nss enriching knowledge lecture series: international cooperation and regional politics since 1945...
TRANSCRIPT
NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series:
International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3):
Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society (New)
Dr. KWONG Chi-manHong Kong Baptist University
CDI020121547
1.12.2012
Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply?Globalisation of Food, 1492-1939Food and the World WarsGlobalisation of Food after 1945:
Economy Politics Society
CONTENTS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Age of Plenty Food for a farm labourer, Britain, 1796 The meals of a mill worker, Britain, 1876 A blogger’s meal, Hong Kong, 2012
Famine Cases After 1945
FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY?
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Food: solely economic issue?Human rights issue?
“The Freedom from Want” – Four Freedoms of Franklin Roosevelt, US President, 1941
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate
for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food…(Article 25).
FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY?
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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International dimension Global movement of food and ideas International trade Politics and International relations
Social dimension Class
Eating habit as expression of class identity Ethnicity and Identity
National identity and national cuisine Regional culture
Culture Globalisation Glocalisation
FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY?
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Age of Discovery, 1493-1850 Trade and Colonialism Movement of food from the Americas to Eurasia
Sugarcane, spice, fruits… Potato and Maize
Population increase
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493-1939
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI Increase in productivity
Staple food – wheat, barley, rice… Meat – (16kg per person/year in 1870 – 50+kg per person/year
in 1914) Industrialisation
Dehydration Pasteurisation Refrigeration Canning Transportation
Railway and steamships Emergence of large corporations and lobby groups
E.g. United Fruit Company, 1899-1970 and Meat Union Marketing and consumerism
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493-1939
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The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI (con’t) International trade – Free Trade
Free trade and division of labour Banana republics (monoculture) South America and Australia
Migration and changing diet
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493-1939
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Sell goods and buy food/ Grow food and buy goods? - Autarchy or Globalisation?
German example (1870-1914): Contexts: German farmers vs. major exporters of grain
(USA, Russia and Canada); population increase; industrialisation; urbanisation; decrease of agricultural pop; political structure of Germany
Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck introduced import tariff of grain to protect farmers and land owning class (Junkers) – high price for imported food
Attempt to dismantle tariff battier failed - conservative opposition
Vicious cycle: increasingly diffi cult to feed working population with home-grown food – increased reliance on import – unwilling to break tariff barrier
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493-1939
Germany Context: Unable to sustain itself during the First
World War under British blockade – “Turnip Winter”: near-famine in 1917; 750,000 died of malnutrition
FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/warbook/images/wb11.jpg
http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Commercial-Gardening-4/images/TURNIPS-FOR-STREET-SALE-Turnips-badly-Infested-with-maggots.jpg
Please use the following links to view two pictures.
Germany (con’t) Autarchy vs Free trade? Debate in the 1920s
Argument of Autarchy won Supported by right-wing movements
The Nazis and Food Reich Food Corporation – total state control since 1933 “Blood and soil”: Race, agriculture, and Lebensraum Understood the inability to feed the Germans during wartime –
attack the Soviet Union! Generalplan Ost, 1940
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS
Japan Context: Rapid modernisation after 1868 Changing eating habits
More animal protein Increase in rice consumption
25% increase from 1890s to 1914 Reliance on colonial supply: Korea and Taiwan
Still not enough! Manchuria – “Plan for the Settlement of One Million Households
over Twenty Years” China and Southeast Asia
Italy Battle for Grain 1920s
FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Allies attempt to coordinate food Combined Food Board (Anglo-American Cooperation) Attempts to increase production – idea of nutrition science Still, famine in India
Meals of the Soldiers, WWII Axis Allies
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS
17Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and
Society
IV: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945:
ECONOMY
Post 1945 socio-economic development Relative peace Population increase Industrialisation and urbanisation
Increase in wealth Change in lifestyle
Multinationals
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: ECONOMY
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Technological change Agri-chemistry Hybrids Packaging Refrigerating Transport Example: factory ships
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: ECONOMY
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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The Problem of Distribution Uneven distribution Obesity in developed countries Famines around the world
Causes Natural disaster Internal and international politics International trade
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: ECONOMY
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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21Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and
Society
V: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945:
POLITICS
World food situation in 1945 Overall amount of food available to the world: 12% less than
before the war – and a drought broke out in 1946 Many had less than half of what they had in 1945 than in 1939 Europe
Production was only 36% of prewar level Germany: 1,000 calories per person per day in cities Some Germans lost a pound a day in 1946 2 million died in the Soviet Union Even Britain had to introduce rationing in 1945
Asia Famine in China, Korea, Java, and Vietnam 30 million in China suffered from under-nourishment 100,000 starved to death in Tokyo three months after the war
The Americas
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Food as Cold War Weapon Berlin Airlift, 1948 Marshall Plan VS Warsaw
Pact Relief package (CARE) from
the USA Politics of Aid
Abundance as propaganda: Hong Kong
Chinese food and water: Hong Kong East Pearl River Water Ng Fung Hong Food trains during the 1967 Riot
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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International Cooperation Attempts (By UN) The International Institute of Agriculture, 1905-1945 Combined Food Board during the Second World War United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, 1943
(Hot Spring Conference) Not only about food aid Also put forward the idea of eating healthily
Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1945- World Food Programme, 1961 World Food Conference, 1974 World Food Council, 1974-1993 World Summit on Food Security, 1996, 2002, 2009
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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International Cooperation Attempts (By Others) World Trade organization, 1993 Global Food Security Program (World Bank), 2010 European Union
European Food Safety Authority
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Work Done Food aid Setting standards Food safety Market regulation Removal of trade barrier Sharing technology
Joint research Dissemination
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Limitations of Cooperation Processes of reaching international agreements Tensions
Politics within the international organisations States vs. States States vs. Corporations and interest groups Politics within the states States vs. individuals Corporations vs. individuals
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Limitations of Cooperation (con’t) Other Causes
Political Internal situation in countries Multinational and agricultural interests Lack of consensus among countries Politics of food aid
Technological and Economic Trade and food aid Bottleneck in production Speculation and trade barrier Oil price and food fuel New technology vs. vested interest
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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29Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and
Society
VI: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945:
SOCIETY
Prices of Increased Productivity Environmental
Wastage Impact of agriculture on environment Carbon footprint of food Loss of biodiversity
Obesity Over-consumption Health cost
Entrenched interest American Meat Institute, National Meat Association, American
Association of Meat Processors Twisting of taste
Standardisation of flavour Artificial flavour
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: SOCIETY
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Cultural and Class Dimensions National cuisine and regional food? Class dimension of food? Conservation VS tradition
Whale hunting in Japan: a means to get protein quickly after the Second World War
Now seen as a traditional institutional that should not be abandoned Employment Vested interest
GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: SOCIETY
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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BreadLittle bit of baconSometimes with potatoesA bit cheeseBeer, sugared tea, and “tiny quantities of milk”
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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FOOD FOR A FARM LABOURER, 1796
Monday: a bit of cold meatTuesday: a hash (mix of diced meat, potatoes, and
spices)Wednesday: a potato pieThursday: fry liver and onionsFriday: potted meatSaturday: sausageWith potatoes, bread, and beverages such as tea,
beer, and milk
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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THE MEALS OF A MILL WORKER, 1876
(Not a wedding dinner!)Roasted pigFried crab legStir-fried shrimpDried scallopSharks fin soupAbalone with goose palmSteamed garoupaCrispy chickenShanghai dumplingsBraised noodles
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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A BLOGGER’S MEAL, 2012
1945 Vietnam 2,000,000
1947 Soviet Union 1,000,000-1,500,000
1958 Tigray, Ethiopia 100,000
1959–1961 China15,000,000–43,000,000
1968–1972Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso
1,000,000
1972–1973 Ethiopia 60,000
1974 Bangladesh 1,000,000
1975–1979 Cambodia 2,000,000
1980–1981 Uganda 30,000
1983–1985 Ethiopia 200,000
1991–1992 Somalia 300,000
1996 North Korea 200,000-3,500,000
1998 Sudan 70,000
FAMINE CASES AFTER 1945
Year Location Deaths
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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Nat h an Nu n n ; Nan cy Q ian , (2 011 ) . “T h e Po ta t o ' s Con t r i bu t i on t o Popu la t i on an d U rban i z a t i on : Ev iden ce f rom a H i s t o r i c a l Expe r im en t ” . Qu ar t e r l y J ou rn a l o f Ec on om ic s 12 6 (2 ) : 6 00 .
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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POTATOES AND POPULATION GROWTH
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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POTATOES AND POPULATION GROWTH
Nat h an Nu n n ; Nan cy Q ian , (2 011 ) . “T h e Po ta t o ' s Con t r i bu t i on t o Popu la t i on an d U rban i z a t i on : Ev iden ce f rom a H i s t o r i c a l Expe r im en t ” . Qu ar t e r l y J ou rn a l o f Ec on om ic s 12 6 (2 ) : 5 94 .
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
A lexan der A pos t o l i d es , “En g l i sh Ag r i cu l t u ra l Ou t pu t A n d Labou r P rod u c t i v i t y , 12 50 –1 850 : S om e Pre l im in a ry Es t im a tes” . h t t p : / /www.basvan leeu wen .n e t /bes t an d en /ag r i c l on g ru n 125 0 t o185 0 .pd f
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
K . T. H . Fa r re r , A Se t t l em ent Am p ly Supp l i ed , p . 250 ; h t tp : / / www.p i r. s a .gov.au / agh i s to ry / l i v es tock / bee f / marke t s _and_marke t i ng / marke t i ng_ - _p roduce
Export of Frozen Meat 1881-1900 (tons)
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US MEAT INDUSTRY, 1900s
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_FrsZ4UW5Hs/TPVfKiPSLtI/AAAAAAAAArY/oDS_yXTQkYE/s1600/beef5.jpg
http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/foodborne-illness/images/Beef-industry-1900s-4.jpg
Please use the following links to view two pictures about the Industrialized Butcher House in the USA in the 1900s.
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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CANNED FOOD, 1890s
http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8031/7986212820_c0be7643c6_m.jpg
Please use this link to view the picture of the Cooked Corn Beef,USA, 1890s
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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MARKETING AND COMMERCIALS
http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/crackerspack.jpg
http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/patersonspack.jpg
Please use the following two links to view two posters.
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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BANANA CARRIERS
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/SS_Abangarez.jpg
Please use this link to view the picture of SS Abangarez, 5,000t cargo ship built for the United Fruit Company in 1911
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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GERMAN GENERALPLAN OST, 1940
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff/lossy-page1-1024px-Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff.jpg
Please use this link to view the map.
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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WAR DEATHS, 1945-2000
http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/287.png
Please use this link to view the map which shows the war deathsFrom 1945 to 2000.
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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INTERNATIONAL FAST FOOD DIST.
http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/364.png
Please use this link to view the map which shows the internationalFast food distribution.
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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FOOD MULTINATIONALS
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/27/consumer-brands-owned-ten-companies-graphic_n_1458812.html
Please use this link to view the companies which have enormous number of consumer brands in the market.
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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PER CAPITA FOOD CONSUMPTION (KCAL/PERSON/DAY)
FAO, Wor ld Agr i cu l ture : towards 2015 /2030 , p .30
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OBESITY AND HEALTH PROBLEM
http://www.oecd.org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/thirdlancetseriesonchronicdiseaseschina-
keyfacts.htm
Please use this link to view the charts showing the overweight rates in analyzed countries and OECD (adults) in 2010.
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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RACE, LAND, AGRICULTURE
http://file.vintageadbrowser.com/l-vaayf2et6kmhxm.jpg
Please use this link to view the Nazi Poster in 1937.
(Enhancement of the) economic, social and political conditions in Hong Kong that will continue to contrast favorably with conditions in Communist China – “Statement of US Policy on Hong Kong,” NSC6007, 1960
US food aid to Hong Kong (P.L.480) – all American outputs 4 million USD (30,400,000USD in 2011) per annum between
1958-1961 1 million under refugee program 0.8 million under information program 0.027 million under educational exchange
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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HONG KONG AS COLD WAR FRONT: FOOD
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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A CARE RELIEF PACKAGE
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief
Everywhere
http://blob.freent.de/contentblob/739398/teaserImg847x565/carepakete-luftbruecke.jpg
Please use this link to view the picture of a care relief package.
US Department of Agriculture vs US Military and UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) Dept. of Agriculture wanted to reduce production to protect
the US farming interest from overproduction Food administrators encouraged the production and
consumption of meat – instead of producing enough grain for the starving European population
USA unable to provide enough grain for the starving European countries in 1946 – had to be helped by countries such as Britain and Canada
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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“BARE SHELF” POLICY OF 1944
Put forward by John Boyd Orr, British nutritionist, who was elected as the director-general of the FAO in 1946
To “reconfigure the world’s political economy by organizing it scientifically, according to human need, not profi t”
The idea of continuing the Food Board during the Second World War to coordinate production and distribution of food
Opposed by the US State Department
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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IDEA OF WORLD FOOD BOARD
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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CHANGING JAPANESE DIET, 1961-2006
“Resource consumpt ion i n J apanese agr i cu l tu re and i t s l i nk to food secur i ty , ” Energy Po l i cy , Vo l . 39 , No . 3 , (Mar 2011)
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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JAPANESE MILITARY RATION
http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-rations/japanese-military-rations.jpg
http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-rations/japanese-combat-rations.jpg
http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-rations/japanese-army-rations.jpg
Please use these links to view the pictures showing the Japanese Military Ration
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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AMERICAN MILITARY RATION
http://www.usarmymodels.com/ARTICLES/Rations/KRatSupper.jpg
Please use this link to view the picture of K-Ration (Survival-ration) for field use
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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MEALS AT THE HOME FRONT…
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/u010000/u011869.jpg
http://pic50.picturetrail.com/VOL437/658868/10754765/367572848.jpg
Please use these links to view the pictures of meals at the home front.
Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
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ALLIES FOOD EFFORT
http://bhgsltd.co.uk/var/plain_site/storage/images/home/gallery/wartime_posters/dig_for_victory_now/1570-1-eng-GB/dig_for_victory_now_large.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LL7ZWpU1aRQ/S9yALZDwscI/AAAAAAAAABI/HYzd5WrpL0s/s1600/Food+is+a+Weapon.gif
http://www.stanfordfestival.com/drcposter.jpg
Please use these links to view the pictures showing the Allies food effort.