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SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Now day‘s electricity has become a c! o" li"e# A mome$t withot electricity ma%es yor thi$%i$& &o

dry# The ma'or sorce o" co$(e$tio$al "orm o" electricity is thro&h wires# The co$ti$os research a$d

de(elo!me$t has bro&ht "orward a ma'or brea%thro&h) which !ro(ides electricity withot the medim

o" wires# This wo$der baby is called WiTricity# There are certai$ small bt (ery se"l disco(eries made

i$ history) which cha$&ed the world "or e(er) Newto$‘s &ra(itatio$al law) Watt‘s steam e$&i$e

Thomso$‘s blb a$d ma$y more# *t a re$aissa$ce occrred with the i$(e$tio$ o" Electroma&$etic

Wa(es by Ma+well# Sir ,adish Cha$dra *ose sccess"lly &e$erated electroma&$etic wa(es ha(i$&wa(ele$&th i$ the ra$&e o" -mm to .- mm#

Therea"ter a$ Italia$ scie$tist $amed Marco$i scceeded i$ tra$smitti$& electroma&$etic wa(es ! to a

dista$ce o" se(eral miles# A$d with this there started a $ew era called WIRELESS TEC/NOLO0Y#

Today) as we ca$ see the word wireless ‘is commo$ i$ day 1 to 1 day li"e# Wireless comm$icatio$ has

made the world smaller# Almost each a$d e(erythi$& is wireless or cordless# Cordless mose) cordless

%eyboard) satellite comm$icatio$) mobiles) cordless micro!ho$es a$d head!ho$es) wireless i$ter$et

ser(ice i#e# WI2I) etc# A$d these ha(e de"i$itely i$creased the sta$dard o" li(i$&# I$ "act it dates bac% to

the 34th ce$try) whe$ Ni%ola Tesla sed co$dctio$ based systems i$stead o" reso$a$ce ma&$etic "ields

to tra$s"er wireless !ower# As it is i$ radioacti(e mode) most o" the Power was wasted a$d has less

e""icie$cy# 2rther) i$ .55-) 6a(e 0erdi$& coi$ed the term WiTricity which is bei$& sed by the MIT

researchers a$d today‘s world#

It is %$ow$ that electroma&$etic e$er&y is associated with the !ro!a&atio$ o" electroma&$etic wa(es#

Theoretically) we ca$ se all electroma&$etic wa(es "or a wireless !ower tra$smissio$ 7WPT8# The

di""ere$ce betwee$ the WPT a$d comm$icatio$ systems is o$ly e""icie$cy# Ma+well9s E:atio$s

i$dicate that the electroma&$etic "ield a$d its !ower di""se to all directio$s# Tho&h we tra$smit e$er&y

i$ a comm$icatio$ system) the tra$smitted e$er&y is di""sed to all directio$s# Tho&h the recei(ed

!ower is e$o&h "or a tra$smissio$ o" i$"ormatio$) the e""icie$cy "rom the tra$smitter to recei(er is :iet

low# There"ore) we do $ot call it the WPT system#

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW 3




Ty!ical WPT is a !oi$t to !oi$t !ower tra$smissio$# 2or the WPT) we had better co$ce$trate !ower to

recei(er# It was !ro(ed that the !ower tra$smissio$ e""icie$cy ca$ a!!roach close to 355=# We ca$ more

co$ce$trate the tra$smitted microwa(e !ower to the recei(er a!ertre areas with ta!er method o" the

Tra$smitti$& a$te$$a !ower distribtio$# 2amos !ower ta!ers o" the tra$smitti$& a$te$$a are 0assia$

ta!er) Taylor distribtio$) a$d Che!achet distribtio$# Sch ta!er o" the tra$smitti$& a$te$$a is

commo$ly sed "or s!!ressio$ o" side lobes# It corres!o$ds to i$crease i$ the !ower tra$smissio$

e""icie$cy# Co$cer$i$& the !ower tra$smissio$ e""icie$cy o" the WPT) there are some &ood o!tical

a!!roaches i$ Rssia#

2tre sitable a$d lar&est a!!licatio$ o" the WPT (ia microwa(e is a S!ace Solar Power Satellite

7SPS8# The SPS is a &i&a$tic satellite desi&$ed as a$ electric !ower !la$t orbiti$& the 0eostatio$ary

Earth Orbit 70EO8# It co$sists o" mai$ly three se&me$ts> solar e$er&y collector to co$(ert the solar

e$er&y i$to 6C 7direct crre$t8 electricity) 6C to microwa(e

Co$(erter a$d lar&e a$te$$a array to beam dow$ the microwa(e !ower to the &ro$d# The "irst solar

collector ca$ be either !hoto(oltaic cells or solar thermal trbi$e# The seco$d 6C to microwa(e

co$(erter o" the SPS ca$ be either microwa(e tbe system a$d?or semico$dctor system# It may be their

combi$atio$# The third se&me$t is a &i&a$tic a$te$$a array#

A$ am!litde ta!er o$ the tra$smitti$& a$te$$a is ado!ted i$ order to i$crease the beam collectio$

e""icie$cy a$d to decrease side lobe le(el i$ almost all SPS desi&$# A ty!ical am!litde ta!er is called 35

d* 0assia$ i$ which the !ower de$sity i$ the ce$ter o" the tra$smitti$& a$te$$a is te$ times lar&er tha$

that o$ the ed&e o" the tra$smitti$& a$te$$a#

The SPS is e+!ected to be o!eratio$al aro$d .5@5# *e"ore realiatio$ o" the SPS) we ca$ co$sider other

a!!licatio$s o" WPT# I$ rece$t years) mobile de(ices ad(a$ced si&$i"ica$tly a$d re:ire decreasi$&

!ower co$sm!tio$# It mea$s that we ca$ se the di""sed wea% microwa(e !ower as !ower sorce o"

the mobile de(ices with low !ower co$sm!tio$ sch as R2 I6# The R2 I6 is radio IC t& with wireless

!ower tra$smissio$ a$d wireless i$"ormatio$# This is a $ew WPT a!!licatio$ li%e broadcasti$&#

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW .




CHAPTER 1, TABLE 1. FEATURES OF DIFERENT WITRICITY MODEL

model Old JAXA

model

JAXA1 model JAXA 2 model NASA DOE

ModelFrequency 5.8 GHZ 5.8 GHZ 5.8 GHZ 2.45 GHZD!me"er o#

"r!n$m""n%

An"enn!

2.& 'm( 1 'm( 1.)* 'm( 1 'm(

Am+l"ude "!+er 1, d-

G!u$$!n

1, d-

G!u$$!n

1, d-

G!u$$!n

1, d-

G!u$$!nOu"+u" +oer

/-e!med "o e!r"0

1.* G 1.* G 1.* G &.32 G

M!mum +oer

Den$"y !" cen"er

&* mcm2 42, mcm2 114 mcm2 2.2 cm2

Mnmum +oer

Den$"y !" ed%e

&.* mcm2 42 mcm2 11.4 mcm2 ,.22 mcm2

An"enn! $+!cn% ,.35 6 ,.35 6 ,.35 6 ,.35 67oer +er one !n"enn!

/num-er o# elemen"$

M!.,.)5

/*.54 -llon

M!.,.)5

/54, mllon

M!.,.)5

/1.)5,

mllon

M!.,.)5

/)3 mllon

ec"enn! d!me"er 2., 'm( *.4 'm( 2.45 'm( 1 'm(M!mum +oer

den$"y

18, mcm2 2& mcm2 1,, mcm2 2* mcm2

9ollec"on #requency )&.5 : 8& : 83 : 8) :

,ABA ,a!a$ Aeros!ace E+!loratio$ A&e$cy) NASA 1Natio$al Aero$atics a$d S!ace Admi$istratio$6OE ;#S# 6e!artme$t O" E$er&y

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW @




CHAPTER 2

2. HISTORY OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

I$ 3D) ,ames C# Ma+well !redicted the e+iste$ce o" radio wa(es by mea$s o" mathematical model# I$

3) ,oh$ /# Poy$ti$& realied that the Poy$ti$& (ector wold !lay a$ im!orta$t role i$ :a$ti"yi$& the

electroma&$etic e$er&y# I$ 3) bolstered by Ma+wellFs theory) /ei$rich /ert scceeded i$ showi$&

e+!erime$tal e(ide$ce o" radio wa(es by his s!ar% &a! radio tra$smitter# The !redictio$ a$d e(ide$ce o"

the radio wa(e i$ the e$d o" 34th ce$try was start o" the wireless !ower tra$smissio$#

6ri$& the same !eriod o" Marchese 0# Marco$i a$d Re&i$ald 2esse$de$ who are !io$eers o"

comm$icatio$ (ia radio wa(es) Nicola Tesla s&&ested a$ idea o" the wireless !ower tra$smissio$ a$d

carried ot the "irst WPT e+!erime$t i$ 344# /e said GThis e$er&y will be collected all o(er the &lobe

!re"erably i$ small amo$ts) ra$&i$& "rom a "ractio$ o" o$e to a "ew horse !owers# O$e o" its chie" ses

will be the illmi$atio$ o" isolated homesH# /e actally bilt a &i&a$tic coil which was co$$ected to a

hi&h mast o" .55 "t# with a @ "t# diameter ball at its to!# /e "ed @55 <w !ower to the Tesla coil reso$ated

at 3-5 %/# The R2 !ote$tial at the to! s!here reached 355 M#

;$"ort$ately) he "ailed becase the tra$smitted !ower was di""sed to all directio$s with 3-5 %/ radio

wa(es whose wa(e le$&th was .3 %m#

To co$ce$trate the tra$smitted !ower a$d to i$crease tra$smissio$ e""icie$cy) we ha(e to se hi&her

"re:e$cy tha$ that sed by Tesla# I$ 34@5s) mch !ro&ress i$ &e$erati$& hi&h !ower microwa(es)

$amely 3 35 0/ radio wa(es) was achie(ed by i$(e$tio$ o" the ma&$etro$ a$d the %lystro$# A"ter

World War II) hi&h !ower a$d hi&h e""icie$cy microwa(e tbes were ad(a$ced by de(elo!me$t o" radar

Tech$olo&y# We ca$ co$ce$trate a !ower to recei(er with microwa(es# We call the wireless !ower

tra$smissio$ with microwa(es as microwa(e !ower tra$smissio$ 7MPT8# *ased o$ the de(elo!me$t o"

the microwa(e tbes dri$& the World War II) W# C# *row$ started the 2irst MPT research a$d

de(elo!me$t i$ 34D5# 2irst o" all) he de(elo!ed a reti$a) recti"yi$& a$te$$a which he $amed) "or

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW



SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITYrecei(i$& a$d recti"yi$& microwa(es# The e""icie$cy o" the "irst recte$$a de(elo!ed i$ 34D@ was -5 = at

ot!t W6C a$d 5= at ot!t JW6C) res!ecti(ely

CHAPTER 2, FIG 2.1: MPT DEMONSTRATION WITH HELICOPTER BY W.C.BROWN

#With the recte$$a) he scceeded i$ MPT e+!erime$ts to wired helico!ter i$ 34D a$d to "ree "lied

helico!ter i$34D 72i&# 38# I$ 34J5s> he tried to i$crease 6C R2 tra$smissio$ R2 6C total e""icie$cy

with .#- 0/ microwa(e# I$ 34J5) o(erall 6C total e""icie$cy was o$ly .D#- = at @4W6C i$ Marshall

S!ace 2li&ht Ce$ter#

CHAPTER 2, FIG 2.2: FIRST GROUND TO GROUND MPT EPERIMENT IN 1!"# AT THE

$ENIUS SITE OF %PL GOLDSTONE FACILITY

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW -



SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITYI$ !arallel) he a$d his team scceeded i$ the lar&est MPT demo$stratio$ i$ 34J- at the e$s Site o" ,PL

0oldsto$e 2acility 7"i& .8# 6ista$ce betwee$ a tra$smitti$& !arabolic a$te$$as) whose diameter was

.Dm) a$d a recte$$a array) whose sie was @# m + J#. m) was 3 mile#

A"ter 3445s) ma$y MPT laboratory a$d "ield e+!erime$ts were carried ot i$ the world# We o"te$ se

.#- 0/ or -# 0/ o" the ISM ba$d 7ISMKI$dstry) Scie$ce) a$d Medical8 "or the MPT system# A

Ca$adia$

0ro! demo$strated "el "ree air!la$e "li&ht e+!erime$t with MPT i$ 34J which was called S/ARP

7Statio$ary /i&h Altitde Relay Plat"orm8 with .#- 0/#

CHAPTER 2, FIG 2.&: STATIONARY HIGH ALTITUDE RELAY PLATFORM.

I$ ;SA) there were ma$y MPT research a$d de(elo!me$t !ro'ects a"ter W# C# *row$ "or i$sta$ce) retro

directi(e microwa(e tra$smitters) recte$$a) $ew de(ices a$d microwa(e circit tech$olo&ies#

I$ ,a!a$) there were ma$y "ield MPT e+!erime$ts sch as "el "ree air!la$e "li&ht e+!erime$t with MPT

!hased array with .#33 0/ i$ 344.) &ro$d to &ro$d MPT e+!erime$t with Power Com!a$y a$d

$i(ersities i$ 344 4-#

CHAPTER 2, FIG 2.': GROUND TO GROUND MPT EPERIMENT IN %APAN IN 1!!' !#

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW D




CHAPTER &

&. WHAT IS WITRICITY(

WiTricity is $othi$& bt wireless electricity# Tra$smissio$ o" electrical e$er&y "rom o$e ob'ect to a$other

withot the se o" wires is called as WiTricity# WiTricity will e$sre that the cell !ho$es) la!to!s) iPods

a$d other !ower h$&ry de(ices &et char&ed o$ their ow$) elimi$ati$& the $eed o" !l&&i$& them i$#

WiTricity tech$olo&y is tra$s"erri$& electric e$er&y or !ower o(er dista$ce withot wires# With the

basics o" electricity a$d ma&$etism) a$d wor% or way ! to the WiTricity tech$olo&y# E(e$ better

becase o" WiTricity some o" the de(ices wo$Ft e$:ire batteries to o!erate# No) this co$ce!t o" wireless

electricity is $ot $ew# I$ "act it dates bac% to the 34th ce$try) whe$ Ni%ola Tesla sed co$dctio$ based

systems i$stead o" reso$a$ce ma&$etic "ields to tra$s"er wireless !ower# 2rther)

I$ .55-) 6a(e 0erdi$& coi$ed the term WiTricity which is bei$& sed by the MIT researchers today#

Moreo(er) we all are aware o" the se o" electroma&$etic radiatio$ 7radio wa(es8 which is :ite well

%$ow$ "or wireless tra$s"er o" i$"ormatio$# I$ additio$) lasers ha(e also bee$ sed to tra$smit e$er&y

withot wires# /owe(er) radio wa(es are $ot "easible "or !ower tra$smissio$s becase the $atre o" the

radiatio$ is sch that it s!reads across the !lace) reslti$& i$to a lar&e amo$t o" radiatio$s bei$& wasted#

A$d i$ the case o" lasers) a!art "rom re:ireme$t o" $i$terr!ted li$e o" si&ht 7obstacles hi$ders the

tra$smissio$ !rocess8) it is also (ery da$&eros# WiTricity "o$di$& tech$ical team was the "irst to

disco(er that by s!ecially desi&$i$& the ma&$etic reso$ators) o$e cold achie(e strong coupling a$d

hi&hly e""icie$t e$er&y e+cha$&e o(er dista$ces mch lar&er tha$ the sie o" the reso$ator coils

dista$ces (ery lar&e com!ared to traditio$al schemes# These so called reso$a$tly e$ha$ced i$dctio$

tech$i:es are sed i$ certai$ Medical im!la$ts a$d hi&h "re:e$cy R2I6s "or e+am!le#

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW J




CHAPTER '

'. NEED OF WITRICITY

Now a days there is a Ra!id de(elo!me$t o" ato$omos electro$ics li%e La!to!s) Cell !ho$es) /osehold robots a$d all those de(ices ty!ically relay o$ chemical e$er&y stora&e7*attery8 As they are

becomi$& daily $eeds to !rese$t &e$eratio$) Wireless e$er&y tra$s"er wold be se"l "or ma$y

a!!licatio$s as abo(e a$d they $eed midra$&e e$er&y#

CHAPTER ', FIG '.1: WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER

'.1 WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN TRADITIONALMAGNETIC INDUCTION

At "irst &la$ce) WiTricity tech$olo&y "or !ower tra$s"er a!!ears to be traditio$al ma&$etic i$dctio$)

sch as is sed i$ !ower tra$s"ormers) where co$dcti(e coils tra$smit !ower to each other wirelessly)

o(er (ery short dista$ces# I$ a tra$s"ormer) a$ electric crre$t r$$i$& i$ a se$di$& coil i$dces a$other

crre$t i$ a recei(i$& coil #The two coils mst be (ery close to&ether) a$d may e(e$ o(erla!) bt the

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW



SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITYcoils do $ot ma%e direct electrical co$tact with each other# /owe(er) the e""icie$cy o" the !ower

e+cha$&e i$ traditio$al ma&$etic i$dctio$ systems dro!s by orders o" ma&$itde whe$ the dista$ce

betwee$ the coils becomes lar&er tha$ their sies The !ower e+cha$&e e""icie$cy o" some i$dctio$

systems is im!ro(ed by tilii$& reso$a$t circits#

CHAPTER #

#. RECENT TRENDS1. ANTENNAS FOR MICROWA$E POWER TRANSMISSION

All a$te$$as ca$ be a!!lied "or both the MPT system a$d comm$icatio$ systems) "or e+am!le) Ya&i

;da a$te$$a) hor$ a$te$$a) !arabolic a$te$$a) micro stri! a$te$$a) !hased array a$te$$a or a$y other

ty!e o" a$te$$a#

To "i+ed tar&et o" the MPT system) we sally select a lar&e !arabolic a$te$$a) "or e+am!le) i$ MPT

demo$stratio$ i$ 34J- at the e$s Site o" ,PL 0oldsto$e 2acility a$d i$ &ro$d to &ro$d MPT

e+!erime$t i$ 344 4- i$ ,a!a$# I$ the "el "ree airshi! li&ht e+!erime$t with MPT i$ 344- i$ ,a!a$)

they cha$&ed a directio$ o" the !arabolic a$te$$a to chase the mo(i$& airshi!#

/owe(er) we ha(e to se a !hased array a$te$$a "or the MPT "rom?to mo(i$& tra$smitter?recei(er which

i$clde the SPS becase we ha(e to co$trol a microwa(e beam directio$ accrately a$d s!eedily# The

!hased array is a directi(e a$te$$a which &e$erates a beam "orm whose sha!e a$d directio$ by the

relati(e !hases a$d am!litdes o" the wa(es at the i$di(idal a$te$$a eleme$ts#

It is !ossible to steer the directio$ o" the microwa(e beam# The a$te$$a eleme$ts mi&ht be di!oles) slot

a$te$$as) or a$y other ty!e o" a$te$$a) e(e$ !arabolic a$te$$as# I$ some MPT e+!erime$ts i$ ,a!a$) the

!hased array a$te$$a was ado!ted to steer a directio$ o" the microwa(e beam 72i&#-8#All SPS is desi&$ed with the !hased array a$te$$a#

2. RECENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSMITTERS




SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITYThe tech$olo&y em!loyed "or &e$eratio$ o" microwa(e Radiatio$ is a$ im!orta$t sb'ect "or the MPT

system# We $eed hi&her e""icie$t &e$erator?am!li"ier "or the MPT system tha$ that "or the wireless

comm$icatio$ system# 2or hi&hly e""icie$t beam collectio$ o$ recte$$a array) we $eed hi&hly stabilied

a$d accrate !hase a$d am!litde o" microwa(es "or !hased array system "or the MPT#There are two

ty!es o" microwa(e &e$erators?am!li"iers# O$e is a microwa(e tbe a$d the other is semico$dctor

am!li"ier

CHAPTER #, FIG #.1: PHASED ARRAY USED IN %APANESE FIELD MPT EPERIMENT

&. MAGNETRON

Ma&$etro$ is a crossed "ield tbe i$ which electro$s emitted "rom the cathode ta%e cyclical !ath to the

a$ode# The ma&$etro$ is sel"oscillatory de(ice i$ which the a$ode co$tai$s a reso$a$t R2 strctre# The

ma&$etro$ has lo$& history "rom i$(e$tio$ by A# W# /ll i$ 34.3#

The !ractical a$d e""icie$t ma&$etro$ tbe attracted worldwide i$terest o$ly a"ter <# O%abe !ro!osed

di(ided a$ode ty!e ma&$etro$ i$ 34.# Ma&$etro$ tech$olo&ies recei(ed a boost dri$& the World War

II) es!ecially with the ,a!a$ese Army# The ma&$etro$s were also se"l "or microwa(e o(e$s# As a

reslt) the ma&$etro$ o" -55 1 3)555 W is widely i$ se "or microwa(e o(e$s i$ .#- 0/) a$d is a

relati(ely i$e+!e$si(e oscillator 7below -8# There is a $et &lobal ca!acity o" -#-0W?year "or all

ma&$etro$s sed i$ microwa(e o(e$s whose !rodctio$ is -51 -- millio$s# It was W# C# *row$ who

i$(e$ted a (olta&e co$trolled oscillator with a coo%er ty!e ma&$etro$ i$ PLL#





'. SEMICONDUCTOR AMPLIFIER

A"ter 345s) semico$dctor de(ices became domi$a$t i$ microwa(e world i$stead o" the microwa(e

tbes# This was dri(e$ by ad(a$ces i$ mobile !ho$e $etwor%s# The semico$dctor de(ice is e+!ected to

E+!a$d microwa(e a!!licatio$s) "or e+am!le) !hased array a$d acti(e i$te&rated a$te$$a 7AIA8

becase o" its ma$a&eability a$d mass !rodcti(ity# A"ter 3445s) some MPT e+!erime$ts were carried

ot i$ ,a!a$ with !hased array o" semico$dctor am!li"iers#

Ty!ical semico$dctor de(ices "or microwa(e circits are 2ET 72ield E""ect Tra$sistor8) /*T 7/etero

'$ctio$ *i!olar Tra$sistor8) a$d /EMT 7/i&h Electro$ Mobility Tra$sistor8# Prese$t materials "or thesemico$dctor de(ices are Si "or lower "re:e$cy below a "ew 0/ a$d 0aAs "or hi&her "re:e$cy## It

is easy to co$trol !hase a$d am!litde thro&h the microwa(e circits with semico$dctor de(ices) "or

e+am!le) am!li"iers) !hase shi"ters) modlators) a$d so o$#

Crre$tly) $ew materials are $der de(elo!me$t to e$able semico$dctor de(ices yield i$creased ot!t

!ower a$d e""icie$cy#

CHAPTER #, FIG #.2: COMPACT MICROWA$E ENERGY TRANSMITTER WITH

THE PCM )COMET*

The COMET i$cldes 6C?Co$(erters) a co$trol circit o" the !hase co$trolled ma&$etro$ with -# 0/)

a heat radiatio$ Circit) a wa(e &ide) a$d a$ a$te$$a#

The !ower wei&ht ratio o" the COMET is li&htest wei&ht i$ all microwa(e &e$erators a$d am!li"iers#

TWTA "or satellite se has li&hter !ower wei&ht ratio ..5Wat .#-0/ at .#D- %& 7the TWTA wei&hs




SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITY3#-%&) the !ower s!!ly wei&hs 3#3-%&8# 3@5W at -# 0/ at .#3- %& 7the TWTA wei&hs 5#%&) the

!ower s!!ly wei&hs 3#@-%&8# /e$ce) they ca$ deli(er3.&?W a$d 3D#-&?W) res!ecti(ely# They do $ot

i$clde a heat radiatio$ circit) a wa(e &ide) a$d a$ a$te$$a#

#. RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS#.#.1 RETRO DIRECTI$E BEAM CONTROL

A microwa(e !ower tra$smissio$ is sitable "or a !ower tra$smissio$ "rom?to mo(i$&

tra$smitters?tar&ets# There"ore) accrate tar&et detectio$ a$d hi&h e""icie$t beam "ormi$& are im!orta$t#

Retro directi(e system is always sed "or SPS#

A cor$er re"lector is most basic retro directi(e system# The cor$er re"lectors co$sist o" !er!e$diclar

metal sheets) which meet at a$ a!e+# I$comi$& si&$als are re"lected bac% i$ the directio$ o" arri(al

thro&h mlti!le re"lectio$s o"" the wall o" the re"lector# a$ Atta array is also a basic tech$i:e o" the

retro directi(e system# This array is made ! o" !airs o" a$te$$as s!aced e:idista$t "rom the ce$ter o"

the array) a$d co$$ected with e:al le$&th tra$smissio$ li$es# The si&$al recei(ed by a$ a$te$$a is re

radiated by its !air) ths the order o" re radiati$& eleme$ts are i$(erted with res!ect to the ce$ter o" the

array) achie(i$& the !ro!er !hasi$& "or retro directi(ity#

;sal retro directi(e system ha(e !hase co$'&ate circits i$ each recei(i$&?tra$smitti$& a$te$$a) which

!lay same role as !airs o" a$te$$as s!aced e:idista$t "rom the ce$ter o" the array i$ a$ Atta array

The si&$al is called a !ilot si&$al# We do $ot $eed a$y !hase shi"ters "or beam "ormi$&# The retro

directi(e system is sally sed "or satellite comm$icatio$) wireless LAN) military) a$d so o$#

#.#.2 EN$IRONMENTAL ISSUES

O$e o" the characteristics o" the MPT is to se more i$te$se microwa(e tha$ that i$ wireless

comm$icatio$ systems# There"ore) we ha(e to co$sider MPT sa"ety "or hma$s#

#.#.& INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE

I$ &e$eral) e""ect o" atmos!here o$ microwa(es is :ite small# There are absor!tio$ a$d scatter by air)

rai$) a$d irre&larity o" air re"ractio$ ratio# I$ .#- 0/ a$d -# 0/) the absor!tio$ by water (a!or a$d

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW 3.



SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITYo+y&e$ 6omi$ate the e""ect i$ the air# Es!ecially) it is e$o&h to co$sider o$ly absor!tio$ by the o+y&e$

i$ the microwa(e "re:e$cy# It is a!!ro+imately 5#55J d*?%m# I$ the SPS case) the amo$t o" total

absor!tio$ thro&h the air "rom s!ace is a!!ro+imately 5#5@- d*

#.#.' INTERACTION WITH SPACE PLASMAS

Whe$ microwa(es "rom SPS !ro!a&ate thro&h io$os!heric !lasmas) some i$teractio$ betwee$

microwa(es a$d the io$os!heric !lasmas occrs# It is well %$ow$ that re"ractio$) 2araday rotatio$)

sci$tillatio$) a$d absor!tio$ occr betwee$ wea% microwa(e sed "or satellite comm$icatio$ a$d the

!lasmas# /owe(er) i$"le$ce o$ the MPT system is $e&li&ible# It is $o$li$ear i$teractio$ betwee$

i$te$se microwa(e a$d the s!ace !lasmas that we ha(e to i$(esti&ate be"ore the commercial SPS# We

theoretically !redict that the "ollowi$& may occr heati$& o" the !lasmas) !lasma hall e""ect) thermal

sel""ocsi$& e""ect o" the microwa(e beam) a$d three wa(e i$teractio$s a$d e+citatio$ o" electrostatic

wa(es i$ M/ ba$ds# These i$teractio$s do$9t $ot occr i$ e+iste$t satellite comm$icatio$ systems

becase microwa(e !ower is (ery wea%#

+. RECENT TRENDS: WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

RECEI$ERS AND RECTIFIERS

Poi$t to !oi$t MPT system $eeds a lar&e recei(i$& area with a recte$$a array becase o$e recte$$a

eleme$t recei(es a$d creates o$ly a "ew W# Es!ecially "or the SPS) we $eed a h&e recte$$a site a$d a

!ower $etwor% co$$ected to the e+isti$& !ower $etwor%s o$ the &ro$d# O$ co$trary) there are some

MPT a!!licatio$s with o$e small recte$$a eleme$t sch as R2 I6#

#.+.1 RECENT TECHNOLOGIES OF RECTENNA

The word Grecte$$aH is com!osed o" Grecti"yi$& circitH a$d Ga$te$$aH# The recte$$a ca$ recei(e a$d

recti"y a microwa(e !ower to 6C# The recte$$a is !assi(e eleme$t with a recti"yi$& diode) o!erated

withot a$y !ower sorce# The circit) es!ecially diode) mai$ly determi$es the R2 6C co$(ersio$

e""icie$cy# Silico$ Scotty barrier diodes were sally sed "or earlier recte$$a# New de(ices li%e SiC a$d

0aN are e+!ected to i$crease the e""icie$cy# The recte$$a with 2ET or /EMT a!!eared rece$tly# The

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW 3@



SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITYsi$&le sh$t "ll wa(e recti"ier is always sed "or the recte$$a# It co$sists o" a diode i$serted i$ the

circit i$ !arallel) a ? distribted li$e) a$d a ca!acitor i$serted i$ !arallel# I$ a$ ideal sitatio$) 355=

o" the recei(ed microwa(e !ower shold be co$(erted i$to 6C !ower#

#.+.2 RECENT TECHNOLOGIES OF RECTENNA ARRAY

The recte$$a will be sed as a$ array "or hi&h !ower MPT becase o$e recte$$a eleme$t recti"ies a "ew

W o$ly#

2or sal !hased array a$te$$a) mtal co!li$& a$d !hase distribtio$ are !roblems to sol(e# 2or the

recte$$a array) !roblem is di""ere$t "rom that o" the array a$te$$a becase the recte$$a array is

co$$ected $ot i$ microwa(e !hase bt i$ 6C !hase# Whe$ we co$$ect two recte$$a i$ series or i$

!arallel) they will $ot o!erate at their o!timm !ower ot!t a$d their combi$ed !ower ot!t will beless tha$ that i" o!erated i$de!e$de$tly# This is theoretical !redictio$#

". EFFICIENCY

We classi"y the MPT e""icie$cy ro&hly i$to three sta&es> 6C R2 co$(ersio$ e""icie$cy which i$cldes

losses cased by beam "ormi$&) beam collectio$ e""icie$cy which mea$s ratio o" all radiated !ower to

collected !ower o$ a recei(i$& a$te$$a) a$d R2 6C co$(ersio$ e""icie$cy#

#.".1 RF DC CON$ERSION EFFICIENCY

The R2 6C co$(ersio$ e""icie$cy o" the recte$$a or the CWC is o(er 5 = o" e+!erime$tal reslts as

show$# 6ecli$e o" the e""icie$cy is cased by array co$$ectio$ loss) cha$&e o" o!timm o!eratio$ !oi$t

o" the recte$$a array cased by cha$&e o" co$$ected load) troble o" the recte$$a) a$d a$y losses o$ the

systems) "or e+am!le) 6C?AC co$(ersio$) cables) etc# /owe(er) it is easier to realie hi&her e""icie$cy

tha$ that o$ the other two

#.".2 BEAM COLLECTION EFFICIENCY

The beam collectio$ e""icie$cy de!e$ds o$ the tra$smitter a$d recei(er a!ertre areas) the wa(ele$&th)

a$d the se!aratio$ dista$ce betwee$ the two a$te$$as#





CHAPTER #, FIG #.": EFFICIENCY OF RECTENNA ELEMENT

CHAPTER +

+. THE BASIC IDEA OF TRANSFORMING ELECTRICITY TO WITRICITY

+.1 ELECTRICITY

The "low o" electro$s 7crre$t8 thro&h a co$dctor 7li%e a wire8) or char&es thro&h the atmos!here

7li%e li&ht$i$&8# A co$(e$ie$t way "or e$er&y to &et "rom o$e !lace to a$other

CHAPTER +, FIG +.1: AN ILLUSTRATION REPRESENTING THE EARTH-S MAGNETIC

FIELD

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW 3-




+.2 MAGNETISM

A "$dame$tal "orce o" $atre) which cases certai$ ty!es o" materials to attract or re!el each other#

Perma$e$t ma&$ets) li%e the o$es o$ yor re"ri&erator a$d the earth‘s ma&$etic "ield) are e+am!les o"

ob'ects ha(i$& co$sta$t ma&$etic "ields#

Oscillati$& ma&$etic "ields (ary with time) a$d ca$ be &e$erated by alter$ati$& crre$t 7AC8 "lowi$& o$

a wire# The stre$&th) directio$) a$d e+te$t o" ma&$etic "ields are o"te$ re!rese$ted a$d (isalied by

drawi$&s o" the ma&$etic "ield li$es#

+.& ELECTROMAGNETISM

A term "or the i$terde!e$de$ce o" time (aryi$& electric a$d ma&$etic "ields# 2or e+am!le) it tr$s ot

that a$ oscillati$& ma&$etic "ield !rodces a$ electric "ield a$d a$ oscillati$& electric "ield !rodces a

ma&$etic "ield#

CHAPTER +, FIG +.2: FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETIC FIELD

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW 3D




CHAPTER +, FIG +.&: THE BLUE LINES REPRESENT THE MAGNETIC FIELD THAT IS

CREATED WHEN CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH A COIL.

As electric crre$t) I) "lows i$ a wire) it &i(es rise to a ma&$etic "ield) *) which wra!s aro$d the wire#

Whe$ the crre$t re(erses directio$) the ma&$etic "ield also re(erses its directio$#

+.' MAGNETIC INDUCTION

A loo! or coil o" co$dcti(e material li%e co!!er) carryi$& a$ alter$ati$& crre$t 7AC8) is a

ery e""icie$t strctre "or &e$erati$& or ca!tri$& a ma&$etic "ield# I" a co$dcti(e loo! is co$$ected to

a$ AC !ower sorce) it will &e$erate a$ oscillati$& ma&$etic "ield i$ the (ici$ity o" the loo!# A seco$d

co$dcti$& loo!) bro&ht close e$o&h to the "irst) may ca!tre some !ortio$ o" that oscillati$&

ma&$etic "ield) which i$ tr$) &e$erates or i$dces a$ electric crre$t i$ the seco$d coil# The crre$t

&e$erated i$ the seco$d coil may be sed to !ower de(ices# This ty!e o" electrical !ower tra$s"er "rom

o$e loo! or coil to a$other is well %$ow$ a$d re"erred to as ma&$etic i$dctio$# Some commo$

e+am!les o" de(ices based o$ ma&$etic i$dctio$ are electric tra$s"ormers a$d electric &e$erators#

+.# ENERGYPOWER COUPLING

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW 3J




CHAPTER +, FIG +.': MAGNETIC INDUCTION

A$ electric tra$s"ormer is a de(ice that ses ma&$etic i$dctio$ to tra$s"er e$er&y "rom its !rimary

wi$di$& to its seco$dary wi$di$&) withot the wi$di$&s bei$& co$$ected to each other# It is sed to

tra$s"orm AC crre$t at o$e (olta&e to AC crre$t at a di""ere$t (olta&e# E$er&y co!li$& occrs whe$

a$ e$er&y sorce has a mea$s o" tra$s"erri$& e$er&y to a$other ob'ect# O$e sim!le e+am!le is a

locomoti(e !lli$& a trai$ car the mecha$ical co!li$& betwee$ the two e$ables the locomoti(e to !ll

the trai$) a$d o(ercome the "orces o" "rictio$ a$d i$ertia that %ee! the trai$ still a$d) the trai$ mo(es#

Ma&$etic co!li$& occrs whe$ the ma&$etic "ield o" o$e ob'ect i$teracts with a seco$d ob'ect a$d

i$dces a$ electric crre$t i$ or o$ that ob'ect# I$ this way) electric e$er&y ca$ be tra$s"erred "rom a

!ower sorce to a !owered de(ice# I$ co$trast to the e+am!le o" mecha$ical co!li$& &i(e$ "or the trai$

ma&$etic co!li$& does $ot re:ire a$y !hysical co$tact betwee$ the ob'ect &e$erati$& the e$er&y a$d

the ob'ect recei(i$& or ca!tri$& that e$er&y#

+.+ WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY

Witricity !ower sorces a$d ca!tre de(ices are s!ecially desi&$ed ma&$etic reso$ators that e""icie$tly

tra$s"er !ower o(er lar&e dista$ces (ia the ma&$etic $ear "ield# These !ro!rietary sorce a$d de(ice

desi&$s a$d the electro$ic systems that co$trol them s!!ort e""icie$t e$er&y tra$s"er o(er dista$ces that

are ma$y times the sie o" the sorces?de(ices themsel(es#





CHAPTER +, FIG +.#: WITRICITY POWER SOURCE

The WiTricity !ower sorce) le"t) is co$$ected to AC !ower# The ble li$es re!rese$t the ma&$etic $ear

"ield i$dced by the !ower sorce# The yellow li$es re!rese$t the "low o" e$er&y "rom the sorce to the

WiTricity ca!tre coil) which is show$ !oweri$& a li&ht blb# Note that this dia&ram also shows how the

ma&$etic "ield 7ble li$es8 ca$ wra! aro$d a co$dcti(e obstacle betwee$ the !ower sorce a$d the

ca!tre de(ice#

CHAPTER "

". PRINCIPLE / EPERIMENTAL DESIGN

".1 BASIC PRINCIPLE




SEMINAR REPORT WIRELESS ELECTRICITY WiTricity is $othi$& bt the short $ame o" Wireless Electricity# The basic co$ce!t behi$d this is

Ma&$etic Reso$a$ce# Two reso$a$t ob'ects o" the same reso$a$t "re:e$cy te$d to e+cha$&e e$er&y

e""icie$tly) while dissi!ati$& relati(ely little e$er&y i$ e+tra$eos o"" reso$a$t ob'ects# I$ systems o"

co!led reso$a$ces) there is o"te$ a &e$eral Stro$&ly Co!led re&ime o" o!eratio$# I" o$e ca$ o!erate i$

that re&ime i$ a &i(e$ system) the e$er&y tra$s"er is e+!ected to be (ery e""icie$t# Midra$&e !ower

Tra$s"er im!leme$ted i$ this way ca$ be $early Om$i directio$al a$d e""icie$t) irres!ecti(e o" the

&eometry o" the srro$di$& s!ace) with low i$ter"ere$ce a$d losses i$to e$(iro$me$tal ob'ects# The

abo(e co$sideratio$s a!!ly irres!ecti(e o" the !hysical $atre o" the reso$a$ces# Ma&$etic reso$a$ces

are !articlarly sitable "or e(eryday a!!licatio$s becase most o" the commo$ materials do $ot i$teract

with Ma&$etic 2ields) so i$teractio$s with E$(iro$me$tal ob'ects are s!!ressed e(e$ "rther# We were

able to ide$ti"y the stro$&ly co!led re&ime i$ the system o" two co!led ma&$etic reso$a$ces by

e+!lori$& No$ radiati(e 7$ear "ield8 ma&$etic reso$a$t i$dctio$ at Me&ahert "re:e$cies#

".2 EPERIMENTAL DESIGN

E+!erime$tal scheme co$sists o" two Sel" reso$a$t coils# O$e coil 7sorce coil8 is co!led i$dcti(ely to

a$ oscillati$& circit> the other 7de(ice coil8 is co!led i$dcti(ely to a resisti(e load# Sel"reso$a$t coils

rely o$ the i$ter!lay betwee$ distribted i$dcta$ce a$d distribted ca!acita$ce to achie(e reso$a$ce

The coils are made o" a$ electrically co$dcti$& wire o" total le$&th la$d cross sectio$al radis a‘)

wo$d i$to a heli+ o" $‘tr$s) radis r‘) a$d hei&ht h‘# There is $o e+act soltio$ "or a "i$ite heli+ i$ the

literatre) a$d e(e$ i$ the case o" i$"i$itely lo$& coils) the soltio$s rely o$ assm!tio$s that are

i$ade:ate "or this system# So here the method im!leme$ted is sim!le :asi static model to "i$d the

!arameters# Those are i$ Electro Ma&$etic e:atio$s#

L= μ

0

4 π | I 0|2∬dr d r '

j(r ) j(r ' )

|r−r ' | QQQQ###################Q 738

1

C =

1

4

π ε0|q0|

2∬d (r ) d (r ' ) ρ ( r ) ρ(r ' )|r−r ' | QQQQQQ 7.8

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW .5




CHAPTER ", FIG ".0: ENERGY TRANSFER BY COIL REPRESENTATION

".& RANGE AND RATE OF COUPLING

The ra$&e a$d rate o" the !ro!osed wireless e$er&y tra$s"er scheme are the "irst sb'ects o"

e+ami$atio$) withot co$sideri$& yet e$er&y drai$a&e "rom the system "or se i$to wor%# A$ a!!ro!riate

a$alytical "ramewor% "or modeli$& this reso$a$t e$er&y e+cha$&e is that o" the well%$ow$ Co!led

Mode Theory 7CMT8 #/ere) the "ield o" the system o" two reso$a$t ob'ects 3 a$d . is a!!ro+imated by

F)r, t* 1 )t* F1)r* 3 2 )t* F2)r*) here 23) .7r8 are the modes o" 3 a$d . alo$e) a$d the$ the "ield

am!litdes a3 7t8 a$d a. 7t8# The lower order re!rese$tatio$ o" the system is &i(e$ by

d ( a1 )

d (t ) =−i (ω1

−i Γ 1 ) a

1+ik a

2 QQQQQQ 738

d ( a2 )

d (t ) =−i (ω2

−i Γ 2) a

2+ik a

1 QQQQQQ 7.8

Where 3) . are the i$di(idal "re:e$cies) 3) . are the Reso$a$ce widths 76ecay rates8 de to the ob'ects9

i$tri$sic 7absor!tio$) radiatio$ etc#8 losses) a$d 9 is the co!li$& coe""icie$t# The abo(e e:atio$ show

that at e+act reso$a$ce 73K. a$d 3K.8) the $ormal modes o" the combi$ed system are s!lit by .#

The e$er&y e+cha$&e betwee$ the two ob'ects ta%es !lace i$ time Pi? a$d is $early !er"ect) a!art "or

losses) which are mi$imal whe$ the co!li$& rate is mch "aster tha$ all loss rates 7UU 3) .8# It is

e+actly this ratio V ?s:rt 73) .8 shows that) it will set as "i&re o" merit "or a$y system $der

co$sideratio$ "or wireless e$er&y tra$s"er) alo$& with the dista$ce o(er which this ratio ca$ be achie(ed

The desired o!timal re&ime V?s:rt 73) .8UU3 is called Stro$& Co!li$& re&ime# There is No cha$&e i$

E$er&y) ! to ?UU3 is tre# Co$se:e$tly) this e$er&y tra$s"er a!!licatio$ re:ires reso$a$t modes o"

/i&h Xality "actor) XK?. "or low 7slow8 i$tri$sic loss rates ) so we sed here the $o$ lossy $ear

"ield# 2rthermore) stro$& 7"ast8 co!li$& rate is re:ired o(er dista$ces lar&er tha$ the characteristic

sies o" the ob'ects) a$d there"ore)





si$ce the e+te$t o" the $ear "ield i$to the air srro$di$& a "i$ite sied reso$a$t ob'ect is set ty!ically by

the wa(ele$&th) this midra$&e $o$ radiati(e co!li$& ca$ o$ly be achie(ed si$& reso$a$t ob'ects o"

Sb wa(ele$&th sie#

Sch sb wa(ele$&th 7?r8 reso$a$ces ca$ o"te$ be accom!a$ied with a hi&h radiatio$ X) so this will

ty!ically be the a!!ro!riate choice "or the !ossibly mobile reso$a$t de(ice ob'ect#

".' PARAMETERS FOR DESIGNING AND SIMULATION

The co!led mode theory !lays a (ital role i$ sol(i$& the lower order e:atio$s o" the system# ;si$&

!ertrbatio$ tech$i:e o" +7t8KA cos7 5t8 * si$7 5t8 The soltio$ o" this e:atio$ is by i$cldi$&

decay rate de to loss 5 is B7t8KC e+!7 I 5t8e+!7 t? 58 *y co$sideri$& all e$er&y i$!ts a$d ot!ts weca$ co$clde that at reso$a$ce co$ditio$ decay loss by sorce a$d de(ice is K ?.X# The ratio ? is

!ro!ortio$al to the Xality "actor i#e# !ro!ortio$al to the !ower de(elo!ed a$d i$(ersely !ro!ortio$al to

decay rate de to loss# so i" ? is hi&h the !ower ot!t is hi&h# The simlatio$ !rocess is &oi$& o$ i$

the abo(e way sch that to !ro(e i$ stro$&ly co!led mode at sb wa(ele$&th 7?r8 reso$a$ces by

co$sideri$& the "ollowi$& !rocess#

Co$sider two loo!s at dista$ce 6 betwee$ their ce$ters) radis r3 a$d r. o" co$dcti$& wire with circlar

cross sectio$ o" radis a‘a$d diameter d‘#(ia a dielectric o" relati(e !ermitti(ity Z a$d e(erythi$&srro$ded by air# To calclate the RLC !arameters sed the method called 2i$ite Eleme$t 2re:e$cy

6omai$ 72E268 simlatio$s 7"or Ma+well‘s e:atio$s sol(i$& !r!ose8# The wire has i$dcta$ce L) the

!lates ha(e ca!acita$ce C a$d the$ the system has a reso$a$t mode) where the $atre o" the reso$a$ce

lies i$ the !eriodic e+cha$&e o" e$er&y "rom the electric "ield i$side the ca!acitor) de to the (olta&e

across it a$d de to the crre$t i$ the wire# The e$er&y released is Ma&$etic e$er&y# Losses i$ this

reso$a$t system co$sist o" ohmic loss) Rabs i$side the wire a$d radiati(e loss) Rrad i$to "ree s!ace# [5

Z5 are the ma&$etic !ermeability) electric !ermitti(ity a$d im!eda$ce o" "ree s!ace a$d \ is the

co$dcti(ity o" the co$dctor# *y the calclatio$s o" 2E26) we "o$d K M?.]s:rt7L3L.8

LK[5r^ l$7r?a8_ CKZ5Za?6 `Ks:rt7[5? Z58 where M is the mtal i$dcta$ce o" the two loo!s a$d it is

de!e$de$t o$ r 3) r .)6# MKV7Pi?.8] [5] 7 r 3r .8.?6@ Rabs V7Pi?D8` r?a RradV7Pi?D8̀ r?

XabsL? Rabs Xrad L? Rrad A$d ta%i$& co!!er wires so that it is ha(i$& ZK35 other co$sideratio$s

i$ COMSOL 456t7r8 a$d Ac594tic4 M59;8 T55;) desi&$ed the system as

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW ..




".# RESONANT MAGNETIC COUPLING

Ma&$etic co!li$& occrs whe$ two ob'ects e+cha$&e e$er&y thro&h their (aryi$& or oscillati$&ma&$etic "ields#

CHAPTER ", FIG ".1: ENERGY ECHANGE

".+ SIMULATION MODEL USING RESONANT MAGNETIC COUPLING

Two idealied reso$a$t ma&$etic coils) show$ i$ yellow# The ble a$d red color ba$ds illstrate their

ma&$etic "ields# The co!li$& o" their res!ecti(e ma&$etic "ields is i$dicated by the co$$ectio$ o" the

color ba$ds# Si<9;ti5= P8r65r<=c8: The reslts a$d !er"orma$ce &i(e$ with a$d Withot the

E+ter$al ob'ect i$ betwee$ the coils#

CHAPTER ", FIG ".2: ENERGY ECHANGE )WITH ETERNAL OB%ECT*

EI 6EPARTMENT) SRM0PC) L;C<NOW .@




CHAPTER ", FIG ".&: ENERGY ECHANGE )WITHOUT ETERNAL OB%ECT*

CHAPTER ", FIG ".': RESULTS WITHOUT ETRANEOUS OB%ECTS I

I" we i$clde a ma$ ha(i$& mscles o" electric !ermitti(ity ZK43Di so that obser(ed the reslts that

o$ly decay is somewhat raised bt &ot the re:ired ? ratio#

CHAPTER ", FIG ".#: RESULTS WITH ETRANEOUS OB%ECTS I





CHAPTER >

>. PERFORMANCE OF DESIGN

>.1 AD$ANTAGES OF DESIGN

There are so ma$y ad(a$ta&es with this Witricity co$ce!t) some o" those are

a8 ;$a""ected by the day $i&ht cycle) weather or seaso$s#

b8 This is a$ eco"rie$dly#

c8 It is a boo$ "or the de(ices which se midra$&e !ower#

>.2 LIMITATIONS OF DESIGN

a8 The reso$a$ce co$ditio$ shold be satis"ied) i" a$y medim error is there !ossibility o" !owertra$s"er#

b8 I" there is a$y !ossibility o" ery Stro$& "erroma&$etic material !rese$ce) the$ there may be a !ossibility o" low !ower tra$s"er de to radiatio$#

>.& PARAMETRIC CONCLUSIONS FOR DESIGN

Wireless Electricity co$ce!t is a boo$ "or de(ices which ses midra$&e e$er&y# The Power tra$s"er is

e+!lai$ed with the hel! o" Ma&$etic reso$a$ce a$d Co!led mode theory# *y the abo(e !a!er we ca$

co$cldes the below !oi$ts#

a8 The o!timal re&ime o" e""icie$t !ower tra$s"er is stro$&ly co!led re&ime#

b8 /i&h ? ratio &i(es hi&h !ower ot!t# I" $o cha$&e i$ ? ratio$ $o cha$ce i$ !ower tra$s"er

c8 6esi&$ed the !arameters with 2E26 method a$d simlated "or the ? ratio cha$&es with a$dwithot the e+ter$al ob'ects a$d co$clded that there is $o lar&e (ariatio$ i$ ? ratio#

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CHAPTER !

FEATURES AND BENEFITS

!.1 BENEFITS: WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY WILL MA?E YOUR PRODUCTS

a8 More co$(e$ie$t

a8 No ma$al rechar&i$& or cha$&i$& batteries#

b8 Elimi$ate $si&htly) $wieldy a$d costly !ower cords#

!.2 MORE RELIABLE

a8 Ne(er r$ ot o" battery !ower#

b8 Redce !rodct "ailre rates by "i+i$& the wea%est li$%‘ "le+i$& wiri$& a$d mecha$icali$terco$$ects#

!.& MORE EN$IRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY

a8 Redce se o" dis!osable batteries#

b8 ;se e""icie$t electric &rid !ower ‘directly i$stead o" i$e""icie$t battery char&i$&#

!.' FEATURES: HIGHLY RESONANT STRONG COUPLING PRO$IDES HIGH

EFFICIENCY O$ER DISTANCE

WiTricity mode o" wireless !ower tra$s"er is hi&hly e""icie$t o(er dista$ces ra$&i$& "rom ce$timeters to

se(eral meters# E""icie$cy may be de"i$ed as the amo$t o" sable electrical e$er&y that is a(ailable to

the de(ice bei$& !owered) di(ided by the amo$t o" e$er&y that is draw$ by the WiTricity sorce# I$

ma$y a!!licatio$s) e""icie$cy ca$ e+ceed 45=# A$d WiTricity sorces o$ly tra$s"er e$er&y whe$ it is

$eeded# Whe$ a WiTricit y !owered de(ice $o lo$&er $eeds to ca!tre additio$al e$er&y) the WiTricity

!ower sorce will atomatically redce its !ower co$sm!tio$ to a !ower sa(i$& idle state#

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!.# ENERGY TRANSFER $IA MAGNETIC NEAR FIELD CAN PENETRATE AND WRAP

AROUND OBSTACLES

The ma&$etic $ear "ield has se(eral !ro!erties that ma%e it a$ e+celle$t mea$s o" tra$s"erri$& e$er&y i$ a

ty!ical co$smer) commercial) or i$dstrial e$(iro$me$t# Most commo$ bildi$& a$d "r$ishi$&

Materials) sch as wood) &y!sm wall board) !lastics) te+tiles) &lass) bric%) a$d co$crete are esse$tially

tra$s!are$t to ma&$etic "ields e$abli$& WiTricityTech$olo&y to e""icie$tly tra$s"er !ower thro&h them#

I$ additio$) the ma&$etic $ear "ield has the ability to wra! aro$d ma$y metallic obstacles that mi&ht

otherwise bloc% the ma&$etic "ields#

WiTricity a!!licatio$s e$&i$eeri$& team will wor% with yo to address the materials a$d e$(iro$me$tal

"actors that may i$"le$ce wireless e$er&y tra$s"er i$ yor a!!licatio$#

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CHAPTER 10

10.1 APPLICATIONS

WiTricity wireless !ower tra$s"er tech$olo&y ca$ be a!!lied i$ a wide (ariety o" a!!licatio$s a$d

e$(iro$me$ts# The ability o" or tech$olo&y to tra$s"er !ower sa"ely) e""icie$tly) a$d o(er dista$ce ca$

im!ro(e !rodcts by ma%i$& them more co$(e$ie$t) reliable) a$d e$(iro$me$tally "rie$dly# WiTricity

tech$olo&y ca$ be sed to !ro(ide

10.1.1 AUTOMATIC WIRELESS POWER CHARGING

Whe$ all the !ower a de(ice $eeds is !ro(ided wirelessly) a$d $o batteries are re:ired# This mode is "or

a de(ice that is always sed withi$ ra$&e o" its WiTricity !ower sorce# Whe$ a de(ice with

rechar&eable batteries char&es itsel" while still i$ se or at rest) withot re:iri$& a !ower cord or battery

re!laceme$t# This mode is "or a mobile de(ice that may be sed both i$ a$d ot o" ra$&e o" its WiTricity

power sorce#

10.1.2 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

Atomatic wireless char&i$& o" mobile electro$ics 7!ho$es) la!to!s) &ame co$trollers) etc#8 i$ home) car

o""ice) Wi 2i hots!otsQ while de(ices are i$ se a$d mobile#

6irect wireless !oweri$& o" statio$ary de(ices 7"lat scree$ T‘s) di&ital !ictre "rames) home theater

accessories) wireless lod s!ea%ers) etc#8 Q elimi$ati$& e+!e$si(e cstom wiri$&) $si&htly cables a$d

wall wart !ower s!!lies#

6irect wireless !oweri$& o" des%to! PC !eri!herals wireless mose) %eyboard) !ri$ter) s!ea%ers

dis!lay) etcQ elimi$ati$& dis!osable batteries a$d aw%ward cabli$&#

10.1.& INDUSTRIAL

6irect wireless !ower a$d comm$icatio$ i$terco$$ectio$s across rotati$& a$d mo(i$& 'oi$ts 7robots

!ac%a&i$& machi$ery) assembly machi$ery) machi$e tools8 Q elimi$ati$& costly a$d "ailre !ro$e

wiri$&# 6irect wireless !ower a$d comm$icatio$ i$terco$$ectio$s at !oi$ts o" se i$ harsh

e$(iro$me$ts 7drilli$&) mi$i$&) $derwater) etc#8 Q where it is im!ractical or im!ossible to r$ wires#

6irect wireless





Power "or wireless se$sors a$d actators) elimi$ati$& the $eed "or e+!e$si(e !ower wiri$& or battery

re!laceme$t a$d dis!osal#

10.1.' TRANSPORTATION

Atomatic wireless char&i$& "or e+isti$& electric (ehicle classes &ol" carts) i$dstrial (ehicles

Atomatic wireless char&i$& "or "tre hybrid a$d all electric !asse$&er a$d commercial (ehicles) at

home) i$ !ar%i$& &ara&es) at "leet de!ots) a$d at remote %ios%s#

6irect wireless !ower i$terco$$ectio$s to re!lace costly (ehicle wiri$& har$esses a$d sli! ri$&s#

10.2 OTHER APPLICATIONS

a8 6irect wireless !ower i$terco$$ectio$s a$d atomatic wireless char&i$& "or im!la$table medica

de(ices 7(e$triclar assist de(ices) !acema%er) de"ibrillator) etc#8#

b8 Atomatic wireless char&i$& a$d "or hi&h tech military systems 7battery !owered mobile de(ices

co(ert se$sors) $ma$$ed mobile robots a$d aircra"t) etc#8#

c8 6irect wireless !oweri$& a$d atomatic wireless char&i$& o" smart cards#

d8 6irect wireless !oweri$& a$d atomatic wireless char&i$& o" co$smer a!!lia$ces) mobile

robots) etc#





CHAPTER 11

11. SAFETY AND FUTURE SCOPE

11.1 IS WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY SAFE(

11.1.1 NON RADIATI$E ENERGY TRANSFER IS SAFE FOR PEOPLE AND ANIMALS

WiTricity tech$olo&y is a $o$ radiati(e mode o" e$er&y tra$s"er) relyi$& i$stead o$ the ma&$etic $ear

"ield# Ma&$etic "ields i$teract (ery wea%ly with biolo&ical or&a$ism9s !eo!le a$d a$imals a$d are

scie$ti"ically re&arded to be sa"e# Pro"essor Sir ,oh$ Pe$dry o" Im!erial Colle&e Lo$do$) a world

re$ow$ed !hysicist) e+!lai$s The body really res!o$ds stro$&ly to electric "ields) which is why yo ca$

coo% a chic%e$ i$ a microwa(e# *t it does$Ft res!o$d to ma&$etic "ields# As "ar as we %$ow the body

has almost ero res!o$se to ma&$etic "ields i$ terms o" the amo$t o" !ower it absorbs# E(ide$ce o" the

sa"ety o" ma&$etic "ields is illstrated by the wides!read acce!ta$ce a$d sa"ety o" hosehold ma&$etic

i$dctio$ coo% to!s# Thro&h !ro!rietary desi&$ o" the WiTricity sorce) electric "ields are almost

com!letely co$tai$ed withi$ the sorce# This desi&$ reslts i$ le(els o" electric a$d ma&$etic "ields

which "all well withi$ re&latory &ideli$es# Ths WiTricity tech$olo&y does$‘t &i(e rise to

radio"re:e$cy emissio$s that i$ter"ere with other electro$ic de(ices) a$d is $ot a sorce o" electric a$d

ma&$etic "ield le(els that !ose a ris% to !eo!le or a$imals# Limits "or hma$ e+!osre to ma&$etic "ields

are set by re&latory bodies sch as the 2CC) ICNIRP) a$d are based o$ broad scie$ti"ic a$d medical

co$se$ss# WiTricity tech$olo&y is bei$& de(elo!ed to be "lly com!lia$t with a!!licable re&latio$s

re&ardi$& ma&$etic "ields a$d electroma&$etic radiatio$#

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11.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF WITRICITY

MITFs WiTricity is o$ly 5 to -= e""icie$t a$d accordi$& to Sol'acic) they ha(e to be twice as e""icie$t

to com!ete with the traditio$al chemical batteries# The teamFs $e+t aim is to &et a robotic (acm or a

la!to! wor%i$&) char&i$& de(ices !laced a$ywhere i$ the room a$d e(e$ robots o$ "actory "loors# The

researchers are also crre$tly wor%i$& o$ the health isses related to this co$ce!t a$d ha(e said that i$

a$other three to "i(e years9 time) they will come ! with a WiTricity system "or commercial se#

Witricity) i" sccess"l will de"i$itely cha$&e the way we li(e# Ima&i$e cell !ho$es) la!to!s) di&ital

cameraFs &etti$& sel"char&ed Wow LetFs ho!e the researchers will be able to come ! with the

commercial system soo$# Till the$) we wait i$ a$tici!atio$ /ma$ bei$&s or other ob'ects !laced

betwee$ the tra$smitter a$d recei(er do $ot hi$der the tra$smissio$ o" !ower# /owe(er) does ma&$etic

co!li$& or reso$a$ce co!li$& ha(e a$y harm"l e""ects o$ hma$s MITFs researchers are :ite

co$"ide$t that WiTricityFs Fco!li$& reso$a$ceF is sa"e "or hma$s# They say that the ma&$etic "ields te$d

to i$teract (ery wea%ly with the biolo&ical tisses o" the body) a$d so are $ot !ro$e to case a$y dama&e

to a$y li(i$& bei$&s#

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