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7/28/2019 Nonmon04 Sli

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PREHISTORYNONMONOTONIC REASO

TREATED EXPLICITLY

Predicate completionKeith Clark

Closed world assumptionReiter

MicroplannerSussman and Winograd

Prolog with negation as failureColmerauer

Grumble about logicMinsky


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HISTORYNONMONOTONIC REASONING

EXPLICITLY

My 1977 paper had domain circumscription in it.

imal model, but a minimal model. Ashok Chandr

out to me.]

There was a workshop in 1978 at Stanford.

1980 special issue of AIJ.

Non-monotonic logicMcDermott and Doyle

Logic of defaultsReiter


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Circumscription-McCarthy

Auto-epistemic logicMoore

Applications of circumscription to formalizing com

McCarthy 1986

The early history ends in 1986.

Reiters work on diagnosis. McIlraith also.


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PREDICATE CIRCUMSCRIPTION1

x.ab aspect1 x flies x.

x.bird x ab aspect1 x.

x.bird x ab aspect2 x flies x.

x.ostrich x ab aspect2 x.

x.ostrich x ab aspect3 x flies x

ostrich(T im) bird(T weety).


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Afterthought (2004): Need to circumscribe wha

what are birds and ostriches separately.


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USES OF NONMONOTONIC REASON

1. As a communication convention. Suppose A

a situation involving a bird. If the bird cannot flrelevant, then A must say so. Whereas if the bird

is no requirement to mention the fact.

The proposed Common Business Communication L

(McCarthy 1982) must include nonmonotonic convwhat may be inferred when a message leaves out

the method of delivery.

2. As a database or information storage conventio

convention of a particular database that certain p

their minimal extension.


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3. As a rule of conjecture.

4. As a representation of a policy. The example is

meeting will be on Wednesday unless another decismade.

5. As a very streamlined expression of probabilist

when numerical probabilities, especially conditiona

are unobtainable.

6. Auto-epistemic reasoning. If I had an elder broit.

7. Both common sense physics and common sen

use nonmonotonic rules. An object will continue

line if nothing interferes with it. A person will ea

unless something prevents it.


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HUMAN NONMONOTONIC REASON

Human reasoning compared to human speech.

skate at the edge of ambiguity. Thats why desctics is hard. Many ambiguities of speech are not

humans internal reasoning. Van Benthems stud

cumscription to treat exhaustive sentences.

Most non-mathematical human reasoning is parttonic.

I arrived in Vancouver at 6:30 pm, but didnt lea

till 10 pm. That was because the road was closed

Is this the same as I would have left earlier, but

closed.


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Is but just used in communication or should s

but be included in an AI systems internal know

An argument: Taking into account only facts Xthe conclusion that A, but if you also took into ac

you would infer B.


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PART OF A DIFFERENT SPEECH

Computer scientists, through not paying atten

ematical logic, are confused about many mattergot right many decades ago.

Ontology concerns what exists and does not in

Common ontologies include individuals and unary

objects but not relations as objects. The hierarch

The notation of first order logic is superior t

notations that have been invented. Decideable s

order logic are readily designated.

XML isnt a language but a notation. A langu

set of predicate symbols that are intended to be g

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