ns-cp430m-2009/2010 plasma physics: a short overview wim goedheer & hugo de blank fom-instituut...
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NS-CP430M-2009/2010
Plasma Physics: A short overview
Wim Goedheer & Hugo de Blank
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica Rijnhuizen
Nieuwegein (www.rijnhuizen.nl)E-mail: [email protected]
Course material can be found at:(http://www.rijnhuizen.nl)(onderzoek)
(computational plasma physics)(plasma physics course)
NS-CP430M-2009/2010
NS-CP430M-2009/2010
What is a plasma?- “fourth state” of matter
Solid
fluid
Gas
Plasma
evaporation
ionizationIncreasing temperature
melting
A + e A+ + 2e AB + e A+ + B + 2e AB+ + 2eAlso reverse reactions: Chemical (non)equilibrium
Needed: heating of free electrons
- DC or AC (waves) electric fields- Shock waves - Injection of fast particles- ………….
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Where do we find plasma1. Astrophysical objects
The sun (SOHO @ 304 Å) Orion nebula (HUBBLE)
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Where do we find plasma2. In the atmosphere
http://www.piedmontamateurastronomers.com
http://www.geo.mtu.edu
Lightning
Aurora borealis
Sprites, elves and blue jets
http://www.albany.edu
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Where do we find plasma3. Man made: a) plasma processing of materials
Equipment for plasma etching and deposition of thin layers
http://www.phys.tue.nl/EPG
http://www.etp.phys.tue.nl/
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Where do we find plasma3. Man made: b) Lighting
Various types of lamps,operating at high or low pressure
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Where do we find plasma3. Man made: c) plasma display panel
plasma display panel. [Art]. Retrieved January 31, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-67339
Typical size:100 m
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Where do we find plasma3. Man made: d) fusion plasmas
A view inside the vacuum vessel of JET, withoutand with plasma. The light shows recycling zones
2 m
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Parameters: density and temperature
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Research at the University of Utrecht: solar cells
Plasma deposition of amorphous (a-Si:H) andnanocrystalline (nc-Si:H) thin film solar cells
SiH4 + e SiH3 + H + e (dissociation, creation of radicals)2SiH3 + surface 2Si + 3H2 (Si sticks to surface, H2 desorbs) (some H in material (10%) passivates dangling bonds
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http://www.novem.nl
Production of solar cells on flexible foil
Helianthos project
Collaboration of (a.o.) UU, TU/e, TUDelft,
TNO, NUON
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A promising future application: energy from fusion
Required: 100-200 million K 2 - 3 x 1020 m-3
Magnetic confinement
The Tokamak: a giant transformerPlasma (in vacuumchamber) is secondary winding
D + T He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)
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Some JET parameters
Major radius 2.96mMinor radius 2.10 x 1.25mPulse duration 60sToroidal B field 3.45TPlasma current 3 - 7MA
JET: The largest Tokamak in the world (since 1983)
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Joint project of EU, US, Russia, Japan,India, P.R. China, S.KoreaTo be built in Cadarache, France
ITER: The road to new energy: first plasma 2018
Power production: 500 MW 10x input
Some ITER parameters
Major radius 6.2mMinor radius 3.4 x 2mPulse duration 400sToroidal B field 5.3TPlasma current 15MA
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Fusion plasma research at Rijnhuizen
Topics: Electron cyclotron heating and current driveDiagnostics: Charge exchange spectroscopy
Electron Cyclotron Emission spectroscopyTokamak Transport: simulations of discharge behaviour
Collaborations on ASDEX-Upgrade (Garching (D)) and JET (Culham (GB))
New research programme: Burning plasma in ITER- Control (Instabilities due to fast particles)- Diagnostics ( particles)- Plasma Surface Interaction and plasma edge instabilities
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Where low and high temperature plasma meet:plasma-surface interaction in fusion devices
Fusion reactions produce helium: must be removed
Needed: controlled cool-down of edge plasma: plasma gas
This is established in a special section: divertor
Harsh conditions: 1-2x104 K, 1024 ions m-2s-1, 10 MWm-2
Cannot be reached in present-day tokamaksNew research line at Rijnhuizen: MAGNUM-psi
NS-CP430M-2009/2010 …+ Ohmic heating
H plasma with B=0
…+ 1 Tesla B field
Pilot-psi Magnum-psi
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What will this course on plasma physics bring you (I)
First part of the course (8 lectures) Basic plasma physics (with emphasis on magnetized plasmas)
- properties- particle motion in E and B fields- plasma as a fluid- waves- magneto-hydrodynamics
Ends with midterm examination (open book)
Exercises: Mandatory, provide basis for midterm examination
The Monday-afternoon timeslot: Will be used if necessary= For explanation / solving problems with exercises= In principle only on demand= Question hour for midterm examination= ………
NS-CP430M-2009/2010
What will this course on plasma physics bring you (II)
Second part of the course: Advanced plasma physics
- fusion and tokamak physics- plasma chemistry- capita selecta (dusty plasma, plasma-surface interaction ,…)
Exercises- Each item will be accompanied with one or two exercises
Excursion to Rijnhuizen (on a Monday afternoon)Possible choices
- To match the material with your main interest (CP, EP, theory, astrophysics) you have a choice regarding the items for the final (oral) examination. A CP package could for instance consist of fusion basics, plasma chemistry,
and diagnostics relevant for plasmachemical applications) Packages will be defined later (depend a.o. on capita selecta)