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Page 1: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

N15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

2 pages

Markscheme

November 2015

Chemistry

Standard level

Paper 1

Page 2: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 2 – N15/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

1. C 16. A 31. – 46. – 2. C 17. B 32. – 47. – 3. C 18. D 33. – 48. – 4. A 19. C 34. – 49. – 5. A 20. D 35. – 50. – 6. B 21. A 36. – 51. – 7. B 22. A 37. – 52. – 8. B 23. A 38. – 53. – 9. B 24. C 39. – 54. – 10. D 25. D 40. – 55. – 11. A 26. B 41. – 56. – 12. B 27. A 42. – 57. – 13. D 28. C 43. – 58. – 14. D 29. D 44. – 59. – 15. B 30. C 45. – 60. –

Page 3: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

N16/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

2 pages

Markscheme

November 2016

Chemistry

Standard level

Paper 1

Page 4: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 2 – N16/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

1. C 16. C 31. – 46. – 2. D 17. B 32. – 47. – 3. C 18. A 33. – 48. – 4. B 19. A 34. – 49. – 5. C 20. D 35. – 50. – 6. A 21. B 36. – 51. – 7. A 22. D 37. – 52. – 8. C 23. C 38. – 53. – 9. D 24. A 39. – 54. – 10. A 25. A 40. – 55. – 11. D 26. B 41. – 56. – 12. D 27. A 42. – 57. – 13. C 28. D 43. – 58. – 14. B 29. B 44. – 59. – 15. C 30. B 45. – 60. –

Page 5: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

N16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

© International Baccalaureate Organization 201614 pages8816 – 6105

ChemistryStandard levelPaper 2

Candidate session number

1 hour 15 minutes

Instructions to candidates

Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided. A calculator is required for this paper. A clean copy of the chemistry data booklet is required for this paper. The maximum mark for this examination paper is [50 marks].

Monday 14 November 2016 (morning)

16EP01

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Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. Ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH2CH2OH, has a wide variety of uses including the removal of ice from aircraft and heat transfer in a solar cell.

(a) Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction.

2CO (g) + 3H2 (g) HOCH2CH2OH (g)

(i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc , for this reaction. [1]

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(ii) State how increasing the pressure of the reaction mixture at constant temperature will affect the position of equilibrium and the value of Kc . [2]

Position of equilibrium:

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Kc:

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(iii) Calculatetheenthalpychange,∆H Ö, in kJ, for this reaction using section 11 of the data booklet. The bond enthalpy of the carbon–oxygen bond in CO (g) is 1077 kJ mol-1. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 1 continued)

(iv) Theenthalpychange,∆H Ö, for the following similar reaction is –233.8 kJ.

2CO (g) + 3H2 (g) HOCH2CH2OH (l)

Deduce why this value differs from your answer to (a)(iii). [1]

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(b) Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in ethane-1,2-diol. [2]

Ethene:

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Ethane-1,2-diol:

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(c) Explainwhytheboilingpointofethane-1,2-diolissignificantlygreaterthanthatofethene. [2]

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(d) Ethane-1,2-diolcanbeoxidizedfirsttoethanedioicacid,(COOH)2, and then to carbon dioxide and water. Suggest the reagents to oxidize ethane-1,2-diol. [1]

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16EP03

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2. The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).

(a) Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid. [1]

Weak acid:

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Strong acid:

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(b) Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the concentration of hydrogen ions. [1]

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(c) 5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2•2H2O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm3 of solution. 25.0 cm3 samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm-3 solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.

(COOH)2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm3.

(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 solution. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 2 continued)

(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm3 sample. [1]

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(iii) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample. [3]

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(d) The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below.

C C

O

O O

O2–

Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet. [2]

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16EP05

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Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

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Turn over

3. Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a precipitate of sulfur at room temperature.

Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO2 (g) + 2NaCl (aq) + X

(a) Identify the formula and state symbol of X. [1]

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(b) Suggest why the experiment should be carried out in a fume hood or in a well-ventilated laboratory. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 3 continued)

(c) The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the reaction mixture becomes invisible with time.

mark mark mark

Glass

mark

10.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid was added to a 50.0 cm3 solution of sodium thiosulfate at temperature, T1. Students measured the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible to the naked eye. The experiment was repeated at different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate.

Experiment [Na2S2O3 (aq)]/ mol dm-3

Time, t, for mark to disappear / s ± 1 s

1t

* / 10-3 s-1

1 0.150 23 43.52 0.120 27 37.03 0.090 36 27.84 0.060 60 16.75 0.030 111 9.0

* The reciprocal of the time in seconds can be used as a measure of the rate of reaction.

[Source:Adaptedfromhttp://www.flinnsci.com/]

Showthatthehydrochloricacidaddedtotheflaskinexperiment1isinexcess. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 3 continued)

(d) Drawthebestfitlineof1t

against concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the axes provided. [2]

Rat

e of

reac

tion 1 t

/ 10-

3 s-1

0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.150

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

[Na2S2O3] / mol dm-3

(e) A student decided to carry out another experiment using 0.075 mol dm-3 solution of sodium thiosulfate under the same conditions. Determine the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 3 continued)

(f) An additional experiment was carried out at a higher temperature, T2.

(i) On the same axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves at the two temperatures T1 and T2, where T2 > T1. [2]

(ii) Explain why a higher temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase. [2]

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(g) Suggest one reason why the values of rates of reactions obtained at higher temperatures may be less accurate. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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4. Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.

(a) State the nuclear symbol notation, AZ X, for magnesium-26. [1]

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(b) Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results:

% abundanceMg-24 78.60Mg-25 10.11Mg-26 11.29

Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar , of this sample of magnesium to two decimal places. [2]

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(c) Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water. [1]

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(Question 4 continued)

(d) Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine. [2]

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(e) In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the formula of this compound. [1]

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(f) Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide. [2]

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(g) Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.

Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when molten magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922 K and 987 K respectively. [2]

Anode (positive electrode):

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Cathode (negative electrode):

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5. Propane and propene are members of different homologous series.

(a) Draw the full structural formulas of propane and propene. [1]

Propane:

Propene:

(b) Both propane and propene react with bromine.

(i) State an equation and the condition required for the reaction of 1 mol of propane with 1 mol of bromine. [2]

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(ii) State an equation for the reaction of 1 mol of propene with 1 mol of bromine. [1]

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(Question 5 continued)

(iii) State the type of each reaction with bromine. [1]

Propane:

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Propene:

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Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

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Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

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N16/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

Candidate session number

ChemistryStandard levelPaper 3

© International Baccalaureate Organization 201630 pages

1 hour

Tuesday 15 November 2016 (morning)

8816 – 6106

Instructions to candidates

• Write your session number in the boxes above.• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.• A calculator is required for this paper.• A clean copy of the chemistry data booklet is required for this paper.• The maximum mark for this examination paper is [35 marks].

Section A Questions

Answer all questions. 1 – 2

Section B Questions

Answer all of the questions from one of the options.

Option A — Materials 3 – 7

Option B — Biochemistry 8 – 10

Option C — Energy 11 – 15

Option D — Medicinal chemistry 16 – 20

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Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. In order to provide safe drinking water, a water supply is often treated with disinfectants, which aim to inactivate disease-causing bacteria in the water.

To compare the effectiveness of different disinfectants, a CT value is used as a measure of the dosage of disinfectant needed to achieve a certain level of inactivation of specific bacteria.

CT value (mg min dm−3) = C (mg dm−3) × T (min) concentration contact time of disinfectant with water

(a) The table below compares the CT values of different disinfectants necessary to achieve 99 % inactivation of two types of bacteria, listed as A and B.

DisinfectantCT value / mg min dm−3 for 99 % inactivation of bacteria

Bacterium A Bacterium BHypochlorous acid, HOCl 4 × 10−2 8 × 10−2

Hypochlorite ion, OCl− 9.2 × 10−1 3.3Chlorine dioxide, ClO2 1.8 × 10−1 1.3 × 10−1

Monochloramine, NH2Cl 64 94

(i) Deduce the oxidation state of chlorine in the following disinfectants. [1]

HOCl:

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ClO2:

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(Question 1 continued)

(ii) From the data on CT values, justify the statement that bacterium B is generally more resistant to disinfection than bacterium A. [1]

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(iii) CT values can be used to determine whether a particular treatment process is adequate. Calculate the CT value, in mg min dm−3, when 1.50 × 10−5 g dm−3 of chlorine dioxide is added to a water supply with a contact time of 9.82 minutes. [1]

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(iv) From your answer to (a) (iii) and the data in the table, comment on whether this treatment will be sufficient to inactivate 99 % of bacterium A. [1]

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(Question 1 continued)

(b) CT values are influenced by temperature and by pH. The table below shows the CT values for chlorine needed to achieve 99 % inactivation of a specific bacterium at stated values of pH and temperature.

pHTemperature / °C

0.5 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.06.0 97 69 52 35 267.0 137 97 73 49 378.0 197 140 105 70 539.0 281 201 151 101 75

(i) With reference to the temperature data in the table, suggest why it may be more difficult to treat water effectively with chlorine in cold climates. [1]

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(ii) Sketch a graph on the axes below to show how the CT value (at any temperature) varies with pH. [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 1 continued)

(iii) Comment on the relative CT values at pH 6.0 and pH 9.0 at each temperature. [1]

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(iv) Chlorine reacts with water as follows:

Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) HOCl (aq) + HCl (aq)

HOCl (aq) OCl− (aq) + H+ (aq)

Predict how the concentrations of each of the species HOCl (aq) and OCl− (aq) will change if the pH of the disinfected water increases. [1]

HOCl (aq):

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OCl− (aq):

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(c) Despite widespread improvements in the provision of safe drinking water, the sale of bottled water has increased dramatically in recent years. State one problem caused by this trend. [1]

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2. In a class experiment, students were asked to determine the value of x in the formula of a hydrated salt, BaCl2・ xH2O. They followed these instructions:

1. Measure the mass of an empty crucible and lid.2. Add approximately 2 g sample of hydrated barium chloride to the crucible and record

the mass.3. Heat the crucible using a Bunsen burner for five minutes, holding the lid at an angle

so gas can escape.4. After cooling, reweigh the crucible, lid and contents.5. Repeat steps 3 and 4.

Their results in three trials were as follows:

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3Mass of crucible + lid / g ±0.001 20.088 20.122 20.105Mass of crucible + lid + BaCl2・ xH2O before heating / g ±0.001 22.166 22.184 22.186Mass of crucible + lid + BaCl2 after 1st heating / g ±0.001 21.859 22.080 21.926Mass of crucible + lid + BaCl2 after 2nd heating / g ±0.001 21.859 21.865 21.927

(a) State and explain the further work students need to carry out in trial 2 before they can process the results alongside trial 1. [2]

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(b) In trial 3, the students noticed that after heating, the crucible had turned black on the outside. Suggest what may have caused this, and how this might affect the calculated value for x in the hydrated salt. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 2 continued)

(c) List two assumptions made in this experiment. [2]

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Section B

Answer all of the questions from one of the options.

Option A — Materials

3. Materials science involves understanding the properties of materials and applying those properties to desired structures.

(a) Magnesium oxide, MgO, and silicon carbide, SiC, are examples of ceramic materials. State the name of the predominant type of bonding in each material. [1]

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(b) Predict the predominant type of bonding for a binary compound AB in which the electronegativity of both atoms is low. Use section 29 of the data booklet. [1]

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4. A student wanted to determine the formula of indium sulfate. She applied an electrical current of 0.300 A to an aqueous solution of indium sulfate for 9.00 × 103 s and found that 1.07 g of indium metal deposited on the cathode.

(a) Calculate the charge, in coulombs, passed during the electrolysis.

currentchargetime

IQt

=

[1]

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A, question 4 continued)

(b) Calculate the amount, in mol, of electrons passed using section 2 of the data booklet. [1]

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(c) Calculate the mass of indium deposited by one mole of electrons. [1]

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(d) Calculate the number of moles of electrons required to deposit one mole of indium. Relative atomic mass of indium, Ar = 114.82. [1]

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(e) Deduce the charge on the indium ion and the formula of indium sulfate. [1]

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A continued)

5. Research has led to the discovery of new catalysts that are in high demand and used in many chemical industries.

(a) Explain, with reference to their structure, the great selectivity of zeolites as catalysts. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Nanocatalysts play an essential role in the manufacture of industrial chemicals.

(i) Describe the high pressure carbon monoxide (HIPCO) method for the production of carbon nanotubes. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Outline one benefit of using nanocatalysts compared to traditional catalysts in industry. [1]

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A continued)

6. Polymers are made up of repeating monomer units which can be manipulated in various ways to give structures with desired properties.

(a) (i) Draw the structure of 2-methylpropene. [1]

(ii) Deduce the repeating unit of poly(2-methylpropene). [1]

(b) Deduce the percentage atom economy for polymerization of 2-methylpropene. [1]

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(c) (i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in industrial and house fires. [1]

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A, question 6 continued)

(ii) Phthalate plasticizers such as DEHP, shown below, are frequently used in polyvinyl chloride.

C

C

O

O

O

O

CH2

CH2

CH

CH CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

With reference to bonding, suggest a reason why many adults have measurable levels of phthalates in their bodies. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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7. Liquid crystals have many applications.

(a) Outline how a lyotropic liquid crystal differs from a thermotropic liquid crystal. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A, question 7 continued)

(b) Explain the effect of increasing the temperature of a nematic liquid crystal on its directional order. [1]

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End of Option A

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Option B — Biochemistry

8. Lipids are an important part of the human diet.

(a) Fatty acids react with glycerol to form fats and oils. State the name of the chemical link formed in this reaction and the name of the other product. [1]

Name of the chemical link:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Name of the other product:

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(b) The table below shows average figures for the percentage fatty acid composition of some common fats and oils.

Source of fat or oil

% saturated fatty acids

(total)

% monounsaturated fatty acid oleic

% polyunsaturated fatty acids

linoleic linolenic

Beef fat 59 38 3 -Coconut oil 90 8 2 -Corn oil 25 26 47 2Cotton seed oil 22 35 43 -Olive oil 15 78 7 -Soybean oil 14 28 50 8

(i) Deduce, with a reason, which fat or oil from the table above has the lowest iodine number. [1]

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(ii) Deduce, with a reason, which fat or oil from the table above is most likely to become rancid when exposed to the air. [1]

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(Option B continues on the following page)

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(Option B, question 8 continued)

(iii) The P/S index of a fat or oil is the ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat present. It is sometimes used to compare the relative health benefits of different lipids in the diet. Calculate the P/S index of beef fat and soybean oil. [1]

Beef fat:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soybean oil:

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(iv) Suggest why a P/S index of greater than 1 is considered beneficial to health. [1]

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(v) Cotton seed oil and corn oil have similar iodine numbers but the melting point of cotton seed oil is higher than that of corn oil. Suggest an explanation in terms of the structure and bonding in these two oils. [2]

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(Option B continues on the following page)

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(Option B continued)

9. Carbohydrates are energy-rich molecules which can be synthesized in some plant cells from inorganic compounds.

(a) State the raw materials and source of energy used in the process described above. [1]

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(b) The structures of two molecules, X and Y, are shown below.

X: Y:H

C

O

CH OH

CH OH

H

C

C O

CH OH

H

H

OHH

H

C

O

CH OH

CH OH

H

C

C O

CH OH

H

H

OHH

(i) Justify why both these molecules are carbohydrates. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Distinguish between these molecules in terms of their functional groups. [1]

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(Option B continues on the following page)

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Turn over

(Option B, question 9 continued)

(c) Amylose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of repeating units of glucose.

(i) Draw the structure of the repeating unit of amylose. Use section 34 of the data booklet. [1]

(ii) Amylose is a major component of starch. Corn starch can be used to make replacements for plastics derived from oil, especially for packaging. Discuss one potential advantage and one disadvantage of this use of starch. [2]

Advantage:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Disadvantage:

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(Option B continues on the following page)

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(Option B continued)

10. Amino acids are usually identified by their common names. Use section 33 of the data booklet.

(a) State the IUPAC name for leucine. [1]

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(b) A mixture of amino acids is separated by gel electrophoresis at pH 6.0. The amino acids are then stained with ninhydrin.

(i) On the diagram below draw the relative positions of the following amino acids at the end of the process: Val, Asp, Lys and Thr. [2]

Origin

(+)Anode

(−)Cathode

(ii) Suggest why glycine and isoleucine separate slightly at pH 6.5. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Determine the number of different tripeptides that can be made from twenty different amino acids. [1]

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(Option B continues on the following page)

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(Option B, question 10 continued)

(d) The fibrous protein keratin has a secondary structure with a helical arrangement.

(i) State the type of interaction responsible for holding the protein in this arrangement. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Identify the functional groups responsible for these interactions. [1]

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End of Option B

32EP19

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Option C — Energy

11. Chemical energy from redox reactions can be used as a portable source of electrical energy. A hybrid car uses a lithium ion battery in addition to gasoline as fuel.

(a) (i) Calculate the specific energy of the lithium ion battery, in MJ kg−1, when 80.0 kg of fuel in the battery releases 1.58 × 107 J. Use section 1 of the data booklet. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) The specific energy of gasoline is 46.0 MJ kg−1. Suggest why gasoline may be considered a better energy source than the lithium ion battery based on your answer to part (a) (i). [1]

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(b) (i) The energy density of gasoline is 34.3 MJ dm−3. Calculate the volume of gasoline, in dm3, that is equivalent to the energy in 80.0 kg of fuel in the lithium ion battery. Use section 1 of the data booklet. [1]

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(ii) The efficiency of energy transfer by this lithium ion battery is four times greater than that of gasoline. Determine the distance, in km, the car can travel on the lithium ion battery power alone if the gasoline-powered car uses 1.00 dm3 gasoline to travel 32.0 km. [1]

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(Option C continues on the following page)

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(Option C continued)

12. Auto-ignition of hydrocarbon fuel in a car engine causes “knocking”. The tendency of a fuel to knock depends on its molecular structure.

(a) Discuss how the octane number changes with the molecular structure of the alkanes. [2]

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(b) Catalytic reforming and cracking reactions are used to produce more efficient fuels. Deduce the equation for the conversion of heptane to methylbenzene. [1]

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13. Carbon dioxide and water vapour are greenhouse gases produced by the combustion of fossil fuels.

(a) Explain the effect of the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the acidity of oceans. [2]

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(Option C continues on the following page)

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(Option C, question 13 continued)

(b) (i) Describe the changes that occur at the molecular level when atmospheric carbon dioxide gas absorbs infrared radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface. [2]

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(ii) Other than changes to the acidity of oceans, suggest why the production of carbon dioxide is of greater concern than the production of water vapour. [1]

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14. Biofuels are renewable energy sources derived mainly from plants.

(a) State the equation for the complete transesterification of the triglyceride given below with methanol. [2]

H2 CO C17H33

HC

H2C

O CO C17H33

O CO C17H33

(Option C continues on the following page)

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(Option C, question 14 continued)

(b) Outline why the fuel produced by the reaction in (a) is more suitable for use in diesel engines than vegetable oils. [1]

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15. Nuclear reactions transform one nuclide into another. Fission, splitting a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, releases vast amounts of energy.

(a) (i) Explain why fusion, combining two smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus, releases vast amounts of energy. Use section 36 of the data booklet. [2]

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(ii) Outline one advantage of fusion as a source of energy. [1]

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(Option C continues on the following page)

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(Option C, question 15 continued)

(b) Radioactive phosphorus, 33P, has a half-life of 25.3 days.

(i) Calculate 33P decay constant λ and state its unit. Use section 1 of the data booklet. [1]

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(ii) Determine the fraction of the 33P sample remaining after 101.2 days. [1]

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End of Option C

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Option D — Medicinal chemistry

16. Penicillin is an antibiotic which contains a beta-lactam ring. Its general structure is shown below.

R

C

HN

O

N

O

SCH3

CH3

CO

HO

(a) (i) Outline what is meant by the term “ring strain”. [1]

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(ii) On the diagram above, label with asterisk/s (*) the carbon atom/s that experience ring strain. [1]

(b) (i) Some antibiotic-resistant bacteria produce a beta-lactamase enzyme which destroys penicillin activity. Suggest how adding clavulanic acid to penicillin enables the antibiotic to retain its activity.

O

N

O

COOH

H

CH2OH

Clavulanic acid

[1]

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(Option D continues on the following page)

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(Option D, question 16 continued)

(ii) Populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have increased significantly over the last 60 years. Outline why antibiotics such as penicillin should not be prescribed to people suffering from a viral infection. [2]

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17. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are both used as antivirals to help prevent the spread of the flu virus, but are administered by different methods.

(a) Zanamivir must be taken by inhalation, not orally. Deduce what this suggests about the bioavailability of zanamivir if taken orally. [1]

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(b) Oseltamivir does not possess the carboxyl group needed for activity until it is chemically changed in the body. Deduce the name of the functional group in oseltamivir which changes into a carboxyl group in the body. Use section 37 of the data booklet. [1]

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(c) The synthesis of oseltamivir is dependent on a supply of the precursor shikimic acid, which is available only in low yield from certain plants, notably Chinese star anise. State one alternative green chemistry source of shikimic acid. [1]

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(Option D continues on the following page)

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(Option D continued)

18. The mild analgesic aspirin can be prepared in the laboratory from salicylic acid.

(CH3CO)2O + HOC6H4COOH → CH3CO2C6H4COOH + CH3COOH

Salicylic acid Aspirin

After the reaction is complete, the product is isolated, recrystallized, tested for purity and the experimental yield is measured. A student’s results in a single trial are as follows.

Mass / g ±0.001 Melting point / °C ±1Initial salicylic acid 1.552Crude product 1.398 106–114Product after recrystallization 1.124 122–125

Literature melting point data: aspirin = 138–140 °C

(a) Determine the percentage experimental yield of the product after recrystallization. The molar masses are as follows: M (salicylic acid) = 138.13 g mol−1, M (aspirin) = 180.17 g mol−1. (You do not need to process the uncertainties in the calculation.) [2]

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(b) Suggest why isolation of the crude product involved the addition of ice-cold water. [1]

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(Option D continues on the following page)

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(Option D, question 18 continued)

(c) Justify the conclusion that recrystallization increased the purity of the product, by reference to two differences between the melting point data of the crude and recrystallized products. [2]

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(d) State why aspirin is described as a mild analgesic with reference to its site of action. [1]

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19. Excess stomach acid leads to medical conditions that affect many people worldwide. These conditions can be treated with several types of medical drugs.

(a) Ranitidine (Zantac) is a drug that inhibits stomach acid production. Outline why the development of this drug was based on a detailed knowledge of the structure of histamine, shown below. [1]

HN

N

NH2

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(Option D continues on the following page)

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(Option D, question 19 continued)

(b) Two other drugs, omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium), directly prevent the release of acid into the stomach. Identify the site of action in the body. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) A different approach to treating excess stomach acid is to neutralize it with antacids. Formulate an equation that shows the action of an antacid that can neutralize three moles of hydrogen ions, H+, per mole of antacid. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Option D continues on the following page)

32EP29

N16/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 50: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 30 –

(Option D continued)

20. Methadone, a synthetic opioid, binds to opioid receptors in the brain.

CH2

O

CH2

H3C CH

H3C N

H3C

CH3

Methadone

(a) Compare and contrast the functional groups present in methadone and diamorphine (heroin), giving their names. Use section 37 of the data booklet. [2]

One similarity:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

One difference:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Methadone is sometimes used to help reduce withdrawal symptoms in the treatment of heroin addiction. Outline one withdrawal symptom that an addict may experience. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

End of Option D

32EP30

N16/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 51: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

32EP31

Page 52: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

32EP32

Page 53: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

ChemistryStandard levelPaper 1

13 pages

Wednesday 8 November 2017 (afternoon)

45 minutes

N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

© International Baccalaureate Organization 20178817 – 6104

Instructions to candidates

• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Answer all the questions.• For each question, choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice on

the answer sheet provided.• The periodic table is provided for reference on page 2 of this examination paper.• The maximum mark for this examination paper is [30 marks].

Page 54: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

88 Ra

(226

)

56 Ba

137.

33

38 Sr87

.62

20 Ca

40.0

8

12 Mg

24.3

1

4 Be

9.012

‡†

89 ‡

Ac

(227

)

57 †

La13

8.91

39 Y88

.91

21 Sc 44.9

6

90 Th23

2.04

58 Ce

140.

12

72 Hf

178.

49

40 Zr 91.2

2

22 Ti47

.87

91 Pa23

1.04

59 Pr14

0.91

73 Ta18

0.95

41 Nb

92.9

1

23 V50

.94

92 U23

8.03

60 Nd

144.

24

74 W18

3.84

42 Mo

95.9

6

24 Cr

52.0

0

55 Cs

132.

91

37 Rb

85.4

7

19 K39

.10

11 Na

22.9

9

3 Li 6.941 H 1.011 Fr87 (223

)

93 Np

(237

)

61 Pm (145

)

75 Re

186.

21

43 Tc (98)25 Mn

54.9

4

94 Pu (244

)

62 Sm15

0.36

76 Os

190.

23

44 Ru

101.

07

26 Fe 55.8

5

95 Am

(243

)

63 Eu15

1.96

77 Ir19

2.22

45 Rh

102.

91

27 Co

58.9

3

96 Cm

(247

)

64 Gd

157.

25

78 Pt19

5.08

46 Pd10

6.42

28 Ni

58.6

9

97 Bk

(247

)

65 Tb15

8.93

79 Au

196.

97

47 Ag

107.

87

29 Cu

63.5

5

The

Perio

dic

Tabl

e

Ato

mic

num

ber

Elem

ent

Rel

ativ

e at

omic

mas

s

98 Cf

(251

)

66 Dy

162.

50

80 Hg

200.

59

48 Cd

112.

41

30 Zn 65.3

8

99 Es (252

)

67 Ho

164.

93

81 Tl20

4.38

49 In11

4.82

31 Ga

69.7

2

13 Al

26.9

8

5 B10

.81

13

100

Fm (257

)

68 Er16

7.26

82 Pb 207.

2

50 Sn11

8.71

32 Ge

72.6

3

14 Si28

.09

6 C12

.01

14

101

Md

(258

)

69 Tm16

8.93

83 Bi

208.

98

51 Sb12

1.76

33 As

74.9

2

15 P30

.97

7 N14

.01

15

102

No

(259

)

70 Yb17

3.05

84 Po (209

)

52 Te12

7.60

34 Se78

.96

16 S32

.07

8 O16

.00

16

103

Lr (262

)

71 Lu17

4.97

85 At

(210

)

53 I12

6.90

35 Br

79.9

0

17 Cl

35.4

5

9 F19

.00

17

86 Rn

(222

)

54 Xe13

1.29

36 Kr

83.9

0

18 Ar

39.9

5

10 Ne

20.1

8

2 He

4.0018

34

56

78

910

1112

1 2 3 4 5 6 710

4 R

f(2

67)

105

Db

(268

)

106

Sg (269

)

107

Bh

(270

)

108

Hs

(269

)

109

Mt

(278

)

110

Ds

(281

)

111

Rg

(281

)

112

Cn

(285

)

113

Unt

(286

)

114

Uug

(289

)

115

Uup

(288

)

116

Uuh

(293

)

117

Uus

(294

)

118

Uuo

(294

)

– 2 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 55: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

1. How many atoms of nitrogen are there in 0.50 mol of (NH4)2CO3?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3.01 × 1023

D. 6.02 × 1023

2. What is the value of x when 32.2 g of Na2SO4·xH2O are heated leaving 14.2 g of anhydrous Na2SO4? Mr (H2O) = 18; Mr (Na2SO4) = 142.

Na2SO4·xH2O (s) → Na2SO4 (s) + xH2O (g)

A. 0.1

B. 1

C. 5

D. 10

3. How many grams of sodium azide, NaN3, are needed to produce 68.1 dm3 of N2 (g) at STP?

Molar volume at STP = 22.7 dm3 mol-1; Mr (NaN3) = 65.0

2NaN3 (s) → 3N2 (g) + 2Na (s)

A. 32.5

B. 65.0

C. 130.0

D. 195.0

4. Whatisthesumofthecoefficientswhenthefollowingequationisbalancedusingthesmallestwholenumbers?

__C6H12O6(aq)→ __C2H5OH(aq)+ __CO2 (g)

A. 4

B. 5

C. 9

D. 10

Turn over

– 3 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 56: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

5. Whatisthenumberofprotonsandthenumberofneutronsin131I?

Protons Neutrons

A. 53 78

B. 53 131

C. 78 53

D. 131 53

6. Whichistheelectronconfigurationofachromiumatominthegroundstate?

A. [Ne]3s23p64s13d4

B. [Ar]3d3

C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4

D. [Ar]4s13d5

7. Which trends are correct across period 3 (from Na to Cl)?

I. Atomic radius decreasesII. Melting point increasesIII. First ionization energy increases

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

– 4 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 57: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

8. WhichoxidedissolvesinwatertogiveasolutionwithapHbelow7?

A. MgO

B. Li2O

C. CaO

D. P4O10

9. The electronegativity values of four elements are given.

C N O F2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0

What is the order of increasing polarity of the bonds in the following compounds?

A. CO < OF2 < NO < CF4

B. CF4 < CO < OF2 < NO

C. NO < OF2 < CO < CF4

D. CF4 < NO < OF2 < CO

10. WhichcompoundhastheshortestC–Nbond?

A. CH3NH2

B. (CH3)3CNH2

C. CH3CN

D. CH3CHNH

Turn over

– 5 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 58: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

11. Whichofthefollowingseriesshowsincreasinghydrogenbondingwithwater?

A. Propane < propanal < propanol < propanoic acid

B. Propane < propanol < propanal < propanoic acid

C. Propanal < propane < propanoic acid < propanol

D. Propanoic acid < propanol < propanal < propane

12. Which statements are correct for metals?

I. Theyconductelectricitybecausetheyhavefreemovingions.II. They consist of a close-packed lattice of positive ions with delocalized electrons.III. Theyaremalleablebecausethelayersofpositiveionscanslideovereachother.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

13. Which statement is correct for this reaction?

Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 3CO2(g)∆H = -26.6 kJ

A. 13.3 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.

B. 26.6kJareabsorbedforeverymoleofFeproduced.

C. 53.2 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.

D. 26.6 kJ are released for every mole of Fe produced.

– 6 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 59: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

14. The enthalpy changes for two reactions are given.

Br2 (l) + F2 (g) →2BrF(g)∆H = x kJBr2 (l) + 3F2 (g) → 2BrF3(g)∆H = y kJ

What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction?

BrF (g) + F2 (g) → BrF3 (g)

A. x - y

B. -x + y

C. 12

(-x + y)

D. 12

(x - y)

15. What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, of the following reaction?

3H2 (g) + N2 (g) � 2NH3 (g)

Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol-1

N≡N 945H-H 436N-H 391

A. (6 × 391) - [(3 × 436) + 945]

B. (3 × 391) - (436 + 945)

C. -[(3 × 436) + 945] + (3 × 391)

D. -(6 × 391) + [(3 × 436) + 945]

Turn over

– 7 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 60: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

16. Thediagramshowstheenergyprofileforacatalysedanduncatalysedreaction.Whichrepresentstheenthalpychange,∆H, and the activation energy, Ea, for the catalysed reaction?

x

y

zPote

ntia

l ene

rgy

Reaction coordinate

∆H Ea (catalysed reaction)

A. z x + z

B. z z + y

C. -z x

D. z + x x

– 8 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 61: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

17. Excessmagnesiumpowderwasaddedtoabeakercontaininghydrochloricacid,HCl(aq). Themassofthebeakeranditscontentswasrecordedandplottedagainsttime(lineI).

Mass

Time

I

II

Which change could give line II?

A. DoublingthemassofpowderedMg

B. UsingthesamemassofMgribbon

C. Increasing the temperature

D. Using the same volume of more concentrated HCl

18. Whatwillhappenifthepressureisincreasedinthefollowingreactionmixtureatequilibrium?

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) � H+(aq)+ HCO3-(aq)

A. TheequilibriumwillshifttotherightandpHwilldecrease.

B. TheequilibriumwillshifttotherightandpHwillincrease.

C. TheequilibriumwillshifttotheleftandpHwillincrease.

D. TheequilibriumwillshifttotheleftandpHwilldecrease.

Turn over

– 9 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 62: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

19. 10.0 cm3ofanaqueoussolutionofsodiumhydroxideofpH= 10 is mixed with 990.0 cm3 of distilled water. What is the pH of the resulting solution?

A. 8

B. 9

C. 11

D. 12

20. Which statement is incorrect for a 0.10 mol dm-3 HCOOH solution?

A. pH = 1

B. [H+ ] << 0.10 mol dm-3

C. [HCOO- ]isapproximatelyequalto[H+ ]

D. HCOOH is partially ionized

21. What are the oxidation states of chromium in (NH4)2Cr2O7 (s) and Cr2O3 (s)?

(NH4)2Cr2O7 (s) Cr2O3 (s)

A. +7 +3

B. +6 +3

C. +6 +6

D. +7 +6

22. Which of the following is a redox reaction?

A. 3Mg (s) + 2AlCl3(aq)→ 2Al (s) + 3MgCl2(aq)

B. SiO2 (s) +2NaOH(aq)→ Na2SiO3(aq)+ H2O (l)

C. KCl(aq)+ AgNO3(aq)→ AgCl (s) + KNO3(aq)

D. 2NaHCO3(aq)→ Na2CO3(aq)+ CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

– 10 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 63: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

23. What is the reaction type and major product at the anode (positive electrode) when molten sodium chloride is electrolysed using platinum electrodes?

Reaction type Product

A. reduction Cl2

B. oxidation Cl2

C. reduction Na

D. oxidation Na

24. WhatisthemajorproductofthereactionbetweenHClandbut-2-ene?

A. 1,2-dichlorobutane

B. 2,3-dichlorobutane

C. 1-chlorobutane

D. 2-chlorobutane

25. Whichcompoundcanbeoxidizedwhenheatedwithanacidifiedsolutionofpotassiumdichromate(VI)?

A. CH3C(O)CH2CH3

B. CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3

C. (CH3)3COH

D. CH3(CH2)2COOH

Turn over

– 11 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 64: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

26. What is the name of this compound, using IUPAC rules?

C

C

O

C

C

C HH

HH

HH

HHH

H

H H

A. 3-methylbutan-3-ol

B. 2-ethylpropan-2-ol

C. 2-methylbutan-2-ol

D. 3-methylbutan-2-ol

27. Whichtypeofreactionoccursbetweenanalcoholandacarboxylicacid?

A. Addition

B. Oxidation

C. Esterification

D. Polymerization

28. How many structural isomers of C6H14 exist?

A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D. 7

– 12 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 65: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

29. Whatinformationisprovidedby1H NMR, MS and IR for an organic compound?

I. 1H NMR: chemical environment(s) of protonsII. MS: fragmentation patternIII. IR: types of functional group

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

30. Astudentperformsanacid-basetitrationusingapHmeter,butforgetstocalibrateit.Whichtypeoferrorwilloccurandhowwillitaffectthequalityofthemeasurements?

A. Random error and lower precision

B. Systematic error and lower accuracy

C. Systematic error and lower precision

D. Random error and lower accuracy

– 13 – N17/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 66: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

Candidate session number

12EP01

ChemistryStandard levelPaper 2

11 pages

Wednesday 8 November 2017 (afternoon)

1 hour 15 minutes

N17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

© International Baccalaureate Organization 20178817 – 6105

Instructions to candidates

Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided. A calculator is required for this paper. A clean copy of the chemistry data booklet is required for this paper. The maximum mark for this examination paper is [50 marks].

Page 67: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. A student titrated an ethanoic acid solution, CH3COOH (aq), against 50.0 cm3 of 0.995 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), to determine its concentration. The temperature of the reaction mixture was measured after each acid addition and plotted against the volume of acid.

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Tem

pera

ture

/ °C

Volume of acid / cm3

(a) Using the graph, estimate the initial temperature of the solution. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

12EP02

– 2 – N17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 68: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 1 continued)

(b) Determine the maximum temperature reached in the experiment by analysing the graph. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, in mol dm-3. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) (i) Determine the heat change, q , in kJ, for the neutralization reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide.Assume the specific heat capacities of the solutions and their densities are those of water. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ∆H, in kJ mol-1, for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

12EP03

Turn over

– 3 – N17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 69: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 1 continued)

(e) Curves X and Y were obtained when a metal carbonate reacted with the same volume of ethanoic acid under two different conditions.

X

Y

Volu

me

of g

as

Time

(i) Explain the shape of curve X in terms of the collision theory. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Suggest one possible reason for the differences between curves X and Y. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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12EP04

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Page 70: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

2. Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.

(a) Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10 (s), with water. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

12EP05

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Page 71: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 2 continued)

(e) The Activity series lists the metal in order of reactivity.

Mn Most reactive

Least reactiveNiAg

(i) Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn2+/Mn half-cell and a Ni2+/Ni half-cell. Deduce the equation for the cell reaction. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below.Draw and label the connections needed to show the direction of electron movement and ion flow between the two half-cells. [2]

Ni (s)

Ni2+ (aq) Mn2+ (aq)

Mn (s)

12EP06

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Page 72: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

3. Lewis (electron dot) structures are useful models.

(a) Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF4+ and use the VSEPR theory to

deduce the molecular geometry of each species.

PF3 PF4+

Lewis (electron dot) structure

Molecular geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[4]

(b) Predict with a reason, whether the molecule PF3 is polar or non-polar. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Menthol is an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

(a) Complete combustion of 0.1595 g of menthol produces 0.4490 g of carbon dioxide and 0.1840 g of water. Determine the empirical formula of the compound showing your working. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

12EP07

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Page 73: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 4 continued)

(b) 0.150 g sample of menthol, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0337 dm3 at 150 °C and 100.2 kPa. Calculate its molar mass showing your working. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5. Many reactions are in a state of equilibrium.

(a) The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K.

H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI (g) ∆H Ö < 0

Outline the effect, if any, of each of the following changes on the position of equilibrium, giving a reason in each case.

Effect Reason

Increasing the volume, at constant temperature

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Increasing the temperature, at constant pressure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[2]

(b) The equations for two acid-base reactions are given below.

HCO3– (aq) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq) + OH– (aq)

HCO3– (aq) + H2O (l) CO3

2– (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

(i) Identify two different amphiprotic species in the above reactions. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

12EP08

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Page 74: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 5 continued)

(ii) State what is meant by the term conjugate base. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion, OH–. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) A student working in the laboratory classified HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4 and HClO4 as acids based on their pH. He hypothesized that “all acids contain oxygen and hydrogen”. Evaluate his hypothesis. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12EP09

Turn over

– 9 – N17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 75: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

6. The reactivity of organic compounds depends on the nature and positions of their functional groups.

(a) The structural formulas of two organic compounds are shown below.

H C C CH3

CH3COOH

OH H

H C C CH3

CH3COOH

H OH

A B

(i) Deduce the type of chemical reaction and the reagents used to distinguish between these compounds. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State the observation expected for each reaction giving your reasons. [2]

Compound A:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Compound B:

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(This question continues on the following page)

12EP10

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Page 76: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 6 continued)

(iii) Deduce the number of signals and the ratio of areas under the signals in the 1H NMR spectra of the two compounds.

Compound Number of signals Ratio of areas

A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[4]

(b) Explain, with the help of equations, the mechanism of the free-radical substitution reaction of ethane with bromine in presence of sunlight. [4]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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12EP11

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Page 77: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

12EP12

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

Page 78: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

N17

/4/C

HEM

I/SP2

/EN

G/T

Z0/X

X/M

13 p

ages

Mar

ksch

eme

Nov

embe

r 201

7

Che

mis

try

Stan

dard

leve

l

Pape

r 2

Page 79: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

–2

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

This

mar

ksch

eme

is th

e pr

oper

ty o

f the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ba

ccal

aure

ate

and

mus

t not

be

repr

oduc

ed o

r dis

tribu

ted

to a

ny

othe

r per

son

with

out t

he a

utho

rizat

ion

of th

e IB

Glo

bal C

entre

, C

ardi

ff.

Page 80: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

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–N

17/4

/CH

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P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

1.

a

21.4

°C ✔

Acc

ept v

alue

s in

the

rang

e of

21.

2 to

21

.6 °C

.

1

Page 81: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

–4

–N

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/CH

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NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

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stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

1.

b 29

.0 «

°C» ✔

Acc

ept r

ange

28.

8 to

29.

2 °C

. 1

1.

c A

LTER

NA

TIVE

1

«vol

ume

CH

3CO

OH

26.0

«cm

3 » ✔

«[C

H3C

OO

H] =

0.9

95 m

ol d

m–3

3 3

50.0

cm

26.0

cm=»

1.9

1 «m

ol d

m−3

» ✔

ALT

ERN

ATI

VE 2

«n(N

aOH

) =0.

995

mol

dm

-3

0.0

500

dm3 =

» 0.

0497

5 «m

ol» ✔

«[C

H3C

OO

H] =

3

0.04

975

dm0.

0260

1.91

«m

ol d

m-3

» ✔

Acc

ept v

alue

s of

vol

ume

in ra

nge

25.5

to 2

6.5

cm3 .

Aw

ard

[2] f

or c

orre

ct fi

nal a

nsw

er.

2

1.

d i

«tot

al v

olum

e

50.0

2

6.0 »

76.

0 cm

3 AN

D «

tem

pera

ture

cha

nge

29.0

2

1.4 »

7.

6 «°

C» ✔

«q

0.0

760

kg

4.1

8 kJ

kg–1

K–1

7

.6 K

»

2.4

«kJ»

Aw

ard

[2] f

or c

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nal a

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2

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M

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es

Tota

l 1.

d

ii «n

(NaO

H)

0.9

95 m

ol d

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0

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0 dm

3 »

0.04

975

«mol

» O

R

«n(C

H3C

OO

H)

1.9

1 m

ol d

m-3

0

.026

0 dm

3 »

0.04

966

«mol

» ✔

«H

2.4

kJ0.

0497

5m

ol

»

48 /

49 «

kJ m

ol–1

» ✔

Aw

ard

[2] f

or c

orre

ct fi

nal a

nsw

er.

Neg

ativ

e si

gn is

requ

ired

for M

2.

2

1.

e i

«ini

tially

ste

ep b

ecau

se»

grea

test

con

cent

ratio

n/nu

mbe

r of p

artic

les

at s

tart

OR

«slo

pe d

ecre

ases

bec

ause

» co

ncen

tratio

n/nu

mbe

r of p

artic

les

decr

ease

s ✔

volu

me

prod

uced

per

uni

t of t

ime

depe

nds

on fr

eque

ncy

of c

ollis

ions

O

R

rate

dep

ends

on

frequ

ency

of c

ollis

ions

2

1.

e ii

mas

s/am

ount

/con

cent

ratio

n of

met

al c

arbo

nate

mor

e in

X

OR

conc

entra

tion/

amou

nt o

f CH

3CO

OH

mor

e in

X ✔

1

Page 83: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 6

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

2.

a in

crea

sing

num

ber o

f pro

tons

O

R

incr

easi

ng n

ucle

ar c

harg

e ✔

«ato

mic

» ra

dius

/siz

e de

crea

ses

OR

sa

me

num

ber o

f she

lls

OR

sim

ilar s

hiel

ding

«by

inne

r ele

ctro

ns» ✔

«gre

ater

ene

rgy

need

ed to

ove

rcom

e in

crea

sed

attra

ctio

n be

twee

n nu

cleu

s an

d el

ectro

ns»

2

2.

b at

omic

/ioni

c ra

dius

incr

ease

s ✔

smal

ler c

harg

e de

nsity

OR

forc

e of

attr

actio

n be

twee

n m

etal

ions

and

del

ocal

ised

ele

ctro

ns d

ecre

ases

Do

not a

ccep

t dis

cuss

ion

of a

ttrac

tion

betw

een

vale

nce

elec

trons

and

nu

cleu

s fo

r M2.

A

ccep

t “w

eake

r met

allic

bon

ds” f

or M

2.

2

2.

c P 4

O10

(s)

6H

2O (l

)

4H

3PO

4 (a

q) ✔

Acc

ept “

P4O

10 (s

) 2

H2O

(l)

4HP

O3(

aq)”

(ini

tial r

eact

ion)

. 1

2.

d «s

erie

s of

» lin

es

OR

only

cer

tain

freq

uenc

ies/

wav

elen

gths

conv

erge

nce

at h

igh«

er»

frequ

ency

/ene

rgy/

shor

t«er

» w

avel

engt

h ✔

M1

and/

or M

2 m

ay b

e sh

own

on a

di

agra

m.

2

Page 84: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 7

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

2.

e i

Mn ✔

1

2.

e ii

Mn(

s)

Ni2+

(aq)

N

i(s)

Mn2+

(aq)

✔1

2.

e iii

w

ire b

etw

een

elec

trode

s A

ND

labe

lled

salt

brid

ge in

con

tact

with

bot

h el

ectro

lyte

s ✔

anio

ns to

righ

t (sa

lt br

idge

) O

R

catio

ns to

left

(sal

t brid

ge)

OR

ar

row

from

Mn

to N

i (on

wire

or n

ext t

o it)

Ele

ctro

des

can

be c

onne

cted

dire

ctly

or

thro

ugh

voltm

eter

/am

met

er/li

ght b

ulb,

bu

t not

a b

atte

ry/p

ower

sup

ply.

A

ccep

t ion

s or

a s

peci

fic s

alt a

s th

e la

bel o

f the

sal

t brid

ge.

2

Page 85: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 8

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

3.

a PF

3PF

4+

Lew

is

stru

ctur

e ✔

Mol

ecul

ar

geom

etry

tri

gona

l pyr

amid

al ✔

tetra

hedr

al ✔

Acc

ept a

ny c

ombi

natio

n of

dot

s,

cros

ses

and

lines

. Ig

nore

mis

sing

bra

cket

s an

d po

sitiv

e ch

arge

.

Pen

aliz

e m

issi

ng lo

ne p

airs

onc

e on

ly.

Do

not a

pply

EC

F fo

r mol

ecul

ar

geom

etry

. 4

3.

b po

lar A

ND

bon

d po

larit

ies/

dipo

les

do n

ot c

ance

l out

O

R

pola

r AN

D u

nsym

met

rical

dis

tribu

tion

of c

harg

e ✔

App

ly E

CF

from

par

t (a)

mol

ecul

ar

geom

etry

. 1

Page 86: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 9

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

4.

a ca

rbon

: «–1

0.44

90 g

44.0

1 g

mol

»

0.01

020

«mol

» / 0

.122

5 «g

»

OR

hydr

ogen

: «0.

1840

218

.02

»

0.02

042

«mol

» / 0

.020

6 «g

» ✔

oxyg

en: «

0.15

95 –

(0.1

225

0.02

06)»

0

.016

4 «g

» / 0

.001

025

«mol

» ✔

empi

rical

form

ula:

C10

H20

O ✔

Aw

ard

[3] f

or c

orre

ct fi

nal a

nsw

er.

3

4.

b te

mpe

ratu

re

423

K

OR

M =

mR

TpV

«M =

–1–1

30.

150

g 8

.31J

Km

ol42

3K

100.

2kP

a0.

0337

dm»

156

«g

mol

–1» ✔

Aw

ard

[1] f

or c

orre

ct a

nsw

er w

ith n

o w

orki

ng s

how

n.

Acc

ept “

pV =

nR

T A

ND

n =

m M” f

or M

1.

2

Page 87: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 10

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

5.

a Ef

fect

R

easo

n In

crea

sing

the

volu

me,

at

cons

tant

tem

pera

ture

no

ne/n

o ef

fect

A

ND

sa

me

num

ber o

f «ga

mol

es/m

olec

ules

on

both

si

des ✔

Incr

easi

ng th

e te

mpe

ratu

re, a

t con

stan

t pr

essu

re

mov

es to

left

A

ND

«f

orw

ard»

reac

tion

is

exot

herm

ic ✔

Aw

ard

[1 m

ax] i

f bot

h ef

fect

s ar

e co

rrec

t.

Rea

son

for i

ncre

asin

g vo

lum

e:

Acc

ept “

conc

entra

tion

of a

ll re

agen

ts

redu

ced

by a

n eq

ual a

mou

nt s

o ca

ncel

s ou

t in

Kc e

xpre

ssio

n”.

Acc

ept “

affe

cts

both

forw

ard

and

back

war

d ra

tes

equa

lly”.

2

5.

b i

HC

O3– A

ND

H2O

✔1

5.

b ii

spec

ies

that

has

one

less

pro

ton/

H i

on «

than

its

conj

ugat

e ac

id»

OR

sp

ecie

s th

at fo

rms

its c

onju

gate

aci

d by

acc

eptin

g a

prot

on

OR

spec

ies

that

is fo

rmed

whe

n an

aci

d do

nate

s a

prot

on ✔

Do

not a

ccep

t “di

ffers

by

one

prot

on/H

+ fro

m c

onju

gate

aci

d”.

1

5.

b iii

ox

ide

ion/

O2–

✔1

Page 88: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 11

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

5.

c in

suffi

cien

t dat

a to

mak

e ge

nera

lizat

ion

OR

ne

ed to

con

side

r a «

muc

h» la

rger

num

ber o

f aci

ds

OR

hy

poth

esis

will

cont

inue

to b

e te

sted

with

new

aci

ds to

see

if it

can

sta

nd th

e te

st

of ti

me ✔

«hyp

othe

sis

is fa

lse

as»

othe

r aci

ds/H

Cl/H

Br/H

CN

/tran

sitio

n m

etal

ion/

BF3 d

o no

t co

ntai

n ox

ygen

O

R

othe

r aci

ds/H

Cl/H

Br/H

CN

/tran

sitio

n m

etal

ion/

BF3 f

alsi

fy h

ypot

hesi

s ✔

corre

ct in

duct

ive

reas

onin

g «b

ased

on

limite

d sa

mpl

e» ✔

«hyp

othe

sis

not v

alid

as»

it c

ontra

dict

s cu

rrent

/acc

epte

d th

eorie

s/Br

ønst

ed-

Low

ry/L

ewis

theo

ry ✔

2 m

ax

Page 89: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 12

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

6.

a i

oxid

atio

n/re

dox

AN

D a

cidi

fied

«pot

assi

um»

dich

rom

ate(

VI)

OR

oxid

atio

n/re

dox

AN

D «

acid

ified

pot

assi

um»

man

gana

te(V

II) ✔

Acc

ept “

acid

ified

«po

tass

ium

» di

chro

mat

e” O

R “«

acid

ified

pot

assi

um»

perm

anga

nate

”.

Acc

ept n

ame

or fo

rmul

a of

the

reag

ent(s

).

1

6.

a ii

ALT

ERN

ATI

VE 1

usi

ng K

2Cr 2

O7:

Com

poun

d A

: ora

nge

to g

reen

AN

D s

econ

dary

hyd

roxy

l O

R

Com

poun

d A

: ora

nge

to g

reen

AN

D h

ydro

xyl o

xidi

zed

«by

chro

miu

m(V

I) io

ns» ✔

Com

poun

d B

: no

chan

ge A

ND

terti

ary

hydr

oxyl

«no

t oxi

dize

d by

chr

omiu

m(V

I) io

ns» ✔

ALT

ERN

ATI

VE 2

usi

ng K

MnO

4: C

ompo

und

A: p

urpl

e to

col

ourle

ss A

ND

sec

onda

ry h

ydro

xyl

OR

C

ompo

und

A: p

urpl

e to

col

ourle

ss A

ND

hyd

roxy

l oxi

dize

d «b

y m

anga

nese

(VII)

io

ns» ✔

Com

poun

d B

: no

chan

ge A

ND

terti

ary

hydr

oxyl

«no

t oxi

dize

d by

man

gane

se(V

II)

ions

» ✔

Aw

ard

[1] f

or “A

: ora

nge

to g

reen

AN

D

B: n

o ch

ange

”.

Aw

ard

[1] f

or “A

: sec

onda

ry h

ydro

xyl

AN

D B

: ter

tiary

hyd

roxy

l”.

Acc

ept “

alco

hol”

for “

hydr

oxyl

”.

Aw

ard

[1] f

or “A

: pur

ple

to c

olou

rless

A

ND

B: n

o ch

ange

Aw

ard

[1] f

or “A

: sec

onda

ry h

ydro

xyl

AN

D B

: ter

tiary

hyd

roxy

l”.

Acc

ept “

purp

le to

bro

wn”

for A

.

2

6.

a iii

C

ompo

und

Num

ber o

f sig

nals

R

atio

of a

reas

A

5 ✔

6:1:

1:1:

1✔

B

4 ✔

6:1:

1:2

Acc

ept r

atio

of a

reas

in a

ny o

rder

. D

o no

t app

ly E

CF

for r

atio

s.

4

Page 90: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

– 13

–N

17/4

/CH

EMI/S

P2/E

NG

/TZ0

/XX/

M

Que

stio

n A

nsw

ers

Not

es

Tota

l

6.

b In

itiat

ion:

Br2

UV

//

hvhe

at

2Br

• ✔

Pro

paga

tion:

Br•

C2H

6

C2H

5•

HBr

C2H

5•

Br 2

C

2H5B

r B

r• ✔

Term

inat

ion:

Br

• B

r•

Br 2

OR

C2H

5•

Br•

C

2H5B

r

OR

C2H

5•

C2H

5•

C4H

10 ✔

Ref

eren

ce to

UV

/hν/

heat

not

requ

ired.

Acc

ept r

epre

sent

atio

n of

radi

cal w

ithou

t •(

eg, B

r, C

2H5)

if c

onsi

sten

t thr

ough

out

mec

hani

sm.

Acc

ept f

urth

er b

rom

inat

ion.

Aw

ard

[3 m

ax] i

f ini

tiatio

n, p

ropa

gatio

n an

d te

rmin

atio

n ar

e no

t sta

ted

or a

re

inco

rrec

tly la

belle

d fo

r equ

atio

ns.

Aw

ard

[3 m

ax] i

f met

hane

is u

sed

inst

ead

of e

than

e, a

nd/o

r chl

orin

e is

us

ed in

stea

d of

bro

min

e.

4

Page 91: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

Candidate session number

ChemistryStandard levelPaper 3

27 pages

Thursday 9 November 2017 (morning)

1 hour

28EP01

N17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

© International Baccalaureate Organization 20178817 – 6106

Instructions to candidates

• Write your session number in the boxes above.• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.• A calculator is required for this paper.• A clean copy of the chemistry data booklet is required for this paper.• The maximum mark for this examination paper is [35 marks].

Section A QuestionsAnswer all questions. 1 – 3

Section B QuestionsAnswer all of the questions from one of the options.

Option A — Materials 4 – 7

Option B — Biochemistry 8 – 11

Option C — Energy 12 – 15

Option D — Medicinal chemistry 16 – 21

Page 92: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

28EP02

– 2 – N17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 93: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. A student set up a simple voltaic cell consisting of a copper electrode and a zinc electrode dipped in sodium chloride solution.

d

Ammeter

NaCl (aq)

Cu Zn

The student gradually increased the distance, d,betweentheelectrodestostudytheeffecton the initial current, I, passing through the light bulb.

The student hypothesized that the initial current would be inversely proportional to the distance between the electrodes.

(a) Sketch a graph that would support the student’s hypothesis. [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over

28EP03

– 3 – N 17 / 4 /CHEMI/S P 3/ ENG /TZ0 / XX

Page 94: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 1 continued)

(b) Thefollowingdatawascollectedoverfivetrials.

d / ±0.1 cm Average I / ±0.04 A4.0 0.093

10.0 0.08316.0 0.07320.0 0.06726.0 0.057

The data did not support the student’s hypothesis. He investigated other possible relationships by plotting a graph of the average current against the distance between theelectrodes.Heobtainedthefollowingbest-fitlinewithacorrelationcoefficient(r)of −0.9999.

0.10

0.05

0.000 10 20

d / cm

I / A

Linearfitfordatasety =m x + bm (Slope): −0.001631 A cm−1

b ( y-intercept): 0.09939 ACorrelation: −0.9999

(i) Suggestwhatthecorrelationcoefficientof−0.9999 indicates. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

28EP04

– 4 – N17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 95: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 1 continued)

(ii) State the equation of the straight line obtained using the data. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Outlinehowcurrentflowsinthesodiumchloridesolution. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Turn over

28EP05

– 5 – N17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 96: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

2. Antacids react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to relieve indigestion. A student investigateddifferentbrandsofantacidtoseewhichcausedthelargestincreaseinpHina given time. She added the antacids to hydrochloric acid, and recorded the change in pH overfiveminutes.

Antacid brand

Active ingredient(s) Recommended dosage

Dose used

Initial pH ±0.02

Final pH ±0.02

Change in pH

A magnesium hydroxidealuminium hydroxide

2–3tablets

2tablets

1.68 4.53 +2.85

B sodium hydrogen carbonatecalcium carbonate

2–4tablets

2tablets

1.70 5.31 +3.61

C calcium carbonate 1–2tablets

1tablet

1.70 4.52 +2.82

D magnesium hydroxidealuminium oxidealuminium hydroxide

1–2tablets

1tablet

1.69 2.21 +0.52

(a) State an equation for the reaction of magnesium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

28EP06

– 6 – N17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 97: November 2015 Chemistry Standard level Paper 1

(Question 2 continued)

(b) Suggest two variables, besides the time of reaction, which the student should have controlled in the experiment to ensure a fair comparison of the antacids. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Calculate the uncertainty in the change in pH. [1]

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(d) The student concluded that antacid Bwasthemosteffective,followedbyA then C and finallyD. Discuss two arguments that reduce the validity of the conclusion. [2]

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3. Sodium chloride, NaCl, can be spread on icy roads to lower the freezing point of water. ThediagramshowstheeffectsoftemperatureandpercentagebymassofNaCl on the composition of a mixture of NaCl and H2O.

10 20 30 40 500

–30

–20

–10

10

20

30

40

0101010 202020 303030 404040 5050404030302020101010 20 30 40 5050404030302020101010 20 30 40

Tem

pera

ture

/ °C

Percentage of NaCl by mass / %

ice + NaCl (aq)

ice + NaCl·2H2O (s)

NaCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + NaCl·2H2O (s)

(a) Estimate the lowest freezing point of water that can be reached by adding sodium chloride. [1]

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(b) Estimate the percentage by mass of NaCl dissolved in a saturated sodium chloride solution at +10 ûC. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 3 continued)

(c) Calculate the percentage of water by mass in the NaCl·2H2O crystals. Use the data from section 6 of the data booklet and give your answer to two decimal places. [2]

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(d) Suggest a concern about spreading sodium chloride on roads. [1]

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Section B

Answer all of the questions from one of the options. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

Option A — Materials

4. Itiswisetofilldentalcavitiesbeforeirreversibletoothdecaysetsin.Anamalgam(alloyof mercury, silver, and other metals) is often used although many prefer a white composite material.

(a) Outline the composition of an alloy and a composite. [2]

Alloy:

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Composite:

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(b) (i) Outline why an alloy is usually harder than its components by referring to its structure. [1]

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(ii) Atpresent,compositefillingsaremoreexpensivethanamalgamfillings. Suggestwhyapatientmightchooseacompositefilling. [1]

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A, question 4 continued)

(c) Explain how Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy could be used to determinetheconcentrationofmercuryinasampleofdentalfilling. [3]

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5. Catalysts can take many forms and are used in many industrial processes.

Suggest two reasons why it might be worth using a more expensive catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction. [2]

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A continued)

6. Nanotechnology has many applications.

(a) State equations for the formation of iron nanoparticles and carbon atoms from Fe(CO)5 in the HIPCO process. [2]

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(b) Outline why the iron nanoparticle catalysts produced by the HIPCO process are more efficientthansolidironcatalysts. [1]

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(c) Discuss one possible risk associated with the use of nanotechnology. [1]

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A continued)

7. The development of materials with unique properties is critical to advances in industry.

(a) Outline two properties a substance should have to be used as liquid-crystal in a liquid-crystal display. [2]

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(b) Low density polyethene (LDPE) and high density polyethene (HDPE) are both addition polymers.

(i) DescribehowthestructuresofLDPEandHDPEaffectonemechanicalpropertyof the plastics. [2]

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(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A, question 7 continued)

(ii) One of the two infrared (IR) spectra is that of polyethene and the other of polytetrafluoroethene(PTFE).

(Option A continues on the following page)

Removed for copyright reasons

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(Option A, question 7 continued)

Deduce, with a reason, which spectrum is that of PTFE. Infrared data is given in section 26 of the data booklet. [1]

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(c) Many plastics used to be incinerated. Deduce an equation for the complete combustion of two repeating units of PVC, (−C2H3Cl−)2. [2]

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End of Option A

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Option B — Biochemistry

8. Consider the following lipid and carbohydrate.

CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH

CH2OH

H

OH H

OH

CH2OH

OHHO

Linoleic acid, Mr = 280.50 Fructose, Mr = 180.18

(a) (i) Determine the empirical formula of linoleic acid. [1]

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(ii) The empirical formula of fructose is CH2O. Suggest why linoleic acid releases more energy per gram than fructose. [1]

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(b) In order to determine the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in a molecule of linoleic acid, 1.24 g of the lipid were dissolved in 10.0 cm3 of non-polar solvent. The solution was titrated with a 0.300 mol dm−3 solution of iodine, I2 .

(i) State the type of reaction occurring during the titration. [1]

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(Option B continues on the following page)

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(Option B, question 8 continued)

(ii) Calculate the volume of iodine solution used to reach the end-point. [3]

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(c) Outline the importance of linoleic acid for human health. [2]

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(Option B continues on the following page)

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(Option B continued)

9. Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the condensation reaction of the monosaccharides galactose and glucose.

OOH

H H

O

OH H

OH

H OH

H OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

OH H

H

OH H

Lactose

(a) Describe what is meant by a condensation reaction. [2]

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(b) Draw the structure of galactose on the skeleton provided. [1]

O

(Option B continues on the following page)

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(Option B, question 9 continued)

(c) Explain how the inclusion of carbohydrates in plastics makes them biodegradable. [2]

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10. Vitamins can be water-soluble or fat-soluble.

(a) Explain, at the molecular level, why vitamin D is soluble in fats. Use section 35 of the data booklet. [2]

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(b) State one function of vitamin D in the body. [1]

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(Option B continues on the following page)

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(Option B continued)

11. Enzyme activity depends on many factors. Explain how pH change causes loss of activity of an enzyme. [4]

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End of Option B

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Option C — Energy

12. Onemethodofcomparingfuelsisbyconsideringtheirspecificenergies.

(a) Calculatethespecificenergyofoctane,C8H18 , in kJ kg–1 using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet. [2]

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(b) Atypicalwoodhasaspecificenergyof17× 103 kJ kg–1. Comment on the usefulness of octane and wood for powering a moving vehicle, using your answer to (a).If you did not work out an answer for (a), use 45 × 103 kJ kg–1 but this is not the correct answer. [1]

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(c) State the name of one renewable source of energy other than wood. [1]

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(Option C continues on the following page)

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(Option C continued)

13. Muchofourenergyneedsarestillprovidedbytherefinedproductsofcrudeoil.

(a) “Knocking” in an automobile (car) engine can be prevented by increasing the octane number of the fuel. Explain, including an equation with structural formulas, how heptane, C7H16 , could be chemically converted to increase its octane number. [3]

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(b) Manyliketorefertoour“carbonfootprint”.Outlineonedifficultyinquantifyingsuchaconcept. [1]

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(c) Climate change or global warming is a consequence of increased levels of carbon dioxideintheatmosphere.Explainhowthegreenhouseeffectwarmsthesurfaceofthe earth. [3]

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(Option C continues on the following page)

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(Option C, question 13 continued)

(d) Outline how water and carbon dioxide absorb infrared radiation. [1]

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14. Inthe20thCentury,bothfissionandfusionwereconsideredassourcesofenergybutfusionwaseconomically and technically unattainable.

(a) (i) Compareandcontrastfissionandfusionintermsofbindingenergyandthetypesof nuclei involved. [2]

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(ii) Suggest twoadvantagesthatfusionhasoverfission. [2]

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(b) The amount of 228Ac in a sample decreases to one eighth of its original value in

about 18 hours due to β-decay. Estimate the half-life of 228Ac. [1]

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(Option C continues on the following page)

18( (

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(Option C continued)

15. Vegetable oils can be used as a source of energy.

(a) State the structural feature of chlorophyll that enables it to absorb visible light. [1]

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(b) Vegetable oils are too viscous for use as liquid fuels. Describe, using an equation, how a vegetable oil, such as that shown, is converted to oils with lower viscosity by reaction with methanol, CH3OH. [2]

O

H2C O C (CH2)6CH3O

HC O C (CH2)6CH3O

H2C O C (CH2)6CH3

End of Option C

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Option D — Medicinal chemistry

16. Radioisotopes are used to diagnose and treat various diseases. Explain the low environmental impact of most medical nuclear waste. [2]

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17. Some analgesics are derived from compounds found in plants.

(a) Aspirin is a mild analgesic derived from salicylic acid found in willow bark.Describe how mild analgesics function. [2]

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(b) (i) The strong analgesics morphine and codeine are opiates. Outline how codeine can be synthesized from morphine. The structures of morphine and codeine are in section 37 of the data booklet. [1]

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(ii) Explain why opiates are addictive. [2]

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(Option D continues on the following page)

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(Option D continued)

18. New drugs undergo thorough clinical trials before they are approved.

(a) Outlinethedifferencebetweenthetherapeuticindexinanimalstudiesandthetherapeutic index in humans. [1]

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(b) State the method of drug administration that gives the maximum bioavailability. [1]

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19. Oseltamivir(Tamiflu)andzanamivir(Relenza)areantiviraldrugsusedtopreventflu.

(a) State the names of two functional groups that both compounds contain, using section 37 of the data booklet. [2]

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(b) Explainhowoseltamivirandzanamivircanstopthespreadofthefluvirusinthebody. [2]

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(Option D continues on the following page)

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(Option D continued)

20. Excess acid in the stomach can cause discomfort and more serious health issues.

(a) Explain how ranitidine (Zantac) reduces stomach acid production. [2]

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(b) ThepHismaintainedindifferentfluidsinthebodybytheuseofbuffers.

CalculatethepHofabuffersolutionof0.0200moldm−3 carbonic acid, H2CO3 , and 0.400 mol dm−3 sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3 . The pKa of carbonic acid is 6.35. [2]

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21. Molecules of antibiotics often contain a beta-lactam ring. Explain the importance of the beta-lactam ring in the action of penicillin, using section 37 of the data booklet. [3]

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End of Option D

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Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

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