; Ie;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mtw;iw

Muha;e;J mit kf;fSf;F toq;Fk; nra;jpiaAk; Cf;Ftpg;G

cj;jpfisAk; gw;wpa xU tpku;rd uPjpahd mwpf;if jahupf;f.

mwpTWj;jy;fs;

1. khztu;fspd; xg;gilapd; xU gpujpia ghlrhiy E}yfj;jpy; my;yJ Clfg;

gpuptpy; my;yJ tFg;G E}yfj;jpy; itf;fTk;. mLj;j tUlq;fspy; tUk;

khztu;fs; mjidg; gbf;f Vw;ghL nra;aTk;.

2. Njitahdgb ,t;nthg;gilfs;> nraw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpd; jiyg;Gfis

khw;wpf;nfhs;s Mrpupau;fSf;F KbAk;.

(Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4 – 3 Gs;spfs;> Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ijtplf; FiwT 2 – 1 vd;wtifapy; Gs;spfs; toq;fTk;.)

109

gpd;dpizg;G

1. cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy; Xu; Clff; fofj;ij Muk;gpf;fTk;.

gpd;dzp

njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clfr; nraw;ghLfs; Kd;ndg;;NghJkpy;yhj tifapy; ,d;iwa

r%fj;jpy; mjpf nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;JtJld; mr; nry;thf;F ehSf;F ehs;

mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tijAk; fhzyhk;. njhlu;ghly; Clf epWtdq;fs;

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ghupa epWtdq;fshf ,Ug;gJld; mtw;wpd; nry;thf;fpypUe;J

xUtUk; tpLgl KbahJ vd;w epiyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> njhlu;ghly;

Clfq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iwj; njupT nra;J Gupe;J

nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njitahd Nghjidfis khztu;fSf;F toq;FtJ fy;tpj;

njhFjpapd; flikahFk;. kWGwkhfj; njhlu;ghlw; Nju;r;rp ,y;yhky; jkJ jdpg;gl;l

tho;f;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;GtJk; nfhz;L elj;JtJk; $l Kbahj fhupakhf

cs;sJ. vdNt> xU tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpahf njhlu;ghlw; Nju;r;rpia mikj;Jf;

nfhs;tJ mj;jpahtrpakhAs;sJ. NkYk;> Mf;fj;jpwd; tha;e;j khztu;fSk;

Mrpupau;fSk; njhlu;ghly; Clfr; #oy; %yk; gy ed;ikfis mile;J nfhs;s

KbAk;. ghlrhiy Clff; fofj;ij mikg;gjd; Nehf;fk; mJthFk;.

xU ghlrhiyapd; rhjhuz my;yJ cau; juj;jpy; njhlu;ghlYk; Clff;

fy;tpAk; vd;w ghlj;ij fw;gjhapd;> mg;ghlrhiyapy; Xu; Clff; fofj;ij mikj;J

eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfSf;F rkhe;jukhf

nra;Kiwg; gzpfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ghlrhiy Clff; fofk; mtrpak;.

ghlrhiy Clfr; fofj;jpd; cj;Njr mikg;igg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.

cs;sff; FO ntspaff; FO

1. Ma;T kw;Wk; Njlw; nraw;jpl;lk;

2. jpwd; tpUj;jpr; nraw;jpl;lk;

3. ,uridr; nraw;jpl;lk;

4. Mf;fr; nraw;jpl;lk;

5. kf;fs; njhlu;ghlw; nraw;jpl;lk;

6. rkhjhd njhlu;ghlw; nraw;jpl;lk;

7. mdu;;j;;j / Mgj;Jj; njhlu;ghlw; nraw;jpl;lk;

jiytu;

cgjiytu;

nrayhsu;

gp.nrayhsu;

nraw; FO

gpujhd mikg;ghsu;

nraw;wpl;l

xOq;fikg;ghsu;fs;

nghUshsu;

gpujpg; nghUshsu;

110

(01) cs;sff; FOClff; fofj;jpd; cr;rj;jpy; cs;s newpg;gLj;Jk; FONt ,g; ngauhy;

miof;fg;gLk;. mjd; gpujhdp mjpguhthu;. fy;tp mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; nghWg;ghd

gpujp mjpgu;> Clff; fofg; nghWg;ghrpupau;fs; ,jpy; mq;fk; tfpg;gu;. mjw;F

Nkyjpfkhf Mrpupau;fisAk; ngw;Nwhu;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. mjpgUf;F

KbAk;. cjhuzkhf rq;fPj> rpj;jpu> eld Mrpupau;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

,t;thW cs;sff;FO ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;bUj;jy; mjd;

eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj;Jk;. cjhuzkhf Clff;fofj;jpd; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;

rhu;e;jjhf Mrpupau;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; mjd; xt;nthU nraw;jpl;lj;jpd;

eltbf;iffis ,yFthf Nkw;nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. cs;sff; FOtpd;

gzpfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gL;j;jyhk;.

1. Clff; fof eltbf;if njhlu;ghd ,Wjpj; jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;

2. tUlhe;j jpl;lkplypd; ,Wjp mq;fPfhuj;ij toq;jy;

3. Clff; fofj;jpd; gzpfis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;stjw;Fj; Njitahd

MNyhridfis toq;Fjy;.

4. jUzj;Jf;Nfw;g mDkjpfis toq;Fjy;.

5. Clff; foff; $l;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wy;

6. Clff; fofj;jpd; ntspaf eltbf;iffisj; njhlu;GgLj;jy;.

7. mjpgu; tpUk;Gk; Vida <LghLfs;.

(02) ntspaff; FO

Clff; fofj;jpd; eltbf;iffisr; nrt;tNd epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ntspaf

mDruiziag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ ntspaff; FOtpdJ / mikg;Gf;fspd;

Nehf;fkhFk;. ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; Xu; Clff; fofj;ij elj;Jk; NghJ gy;NtW

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd mDruiz

NjitahFk;. cjhuzkhf xU epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;fhd gapw;rpahsu; xUtiug;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> khehL xd;Wf;F Ngr;rhsu; xUtiu ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> Nghl;b

epfo;Tf;fhd rhd;wpjo;fisg; gpuRupj;jy;> tpN\l Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpf;fhd gjhif

nahd;iwj; jahupj;jy;> Clf tpohTf;fhd tpUJfis Mf;fpf; nfhs;sy;

Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;. ,j;jifa Njitfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ mDruizahsu;fisj;

Njb miya Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gLk;. ,e;jr; rpukj;jpypUe;J tpLgl> ghlrhiy

Clff;; fofj;jpd; eyd; tpUk;gpfs; rpyiu fofj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sy; ntspafr; r%fj;jpd; mikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jw;fhf gpd;

tUgtu;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf ,dq;fz;L nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

1. gioa khzt> khztpfs;

2. ngw;Nwhu;

3. ,yf;fpa thjpfs;/ fiyQu;fs;

4. mwpQu;fs;

5. Clf cupikahsu;fs;> Clftpayhsu;fs;

6. tu;j;jfu;fs;

7. mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;

8. mur> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdg; gpujpepjpfs;

9. Kd;ida Mrpupau;fs;> mjpgu;fs;

10. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

111

ntspaff; FOit gpd;tUkhW mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;

1. ntspaff; FOit mikg;gjw;fhd xU FOit Clff; fofj;jpy; ,Ue;J

njupT nra;J nfhs;sTk;.

2. mf;FO $b nghUj;jkhd jdpahl;fs; my;yJ epWtdq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj;

jahupj;jy;.

3. mg;gl;baiy Clff; fofg; nghWg;ghrpupahplk; fhl;b> fye;Jiuahb jpUj;jpa

ikj;J Muk;g mq;fPfhuj;ij ngwy;.

4. mjpguplk; gl;baiyf; nfhLj;J mq;fPfhuk; ngwy;.

5. gl;baypy; cs;stu;fspd;> epWtdq;fspd; jfty;fis KbAkhd msT jpul;bf;

nfhs;sTk;. mtw;Ws; cupatupd;

ngau;> nrhe;j Kftup> cj;jpNahf Kftup> njhiyefy; Kftup

gjtp> Jiw

njhiyNgrp vz;

ghlrhiyAld; cs;s njhlu;G

NtW nghUj;jkhd jfty;fs; - cs;slq;f Ntz;Lk;

6. jahupf;fg;gl;l tpgukhd Mtzj;ij Clff; fofg; nghWg;ghrpupahplk; / mjpgup;lk;

xU Nfhg;gpy; ,l;L> vOj;J %y mq;fPfhuk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.

7. mg; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;stu;fSf;F xU fbjk; vOjy;. mjw;F mjpgupd;

mq;fPfhuk; ngwg;gl;lik> Clff; fofj;jpy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lik> xj;Jiog;G

Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wik Nghd;w tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;

8. Clff; fofj;jpd; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l tUlhe;jj; jpl;lkplypd; gpujpnahd;iwAk;

fbjj;Jld; mtu;fSf;F mDg;Gjy;.

9. Clff; foff; $l;lj;jpd; RUf;f mwpf;iffs;> vjpu;fhyj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;w

tw;iwAk; mDg;gTk;.

10 . ........................................................................................

,t;thW ntspaff; FOit> njhlu;e;J tpopg;G+l;ly; nra;tjd; %yk; mtu;fspilNa

Clff; fof eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa Xu; Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. mjdbg;gilapy;

Clff; fofj;Jf;F jd;dhy; KbAkhd gq;fspg;ig nra;a Kd; tUgtu;> mj;Jld;

gy cjtpfisf; Nfl;L vOjTk; Clf r%fj;Jf;F KbAk;. ,q;F tpN\lkhff;

Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba tplak; ahnjdpy;> ntspaff; FOit ,izf;Fk; gzpia

cs;sff; FONt nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. vdNt> ve;j xU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;

Clff; fof Copau;> cs;sff; FOtpd; mDkjp ngwhJ ntspaff; FO

mq;fj;jtu;fSld; vt;tpjj; njhlu;igAk; nfhs;sf; $lhJ. mDg;Gk; fbjq;fspYk;

mjpgu;/ Clff; fofg; nghWg;ghrpupahplk; mDkjp ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(03) jiytu; / gpujpj; jiytu; / cg jiytu;

Clf r%f jiytu;fspd; Kf;fpa gzp $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;FtjhFk;.

kw;Wk; fbjj;jpy; ifnahg;gkplTk; Ntz;Lk;. jiytu; fofj;jpd; tUlhe;j

jpl;lkpliyj; jahupj;J nghJr; rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyapy;

cs;sff; FOit cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf ,izj;jYk; ,tu;fs; nghWg;ghFk;. Clff;

fofj;;jpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp Njbg;ghu;g;gJk;> tplaq;fisj; jp;l;lkpLtJk;

xOq;fikg;gJk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJk; ,tu;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;. Clf tpoh>

And];Nfh Clfj; jpdk;> Clf Ntiyg; gapw;rp thuk; vd;gtw;iw eilKiwg;

gLj;jy; jiytupd; gzpahFk;.

112

(4) nrayhsu; / ,izr; nrayhsu; / gpujpr; nrayhsu; / cjtpr; nrayhsu;

Clfr; r%f nrayhsu; mzpapd; gpujhd gzp Clff; fofj;;jpd; Mtzq;fis

cupa Kiwapy; NgZtjhFk;. mtw;wpy; mwpf;ifg; Gj;jfq;fs;> mwptpg;Gf;fs;>

mwptpj;jy; gyif vd;gd gpujhdkhFk;. $l;lq;fSf;F mioj;jy;> Kd;ida

$l;l mwpf;iffs; rku;g;gpj;jy;> $l;lq;fspy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l mwptpj;jy;fis

tpLj;jy;> $l;l mwptpj;jy;fis mwptpj;jw; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;> mq;fPfhuk;

ngw;W Clff; fye;Jiuahly; elj;Jjy;> kf;fs; njhlu;G eltbf;iffisj;

jpl;lkply;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> Clff; fofj;jpd; ngau;g;gyifiag; Ngzy;>

mq;fj;Jt milahs ml;il> ,yr;rpid vd;gd ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;> Clfr;

r%fj;jpd; fPjj;ijg; ghlg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; vd;gdTk; nrayhsu; / Mszpapd;

flikahFk;. ,tu;fs; jkJ flikfisr; nra;Ak;NghJ fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;JtJ

kpfTk; rpwe;jJ.

(5) nghUshsu; / gpujpg; nghUshsu; / cjtpg; nghUshsu;

Clff; fofj;jpd; mq;fj;Jtg; gzk; Nrfupj;jy;> epjp Nrfupg;G cl;gl gzk;>

nrhj;J njhlu;ghd midj;Jg; gzpfSk; nghUshsu; Mszpapd; flikfshFk;.

fzf;NfLfis cupa Kiwapy; Ngzy;> gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fs; toq;Fjy;> Nrfupf;fg;gl;l

tw;iw gpujhd nghUshsuhf ,Uf;Fk; Mrpupahplk; xg;gilj;jy; my;yJ Clff;

foff; fzf;fpy; ,lYk;> gzk;> nrhj;Jf;fs; rhu;e;j midj;J Mtzq;fis

Kd;itj;jy;> jpl;lkply; vd;gdTk; nghUshsu; mtu;fspd;; nghWg;Gf;fshFk;.

,tw;wpw;fhf fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;JtJ rpwg;ghdJ.

(6) nraw; FO

Clff; fofj;jpd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; tFg;Gf;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;

tifapy; Mz;> ngz; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy; nraw;FO mikf;fg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Clfr; r%fj;jpd; cj;jpNahfg;G+h;t fye;Jiu

ahly;fspy; gq;Fgw;wy;> jkJ thf;if mspg;gjd; %yk; Clff; foff; $l;lj;jpy;

jkJ fUj;ijj; njuptpj;jy;> mq;fj;Jt tpz;zg;gq;fis mq;fPfupj;jy;> fofj;jpd;

,ilf;fhyj; jPu;khdq;fis mKy;gLj;Jjy; nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fspd; flikahFk;.

mj;Jld; midj;Jr; nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fSk; VjhtJ xU nraw;jpl;lg; gzp

fSld; Neubahfj; njhlu;Ggl;bUg;gJld; jhd; gzpahw;Wk; nraw;jpl;lj;ij

nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; mwptpj;J> mjw;fhd mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;.

(7) gpujhd mikg;ghsh; / gpujp mikg;ghsu;

,g;gjtpfs; Neubahf Clff; fofj;jpd; nraw;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJld;

njhlu;Ggl;lit. mjhtJ VO nraw;jpl;lq;fspd; gzpfis cupa Kiwapy;

newpg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; gpujhd gpujpaikg;ghsu;fs; tif$w Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU

tUlj;jpYk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT nraw;jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gpd;>

mjd; nfsutKk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iynadpd; mjd; nghWg;Gk;

,tu;fisNa rhUk;.

113

(8) nraw;wpl;l mikg;ghsu; / gpujp mikg;ghsu;

xt;nthU nraw;wpl;lj;Jf;Fk; mikg;ghsu; kw;Wk; gpujp mikg;ghsu; epakpg;gJk;Clff; fofj;jpd; nghJf; $l;lj;jpd; NghJ eilngWk;. mtu;fsJ gpujhd gzp.nghWg;Gf;fs; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; tUlhe;j jpl;lkpliyj; jahupj;J eilKiwg;gLj;JtjhFk;. me;j tUlj;jpy; Nghjpa msT nraw;jpl;l eilKiw ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gpd; mJ njhlu;ghd nfsutKk;> nraw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iynadpd; mjw;fhdnghWg;Gk; mtiuNa rhUk;. nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; tUlhe;jj; jpl;lj;ij jahupj;JClff; foff; $l;lj;jpy; mDkjp ngwYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jj; Njitahdcjtpfis toq;FtJk;> newpg;gLj;jYk; ,tu;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;.

(9) nraw;wpl;l mq;fj;Jtk;

Clff; fofj;jpd; fPo;> VO nraw;wpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mjw;fhfepue;jukhd mq;fj;jtu;fisr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mt;thW Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;shjpUf;fTk; KbAk;. Clff; fofj;jpd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; mJ eilngWk;. epue;ju mq;fj;jtu; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; Clff; fofcWg;gpdu; vtUf;Fk; nraw;wpl;ljpy; ,ize;J nraw;gl KbAk;. ,jd; fUj;Jnraw;wpl;l mq;fj;Jtk; vd;gJ xU jpwe;j tplak; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j Vw;ghl;Lf;fhdfhuzk; epue;ju mq;fj;;Jtk; ,y;yhjpUe;Jk; VjhtJ nra;af;$ba Mw;wy;cs;stu;fisr; nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjhFk;.

10.1 Ma;T kw;Wk; Njly; nraw;wpl;lk;

Clff; fofj;jpd; fPo; cs;s KjyhtJ nraw;jpl;lk;> epUthfk;> Ma;Tj; Njly;vd;w gpuNahfq;fs; rupe;J fLikahdjhff; Njhd;wTk; $Lk;. kpfj; njspthdMa;T kw;Wk; Njlypy; <Lgl Clff; fofj;jpdhy; KbAk;. Ma;T> Njly; %yk;Gj;jwpT Vw;gLk;. ghlrhiyapy; Gj;jwpitj; NjLk; rpwpa Ma;T kw;Wk; Njly;fspd;Clff; fof mq;fj;jtu;fis <LgLj;Jtjd; %yk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ghupaMuha;tpidr; nra;Ak; mbg;gil mDgtj;ij mtu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tu;. ghlrhiykl;lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jf; $ba vspikahd Muha;rp> kw;Wk; Njly;fs;gpd;tUkhW:

ghlrhiyapy; gj;jpupif thrpg;gJ njhlu;ghd Xu; Ma;T ghlrhiy khztu;fspilNa [duQ;rkhfTs;s gj;Jg; ghly;fis ,dq;fhZk;

Xu; Ma;T fpuhkpa tPLfspy; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> gj;jpupif vd;gtw;wpd; ghtid

njhlu;ghd xU Njly; fpuhkf; filapy; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; gj;jpupifia thrpg;gtu;fisg; gw;wp Xu;

Ma;T ghlrhiy E}yfj;jpy; thrpg;gtu;fs; gw;wpa Xu; Ma;T khztu;fs; fw;wYf;fhfj; njhiyf;fhl;rpia gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd Xu;

Ma;T

Xu; Ma;it my;yJ Njliyr; nra;Ak; NghJ FOthf ,Ug;gJ kpfTk; gaDilaJ.mjd; %yk; Ntiyfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhz;L ,yFthfr; nra;a KbAk;. Ma;Tmy;yJ Njlypd; KbTfis Clff; fofj;jpy; Kd;itg;gJ rpwe;jJ. mjd; %yk;mjpy; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw midtUk; njupe;J nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G Vw;gLk;. mj;Jld;Ma;twpf;ifapd; gpujpfis Ma;T mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk;gpujpfis E}yfk;> cs;sf> ntspaff; FOf;fSf;F toq;FtJk; nghUj;jkhdJ.,q;F mwpf;if vd;gJ mjpfkhd gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l Mtzkhf vjpu;ghh;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. kpfTk; RUf;fkhf ,Ue;jhy; NghJkhdJ.

114

10.2 jpwd; tpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lk;

,r; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> Clff; fof mq;fj;jtu;fspd; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tij

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l gy;NtW gapw;rp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis elj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;

gLfpwJ. gapw;rp newpfspd; fhyk; vt;tsT vd;gij jPu;f;fkhff; $w KbahJ.

mJ rpy kzpj;jpahyq;fshf my;yJ rpy ehl;fshf mikayhk;. Njitiag;

nghWj;Jk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; rhj;jpaj;ijg; nghWj;Jk; fhyj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;. mjpgupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy;> maw; ghlrhiyapd; Clff; fof

mq;fj;jtu;fisAk; ,j;jifa gapw;rp newpfspy; fye;J nfhs;sr; nra;ayhk;.

Clff; fofj; jiytu;fspilNa tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba epfo;Tfisj;

jpl;ltl;lkhff; $w KbahJ. mjidg; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fSk; fofKk; jPu;khdpf;Fk;.

rpy cjhuzq;fis toq;f KbAk;.

nra;jpr; Nrfupg;G gw;wpaJ

epow;glk; vLg;gJ

eifr;Rit ebg;G

fhl;^d; Mf;fk;

ftpij vOJjy;

rpW fij vOJjy;

Rtu;g;gj;jpupif Mf;fk;

mwptpg;ghsu; EZf;fq;fs;

nra;jpg; gjpg;ghf;fk;

.........................................

jpwd; tpUj;jpg; gapw;rpfs; elj;Jk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ,U gpur;rpidfSz;L. xd;W

nghUj;jkhd tsthsu;fisg; ngWtJ. ,uz;lhtJ Njitahd cgfuzq;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ. ,jw;fhf mjpgupd; cjtpAld; ntspaff; FOtpd; gq;fspg;igg;

ngw KbAk;. ntspaf cjtpiag; ngWtjhdhy; gapw;rpnewp gw;wpa G+uz tpsf;fk;>

cj;Njrr; nryT vd;gtw;iw Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gapw;rpnewp Kbtpy; Clff;

fofj;jpd; ngaupy; rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;gLtJ rpwe;jJ. mj;Jld; gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fspd;

jpwikfisf; fhl;Lk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

10.3 Mf;fr; nraw;wpl;lk;

Clff; fof mq;fj;Jt khzt> khztpfspd; gy;NtW Mf;fj; jpwd;fis

Kd;itf;Fk; gy;NtW epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtNj ,jd; %yk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Xtpaf; fz;fhl;rp elj;Jjy;

fhl;^d; fz;fhl;rp

Gifg;glf; fz;fhl;rp

rpWfijg; Gj;jfnkhd;wpidg; gpuRupj;J ntspaply;

gj;jpupif mr;rbj;J ntspaply;

Rtu;gj;jpupif jahupj;Jf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;

,ir epfo;r;rpnahd;iw elj;Jjy;

ghlrhiy thndhypr; Nritnahd;iw elj;Jjy;

115

Mf;fg; gzpfisj; jpl;lkpLtJ Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ tiu rpy fhyk;

vLf;fyhk;. MapDk;> rpwe;j Xu; Mf;fj;ij Kd;itj;jNy Kf;fpak;. mjw;fhd

xU nryTk; Vw;gLk;. mjid vt;thW <Lnra;tJ vd;gijAk; tpN\lkhfj;

jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf Gj;jfk; ntspapLk;NghJ mjid tpw;gid

nra;J gzk; ngwyhk;. MapDk;> mr;rbf;Fk; nryit Muk;gj;jpNyNa nra;a

Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. mjw;fhd xU Kiwia Nahrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNtjhd;

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;j rpwpJ fhyk; vLf;Fk;. ,r;nraw;ghl;by;

<LgLk; xUtu; my;yJ FO ,jw;fhd jpl;lj;ijj; jPl;l Ntz;Lk;. ngw;Nwhu;fspd;

cjtpiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.

10.4 ,uridr; nraw;wpl;lk;

,urid vd;gJ tho;f;ifapd; xU Njit. Clfq;fspd; gpujhd gzpahf

mike;jpUg;gJ ,urpfu;fSf;Fj; jpUg;jpaspf;Fk; tplaq;fis Kd;itg;gjhFk;.

MapDk;> mtu;fs; gadhspf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,uridf;F topg;gLfpd;whu;fsh

vd;w Nfs;tp vOk;GfpwJ. ey;ytw;iw ,urpf;fg; gofptpl;lhy; Nkhrkhdtw;iw

Gwf;fzpf;fg; goFtu;. mg;gof;fk; rpW tajpypUe;Nj Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt

ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,t;tpjkhd ,urid czu;it Vw;gLj;jTk;>

tpku;rpf;fTk; gof Ntz;Lk;. ,urid Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj; jpl;lkpLtjpy; ,uz;L

gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl KbAk;. ey;yJ nfl;lijg; gpupj;jwpAk; jpwid

mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F toq;FtNj ,JthFk;. ,e; Nehf;fj;ij ,urid epfo;r;rpfspd;

NghJ epiwNtw;w KbAk;. Clfq;fspy; kypthd ,urid njhlu;e;J fpilg;gjdhy;

mjd; gz;Gj; juj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tJ Kf;fpak;. ,urid epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd

khjpupfs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

E}yfj;jpy; Gj;jfq;fs; rpytw;iw thrpj;J ,urpj;jy;

ey;y ghly;fis ,urpj;jy;

ey;y njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fis ,urpj;jy;

kypthd ,urid ehlfj;ijg; ghu;j;J tpku;rpj;jy;

nghUj;jkw;w xU ghly; ,Wtl;il Nfl;L tpku;rpj;jy;

eldkhLtjw;fhd ghlYf;Fk; rpe;jpg;gjw;fhd ghlYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghl;il tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

njhiyf;fhl;rp ,ir epfo;r;rpnahd;iwg; gw;wp tpku;rpj;J> ,urid

epfo;r;rpia elj;Jk; NghJ mq;fj;jth;fshf khztu;fisAk; Nru;;j;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;. ,jd; %yk; ghlrhiyapy; cau; ,uridAzu;itj;

Njhw;Wtpf;f KbAk;.

9.5 r%fj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;wpl;lk;

,J ghlrhiyapy; xU Gjpa tplakhFk;. kf;fs; vd;gjhy; tpsf;fg;gLtJ ahu;

vd;gij Kjypy; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyf;Fupatu;fs; vd;gjpy;

Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; mlq;Ftu;. ghlrhiyapd; mz;kpa r%fkhf ngw;Nwhu;

cs;sdu;. r%fj;jpy; xU elj;ij khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJk; r%fj; njhlu;ghlyhFk;.

nghJthf r%fj;jpy; elj;ij khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j cgNahfpf;Fk; Kiw mjpfhug;

gpuNahfkhFk;. mjpy; jz;lidAk; mlq;Fk;. MapDk;> mjpfhug; gpuNahfj;jpdhy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; elj;ij khw;wk; epue;jukhf mikahJ. vdNt> cz;ikahd

elj;ij khw;wj;ij> r%fj;jpd; rpe;jid khw;wj;jpdhy; kl;LNk Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.

116

mjd; %yk; Gjpa vz;zf;fUj;Jf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f KbAk;. mjw;fhf ve;jKiwiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; $w KbahJ. xUtUf;Fg;nghUe;Jk;Kiw> kw;nwhUtUf;Fg; nghUe;jhjpUf;fyhk;. vdNt> ghlrhiyr;r%fk; gw;wp ed;F Ma;e;j gpd;dNu njhlu;ghly; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ve;j elj;ij khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gijr;rupahf ,dq;fz;l gpd;du; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. rpy cjhuzq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

ghlrhiyfspy; tyJ gf;fj;jhy; elf;fg; gof;Fjy; gbfspy; VWk;NghJ tyJ gf;fj;jhy; Vwg; gof;Fjy; Mq;fhq;Nf Jg;Gk; gof;fj;ij ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; fopTfis cupa ,lj;jpy; ,Ltjw;F gof;Fjy; tFg;gpy; EioAk;> tFg;gpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; Ntisfspy; xOq;fhd

elj;ijia Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

r%fj; njhlu;ghly; epfo;r;rp Vidatw;iwtpl rw;Wr; rpukkhdJ. elj;ij khw;wk;vd;gJ ,yFthd tplakd;W. vdpDk;> xU FO jk; Kaw;rpiar; rupahfmwpf;ifapl;lhy; kw;wf; FO mt;tplj;jpy; ,Ue;J Muk;gpf;fyhk;. NtW xUKiwapy; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;. vjidAk; rpukk; vd;W iftplj; Njitapy;iy.

10.6 rkhjhdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;wpl;lk;

,d;W r%fj;jpy; xt;nthU tifapy; mikjp> xj;Jiog;G> rpije;J Nghtjidf;fhzyhk;. mJ ftiyf;Fupa tplak;. xt;nthUtUf;fpilapy; el;igAk;xj;Jiog;igAk; Njhw;Wtpf;ff;$ba rpwe;j ,lk; ghlrhiyahFk;. ,jw;fhd gyepfo;r;rpfis elj;jyhk;. ,jd; ,Wjp ,yf;fhf mika Ntz;baJ ghlrhiykhztu;fspilNa rkhjhd czu;it tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkhjy;fis,optsthf;FtJk; MFk;. ghlrhiyapy; td;Kiwfisj; jtpu;f;f KbAkhdhy;mJ ngUk; ntw;wpahFk;. ,jw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; XupU ehl;fspy; elj;jpKbf;f KbahJ. tUlk; g+uhTk; rpwpa epfo;r;rpfisj; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. gyFOf;fs; ,jpy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. rpy cjhuzq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Lfpd;wd.

nghyp]; r%fg; gpuptpd; xj;Jiog;Gld; tpopg;G+l;ly; rkaj; jiytu;fis mioj;J> rkhjhd tho;tpd; ngWkhdk; gw;wpa

mwpf;if nra;jy; rkhjhdk; njhlu;ghd Rtnuhl;bfisj; jahupj;J xl;Ljy; rkhjhdj;ijj; njhdpg;nghUshff; nfhz;l ghly;fis Mf;Fjy; rkhjhdj;ijj; njhdpg;nghUshff; nfhz;l ,ir epfo;r;rpfis Vw;ghL

nra;jy;

10.7 mdu;j;j / Mgj;J njhlu;ghlw; nraw;wpl;lk;

,J ghlrhiyf;F xU Gjpa mDgtj;ij toq;Fk; nraw;wpl;lkhFk;. mdu;j;jq;fis vjpu;nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghd gapw;rpfis toq;FtJk; Mgj;jhd #o;epiyfs;gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;tJk; ,r; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.mdu;j;jq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> Mgj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; vd;gd,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; Mgj;J Neuyhk;. mtjhdkhfr; nraw;glNy,jw;fhd gupfhuk;.

ghlrhiyapy; mq;Fkpq;Fk; XLk; NghJ tpOe;J tpl KbAk;. tpQ;Qhd $lj;jpy;cupa ghJfhg;G Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;whikahy; Mgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gl KbAk;. ,Utu;;Nkhjpf; nfhz;lhy; fhakila KbAk;. fhdpy; tOf;fp tpOe;J tpl KbAk;.g];]py; mtru epWj;Jifapd; NghJ> Kd;Ds;s Mrdj;jpd; tpspk;gpy; Kfk;Nkhj KbAk;.

117

mdu;j;jk; vd;gJ $l;lhf vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;btUk; xd;W. mdu;j;jq;fisf;Fiwf;f my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. mjidj; njupe;J itj;jpUe;jhy; kl;LNkmt;thW nra;a KbAk;. mdu;j;jq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s Maj;jkhFtJk; Kf;fpakhFk;.jP> nts;sk;> Gay; Nghd;w epiyikfis vjpu;nfhs;tJ vt;thW? ftdaPdkhfele;J nfhz;;lhy; ghupa ,og;Gfs; Vw;glyhk;. mdu;j;jq;fs;> Mgj;Jf;fs; vd;gdghlrhiyAld; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljy;y. mJ vq;Fk; elf;fyhk; vd;gd tPl;bYk;mJ elf;fyhk;.

vdNt> mdu;j;j Mgj;J njhlu;ghlw; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gy;NtW mdu;j;jq;fs;>Mgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpit toq;FtNjhL mtw;iw vjpu;nfhs;sg; gof;Fjy;>mJ gw;wpa Gj;jfq;fis thrpf;fr; nra;jy;> epGzu;fisf; nfhz;L fUj;juq;Felj;Jjy; vd;gtw;iw xU FO nra;ayhk;.

(11) mq;fj;Jtk;

ghlrhiyapd; Clff; fofj;jpd; mq;fj;Jtk; ,U tifapy; fhl;lg;gLk;.mq;fj;Jtk; vd;gJ nghWg;Gld; $baJ vd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;FtNj,jd; Nehf;fk;. mq;fj;Jtg; gbtj;ij toq;Ftjd; %yk; kl;Lk; mq;fj;jtuhfKbahJ. khwhf nghWg;GfisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;WtNj mq;fj;JtkhFk;.

1. G+uz mq;fj;Jtk; - ,J Mq;fpyj;jpy; Full Member vd;Dk; RUf;fkhf FMvd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. njhlu;ghly; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fSk;njhlu;ghly; Clfj; Nju;r;rpAs;s khztu;fSk; ,jw;fhf tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;.Clff; fofj;jpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshf ,tu;fNs tu KbAk;.

2. Jiz mq;fj;Jtk; - ,J Mq;fpyj;jpy; Associate Member vd;Wk; RUf;fkhfAM vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. njhlu;ghly; Clfj; Jiwapy; <LghLs;s vtUk;,jidg; ngwyhk;. Clff; fofj;jpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshf ,tu;fshy;KbahJ. vdpDk; nraw;wpl;lq;fspy; nraw;gl KbAk;. Jiz mq;fj;Jtk;ngw;W %d;W khjj;jpy; G+uz mq;fj;Jtj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;f KbAk;. fofj;jpd;nghJf; $l;lk; mjid KbT nra;Ak;. mq;fj;Jtg; gj;jpuj;jpy; FM, AMvd;W ngupa vOj;jpy; vOjg;gLk;.

(12) tUlhe;jj; jpl;lkply;

Clff; fofj;Jf;Fg; Gjpa cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;L> xU khjj;jpy; xUtUlhe;jj; jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhz;L $l;lj;jpy; Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Jjiytupd; nghWg;gpy; eilngWtJld; mjpy; rfy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; gq;Fgw;w Ntz;Lk;. Clff; fofg; nghWg;ghrpupau;fspd; mwpTWj;jypd; gbNa tUlhe;jjpl;lkply; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fofj;jpy; Kd;itf;f Kd;du; mjid mjpguplk;fhl;b mDkjp ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;L gpujpfis gpup];ly; ml;ilfspy;jahupj;J xd;iw mjpgupd; fhupahyaj;jpy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtij Clff;fof miwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

(13) Clff; fofj;jpd; mwpf;ifg; gj;jpuk;

nghJr;rig> tpN\l $l;lk;> nraw;FOf; $l;lk; Mfpa $l;lq;fisr; rupahfmwpf;ifaply; nrayhsupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jw;fhf xU rp. Mu; (C. R) Gj;jfj;ijg;gad;gLj;jyhk;. KbAkhdhy; fzpdp kag;gLj;jyhk;. mwpf;iffs; jiytu;> Clff;fofg; nghWg;ghrpupahpd; xg;gkpl;L mjpguplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;L mq;fPfhuk; ngwg;glNtz;Lk;.

118

02. Clfg; gapw;rp fy;tp; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; gps;isfisg;

gq;F nfhs;sr; nra;Aq;fs;

1. mwpKfk; - Clfg; gapw;rp Ntiyj;jpl;lk; 2006 Mk; Mz;by; guPl;rpj;Jg;

ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifia xU ghlkhff;

fw;Fk; juk; 10 khztu;fSk; juk; 12 ,d; ,Wjpj; jtiz khztu;fSk;

,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. ,k; khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;F mz;ikapYs;s

xU fhupahyaj;jpy; Ntiyg; gapw;rp ngWjNy ,t; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhf gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; khztu;fs; <LgLj;jg;

gLfpd;wdu;.

(1) juk; 10 ,y; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;F mz;ikapYs;s

VjhtJ Xu; murhq;f fhupahyaj;jpy;.

(2) juk; 12 ,y; fy;tpfw;Fk; khztu;fs; rKu;j;jpf; fhupahyaj;jpy;

2. Nehf;fk; - juk; 10 ,y; njhlu;ghly; Clff; fw;ifg; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk;

khztu;fSf;F njhlu;ghly;> Clf cyfk; gw;wpa Neub mDgtj;ijg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s tha;g;gspj;jYk;> juk; 12 ,y; njhlu;ghly; Clff; fw;ifiag;

ghlkhf vLf;Fk; khztu;fSf;F mgptpUj;jp> njhlu;ghly;> NtiyAyfk; gw;wpa

Neub mDgtj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s tha;g;gspj;jYkhFk;.

3. xOq;fikf;Fk; Kiw - nghWg;ghrpupahpdhy; mjpgupd; mDkjpAld; ,J

Vw;ghL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jkhd fhupahyaj;ijj; njupT nra;jy; fhupahyag; gpujhdpfspd; mDkjp ngwy; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs;> Rfhjhu trjpfisj; Njbg;ghu;j;jy; khztu;fspd; xg;GjiyAk; cWjpg;ghl;ilAk; ngwy; ngw;Nwhupd; mDkjpiag; ngwy; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij tyaf; fhupahyaj;Jf;F Kd;itj;J mDkjp ngwy; ngw;Nwhu;> khztu; $l;lnkhd;iw elj;Jjy; cupa khztu;fis fhupahyaq;fSf;F topg;gLj;jp mDgtk; ngwr; nra;jy; cupa Nkw;ghu;itfisr; nra;jy; Ntiyj;jpl;l Kbtpy; ghlrhiyapy; xU fye;Jiuahly; Vw;ghL nra;jy; ,Wjp mwpf;ifiaj; jahupj;J cupa tifapy; Kd;itj;jy;

Kd;ida mDgtj;jpd;gb> ,t; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;F murhq;ff; fhupahyaq;fs;G+uz xj;Jiog;ig ey;fpajhfTk; ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs; ,jpy; gq;Fgw;wpaikAk; njupa te;Js;sJ. 10 Mk;> 12 Mk; juj;jpy; fw;Fk; Vida ghlkhztu;fSk; ,jpy; ,ize;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; gl;rj;jpy; mjpgupd; mDkjpAld;mtu;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkhdJ.

4. nghJ tplaq;fs;; - ,t; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;tJk; fye;Jnfhs;shjJk; xt;nthU khztupd; tpUg;gj;ijg; nghWj;jjhFk;. mj;Jld;ngw;Nwhupd; xg;GjYk; Ntz;Lk;. Ntiyg; gapw;rp> Fwpg;gpl;l xU tpN\lgapw;rp vd;gd vjpu;ghh;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. fhupahyaj;jpy; gy;NtW gpupTfspd;eltbf;iffSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fp mJ eilngWk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa Xu;

mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

119

5. Ntiyg; gapw;rp jpdf;Fwpg;G – midj;J khztUk; Fwpg;gpl;l gapw;rpj;

jpdj;jpd; NghJ> xU Fwpg;Ngl;by; vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd xU rpwpa ]P. Mu;. Gj;jfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

6. Ntiyg; gapw;rpf; fhyg; gpupT – nghJthf tUlj;jpy; [{d; khj ,Wjpthuj;jpy; Ie;J jpdq;fis ,jw;fhf xJf;fyhk;. vdNt> [{dpy; ,Ue;J

Vw;ghLfisr; nra;ayhk;. ghlrhiyapd; trjpg;gb ,f;fhyg; gpupit mikj;Jf;

nfhs;s KbAk;.

cWjpAiuAk; ngw;Nwhu; $w;Wk;

khztu; cWjpAiu

,jd; fPo;f; ifnahg;gkpLk; ............................................ tpj;jpahyaj;jpd; 10/12 Mk;

juj;jpy; fw;Fk; ..................................................................................................................

vd;w Kftupapy; trpf;Fk; ...................................................................... Mfpa ehd;

20..... Mz;L ............... khjk; ................................. jpfjpfspy; eilngWk; Ie;J

ehs; ghlrhiy Ntiyg; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpfspy; tpUg;gj;Jld; gq;Fgw;WNtd; vdTk;

mg; gapw;rp fhyj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifAlDk;> Neu;ikAlDk; fl;Lg;ghl;LlDk; Vidatu;

fSld; xw;WikAlDk; md;ghfTk; ele;J nfhs;Ntd; vdTk; ,g;gapw;rpj;jpl;lk;>vdJ vjpu;fhy tho;f;ifiaj; jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;s cjTk; xd;whff; fUjp>nghWg;Gld; ele;J nfhs;Ntd; vdTk; ,t;Ntiyg; gapw;rp Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd;cr;r gaid ngWNtd; vd;Wk; cWjpaspf;fpd;Nwhd;.

jpfjp ........................ ifnahg;gk; ....................................................

ngw;Nwhu; / ghJfhtyupd; $w;W

NkNy ifnahg;gkpl;Ls;s.................................................................................................................................................... tpj;jpahyaj;jpd; 10 / 12 juj;jpy; fy;tp gapYk;...................................................................................................... vd;w khztd; / khztp................................................................. ,y; eilngWk; Ie;J ehs; ghlrhiy Ntiyg;gapw;rp epfo;r;rpapy; ........................................................ Mk; jpfjpfspy; gq;Fgw;WtJFwpj;J vdJ tpUg;gj;ij ,j;jhy; njuptpf;fpNwd;. mtiu fhiyapy; cupa,lj;Jf;F mioj;J te;J kPz;Lk; mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; nghWg;ig ehd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwd; vd;Wk;> ,t; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mtu; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd rfyVw;ghLfisAk; nra;J nfhLg;Ngd; vd;Wk; cWjpaspf;fpd;Nwd;.

.....................................................jpfjp ......................................... jha; / je;ij / ghJfhtyu;ngau; ..........................................Kftup .............................................................................................................xg;gk; .............................................................................................................

(Clfg; gapw;rp Ntiyj;jpl;lk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fs; mjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;

gl;l ife;E}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.)

120

03. Clff; fw;if xU thu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;

1. mwpKfk; - njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk; vd;w ghlj;ij vLf;fhj

khztu;fSf;Fk; mth;fsJ ngw;NwhUf;Fk; Clff;fy;tp gw;wpa xU njspit

toq;fTk;> mtu;fspd; kdg;ghq;F tpUj;jpf;fhfTk; ,J elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J

Kjy; jlitahf 2009 ,y; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ,Wjp Nehf;fk;

jpwdha;T uPjpahd Clfg; gadhspfis ghlrhiyapy; ,Ue;J r%fj;Jf;F

toq;Ftjw;fhd mbg;gilfis Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;.

2. xOq;fikg;G - njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk;

khztu;fSk; mjid fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupah;fSk; ,ize;J ,jid Vw;ghL nra;tu;.

,jw;fhd cjtpfis Vida Mrpupa> khztu;fsplkpUe;Jk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. ,g;ghlj;ij fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; cjtpia ehl Ntz;Lk;.

3. fhyg; gpupT – 2009 Clff; fy;tp thuk; xf;Nlhgu; 26 – 30 jpdq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,jd;gb njhlu;e;J tUk; tUlq;fspy; mNj jpfjpia Vw;ghL nra;J

nfhs;s KbAk;. ,Ue;Jk; ghlrhiyapd; trjpia nghWj;J khw;wpf; nfhs;s

mtfhrKz;L.

4. epfo;r;rpfspd; ,ay;G1 Mk; ehs;

Muk;gjpdk; - Rtnuhl;b> rpj;jpuk; Kjyhd Mf;fq;fisj; jpwe;J itj;jiy

,j;jpdj;jpy; nra;a KbAk;. “nghWg;Gld; Clfj;ijf; ifahsy;” vd;w fUj;juq;if

ghlrhiyapy; elj;jyhk;.

2 Mk; ehs;

Mw;Wifj; jpdk; - ehlfk;, ,ir epfo;r;rp> tfpghfNkw;wy;.

3 Mk; ehs;

ghlrhiyapd; rpwg;Gj; jpdk; - gw; Rfhjhu rpfpr;ir elj;Jjy;> csr; Rfhjhu

mwpit toq;Fk; fUj;juq;if elj;Jjy;. (nghUj;jkhd tsthsh; %yk;)

4 Mk; ehs;

Clf vOj;jwpT jpdk; / Muk;g tFg;G khztu;fspd; ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F ClfKk;

gps;isAk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; fUj;juq;F elj;Jjy;> fye;Jiuahly; elj;Jjy;>

,jpy; Clff; fy;tpia fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; tpupTiufs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jkhd tsthsh;fisAk; mioj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

5 Mk; ehs;

Clf eil gtdp – Gj;jprhJupakhfTk;> nghWg;Gs;stuhfTk; Clfj;ijg; gad;

gLj;Jtij typAWj;Jk; gjhif> Rtnuhl;b Ve;jpagb> Fwpg;gpl;l mDkjpAld;

mjid elj;jyhk;.

121

4. And];Nfh cyfg; Gj;jf jpd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;

1. mwpKfk; - And];Nfh epiwNtw;W rig 1995 Mk; Mz;by; vLj;j

jPu;khdj;jpd;gb 1996 ,Ue;J xt;nthU Vg;upy; 23Mk; jpfjpiaAk; cyf Gj;jf

jpdkhfg; gpufldk; nra;jJ. mjd;gb 2010 Mk; Mz;by; 15tJ cyfg; Gj;jf

jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. ghlrhiy Clff; fofj;jpd; xU epfo;r;rpahf cyfg;

Gj;jf jpd epfo;r;rpfs; nfhz;lhlg;gLjy;.

2008 Mk; Mz;by; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ghtid ,yf;fhfg; Gj;jf jpdk; vd;W

ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; cyf Gj;jf kw;Wk; ntspaPl;LupikAld; njhlh;ghd

epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. Vg;upy; 23 Mk; jpfjp Kjyhk; jtizapd; gpd;G ghlrhiy

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L Kjyhk; thukhf ,Uf;Fk; (K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspy; tpj;jpahrkhf

,Uf;fyhk;.) vdNt> njhlu;e;J tUk; xU tpahof;fpoikia ,jw;fhf xJf;fyhk;.

cyfg; Gj;jf jpd elg;Gfs; gw;wpa cq;fs; Nfs;tpfSf;fhd tpilia mwpa>

cyf ehLfspy; ,j;jpdj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epfo;Tfis mwpjy; nghUj;jkhFk;.

khjpup Ntiyj;jpl;lk;(1) njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy Gj;jfq;fspy; rpy ghj;jpuq;fis khztu;fis

tfpghfNkw;fr; nra;J ,jid Muk;gpf;fyhk;.

(2) [duQ;rkhd 10 Gj;jfq;fis thf;nfLg;G %yk; njupT nra;jy;

(3) Gj;jfq;fspy; cs;s fijfisr; nrhy;Yk; epfo;it elj;Jjy;

(4) E}yhrpupah;fisg; ghlrhiyf;F mioj;J xU epfo;r;rp elj;Jjy;

(5) E}yf thuk; xd;iw elj;Jjy;

(6) khztu;fs; jhk; tpUk;gpa gioa Gj;jfj;jpd; ghj;jpukhf cilazpe;J

me;jg; Gj;jfj;ijAk; nfhz;L te;J ghlrhiyf;F xg;gilj;jy;

(7) Gj;jf thrpg;Gf;fhf> jpwe;j $lhuk; xd;iw xU thuj;Jf;fhf ghlrhiy

Kd;wypy; mikj;jy;

(8) rpWth; vOj;jhsh;> Xtpaiu ghlrhiyf;F mioj;J xU epfo;r;rp elj;Jjy;

(9) Gj;jfj;jpd; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g Kf%bazpjy;

(10) Gj;jf epiyankhd;Wf;fhf fsg; gazk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;

(11) Muk;g tFg;G khztu;fSf;F Gj;jhf;fj;ij $Wk; epfo;r;rpnahd;iw elj;Jjy;

(12) fij vOJk; Mrpupau; %yk; fij nrhy;Yk; Nghl;bia elj;Jjy;

(13) xU E}yhrpupahpd; Nrit eyd; ghuhl;L epfo;T

(14) ghlrhiy khzth; xUtupd; my;yJ NtW gaDs;s Mf;fq;fis ntspapLk;

epfo;r;rpia elj;Jjy;

(15) xU E}yhrpupahpd; E}y;fis kjpg;gpLk; epfo;r;rp

(16) xU Gj;jf ntspaPl;il elj;Jjy;

(17) E}yfj;Jf;fhd E}y;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak; epfo;r;rp

(18) ftpij vOJk; / ftpij nrhy;Yk; Nghl;bia elj;Jjy;

(19) cyf Gj;jf jpdk; vd;w njhdpg;nghUspy; Rtnuhl;b / Xtpag; Nghl;belj;Jjy;

(20) fij $Wk; kz;lgk; xd;iwj; jpwj;jYk; fijapy; cs;s ghj;jpuq;fshf

khztu;fis mzptpj;jy;

(21) fijfspy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fupa Ntlkzpe;J fij $wTk;

(22) ghlrhiy E}yfj;Jf;F E}y;fis thq;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Gj;jf tpw;gidnahd;iw

elj;Jjy;. ngw;Nwhh; / gioa khztu;fs; Gj;jfq;fis thq;fp E}yfj;Jf;F

md;gspg;Gr; nra;jy;

122

(23) cyfg; Gj;jf jpdj;jpd; gpwe;j jpdj;ij E}yfj;jpy; nfhz;lhLjy;

(24) gd;dhl;Lf; fijfisf; $Wk; epfo;r;rp elj;Jjy;

(25) Gj;jfk; njhlu;ghd FWf;nfOj;Jg; Gjpu; Nghl;b elj;Jjy;

(26) eha;> g+id> eupahf Ntlkzpj;J mit rhu;e;j fijfs; $Wjy;

(27) Gj;jfk; njhlu;ghd mwpTf; fsQ;rpag; Nghl;b elj;jp> Gj;jfq;fisg; guprhf

toq;Fjy;

(28) tpUk;gpa epfo;r;rpfis elj;j khzth;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fpg; Gj;jfq;fis

guprhf toq;Fjy;

(29) Gj;jfk; njhlu;ghd ,uridAld; $ba tpku;rd uPjpahd jpwdha;T epfo;r;rpia

tsthsh; fsk; mikj;J elj;Jjy;

(30) tPl;L E}yfk; mikj;jiy Muk;gpj;J itj;jy;

5. vkJ ghuk;gupak; - ghlrhiy epiyak;

1. mwpKfk; - ,t; Ntiyj;jpl;lk; Clff; fofj;jpd; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Njly;

nraw;wpl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;lJ. vkJ ghuk;gupa ghlrhiy epiyaj;jpdhy;vjpu;ghh;f;fg;gLtJ ghlrhiyapd; ghuk;gupaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;. mjpy; gytplaq;fs; mlq;Fk;. rpy ghlrhiyfs; kl;Lk; jk; ghuk;gupaj;ij XusT mikj;Jf;nfhs;tijf; fhzyhk;. MapDk;> gy ghlrhiyfs; jk; ghuk;gupak; gw;wparupahd ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jtpy;iy. ,f; Fiwghl;il ePf;f Clff; fofk;Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;> ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk;khztu;fs; mJ gw;wpa Njlypy; <LgLk; mDgtj;ijg; ngWtu;.

ghlrhiyg; ghuk;gupak;Muk;gKk; mjDld; njhlu;ghdtu;fSk; tsh;r;rpAk; tpN\l jiljhz;ly;fSk;

Kd;ida mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupah;fs; gioa khzth;fs;

tpN\l miog;ghsu;fs; / Mrpupau;fs; fy;tpr; nrayhsh;fs;

Cupd; ghuk;gupak;fyhrhuk; r%fr;rpwg;Gfs; G+Nfhsr; rpwg;Gfs;

cw;gj;jpfs; rpwg;ghd ,lq;fs; ePu;g;ghrdk;

kf;fs; tho;f;if r%fg; gof;fq;fs; .....................................

.....................................

Nkw;$wpa jfty;fisj; Njly; FOthfTk; jdpahfTk; nra;a KbAk;. mjw;fhdmbg;gilj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahh; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vt;thW jfty;fisg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ? vq;fpUe;J? ahuplkpUe;J> vd;w tpdhf;fSf;F tpil fhzNtz;Lk;.

vkJ ghuk;gupak; - ghlrhiy epiyak; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ijf; ftdpf;f Ntz;baJmJ ePz;l fhy Ntiyj;jpl;lk; vd;gjhy; MFk;. vdNt FWq;fhy Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpid gfpu;e;jspj;J gbg;gbahf tsh;j;Jr; nry;yKbAk;.

vkJ ghuk;gupak; - ghlrhiy epiyak; vd;gjw;Fj; jdpahd Xu; ,lk; Njitapy;iy.E}yfj;jpd; xU gFjpapy; mjid Muk;gpf;fyhk;. jdpahd Xh; ,lk; ngw KbAkhdhy;mq;F Muk;gpf;fyhk;. Kf;fpa tplak; vd;dntdpy; vg;gbahtJ ,jid Muk;gpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNjahFk;.