nomenclature. drugs are categorized under broad subcategories called classifications drugs with...

Nomenclature

Nomenclature

Drugs are categorized under broad subcategories called classifications

Drugs with several types of therapeutic effects fit under several classifications (Aspirin)

Drug Classifications

Therapeutic EffectAntihypertensiveAntiemeticAntibioticDiuretic

Physiologic ActionB-adrenergic blockerCa channel blocker

Classifications (cont.)

The same drug may belong to more than one classificationPropranalol: B-blocker (physiologic action),

antianginal, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensivePerphenazine: antiemetic =controls N/V,

antipsychotic = anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, tachycardia, sedation)

Nomenclature/Classifications (cont.) Prototype Drug = representative of many

drugs within the classDiazepam: Benzodiazepine,

sedative/hypnotic, antianxietySimilarities: pharmacokinetics,

pharmacodynamics, effects, side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, drug/food interaction

Nomenclature / Drug Names

GenericName given to drug before it becomes officialGiven by the United States Adopted Names

CouncilTypically derived from chemical nameUsually shorter

Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

Trade/BrandName that is registered by the manufacturerFollowed by the trademark symbol®Can only be used by the manufacturerMay have several trade names (depending on

number of manufacturers)The first letter of the name is capitalized


ChemicalGives exact chemical composition of the drug Places atoms or molecular structure


OfficialName listed in the United States

Pharmacopoeia-National FormularyMay be the same as the generic name

Acetaminophen/N-acetyl-p-aminophenol/Tylenol, Datil


When a new drug is produced it is given a generic name

It must be tested and approved by the FDA Listed in the USP/NF by an official name Producing company has an exclusive right for 17

years and other companies can produce the same drug, but will assign own trade name


Patient Education Generic and trade name drugs have same basic

ingredients by law Trade name drug is more expensive

Advertising Pharmacy dispension Though basic ingredients are same, the “fillers” may

be different (fillers may effect speed drug is dissolved or takes effect, some dyes may cause allergic reaction)


Combination drugsHave several generic names, but only one

trade nameDarvocet-N-100 = Acetaminophen 650mg,

Propoxypene napsylate, 100mg


Trade names with numbersThe number refers to the amount of one of the

generic componentsA differentiating factorNumber represents the amount of the

controlled substance


Trade Name Generic Name

Empirin Aspirin 325mg

Empirin #1 Aspirin 325 mg

Codeine Phosphate 7.5mg

Empirin #2 Aspirin 325 mg

Codeine Phosphate 15mg

The larger the number, the greater the amount of the controlled substance contained therein.


Potential med errorsTrade name misinterpreted for the # of tablets

to giveAllergic reaction to one of the generic

components (check for aspirin allergy)Giving 2 #3’s instead of one #4 (doubles the

dose of aspirin from 325mg to 650mg)

Drug References

PDR = Physician’s Desk Reference Distributed to practicing physicians All drugs cross referenced

White “manufacturer’s index” (company that makes drug) Pink “product index” (trade and generic name) Blue “product category index” (drug classification) Green (description of substances used for medical testing) Photographs of many drugs List of all US Poison Control Centers

Drug References (cont.)

PDR (cont.)Geared for physiciansLengthy descriptionsDifficult to identify what is most important to

rememberNo easily identifiable nursing implications


USP/DI = US Pharmacopaeia/Dispensing InformationMust be purchasedPractical guidelines for the patient (everyday

language)Tips for proper use of medication and what

precautions to take


AHFS = American Health-System Formulary ServiceGood, concise informationArranged by classification with a description

of each classification at the beginning of each section


Compendium of Drug TherapyDistributed to physicians2 hardback volumesEasy to readPhotographs of drugsPhone # of major pharmaceutical companiesPoison control centers listed


Davis’s Drug GuideBest resource for nursing

Includes nursing implications Assessment Potential nursing diagnoses Implementation Patient/family teaching Evaluation

Well organized

Terms

IndicationMedical condition for which the drug is meant

to be usedBenadryl = allergic skin reaction, mild

Parkinsonian symptoms, nasal allergies

Terms (cont.)

ActionCellular changes that occur as a result of the

drugKnow which body system is affectedBenadryl competes with histamine for cell

receptor sites on effector cell

Terms (cont.)

ContraindicationCondition for which the drug should not be

givenPregnancy, lactation

Terms (cont.)

Warning & PrecautionConditions or types of patients that warrant

closer observation for specific side effects when given drug

Hx of bronchial asthma, HTN

Terms (cont.)

Side Effects & Adverse Reaction List of possible unpleasant or dangerous

secondary effects other than the desired effects Benadryl causes sedation, dizziness, thickening of

bronchial secretion Ototoxicity – aspirin Nephrotoxicity – gentamycin Photosensitivity – antipsychotic/Haloperidol

Terms (cont.)

InteractionOther foods or drugs that may alter the effect

of the drugMAO inhibitors have major interaction, some

causing BP changes and even death

Sources of Drugs

Any chemical substance taken into body for the purpose of affecting body function is referred to as a drug

Sources of Drugs (cont.)

Plants = primary source of substances used in human body Berries, bark, leaves, resin from trees, roots

Minerals = from the earth & soil Iron, sulfur, potassium, silver & even gold

Animals = substances from the glands, organs & tissues of animals Pork insulin

Synthetic = man made (test tube drugs)

Sources of Drugs PlantsExample Trade Name

ClassificationChinchona BarkQuinidine Antiarrhythmic

Purple Foxglove Digitalis Cardiotonic

Poppy Plant Paregoric, Antidiarrheal,(Opium) Morphine, Analgesic,

Codeine Analgesic, Antitussive

Sources of Drugs MineralsExample Trade Name ClassificationMagnesium Milk of Magnesia Antacid, Laxative

Zinc Zinc Oxide Oint. Sunscreen, Skin Protectant

Gold Solganal, Auranofin Anti-inflammatory;

Used in tx of Rheumatoid

Arthritis

AnimalsExample Trade Name

ClassificationPancreas of Cow, Insulin; regular, AntidiabeticHog NPH, PZI Hormone

Stomach of Cow, Pepsin DigestiveHog Hormone

Thyroid Gland Thyroid, USP HormoneOf Animals

Sources of Drugs

Sources of Drugs SyntheticExample Trade Name

ClassificationMeperidine Demerol Analgesic

Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal

Co-TrimoxazoleBactrim, Septra Anti-Infective Sulfonamide; Used in the treatment of UTI’s

Effects of Drugs

SystemicEffect is made throughout body (Tylenol)

LocalAffects are limited to the area of the body

where it is administered (Preparation H for hemorrhoidal pain)

Drug Actions

Depressing Stimulating Destroying Replacing Substances

Questions???

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