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encyclopediaThis article is about the U.S. state of New

York. For the City of New York, see NewYork City. For other uses, see New York(disambiguation).

"NY" redirects here. For other uses,see NY (disambiguation).

State of New York

Flag Seal

Nickname(s): The Empire State

Motto(s):Excelsior(Latin)[1]

Ever upward

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Official

language

None

Spoken

languages

English (only) 72%

Spanish 14%

Others 14%[2]

Demonym New Yorker

Capital Albany

Largest city New York City

Largest

metro

New York City

metropolitan area

Area Ranked 27th

- Total 54,556[3]

sq mi

(141,300 km2)

- Width 285 miles (455 km)

- Length 330 miles (530 km)

- % water 13.5

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- Latitude 4030 N to 451 N

- Longitude 7151 W to 7946 W

Population Ranked 3rd

- Total 19,651,127 (2013 est)[4]

- Density 416.42/sq mi (159/km2)

Ranked 7th

Elevation

- Highest

point

Mount Marcy[5][6][7]

5,344 ft (1628.85 m)

- Mean 1,000 ft (304.8 m)

- Lowest

point

Atlantic Ocean[6][7]

sea level

Admission to

Union

July 26, 1788 (11th)

Governor Andrew Cuomo(D)

Lieutenant Robert Duffy(D)

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Governor

Legislature New York Legislature

- Upper house State Senate

- Lower house State Assembly

U.S. Senators Chuck Schumer(D)

Kirsten Gillibrand(D)

U.S. House

delegation

21 Democrats,

6 Republicans (list)

Time zone Eastern:UTC-5/-4

Abbreviations NY,US-NY

Website www.ny.gov

New Yorkis a stateinthe Northeasternand Mid-Atlanticregions

of the United States. New York isthe 27th-most extensive, thethird-mostpopulous, and the seventh-most denselypopulatedof the 50 United States. New

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York is bordered by NewJerseyandPennsylvaniato the south and

byConnecticut, Massachusetts,andVermontto the east. The state hasamaritime borderwith Rhode Islandeastof Long Island, as well as aninternationalborderwith the Canadianprovincesof Quebecto the north

andOntarioto the west and north. Thestate of New York is often referred toas New York Stateto distinguish itfrom New York City, its largest city.

New York City, with a Census-estimated

population of over 8.4 million in 2013,

[8]

isthe most populous cityin the UnitedStates and the nucleusof the premiergateway for legal immigration to theUnited States

[9][10][11]the New York City

Metropolitan Area, one of the most

populous urban agglomerationsin theworld.

[12]New York City is also known for

being the location of Ellis Island, thelargest historical gateway

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forimmigrationin the history of the UnitedStates. A global power city,

[13]New York

City exerts a significant impact uponcommerce, finance, media, art, fashion,research, technology, education, andentertainment. The home of the UnitedNations Headquarters,

[14]New York City

is an important center for international

diplomacy[15]

and has been described asthe cultural and financial capital of theworld.

[16][17][18][19][20]New York City alone

makes up over 40 percent of thepopulation of New York State, while two-thirds of the state's population resideswithin the New York City MetropolitanArea, and Long Island is home to nearly40% of New York State'spopulation.

[21][22][23][24]Both the state and

New York City were named for the 17th

century Duke of York, future King JamesII of England.

New York was inhabited by various tribesofAlgonquianand Iroquoianspeaking Na

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tive Americansat the time Dutchsettlersmoved into the region in the early 17th

century. In 1609, the region was firstclaimed byHenry Hudsonfor theDutch. Fort Nassauwas built near thesite of the present-day capitalofAlbanyin 1614. The Dutch soon alsosettled New Amsterdamand parts of

theHudson River Valley, establishing thecolony of New Netherland.The Britishannexed the colony from theDutch in 1664. The borders of the Britishcolony, the Province of New York, werequite similar to those of the present-daystate.

About one third of all the battles ofthe Revolutionary Wartook place in NewYork. Thestate constitutionwas enactedin 1777. New York became the 11th state

to ratify theUnited States Constitution, onJuly 26, 1788.

Contents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(North_River)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(North_River)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

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[hide]

1 History

o 1.1 17th centuryo 1.2 American Revolution

o 1.3 19th century

o 1.4 September 11, 2001 attacks

o 1.5 Hurricane Sandy, 2012

o 1.6 Immigration 2 Geography

o 2.1 Climate

o 2.2 State parks

o 2.3 National Parks

o 2.4 Regions

o 2.5 Administrative divisions

2.5.1 Most populous counties

3 Major cities

o 3.1 Metropolitan areas

4 Demographics

o 4.1 Populationo 4.2 Racial and ancestral makeup

o 4.3 Languages

o 4.4 Religion

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o 4.5 LGBT

5 Economy

6 Transportation 7 Government, elections, and politics

o 7.1 Government

o 7.2 Elections

7.2.1 Federal representation

o 7.3 Politics

8 Education

9 Sports

10 See also

11 References

12 Further reading

13 External links

History

Main article: History of New York

17th centurySee also: Province of New York

Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage marked thebeginning of European involvement withthe area. Sailing for the Dutch East IndiaCompanyand looking for a passage

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toAsia, he entered theUpper New YorkBayon September 11 of that

year.

[25]

After his return word of hisfindings quickly spread and Dutchmerchants began to explore the coast insearch for profitable fur trade. During the17th century, Dutch tradingpostsestablished for the trade of pelts

from the Lenape, Iroquois, andother indigenous peoplesexpanded intothe colony of New Netherland. The first ofthese trading posts were FortNassau(1614, near present-dayAlbany);Fort Orange(1624, onthe Hudson Riverjust south of thecurrent city of Albany and created toreplace Fort Nassau), developing intosettlement Beverwijck(1647), and intowhat became Albany;Fort

Amsterdam(1625, to develop into thetown New Amsterdamwhich is present-day New York City); and Esopus, (1653,now Kingston). The success of

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the patroonshipof Rensselaerswyck(1630), which surrounded Albany and lasted

until the mid 19th century, was also a keyfactor in the early success of the colony.The English captured the colony duringtheSecond Anglo-Dutch Warandgoverned it as the Province of New York.The city of New York was recaptured by

the Dutch once again in 1673 during theThird Anglo-Dutch War (16721674) andrenamed New Orange, but returned tothe English under the terms of the Treatyof Westminstera year later.

[26]

American RevolutionThe Sons of Libertywere organized inNew York City during the 1760s, largelyin response to the oppressive StampActpassed by the British Parliamentin1765. TheStamp Act Congressmet in thecity on October 19 of that year,composed of representatives from acrossthe Thirteen Colonieswho set the stagefor the Continental Congressto follow.

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The Stamp Act Congress resulted inthe Declaration of Rights and

Grievances, which was the first writtenexpression by representatives of theAmericans of many of the rights andcomplaints later expressed in the UnitedStates Declaration of Independence,including the right to representative

government.

New York in 1777

The Capture of FortTiconderogaprovided the cannon andgunpowdernecessary to forcea Britishwithdrawal from the Siege ofBostonin 1775.

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New York endorsed the Declaration ofIndependenceon July 9, 1776.

[27]The

New York State constitution was framedby a conventionwhich assembledatWhite Plainson July 10, 1776, andafter repeated adjournments andchanges of location, terminated its laborsat Kingstonon Sunday evening, April 20,

1777, when the new constitutiondraftedby John Jaywas adopted with but onedissenting vote. It was not submitted tothe people for ratification. On July 30,1777, George Clintonwas inauguratedas the firstGovernor of New YorkatKingston.

The first major battle of theAmericanRevolutionary Warafter independencewas declaredand the largest battle ofthe entire warwas fought in New York

at the Battle of Long Island(a.k.a. Battleof Brooklyn) in August 1776. Britishvictory made New York City their militaryand political base of operations in North

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America for the duration of the conflict,and consequently the center of attention

for General GeorgeWashington's intelligence network.

The notorious British prisonshipsof Wallabout Baysaw moreAmerican combatantsdie of intentionalneglectthan were killed in combat in

every battle of the war, combined.

The first of two major British armies werecaptured by the Continental ArmyattheBattle of Saratogain 1777, influencingFrance to ally with the revolutionaries.

British general John

Burgoynesurrenders atSaratogain 1777.In an attempt to retain their sovereigntyand remain an independent nationpositioned between the new United

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States and British North America, four oftheIroquois Nationsfought on the side of

the British; only the Oneidas and theirdependents the Tuscaroras alliedthemselves to theAmericans.

[28]The Sullivan Expeditionof

1778 and 1779 destroyed nearly 50Iroquois villages and adjacent croplands,

forcing many refugees to British-heldNiagara.

[29]As allies of the British, the

Iroquois were resettled in Canada afterthe war. In the treaty settlement, theBritish ceded most Indian lands to thenew United States. Because New Yorkmade treaty with the Iroquois withoutgetting Congressional approval, some ofthe land purchases are the subject ofmodern-day claims by the individualtribes. More than 5 million acres

(20,000 km2

) of former Iroquois territorywas put up for sale in the years after theRevolutionary War, leading to rapiddevelopment in upstate New York.

[30]As

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per the Treaty of Paris, the last vestige ofBritish authority in the former Thirteen

Colonies

their troops in New YorkCitydeparted in 1783, which was longafterwards celebrated as EvacuationDay.

[31]

1800 map of New York fromLow'sEncyclopaedia

New York City was the national capitalunder the first attempt at a nationalgovernment, theArticles ofConfederation and Perpetual Union. Thatgovernment was found to be insufficient,

and prominent New YorkerAlexanderHamilton advocated for a newgovernment that would

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