ntanelx 3650 kh - inspectionpanel.org · vi tidæpabtueta...

r)aykarN_elx 58016 - KH

RkumGFikarkic©

r)aykarN_esIubGegát

RbeTskm<úCa³ KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al

¬\NTanelx 3650 – KH¦

éf¶TI 23 Ex viciäka qñaM 2010

i

GMBIGFikarkic©

GFikarkic©RtUv)anbegáIteLIgcab;taMgBIExkBaØa qñaM 1993 edayRkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtiþrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak

kñúg tYnaTICaynþkarÉkraCmYyedIm,IFanaGMBIKNenyüPaBkñúgRbtibtiþkarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakedIm,IeqøIytbeTA

nwgeKalneya)ay nignitIviFIrbs;xøÜn. RkumGFikarkic©KWCaEpñkmYysRmab;RkuménRbCaBlrdæ 2 b¤eRcInnak;Edl

eCOfaxøÜneK b¤plRbeyaCn_rbs;BYkeKKBugRtUv)an b¤)anxUcplRbeyaCn_edayskmµPaBEdlKaMRThirBaØvtßúeday

FnaKarBiPBelak edIm,IbgðajBIkarRBYy)armÖrbs;eKtamry³sMeNIesñIsMueFVIGFikarkic©. srubmkvij GFikarkic©

pþl;CabNþajmYyrvagFnaKarBiPBelak nigRbCaCnEdlTMngCaTTYlrgplb:HBal;edayKeRmagEdlKaMRTeday

xøÜn.

smaCikénRkumGFikarkic©RtUv)aneRCIserIs {edayEp¥keTAelIsmtßPaBkñúgkaredaHRsayeBlelj nigmanPaB

yutiþFm’ CamYynwgsMeNIEdl)andak;esñIeTABYkKat; mansuRkitPaB nigPaBÉkraCBIfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPB

elak ehIynwgbTBiesaFn_rbs;BYkKat;cMeBaHbBaðaGPivDÆn_ niglkçxNÐrs;enA kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_}.1

smaCikTaMgbIrUbpþl;siTi§GMNac edaypþl;[edayRkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtiþ edIm,IesIubGegátbBaðaEdlmankar

ecaTRbkan;Edl )anekIteLIgecjBIlT§plmYyénkarGnuvtþedaybraC½yedIm,IGnuelameTAtameKalneya)ay

RbtibtiþpÞal;xøÜn nignitIviFIrbs;xøÜn.

kargarrbs;GFikarkic©epþateTAelIeKalkarN_CaRKwHénPaBCaÉkraC suRkitPaB nigminlMeGog. eKalkarN_

sñÚlTaMgenHGacbgá[RkumGFikarkic©edIm,IeqøIyeTAnwgbBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIg nigedIm,Ipþl;bec©keTsd¾RbesIr kar

vaytémøRbkbÉkraC eTAdl;RkumRbwkSaPi)alrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

sRmab;dMeNIkaresñIsMu

bnÞab;BIRkumGFikarkic©TTYl)ankaresñIsMueFVIGFikarkic© KWmandMeNIrkardUcxageRkam³

RkumGFikarkic©seRmcfaetIsMeNIrelIkdMbUgvasmRsbeTAnwgkarBicarNrbs;RkumGFikarkic©b¤ya:gNa

RkumGFikarkic©)ancuHelxsMeNI KWmannitIviFIrdæ)aledaysucritmYy

RkumGFikarkic©epJIsMeNIeTAfñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak Edlmanry³eBl 21 s)þah_¬éf¶eFIkar¦

edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarecaTRbkan;EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkesñIrsMu.

bnÞab;mkeTotRkumGFikarkic©cab;epþImerobcMeFVIkarvaytémøEdlmanry³eBl 21s)þah_ ¬éf¶eFVIkar¦

edIm,IkMNt;GMBIPaBsmRsbNamYyénGñkesIñsMu nigsMeNIresñIrsMu.

1 esckþIseRmcrbs; IBRD elx 93-10 nig esckþIseRmc IDA elx 93-6

ii

RbsinebIpþl;[mankaresuIbGegátmYy ehIyRkumRbwkSaPi)al)anGnum½t RkumGFikarkic©nigdwknaM[man

karesIubGegáteBjelj edayminkMNt;eBlevlaeT.

RbsinebIRkumGFikarkic©minesñI[mankaresIubGegát enaHRkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtiþenAEtbgÁab;bBa¢a[man

karesIubGegátmYyRbsinebImankarGnuBaØat.

3 éf¶bnÞab;BIRkumRbwkSaPi)alseRmccitþfa etImankaresIubGegát b¤minmankarGegátmYykþI r)aykarN_

rbs;RkumGFikarkic© ¬edayrYmTaMgkaresñIsMueFVIGFikarkic© nigkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg¦ KWRtUvdak;

pSBVpSayCasaFarN³tamry³evsayrbs;RkumGFikarkic© nigelxaFikardæan mNÐlB½t’mansaFarN³

rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nigkariyal½yFnaKarBiPBelakenAtamRbeTs.

enAeBlEdlRkumGFikarkic©bBa©b;karesIubGegátmYyenaH BYkeKnwgepJIkarrkeXIjrbs;xøÜn nigkarsnñidæan

sþIBIbBaðaEdl)anecaTRbkan;enAkñúgkaresñIsMu[eFVIGFikarkic©eTARkumRbwkSaPi)al k¾dUcCafñak;RKb;RKg

FnaKarBiPBelak.

fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakmaneBl 6 s)þah_ edIm,Idak;nUvGnusasn_rbs;eKeTARkumRbwkSaPi)al

sþIGMBIskmµPaBEdlFnaKarBiPBelaknwgeFVI edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarrkeXIj nigkarsnñidæanrbs;Rkum

GFikarkic©.

bnÞab;mkRkumRbwkSanwgeFVIkarseRmccitþcugeRkaysþIGMBIfaetIGVIEdlKYnwgeFVIedayEp¥keTAelIkarrkeXIj

nigGnusasn_rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak.

3 éf¶bnÞab;BIkarseRmccitþrbs;RkumRbwkSaBi)al r)aykarN_GFikarkic© nigGnusasn_rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg

nwgdak;CUnCasaFarN³tamry³evsayrbs;GFikarkic© nigelxaFikardæan evbsayKeRmagmNÐl

B½t’mansaFarN³rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nigmNÐlB½t’manrbs;xøÜnenAtamRbeTsEdlmankaresIub

GegátenH.

iii

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

karerobcMr)aykarN_enHnwgminGacekIteLIg)aneTRbsinebIKµankarKaMRT nigkarcUlrYmcMENkd¾mantémøBImnusS

CaeRcIn. RkumGFikarkic©sUmGNrKuNpgEdrdl;Gñk)andak;sMeNI nigshKmn_nanaenAeRkamKeRmagenH

Edl)anGnuBaØat[RkumGFikarkic©CYb .

RkumGFikarkic©sUmsMEdgGMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaHm®nþIraCakarTaMgenAfñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæanenARbeTskm<úCa

Edl)anGnuBaØat[RkumGFikarkic¨CYb. BYkKat;)anpþl;nUvB½t’man nigehtukarN_d¾mantèmø. RkumGFikarkic¨k¾sUm

EføgGMNrGKuNcMeBaHkarCYysRmbsRmYlBIm®nþIFnaKarRbcaMRbeTs.

RkumGFikark¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHm®nþIFnaKarBiPBelakRbcaMenAkariyal½yTIRkumva:siunetan nigkariyal½y

RbcaMRbeTskm<úCasRmab;karCYyerobcMkmµviFInana. RkumGFikarkic©k¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHfñak;RKb;RKg nig

m®nþIFnaKarBiPBelak sRmab;karCYykñúgkarpþl;Éksarnana pþl;B½t’mandl;RkumGFikarkic nwgmankareqøIytb

ya:grh½scMeBaHsMeNIrCalaylkçGkSr . RkumGFikarkic©k¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHsmaCikGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil

EdlkMBugeFVIkarenARbeTskm<úCa.

RkumGFikarkic©k¾EføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHkarpþl;dMbUnµanÉkeTsedayelak eCRhVI paj nigsUmekatsresIrcMeBaHkar

vinic½äy nigviC¢aCIv³EdlelakEtgEtpþl;CUnCaerogral;eBl. cugbBa©b; RkumGFikarkic©sUmsMEdgnUvkardwgKuN

nigkarekatsresIrdl;smaCikénelxaFikardæansRmab;CaFnFand¾mann½y edIm,IerobcMkaresIubGegátenH Ca

Biess sUmGKuNelakRsI DIelk )alas nayikargelxaFikarRbtibtiþ nigelakRsI katarIn Qug nigelakRsI

ECnIehVI hac CaCMnYykarEpñkxagRsavRCav.

iv

BakübM®BYj nigGkSrkat;

ADB FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu

BP eKalneya)ayFnaKar

BTO r)aykarN_RbLb;mkkariyal½yvij

BKL bwgkk;

CAS yuT§sa®sþCMnYyRbcaMRbeTs CIDA TIPñak;garGPivDÆn¾GnþrCatiénRbeTskaNada

CLP RkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøI

COHRE mCÄmNÐlsiTi§lMenAdæan nigkarbeNþjecj

DCA kic©RBmeRBog\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ

DfID TIPñak;garGPivDÆn¾GnþrCaticRkPBGg;eKøs

DPM ]bknaykrdæm®nþI

EA karvaytémøbrisßan

ERM ebskkmµBinitüemIleLIgvijsRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag

ESG eKalkarN¾ENnaMsþIBIbrisßan nigsgÁm

GTZ Pñak;garshRbtibtþikarGPivDÆn_GaløWm:g

IDA smaKm¾GPivDÆn¾GnþrCati

LMAP KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al

LRT RkumcuHbBa¢IdIFøI

MEF RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú

MLMUPC RksYgRKb;RKgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;

MPP salaRkugPñMeBj

MR kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKbRKg

MTR karBinitüemIleLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtiþKeRmag

NALDR GaCJaFrCatisRmab;edaHRsayCemøaHdIFøI

NCRUDC KN³kmµakarCatisRmab;GPivDÆn_tMbn; nigTIRkug nigsMNg;

NGO GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al OD eKaledARbtibtiþkarN_

OP eKalneya)ayRbtibtþikarN¾

v

PACP karcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_sRmab;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³

PAD ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag

PMO kariyal½yRKbRKgKeRmag

RGC raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

ROW siTi§cMNIpøÚv

RPF Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)alkartaMgTIlMenACafµI

RVP GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;

SA karvaytémøsgÁm

SDR siT§idkR)ak;Biess (Special Drawing Rights)

TOR muxgar nigParkic©

TWG-L Rkumkargarbec©keTsdIFøI

UN GgÁkarshRbCaCati

UNCHS GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkkmµviFIlMenAdæanrbs;RbCaBlrdæ¼mCÄmNÐl

sRmab;lNenAdæanRbCaBlrdæ (UN HABITAT)

UNDP kmµviFIGPivDÆn¾GgÁkarshRbCaCati

US$ duløarGaemrik

vi

TidæPaBTUeTA

RkumGFikarkic©)anerobcMr)aykarN_esuIbGegátenH edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIeFIVGFikarkic©Edl)anTTYlenAéf¶TI4

ExkBaØa qñaM2009 BImCÄmNÐlsRmab;siT§ilMenAdæan nigkarbeNþjecj ¬COHRE¦ Edl)andak;sMeNICMnYs[

shKmn_Edl)anGHGagfa TTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al ¬cab;BIeBlenH sMedAehAfa

{KeRmag} b¤ {LMAP}¦ kñúgRbeTskm<úCa . shKmn_TaMgenH manmUldæanenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ¬BKL¦ enAkñúg

sgáat;RsHck xNÐdUneBj raCFanIPñMeBj . m©as;sMeNI)anesñIsuM[RkumGFikarkic©minbeBa©jeQµaHrbs;RbCaCn

EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; nigPUmiEdleKrs;enA . RkumGFikarkic© )aneFIVkarcuHbBa¢IeTAelIsMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic©enA

éf¶TI 24 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 . fñak;RKb;RKg)anpþl;kareqøIytbrbs;xøÜncMeBaHsMeNIenAéf¶TI 2 Exvicäika qñaM2009 .

RkumGFikarkic©mYy)ancuHmkeFIVTsSnkic© enAéf¶TI 16-19 Exvicäika qñaM2009 edIm,IeFIVkarkMNt;eTAelIlkçxNÐ

smRsbénsMeNI . RkumGFikarkic©)andak;r)aykarN_ nigGnusasn_rbs;xøÜnEdlmanlkçxNÐsmRsb CUneTA

RkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtþi enAéf¶TI 2 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa sMeNImanlkçxNÐsmRsb

bu:EnþBuMTan; h‘anpþl;Gnusasn_enAeBlenaH faetIRtUvFana[mannUvkaresuIbGegátenAeLIyenaHeT eday)aneFIVkar

kt;smÁal; fa eKrMBwgfanwgeFIVkarseRmccitþRtwméf¶TI 31 Exmina qñaM2010 . eyagtamTsSn³rbs;Rkum

esuIbGegát TegVIEbbenH nwgpþl;»kasbEnßmeTotdl;fñak;RKb;RKg edIm,IbegáIt[mannUvkic©snÞnamYyCamYyraC

rdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigédKUGPivDÆdéTeTot edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNI . RkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtþi

)anGnum½tyl;RBmeTAelIGnusasn_rbs;RkumGFikarkic© enAéf¶TI 16 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 eRkammUldæanénkarmin

CMTas; .

RkumGFikarkic© )anpþl;r)aykarN_cugeRkayrbs;xøÜnGMBIlkçxNÐsmRsb CUneTAnaykRbtibtþi enAéf¶TI 31

Exmina qñaM2010 . RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa BuMmanvDÆnPaBNamYYyEdlRtUv)aneFIVeLIg edIm,IGnuvtþ

skmµPaBEdleK)anesñIenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNIeLIy .

dUecñH RkumGFikarkic©)anpþl;Gnusasn_[KN³naykRbtibtþiGnum½tyl;RBm[mannUvkaresuIbGegát eTAelIkar

GHGag nigbBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgsMeNIeFIVGFikarkic© . RkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtþi)anGnuum½tyl;RBmeTAelI

Gnusasn_rbs;RkumGFikarkic© edIm,I[mannUvkaresuIbGegátmYyedayRkumGFikarkic© enAéf¶TI 13 Exemsa

qñaM2010 eRkammUldæanénkarminCMTas; .

karGHGagsMxan;²Edl)anbgðajCUnRkumGFikarkic© ³ enAkñúgsMeNIsuM[mankareFIVGFikarkic© m©as;sMeNI)an

ecaTRbkan;fa skmµPaBeRkamKeRmag LMAP Edlpþl;hirBaØb,TanedayFnaKarBiPBelak )anbNþal[

shKmn_bwgkk; EdlmanRKYsarRbmaN 4>250RKYsar rgeRKaHy:agF¶n;F¶rBIkarerobcM nigkarGnuvtþKeRmagenH.

m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa karbeNþjecj nigRBwtþikarN_Bak;B½n§enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgKeRmag

vii

ehIyBYkeKRtUv)aneKbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarsiTi§elIkmµsiTi§rbs;BYkeK eRkamKeRmag LMAP .

m©as;sMeNI)anEføgfa tMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)aneFIVkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;CafµIeLIgvij edIm,IbgálkçN³[mannUv

karGPivDÆ edayGñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCnmYy Edlminpþl;»kas[shKmn_ EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;TTYl)annUvkar

BicarNaeTAelIsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYkeK eRkamKeRmagenHeLIy nignaM[QaneTAdl;karbgçMbeNþjBYkeKecjBIlMenA

dæan. BYkeK)anGHGagfa mincMeBaHfa sßanPaBkmµsiT§iPaBeTAelIdIFøImanlkçN³dUcemþceLIy RbCaBlrdæ

enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; )annigkMBugRtUv)anbeNþjecjBIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeKkñúglkçN³mYy EdlrMelaPbMBaneTAelI

eKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ nigRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦EdlRtUv)anÉkPaBsRmab;KeRmagenH .

m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa KeRmag {min)aneFIV[kmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYkeKmanlkçN³pøÚvkareLIy} nigmin)an {epÞrsiT§i

TUeTArbs;BYkeK eRkambøg;dIEdlRtUv)anerobcM[manlkçN³pøÚvkar} EdlCaehtueFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIkmµsiT§idIFøI

rbs;RbCaCnEdlmanRsab; kalBImun . CacugeRkay m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa shKmn_déTeTotenAkñúgextþ

rbs;KeRmag BuMGacmanlT§PaBTTYl)anbøg;dIenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP eLIy RBmTaMgRtUv)anbgçM

beNþjecjBIlMenAdæaneTotpg . bBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIgmanBak;B½n§eTAnwgsMnYrmUldæanGMBIsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI nig

snþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;shKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; .

KMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic©GMBIPaBGnuelam nigkarxUcRbeyaCn_ ³ r)aykarN_enH bgðajGMBIKMehIjrbs;

RkumGFikarkic© kñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgkarGHGagTaMgenH CaBiess KWeqøIytbeTAnwgbBaða faetIkarxUcxat

RbeyaCn_Edl)anecaTRbkan;bNþalmkBIbraC½yd¾F¶n;F¶r ¬TaMgRsug b¤ EpñkNamYy¦ rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak

kñúgkarRtYtBinitüeTAelIeKalneya)ay nignItiviFIRbtibtþirbs;xøÜn EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarerobcMKeRmagkarvay

témø nig¼b¤ karGnuvtþ . eKalneya)ayEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkaresuIbegátenH rYmmankarvaytémøKeRmag

kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ karRtYtBinitüeTAelIKeRmag .

eyagtamkarGHGagfa RBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgKeRmag RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa

tMbn;enaHsßitenAkñúgextþKeRmagmYy RBmTaMgRtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP dUecñHskmµPaB

EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞógpÞat;eTAelIkmµsiT§idIFøI nigkmµsiT§iPaBeRkaykarCUndMNwgGMBIkarvinicä½y manTMnak;TMng

edaypÞal;eTAnwgKeRmag . cMNucenH mansgÁtPaBeTAnwgCMhrrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg .

eyagtamkarGHGagfa RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBü

rbs;BYkeKeRkamKeRmag RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVesckþIsnñidæanfa RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)an

bdiesFmin[TTYl)andMeNIrkarvinicä½ysmRsbeTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK . RkumGFikarkic©man

TsSn³yl;eXIjfa vaCakarRtwmRtUvehIy EdlRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;rMBwgfa karTamTardIFøIrbs;BYkeK

viii

manlkçxNÐsmRsb edIm,IeFVIkarBicarNaeRkamkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigbEnßmBIenHeTot ral;kar

TamTardIFøITaMgGs;enAkñúgsgáat; RtUveFIVkarvinicä½yedayeyageTAtamnItiviFI nigdMeNIrkarsRmab;vinicä½yeTAelIkar

TamTarRTBüsm,tþi EdlRtUv)anÉkPaBKña rvagraCrdæaPi)al FnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆ EdlKaMRTdl;

KeRmag LMAP . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa PaBminc,as;las;enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwg

karkMNt;eTAelItMbn;vinicä½y nigkaredaHRsayvivaTrvagGgÁPaBrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn kñúgGMLúgeBléndMeNIrkar

vinicä½y )anrYmcMENkmYyEpñkcMeBaHkarxUcRbeyaCn_Edlm©as;sMeNIkMBugCYbRbTH . elIsBIenHeTot Rkum

GFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)aneF IVskmµPaBeTAelIB½t’man enAeBlEdleKraykarN_elIkdMbUg

GMBIbBaðaEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; CUndl;fñak;RKb;RKg ehIykarRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgenAkñúg

lkçxNÐenH BMumansgÁtPaBeTAnwglkçxNÐtRmUvéneKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak . xN³eBlEdl

karRtYtBinitünaeBlfµI²enHrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIKeRmag GMBIbBaðaEdlsMeNI)anelIkeLIg manPaBGnuelam

eTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbeTAnwgkarvaytémørbs;m©as;sMeNIfa

{Cak;EsþgskmµPaBEdlfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak)anGnuvtþ KWyWteBleBkeTAehIy edIm,IbgáarkarxUc

RbeyaCn_EdlkMBugekIteLIgenAeBlenH} .

eyagtamkarGHGagfa RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anCemøósedayhwgSabMBaneTAelIeKal

neya)ayEdl)anÉkPaBKña sRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa esckþI

seRmckñúgkarerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij manPaBRsbKñaeTAnwgbTb,BaØtþiéneKal

neya)ayEdlGacykmkGnuvtþ)an nigkarRKb;RKgsmRsb edIm,IBRgIkvisalPaBénsßanPaBEdleKGnuvtþ

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EdlqøúHbBa©aMgGMBIkarKitKUfµI²enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak enA

eBlenH Tak;TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþsmRsb nUvkic©karBarsuvtßiPaBrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak . ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI

GaRs½yedayPaBminc,as;las; EdlTak;TgeTAnwgrebob EdleKKYrCRmuj nigGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI

kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vijxVHbTb,BaØtþimYycMnYnEdleK)anrMBwgTukenAkñúg OD 4.30 EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwg {karerobcMeKalkarN_ karerobcM

sßab½n nigkarerobcMlkçxNÐvinicä½y} . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjPsþútagenAkñúgkMNt;ehtuRtYtBinitü Edlfñak;

RKb;RKg enAkñúg»kasCaeRcIn)anelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðaEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ EdlmanPaBBak;B½n§Ca

skþanuBlsRmab;karGnuvtþ RPF RBmTaMg)anekatsresIrFnaKarBiPBelak cMeBaHkarbnþbBaðaeKalneya)ay

d¾lM)akenH enAkñúgbribTRbeTskm<úCa . ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI RkumGFikarkic©k¾)anrkeXIjkrNIbeNþjRbCaBlrdæ

ecjBIdIrdæ EdlbNþal[mannUvkarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHRKYsarEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; ehIyRkbx½NÐeKalneya-

)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KYrRtUv)aneKykmkGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . CaTUeTA RkumGFikarkic©man

TsSn³yl;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak KYr)ankMNt;rkeXIjbBaðaF¶n;F¶rnana EdlRbCaCnenA

kñúgtMbn;bwgkk;CYbRbTHtaMgBIdMNak;kaldMbUg nigBicarNarkcMNat;karsmRsb . karxkxanmin)anGnuvtþy:ag

ix

dUecñH BuMRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakeLIy .

eyagtamkarGHGagfa dMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlGnum½tedayKeRmag )aneFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIEdl

mankalBImun RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa cenøaHRbehagénkarerobcMKeRmag)anbNþal[mannUvkardkecjnUv

dIFøIBIdMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIeTAtamcitþcg; ehIy)anbdiesFkñúgkarpþl;»kasdl;RbCaBlrdæTamTar nigeFIV[manPaB

Rsbc,ab;nUvsiT§irbs;BYkeK EdlmanRsab;kalBImun tamry³karvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP . RkumGFikar

kic©manTsSn³yl;eXIjfa cMNucenHpÞúyeTAnwgeKalbMNgrbs;KeRmagEdl)anEcgsMedAeFIV[RbesIreLIgnUv

snþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøI CaBiessKWsnþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøIsRmab;CnRkIRk nigCngayrgeRKaH nigCalT§plRkumGFikarkic©

)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgBuM)anGnuvtþRsbeTAtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkarvaytémø

KeRmag . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)anrkeXIjpgEdrfa BuMEmnRKb;viFankarTaMgGs; EdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgCaBiess

edIm,IKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRk nigRbCaCngayrgeRKaH RtUv)anGnuvtþtamkareRKagTukeLIy . fñak;RKb;RKgmin)an

BinitütamdaneTAelIkarebþCJacitþrbs;KeRmag[)anRKb;RKan; edIm,IBRgwgkaryl;dwgsaFarN³ nigkarcUlrYmrbs;

shKmn_ Fana[mannUvkic©karBarEpñkc,ab;CUndl;RbCaBlrdæEdlRbQmeTAnwghaniP½yénkarbeNþjecj nig

pþl;lT§PaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarTTYl)annUvynþkaredaHRsayvivaT EdlcMNucenH BuMRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;

FnaKarBiPBelak . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa kgVHkic©KaMRTsRmab;CnRkIRkEdlbNþalmkBIkarGnuvtþ

smasFatuCaeRcInrbs;KeRmagmin)aneBjelj nigmin)anRKb;RKan;)aneFIV[BYkeKmanPaBgayrgeRKaH cMeBaH

karTamTardIrbs;BYkeK . enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa skmµPaBTaMgenH Edlmansar³

sMxan;cMeBaHkarGnuvtþKeRmag[)aneBjelj RtUv)anBnüaeBl b¤minRtUv)anGnuvtþ.

karTamTarcugeRkayrbs;m©as;sMeNI KWshKmn_déTeTotenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP minRtUv)aneK

rab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgdMeNIrkarvinicä½y RBmTaMgRtUv)aneKbgçMbeNþjecjBIkEnøgrs;enA . RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;

fa karbgçMbeNþjecjBIkEnøgrs;enA BuMEmneTIbEtekIteLIgfµIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeLIy ehIyskmµPaBenH )annig

bnþekIteLIgenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj cab;taMgBImuneBlerobcMKeRmagemøH . xN³eBlEdlvisalPaBénplb:HBal;

GviC¢maneTAelIRKYsarEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y BuMRtUv)aneKdwgenAeLIy RkumGFikarkic©mankar)armÖCaxøaMgGMBI

RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlRtUv)anbgçMbeNþjecj CemøósBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKrs;enA b¤ sßiteRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkar

beNþjecjBIkEnøgrs;enA enAkñúgtMbn;KeRmag . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa GaRs½yedayxVHRbB½n§RtYtBinitü

tamdan nigvaytémørwgmaMmYysRmab;KeRmag fñak;dwknaMrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak min)andwgGMBIbBaðaKYr[kt;smÁal;

Edl)anekIteLIgbNþalmkBIKeRmag EdlcMNucenH k¾BuMRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak

pgEdr.

karsegátbEnßm ³ RkumGFikarkic©sUmeFIVkarKUsbBa¢ak;fa RkumGFikarkic©cat;TukfakarcUlrYmrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak

x

eTAelIbBaðadIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa manPaBBak;B½n§y:agxøaMgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆrbs;RbeTs nigmansgÁtPaBeTA

nwgTsSnvis½yGPivDÆn_ry³eBlEvgrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nigGaNtþikargarTUeTArbs;FnaKarBiPBelak kñúgkarkat;

bnßyPaBRkIRk .

enAkñúgbribTenH nigedayminbnÞabsar³sMxan;énKMehIjrbs;xøÜn RkumGFikarkic©sUmekatsresIrcMeBaHkareqøIytb

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAnwgkaresñIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© nig karvaytémøedayPaBesµaHRtg;rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaða

eRKaHfñak; nigPaBGnuelam . RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbeTAnwgTsSn³rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaðacm,génTMnak;

TMngrvagKeRmag nigkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; . bEnßmBIenHeTot RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa

kRmgskmµPaBEbbRbtiskmµ Edlfñak;RKb;RKg)anGnuvtþcab;BIExmkra qñaM2009 rhUtmkTl;nwgeBlbc©úb,nñenH

RsbeTAnwgbTb,BaØtþiéneKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag . CaBiess ebskkmµ

karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;PaBRbesIrénKeRmag EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgExmina-emsa qñaM2009 mansar³

sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarKUsbBa¢ak;eTAelIkgVHxatCaeRcInenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag karGnuvtþKeRmag nigkarRtYtBinitü

KeRmag . karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©)anbBa¢ak;eTAelIKMehIj nigeFIV[KMehIjkan;EtmanPaBTUlMTUlay

sRmab;ebskkmµRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;PaBRbesIrénKeRmag . RkumGFikarkic©sgÇwmfa r)aykarN_esIub

GegátnwgrYmcMENkdl;karcab;epþIménkarcUlrYmfµImYy CamYyraCrdæaPi)aleTAelIkaredaHRsaybBaðaEdlm©as;

sMeNI)anelIkeLIg.

RkumGFikarkic©eCOfa krNIenHKUsbBa¢ak;GMBItémøénkarmanmaKa’ÉkraCüénRbPBCMnYymYy sRmab;RbCaCnEdl

TTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmag. dUcmanerobrab;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH karcUlrYmrbs;m©as;sMeNItamry³dMeNIrkar

rbs;RkumGFikarkic©)anbnþ[mannUvkarcUlrYmEbbRbtiskmµmYy BIfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nignaM[

QaneTAdl;karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijRbkbedayPaBRbugRby½tñeTAelIbBaðaF¶n;F¶rnana Edl)anelIkeLIg . elIs

BIenHeTot kñúglkçN³CaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrkarenH fñak;RKb;RKg)aneFIVkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijmYytammUldæan nig

)ankMNt;rkeXIjfa y:agehacNas;manRKYsarcMnYn 2>600RKYsar eTot EdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj b¤RbQmeTA

nwgkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;KeRmagRKbdNþb;.

xi

matika

GMBIRkumGFikarkic© ........................................................................................................................... i

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ...................................................................................................................... iii

BakübMRBYj GkSrkat; nigvaküs½BÞbec©keTs ...................................................................................... iv

TidæPaBTUeTA ................................................................................................................................. vi

matika......................................................................................................................................... xi

segçb ....................................................................................................................................... xiv

CMBUkTI1 ³ sMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg nigdMeNIrkaresuIbGegát ................................ 1

k> karerobcMr)aykarN_ ............................................................................................................ 1

x> sMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© ............................................................................................................. 1

K> kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg .................................................................................................. 3

1> karsegátTUeTA ........................................................................................................... 3

2> kareqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© ........................................................................... 5

3> bBaðaBiess² nigEpnkarskmµPaB ................................................................................. 6

X> dMeNIrkaresuIbGegát ............................................................................................................ 7

1> r)aykarN_bzmrbs;RkumGFikarkic© sþIBIlkçxNÐsmRsb niglkçxNÐsmRsbénsMeNI ........... 7

2> r)aykarN_bBa©b; sþIBIlkçxNÐsmRsb ........................................................................... 8

3> viFIsa®sþesuIbGegát ..................................................................................................... 8

4> eKalneya)ayBak;B½n§rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ................................................................ 10

CMBUkTI2 ³ KeRmag bribTKeRmag nigRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ......................................................... 13

k> TidæPaBTUeTA ..................................................................................................................... 13

x> KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al ¬LMAP¦ ............................................................................... 13

K> TidæPaBsMxan;²énbribTKeRmag ............................................................................................. 16

1> rbbkmµsiT§idIFøI ......................................................................................................... 16

2> karRKb;RKgdIrdæ ........................................................................................................ 19

3> rcnasm<½n§sßab½nénrdæ)aldIFøI ...................................................................................... 24

4> snþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøIkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj .............................................................................. 25

X> savtaénRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; .................................................................................. 31

1> RbvtþiénkartaMgTIlMenA enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ..................................................................... 31

2> RbePTkmµsiT§idIFøIenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ............................................................................. 32

xii

3> karpþÜcepþImGPivDÆsRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; ........................................................................... 34

4> dMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag .................................................................................... 35

5> karbgçMbeNþjecjBItMbn;bwgkk; .................................................................................. 39

CMBUkTI3 ³ karviPaK nigKMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic© .............................................................................. 44

k> TidæPaBTUeTA ...................................................................................................................... 44

x> karGHGagfaRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgKeRmag ....................................... 45

1> karGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI nigkareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKg................................................... 45

2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic© ........................................................................................ 45

K> karGHGagfaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anRtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½yeTAelI

karTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeKeRkamKeRmag ........................................................................ 47



3> KMehIjGMBIPaBGnuelam ............................................................................................. 62

X> karGHGagfaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anCemøósedayrMelaPbMBaneTAelIeKal-

neya)ayEdl)anÉkPaBKña sRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ ................................ 68


g> karGHGagfadMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlGnum½tedayKeRmag )aneFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøI

EdlmankalBImun .............................................................................................................. 84



3> KMehIjGMBIPaBGnuelam ............................................................................................. 91

c> karGHGagfa shKmn_déTeTotenAkñúgextþKeRmagRtUv)anbgçMbeNþjecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKrs;enA .... 95



CMBUkTI4 ³ emeron nigbBaðaRbB½n§ ................................................................................................... 101

]bsm<½n§1 ³ taragénKMehIj ........................................................................................................ 104

]bsm<½n§2 ³ CIvRbvtþi ................................................................................................................. 116

RbGb;

xiii

RbGb;TI1 ³ ]TahrN_énRKYsarmYyEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; ................................................................... 3

RbGb;TI2 ³ RbvtþiénrbbkmµsiT§idIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa* ......................................................................... 18

RbGb;TI3 ³ kar)armÖGMBIkarlicTwk edaysarkarcak;bMeBjbwgkk;* ....................................................... 42

tYelx

tYelxTI1 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;GnaFibetyükñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigtYelxTI2 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnEdl

rs;enAkñúgtMbn;GnaFibetyükñúgraCFanIPñMeBj .................................................................... 29

tYelxTI3 ³ rUbPaBbwgkk;ftBIelI ¬m:n lIm 2006¦ ......................................................................... 31

rUbPaB

rUbPaBTI1 ³ lMenAdæankkkujenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ................................................................................ 32

rUbPaBTI2 ³ pÞHbENþtTwkenAelIbwgkk; ............................................................................................. 41

rUbPaBTI3 ³ RkumGFikarkic©CYbCamYyshKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ......................... 47

rUbPaBTI4 ³ karcak;xSac;bMeBjbwgkk; ............................................................................................. 53

rUbPaBTI5 ³ tMbn;taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij - tMNak;Rtywg Edlmancm¶ayRbmaN 20KILÚEm:RtBIraCFanIPñMeBj .. 83

rUbPaBTI6 ³ pÞHEdlRKbdNþb;eTAedayPk; kñúgGMLúgeBlénkarcak;bMeBjbwgnaeBlfµI²enH / rUb

rbs; BABSEA .................................................................................................................... 91

xiv

segçb

RkumGFikarkic©)anerobcMr)aykarN_esuIbGegátenH edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIsuM[mankareFIVGFikarkic© cuHéf¶TI04

ExkBaØa qñaM2009 EdlTak;TgeTAnwgKeRmagdIFøI nigrdæ)alenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ¬cab;BIeBlenHteTA sMedAehAfa

{LMAP} b¤ {KeRmag}¦. r)aykarN_rbs;RkumGFikarkic© RtUv)anbgðajCa4CMBUk .

sMeNIsuM[mankareFIVGFikarkic© kareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKg

nigdMeNIrkaresuIbGegát

sMeNI

sMeNIsuM[mankareFIVGFikarkic© RtUv)andak;CUnedaymCÄmNÐlsRmab;siT§ilMenAdæan nig karbeNþjecj ¬COHRE¦

CMnYs[shKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmagdIFøI nigrdæ)al enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ¬cab;BIeBlenHteTA sMedA

ehAfa {LMAP} b¤ {KeRmag}¦. shKmn_TaMgenH EdlrYmmanRbmaN 4>250RKYsar manmUldæanenAkñúgtMbn;

bwgkk; ¬BKL¦ enAkñúgsgáat;RsHck xNÐdUneBj raCFanIPñMeBj . Baküfa {tMbn;bwgkk;} tMNag[épÞdIcMnYn

133hikta rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbwg ¬RbmaN 90hikta¦ nigtMbn;CuMvij EdlRtUv)anCYleTA[GñkGPivDÆÉkCnmYy

kñúgqñaM2007 .

karGHGagTI1enAkñúgsMeNI KWskmµPaBsßiteRkamKeRmag LMAP Edlpþl;hirBaØb,TanedayFnaKarBiPBelak

)anrYmcMENkbNþal[mannUveRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶reTAelIRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . RkumGFikarkic©)an

kt;smÁal;fa raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa min)andwgGMBITMnak;TMngrvagehtukarN_Edl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; nig

KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al ¬LMAP¦ enaHeT . tamry³kareRbobeFob fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak

cat;Tukfa TMnak;TMngenHBitCa)anekIteLIg edayyl;RsbeTAnwgkarGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI .

TI2 m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHsiT§irbs;BYkeK kñúgkaresñIsuM

[karTamTarrbs;BYkeK RtUv)anBicarNa nigvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag . eyagtamsMeNI ebIeTaHbICasgáat;RsHck

TaMgmUlRtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP k¾eday RbCaCnRtUv)aneKR)ab;fa karvinicä½yenAkñúg

tMbn;bwgkk; minRtUv)aneFIVeLIgeLIy GaRs½yedaydIenAkñúgtMbn;enH sßitenAkñúg {tMbn;GPivDÆ} . m©as;sMeNI

eCOfa tMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)aneFIVkarEbgEckRbePTCafµIeLIgvij edIm,IbgálkçN³[mannUvkarGPivDÆ eday

xv

GñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCn EdleFIV[shKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;BuMman»kasRKb;RKan; edIm,I[siT§ikan;kab;dIFøIrbs;

BYkeKRtUv)anBicarNaeRkamKeRmag nignaM[QaneTAdl;karbgçMbeNþjBYkeKecjBIkEnøgrs;enArbs;BYkeK.

TI3 m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa mincMeBaHfa sßanPaBkmµsiT§iPaBeTAelIdIFøImanlkçN³dUcemþceLIy RbCaBlrdæenAkñúg

tMbn;bwgkk; )annigkMBugRtUv)anbeNþjecjBIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeKkñúglkçN³mYy EdlrMelaPbMBaneTAelIRkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦ sRmab;KeRmagenH EdltRmUv[GnuvtþeRkamkic©RBmeRBog

\NTanGPivDÆ ¬DCA¦ . eK)aneFIVkar)a:n;RbmaNepSg²Kñafa RbCaBlrdæeRcInCag 1>500RKYsar RtUv)an

beNþjecjBIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK RBmTaMgmanRKYsareRcInCagenHeTot EdlkMBugsßiteRkamkarKMramkMEhgén

karbeNþjecj . m©as;sMeNI )ant¥ÚjEt¥rGMBIkarpþl;sMNgminRKb;RKan; sm<aF nigkarKMramkMEhg edIm,IeFIV[

RbCaBlrdæcakecjBIpÞHrbs;BYkeK nigkarlicpÞHEdlbNþalmkBIkarcak;bMeBjbwgedayGñkGPivDÆn_.

TI4 sMeNI)anecaTRbkan;fa KeRmag LMAP EdlmanbMNgbegáIt[mannUvdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøImYyEbbmCÄkar

nigpøÚvkar EdlEp¥kelIrbbkmµsiT§idIFøITUeTA b¤minpøÚvkar )aneFIV[mankarcuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIEdlman

Rsab;kalBImunrbs;RbCaBlrdæ.

CacugeRkay eyagtamm©as;sMeNI minRtwmEtenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;bu:eNÑaHeT bu:EnþenAkñúgshKmn_tMbn;TIRkug nig

CnbTdéTeTot rab;bBa©ÚlshKmn_CnCatiedImPaKtic enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa RbCaBlrdæminGacTTYl)anbøg;dIenA

kñúgtMbn;vinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP nig¼b¤ ynþkaredaHRsayvivaTeRkamKeRmag LMAP eLIy .

kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg

karsegátTUeTA ³ kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg )aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa edayeyageTAtamÉksarvaytémø

KeRmag ¬PAD¦ KeRmag LMAP RtUvGnuvtþedayeyageTAtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBI

brisßan nigsgÁm bu:EnþKeRmagminTMngnwgbNþal[mannUvkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij edayminsµ½RKcitþNamYyeLIy.

ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI eK)anerobcM RPF nigGIV²CaeRcIneTot EdleKGacykmkGnuvtþenAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énkarbeNþj

ecjBIrdæ EdlbNþalmkBIskmµPaBpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enAtamtMbn;mYycMnYntUc . kareqøIytb

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgbnþeFIVkarkt;smÁal;eTotfa skmµPaBpþl;bøg;dIeRkamKeRmagRtUv)ankMNt;Ecgfa minRKbdNþb;

eTAelIGñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar b¤{GñktaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr} elIdIrdæeLIy GaRs½yedayeKmin)anrMBwg[KeRmag

pþl;PaBGcié®nþy_eTAelIkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkarEbbenHeT . fñak;RKb;RKg )aneBalGHGagfa KeRmag LMAP

)anbegáIt[mannUv {RbeyaCn_GPivDÆKYr[kt;smÁal; } ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa Gvtþmanén

xvi

Tinñn½ymUldæanBak;B½n§ b¤ viFIsa®sþEdlRtUv)ankMNt;sRmab;RbmUlTinñn½y raMgsÞHdl;karvas;sÞg;[)anRtwmRtUv

eTAelIkarrIkceRmInenAkñúgbBaðasnþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøI.

kareqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© ³ kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)anEføgfa ebIeTaHbICatMbn;bwgkk;man

mUldæanenAkñúgsgáat;RsHckk¾eday tMbn;bwgkk;minRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarRTBüsm,tþi

eLIy . mUlehtuEdleK)anelIkeLIg KWsalaraCFanIPñMeBj ¬MPP¦ )anRbkasfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCadIsaFarN³

rbs;rdæ . fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa nItiviFIEdlRtUv)anGPivDÆeRkamKeRmag LMA minRtUv)aneKGnuvtþtameLIy

GaRs½yedayRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)aneKbdiesFcMeBaH»kaskñúgkarbgðajGMBIkarGHGageTA

elIkmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYkeK nigkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkarQaneTAdl;kareFIVesckþIseRmcfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCadIsaFarN³

rbs;rdæ . fñak;RKb;RKg)ansnñidæanenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfa lkçxNÐvinicä½ysRmab;karGnuvtþn_ RPF dUcman

kMNt;EcgenAkñúg DCA manPaBsmRsbeTAnwgkrNIenH dUecñHeKKYr)anGnuvtþ RPF.

kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa ebskkmµCRmujkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij ¬ERM¦ RtUv)an

GnuvtþenAkñúgExemsa qñaM2009 Edl)anTTYlsÁal;GMBIPaBxVHxatenAkñúgkarerobcM nigkarGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP.

kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgEføgfa GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ¬RVP¦ )anmkeFIVTsSnkic©enA

kñúgraCFanIPñMeBj edIm,ICYbCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)alCan;x<s;enAkñúg ExsIha qñaM2009 . CafµImþgeTot GnuRbFan

RbcaMtMbn;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak )anesñI[p¥akskmµPaBbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæan CabeNþaHGasnñ

edayyl;RBmeFIVkarviPaCn_FnFanmYycMnYnrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijrbs;RbCaBlrdæ

enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; nig)anesñI[eFIVkarBüÜrKeRmagrYmKña xN³eBlEdlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayCati kMBugRtUv)an

EklMG . ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anesñI[lubTwkR)ak;\NTanenAesssl;EdlminTan;)andk

enAéf¶TI 07 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 .

bBaðaBiess² nigEpnkarskmµPaB ³ kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIkarbnþxitxMedIm,IedaHRsay

bBaðakgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNI ebIeTaHbICaraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anlubecal\NTank¾eday . fñak;RKb;RKg)ansgát;

F¶n;eTAelIsar³sMxan;énkic©shRbtibtþikarCamYyraCrdæaPi)al nigédKUGPivDÆdéTeTotedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgVl;

rbs;m©as;sMeNI . kic©xitxMEdlfñak;dwknaM)anesñIeLIgenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn rYmmankarvaytémøeTAelI

plb:HBal;sgÁménkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijeTAelIshKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; karFanafa RbCaBlrdæTTYl

)ankic©KaMRTdUcKña eday RPF RtUv)aneKGnuvtþedIm,IeFIV[RbesIreLIgnUvkalanuvtþPaBsgÁm nigesdækic© karedaH

RsaybBaðakgVl;GMBIlkçxNÐrs;enA nigkalanuvtþPaBkñúgkarRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit enAkñúg nigCuMvijkEnøgtaMgTIlMenA

eLIgvij karelIkTwkcitþ[rdæaPi)alkat;bnßyplb:HBal;brisßanénkarcak;bMeBjbwgkk; kareFIV[RbesIreLIg

nUvynþkaredaHRsayvivaTEdlmanRsab; nigsmtßPaBrbs;shKmn_ nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgkareRbIR)as;

xvii

ynþkarTaMgenaH karCRmuj[rdæaPi)alcUlrYmenAkñúgkarBinitüseRmc eTAelIRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayCatimYy

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij karpþÜcepþIm[mannUvdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;mYy edIm,IkMNt;eLIgvijeTAelItYnaTI

rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigedIm,IkMNt;rkvis½yénkic©KaMRT RBmTaMgkic©shRbtibtþikarCamYy

raCrdæaPi)al Tak;TgeTAnwgyuT§sa®sþpþl;CMnYysRmab;RbeTs ¬CAS¦.

dMeNIrkaresuIbGegát

RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt;enAkñúgr)aykarN_ nigGnusasn_rbs;xøÜn cuHéf¶TI 02 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 fa sMeNIRtUveTAnwg

lkçxNÐsmRsbsRmab;kareFIVGFikarkic© . ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI RkumGFikarkic©min)anENnaM[pþl;Gnusasn_

enAeBlenaH faetIRtUvFana[mannUvkaresuIbGegátmYyenAeLIyenaHeT edayELk eKKYrrg;caMemIlkarvivDÆn_bEnßm

CaBiessGaRs½yedayfñak;RKb;RKgkMBugBüayam crcaCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nig édKUGPivDÆdéTeTot edIm,I

edaHRsaybBaðakgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNI. RkumGFikarkic©)anpþl;r)aykarN_cugeRkayrbs;xøÜn sþIBIlkçxNÐsmRsb

enAéf¶TI 31 Exmina qñaM2010 EdlenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH eK)anpþl;Gnusasn_[eFIVkaresuIbGegát.

bBaðasMxan;²énPaBGnuelam nigeKalneya)ayBak;B½n§ ³ karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIkarGHGag

rbs;m©as;sMeNI nigbBaðaBak;B½n§eTAnwgPaBGnuelam )anepþatelIsMnYrsMxan;²xageRkam ³

etImanTMnak;TMngrvagkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; nigKeRmag dUcEdlm©as;sMeNI)anGHGag

Edrb¤eT?

etIRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½y eTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBü

rbs;BYkeK Edrb¤eT? etIPaBminc,as;las;enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagrYmcMENkbNþal[xVHkarvinicä½yeTA

elIkarGHGagRTBüsm,tþienAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; Edrb¤eT? etIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmagCYyedaHRsaybBaðaEdl

m©as;sMeNI)anelIkeLIg RKb;RKan;Edrb¤eT?

etIkgVHénkarGnuvtþn_ RPF sRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; RsbeTAnwgkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆ Edrb¤eT? etI

kgVHénkarGnuvtþn_enH bNþalmkBIcenøaHRbehagenAkñúgkarerobcM RPF b¤? etIktþaenH bgá[mannUv

plb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIm©as;sMeNI Edrb¤eT?

etIdMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dI EdlKeRmag LMAP )aneRCIserIsykmkeRbIR)as; eFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµ

siT§idIFøIEdlmanRsab;kalBImunrbs;RbCaBlrdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yKeRmag LMAP Edrb¤eT? etI

KeRmag)anbBa©ÚlRbB½n§RtYtBinitütamdan nig vaytémøRKb;RCugeRCaymYy eTAelIplb:HBal;én

skmµPaBKeRmag cMeBaHRkumRbCaCnRkIRk nigRkumEdl)at;bg;RbeyaCn_déTeTot Edrb¤eT?

etImanshKmn_déTeTot EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviC¢manenAkñúgtMbn;KeRmag Edrb¤eT? etIkarerobcM

KeRmag)anelIkeLIgRKb;RKan;GMBIhaniP½yénkarbgçMbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæan Edrb¤eT?

xviii

enAkñúgkaresuIbGegát RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarvaytémø faetIFnaKarBiPBelak)anGnuvtþRsbeTAtam OMS 2.20

sþIBIkarvaytémøKeRmag / OD 4.30 sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKciitþ nig OP/BP 13.05 sþIBIkar

RtYtBinitüKeRmag.

xix

KeRmag bribTKeRmag nigRBwtþikarN_fµI²enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;

KeRmag

RkumGFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;GMBIKMnitd¾sMxan;EdlCamUldæanénkarerobcMKeRmag enaHKWTMnak;TMngrvagkarkat;bnßy

PaBRkIRk nigsnþisuxénkmµsiT§idIFøI . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;eTAelIkarerobcMKeRmagRbkbedayPaB

mhicätaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgBiBiFPaBénsmasFatucUlrYm nigRbeyaCn_EdleK)anBüakrN_TukCamun . eKalbMNg

sMxan;²rbs;KeRmag rYmman ³

¬1¦ karGPivDÆn_[mannUveKalneya)ayCatiRKb;RKan; Rkbx½NÐbTdæanKtiyutþimYy nigsßab½nsRmab;

rdæ)aldIFøI

¬2¦ karpþl; nigkarcuHbBa¢Ibøg;dIenAtamtMbn;CnbT nigtMbn;TIRkug enAkñúgextþKeRmagRKbdNþb;

¬3¦ karbegáIt[mannUvRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøImYy RbkbedayPaBskþisiT§i nigtmøaPaB.

smasFatuKeRmagcMnYn3 ¬kñúgcMeNamsmasFatuKeRmagcMnYn5¦ mansar³sMxan;CaBiesscMeBaHsMeNIsuMeFIV

GFikarkic© ³

smasFatuTI3 maneKalbMNgKaMRTdl;karpþl;bøg;dI nigkarbegáIt[mannUvRbB½n§cuHbBa¢IdIFøImYy

smasFatuTI4 RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IBRgwgynþkaredaHRsayvivaT

smasFatuTI5 maneKalbMNgBRgwgkarRKb;RKgdIFøItamry³karerobcM[mannUv EpnTIeRbIR)as;dI nig

EbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI EdlbgðajGMBIRBMEdnéncMNat;fñak;dIepSg²Kña rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgdIrdæ pgEdr.

karpþl;hirBaØb,Tanrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksRmab;KeRmag kñúgcMnYnesµIeTAnwg 23/4 landuløashrdæGaemrik RtUv

)anGnum½t kñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM2002 . dMbUg kalbriecäTbiTRtUv)ankMNt;Rtwméf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM2007 bu:EnþeRkaymk

RtUv)anBnüaeBlrhUtdl;éf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 . enAéf¶TI 07 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anlub

ecal\NTanenAsl;EdlminTan;)andk .

bribT

bribTénKeRmagmankarlM)akCaBiess EdlbribTenH k¾RtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagpgEdr . Rkum

GFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;fa eKRtUvyl;GMBIkarGHGagEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgsMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© RBmTaMglT§pl

nigplb:HBal;énKeRmag enAkñúgbribTenH . CMBUk2 pþl;savtaB½t’manGMBITidæPaBsMxan;²cMnYn4 ³

ekrþ×dMENlRbvtþisa®sþ EdlbegáIt[mannUvkarpþac;rbbkmµsiT§idIFøIy:agKMhuk nigeKalKMnitRbkYtRbECg

KñaGMBIrebobkMNt; nigepÞógpÞat;eTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøI.

xx

kMENTRmg;fµI²enAkñúgc,ab;PUmi)al minTan;)anbegáIt[mannUvnItiviFI nigkarGnuvtþc,ab;c,as;las;mYy

edIm,IkMNt;fa etIGIVeTACadIrdæ nigetIGIVeTAEdleKGacpþl;bøg;kmµsiT§ieTA[PaKIÉkCn.

sßab½nEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarRKb;RKgdIFøImansmtßPaBTab nigxVHPaBc,as;las; GMBItYnaTI nigkarTTYl

xusRtUvrvagtYGgÁsßab½nCaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§.

nKrUbnIykmµqab;rh½senAkñúgbribTénkMeNInesdækic©qab;rh½s nig kMeNInvinieyaKbreTs)anbegáIt[

mannUvkarekIneLIgénGsnþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøI enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug CaBiessKWenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj.

RBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;

EpñkcugeRkayénCMBUkenH pþl;nUvRbvtþisavtamYycMnYnénRBwtþikarN_naeBlfµI²enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlbNþal[

mannUvkarbgçMbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæan EdlCaehtuCRmuj[mansMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© . dMeNIrkar

karvinicä½ydIFøIeRkamKeRmag LMAP nigkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæan EdlbNþalmkBIkarCYltMbn;enH

eTA[GñkGPivDÆÉkCn RtUv)anKUsbBa¢ak;dUcxageRkam ³

RbvtþiénkartaMgTIlMenA ³ tMbn;bwgkk;mankartaMgTIlMenAtictYc munsm½yExµrRkhm nigRtUv)anGPivDÆenAeBl

Edlmankarkan;kab;TIRkugPñMeBjeLIgvij eRkayCMnan;enaH . enAqñaM1991 enAeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCa)anerobcM

kare)aHeqñatsklrbs;xøÜnelIkTI1 dIPaKeRcInEdlenACuMvijbwgkk; suT§swgEtRtUv)aneKkan;kab;TaMgRsug .

RKYsarCaeRcInenAkñúgtMbn;enH GHGagfaBYkeKmanÉksarEdlbBa¢ak;GMBIkarEdlBYkeK)anrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH taMg

BIyUryaNas;mkehIy nigkmµsiT§irbs;BYkeKeTAelIdIFøI .

RbePTkmµsiT§idIFøI ³ eKmanRbePTkmµsiT§idIFøICaeRcInepSg²Kña enAkñúg nigCuMvijtMbn;bwgkk; . bwgenH Edlmankm<s;

TwkTabbMputenArdUvR)aMg RtUv)ankMNt;edayc,ab;PUmi)al qñaM2001 faCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . mYyEpñkéndIenH

manExSrfePøIgqøgkat; Edlbc©úb,nñExSrfePøIgenaHmindMeNIrkareLIy nig tMbn;déTeTotCuMvijbwg RtUv)aneK

raykarN_[dwgfaFøab;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca]TüansaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigsYnstV enAeBlNamYy eRkaykarkan;kab;

TIRkugeLIgvij . BuMmancMNucCak;lak;GMBIRBMEdnénsYn]Tüan nigTRmg;énkartaMgTIlMenA ehIyGaCJJaFrmin)ancuH

bBa¢IdIenHkñúgnamCardæenAkñúgbBa¢IdIFøIeLIy . cMNucenH bgðaj[eXIjGMBIesckþIRtUvkar[mannUvdMeNIrkarvinicä½y

edIm,IedaHRsayeTAelIkarGHGagerog²xøÜnrbs;rdæ m©as;kmµsiT§ibc©úb,nñ nigedImbNþwgdéTeTot .

karpþÜcepþImGPivDÆ ³ tMbn;bwgkk; EdlCadIenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkugmYykEnøgd¾l¥ nigsßitenAcMcMNuckNþalénraCFanI

PñMeBj RtUv)aneKcat;TukfalµmnwgeFIVkarGPivDÆeLIgvijCayUryaNas;mkehIy . eK)anRbkas[mannUvkar

RbkYtRbECgKUrbøg;CalkçN³GnþrCatimYy kñúgqñaM2004 . sMeNIEdl)anTTYlC½yCMnH rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgEpnkar

sRmab;pøas;bþÚrTItaMglMenAdæaneLIgvij [manlkçN³CaCYrenACuMvijbwgkk;. ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI enAeBlEdllT§pl

xxi

kMBugRtUv)anRbkas rdæaPi)al)anseRmccitþeFIVkarGPivDÆtMbn;enHeLIgvijCalkçN³BaNiC¢kmµ tamry³Rkumh‘un

GPivDÆÉkCnEdlmaneQµaH s‘UkaKU ¬Shukaku Inc.¦. enAéf¶TI 06 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 salaRkugPñMeBj nig

Rkumh‘un s‘UkaKU )ancuHhtßelxaeTAelIÉksarCYlmYyc,ab; ry³eBl99qñaM EdlmanTwkR)ak;cMnYn 79landuløa

shrdæGaemrik sRmab;épÞdIcMnYn 133hikta . eRkaymk rdæaPi)al)anGnum½teTAelIGnuRkwtümYy edaypøas;bþÚr

tMbn;bwgkk; ¬rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbwgpgEdr¦ BIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ .

karvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP ³ kñúgExmina qñaM2006 salaRkugPñMeBj )anRbkasfa sgáat;RsHck RtUv)an

kMNt;faCatMbn;vinicä½ymYy sRmab;karpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§eRkamKeRmag LMAP . GaRs½yeday

sßanPaBkmµsiT§idIFøIéntMbn;enH minTan;RtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgc,ab; RbCaBlrdæ)anepþatkþIsgÇwmrbs;BYkeK kñúgkar

TamTarCapøÚvkarnUvbøg;dIrbs;BYkeK nig ¬enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn¦ karkarBarCIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK eTAelIdMeNIrkar

vinicä½yCapøÚvkarrbs;KeRmag LMAP . RbCaBlrdæCaeRcIn)anGHGagfa manÉksar {siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI} EdlRtUv

)anbBa¢ak;enAkRmit xNÐ sgáat; b¤ PUmi ¬Cajwkjab; sßitenAkñúgTRmg;CakarcuHhtßelxaeTAelIkarepÞrsiT§iTaMgenH¦

b¤karEdlesovePARKYsar nigvikáybRtTwkePøIgrbs;BYkeK )anpþl;PsþútagGMBIkarkan;kab;eTAelIdIFøImunqñaM2001

Edlc,ab;PUmi)al)antRmUv . eyagtamnItiviFIrbs;KeRmag LMAP EpnTIsurieyadImYyRtUv)anbitpSayCa

saFarN³ ¬cenøaHBIéf¶TI 04 Exmkra rhUtdl;éf¶TI 02 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007¦. karbitpSayCasaFarN³GMBIkMNt;

ehtuvinicä½yenH )anbgðajRtwmEtRBMRbTl;PUmi CamYynwgm©as;kmµsiT§iEdleKsresrfa {minsÁal;} bu:eNÑaH BuMEmn

bgðajGMBIdI b¤GclnRTBünImYy²eLIy .

karbeNþjecj ³ m©as;sMeNI nigRbCaBlrdædéTeTot )ancab;epþImTTYlrgsm<aF [pøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nigTTYlyk

CeRmIs1 kñúgcMeNamCeRmIscMnYn3 sRmab;CasMNg ³ 1¦ fvikacMnYn 8>500duløashrdæGaemrik sRmab;Ca

sMNgsrubénGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK 2¦ karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAeTArs;enAq¶ayBIkNþalTIRkug cm¶ayCag 20KILÚ

Em:Rt CamYynwgfvika 500duløashrdæGaemrik edIm,IRKbdNþb;eTAelIéføcMNaysRmab;karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA b¤ 3¦

karsagsg;pÞHeLIgvijenAkEnøgdEdl EdltRmUv[RbCaBlrdæpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAeTArs;enAkEnøgfµImYy ¬mancm¶ay

Cag20KILÚEm:RtBITIRkugpgEdr¦ ry³eBl4qñaM xN³eBlEdlkEnøgsñak;enACMnYsGcié®nþy_RtUv)ansagsg;enAkñúg

tMbn;bwgkk; . esckþICUndMNwgCemøósRbCaCnelIkcugeRkay RtUv)anecjedaysalaRkugPñMeBj enAkñúgExemsa

qñaM2009. RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; )anerobcMBakübNþwgmYyeTAkan;RkumGFikarkic©surieyadI

RBmTaMg )andak;BaküesñIsuMGFibBa¢aBItulakar

edIm,IBnüaeBlkarbeNþjecjrhUtdl;esckþIseRmccitþmYyRtUv)aneFIVeLIg

eTAelInItüanukUlPaBénkarbeNþjecjenH . tulakar)anbdiesFkñúgkarecjGFibBa¢a eday)anelIkeLIgfa

bBaðaenHhYsBIEdnsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn nigKYrRtUv)anedaHRsayedayRkumGFikarkic©surieyadIvij . mkTl;nwgeBl

bc©úb,nñenH eKBuMTan;)andwgc,as;GMBIcMnYnRKYsarBitR)akdEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecjBItMbn;bwgkk;enAeLIyeT .

xxii

karcak;bMeBjbwg nigkarliclg;pÞHsEm,g ³ Epnkarrbs;Rkumh‘unGPivDÆn_ÉkCn rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarcak;bMeBj

mYyEpñkFMénbwgkk; ¬EdlbwgenH)anpþl;nUvbrisßanFmµCatid¾mantémø nigCaRbPBRTRTg;CIvPaBrs;enAsRmab;

RbCaCnCaeRcIn¦ . enAéf¶TI 26 ExsIha qñaM2008 ebIeTaHbICamankartva:BIRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgmUldæan nig

GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)aly:agNakþI Rkumh‘un)anbnþbUmxSac;BITenøsabeTAkñúgbwgkk; . bnþiceRkaymk sarB½t’man

kñúgRsuk)ancab;epþImraykarN_GMBIkrNIlicpÞHrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigkumarmanCMgW EdlbNþalmkBIkarbMBulén

skmµPaBenH. enAéf¶TI 29 Exkkàda qñaM2010 sarB½t’man)anraykarN_GMBIkarsøab;rbs;bursGayu 61qñaMmñak;;

edaysarkarqk;crnþGKÁisnI EdlbNþalmkBIkarCn;lictMbn;enH . enAeBlEdlRkumGFikarkic©)ancuHeFIVTsSnkic©

enAkñúgEx]sPa qñaM2010 manEttMbn;licTwkmYycMnYntUcbu:eNÑaHEdlenAesssl; . pÞHCaeRcInxñgEdlenAess

sl;)andYlrlMeTAkñúgTwk nigpÞHdéTeTot)ankøayeTACaminGacrs;enA)an .

lkçxNÐenAÉkEnøgpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA ³ kic©smÖasn_Edl)aneFIVeLIgenAÉkEnøgpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA )anbgðaj[dwgfa

RKYsarEdl)anpøas;bþÚrTIlMenACaeRcInmanGarmµN_fa lMenAdæanfµIrbs;BYkeKenAq¶ayBIeKÉg EdlktþaenH)an

bNþal[mankarFøak;cuHy:agF¶n;F¶reTAelIcMNUlrbs;BYkeK EdlmankRmitTabRsab;eTAehIy . CalT§pl BYkeK

)anseRmccitþlk;lMenAdæanfµIrbs;BYkeK kñúgtémøEdlBYkeKGaclk;)an nigRtLb;mkTIRkugvij EdleKGacCYl b¤

EsVgrkkEnøgTMenrdéTeTotedIm,Irs;enA . eyIgGacemIleXIjninñakarenHy:agc,as;las; tamry³elxTUrs½BÞ

EdlsresrenAelIGKarlMenAdæanCaeRcIn .

karviPaK nigKMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic©

CMBUkenH bgðajGMBIkarGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI nigkareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak RBmTaMgkar

viPaK nigKMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic© faetIbBaðaeRKaHfñak;Edl)anekIteLIg ¬TaMgRsug b¤mYyEpñk¦ bNþalmkBI

karEdlFnaKarBiPBelak xVHkarGnuvtþRsbtameKalneya)ay nignItiviFIrbs;xøÜn Edrb¤eT.

karGHGagfaRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgKeRmag

m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa manTMnak;TMngedaypÞal; nigpøÚvkarmYy rvagRBwtþikarN_EdlbNþal[mannUvkarbeNþj

RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;BIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK nigskmµPaBEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþeRkamKeRmag . kar

epÞógpÞat;eTAelITMnak;TMngenH mansar³sMxan;sRmab;karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIkarGHGagEdlkan;

EtmanPaBCak;lak;CagenHdéTeTot GMBIeRKaHfñak;EdlRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgsMeNI .

RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa mankarminyl;RsbKñaCamUldæanmYy rvagfñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak

xxiii

nigraCrdæaPi)al GMBITMnak;TMngrvagRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; nigKeRmag LMAP . TsSn³rbs;rdæaPi)al KW

karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; BuMEmnCabBaðakgVl;rbs;KeRmageLIy . fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar

BiPBelak)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa tMbn;bwgkk; KWsßitenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y EdlRtUv)anRbkaseRkamKeRmag . édKU

GPivDÆrbs;KeRmag LMAP yl;RsbCamYyrdæaPi)al nigmin)anemIleXIjGMBITMnak;TMngrvagKeRmag nigRBwtþikarN_

Edl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;eLIy.

niymn½yénBaküfa tMbn;KeRmag ³ RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa eyageTAtamkic©RBmeRBog\NTan

GPivDÆ nig PAD KeRmag LMAP RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IGnuvtþenAkñúgextþ-Rkug cMnYn11 rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg

RkugPñMeBj EdlRtUv)ankMNt;ehAfa {extþKeRmagRKbdNþb;} . tMbn;bwgkk; manmUldæansßitenAkñúgRkugPñMeBj .

RkumGFikarkic©bnþkt;smÁal;eTotfa BuMmanÉksareyag b¤lkçxNÐvinicä½yEdlRtUv)anGPivDÆenAkñúg PAD b¤

DCA edIm,IdkecjnUvtMbn;mYycMnYnBIniymn½yénBaküfa {extþKeRmagRKb;dNþb;} eLIy.

karRbkastMbn;bwgkk; faCatMbn;vinicä½y ³ sgáat;RsHckTaMgmUl Edlrab;bBa©ÚltMbn;bwgkk;pgEdr RtUv)anRbkas

enAéf¶TI 31 Exmina qñaM2006 faCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP . RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa

esckþICUndMNwgGMBIkarvinicä½yBuM)anelIkElgtMbn;NamYyenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck BIdMeNIrkarvinicä½y EdlRtUvTTYl)an

karKaMRTBIKeRmageLIy .

eyagtamxøwmsarxagelI RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa tMbn;bwgkk; sßitenAkñúgextþKeRmagmYy nigRtUv)an

RbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP dUecñHskmµPaBEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞógpÞat;kmµsiT§idIFøI nig

kmµsiT§iPaB eRkaykarCUndMNwgGMBIkarvinicä½y manTMnak;TMngedaypÞal;eTAnwgKeRmagenH . cMNucenH man

sgÁtPaBeTAnwgCMhrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg . rdæaPi)al nigédKUGPivDÆn_déTeTotEdlKaMRTKeRmag LMAP )aneBal

GHGagfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCatMbn;vivaT dUecñHtMbn;enHRtUv)andkecjBIdMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlsßiteRkamKeRmag

LMAP . bBaðaenHmanBiPakSabnþenAkñúgEpñkxageRkam .

karGHGagfaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½y

eTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK eRkamKeRmag

m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa nItiviFIrbs;KeRmag LMAP minRtUv)aneKGnuvtþtam dUecñHRbCaBlrdæRtUv)anbdiesF

cMeBaHsiT§irbs;BYkeKkñúgkarTTYl)ankaresuIbGegát nig karvinicä½ysmRsbeTAelIkarTamTarGcnlRTBürbs;

BYkeK . enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgk¾manPaBRsbKñaeTAnwgm©as;sMeNIpgEdr eday)anEføgfa RbCaBlrdæ

Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; minRtUv)anpþl;»kas[bgðajGMBIkarTamTarkmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYeK nigBuMmanPsþútagEdl

bBa¢ak;GMBI karGnuvtþn_dMeNIrkarEbbcUlrYmRbkbedaytmøaPaB edIm,IkMNt;eTAelIkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI enAkñúg

xxiv

tMbn;enH . edayELk fñak;dwknaMk¾)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa KYrmankarRtYtBinitüeTAelIbBaðakic©karBarsuvtßiPaB nig

viFankarsgÁmdéTeTot[)anxøaMgkøaCagenH. enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIskmµPaB

EdlBYkeKeRKagnwgGnuvtþ edIm,IedaHRsaysßanPaBenH.

RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; - sßanPaBénkarTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK ³ munkarbeNþj

RbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæannaeBlfµI²enH manRKYsarRbmaN 4>250RKYsar Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . dUc)an

bBa¢ak;BIxagedIm RbCaCnTaMgenHCaeRcInRKYsarKitfa BYkeKmankmµsiT§iPaBkñúgkarrs;enAtMbn;enaH nig)anGHGag

faBYkeKmanÉksar ¬EdlRtUv)ancuHhtßelxaedayemPUmi b¤ ecAsgáat;¦ EdlbBa¢ak;GMBIkarTijdIFøIEdlBYkeK

kMBugrs;enA nigbg;éføesvanana . RbCaBlrdæCaeRcInmankmµsiT§i epÞr nig)anTTYlekrþ×mrtkdIFøIrbs;BYkeK

RBmTaMgTTYl)annUvPaBRsbc,ab;enAkñúgsgÁmkñúgkRmitmYy nigkarTTYlsÁal;BIGaCJaFrBak;B½n§ ebIeTaHbICaBMuman

RbB½n§cgRkgÉksarCapøÚvkarmYyTUTaMgRbeTsk¾eday.

RkumGFikarkic©bnþeFIVkarkt;smÁal;eTotfa ebIBinitüemIleTAelITidæPaBsMxan;² sßanPaBRsbc,ab;éntMbn;bwgkk;

BuMmanPaBc,as;las; nigkMBugmanvivaT . manÉksareyagCaeRcIn nigÉksareyagmYycMnYnmanPaBRtYtsuIKña

EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ enAkñúg nigCuMvijtMbn;bwgkk; nigmanRbePTkmµsiT§idIFøI

CaeRcInepSg²Kña .

eyagtamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kñúgGMLúgeBlénebskkmµRtYtBinitüenAkñúgExmifuna qñaM2008 FnaKar

BiPBelakRtUv)anCUndMNwg GMBIkarGHGagrbs;salaRkugPñMeBjfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCa {dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ}

CalT§pl RKYsarEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH RtUv)andkecjBIkarpþl;bøg;dI GaRs½yedayeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al eKmin

GacTTYlsÁal;karTamTarÉkCn edIm,ITTYl)ankmµsiT§iPaBRsbc,ab; eTAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeLIy . manEt

RBMEdnPUmibu:eNÑaHEdlRtUv)ankMNt;RBMRbTl;edayKeRmag LMAP . karbgðajCasaFarN³énkMNt;ehtuvinicä½y

)anbBa¢ak;GMBIkmµsiT§iPaBenAkñúgtMbn;enHfa {minsÁal;} enAelIEpnTIsurieyadI

EdlerobcMedayRkumGFikarkic©rdæ)al eRkamRksYgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; ¬MLMUPC¦.

EpnkarGPivDÆÉkCneTAelItMbn;bwgkk; )anRbRBwtþieTAl¥RbesIr muneBlkarRbkastMbn;enHfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkam

KeRmag LMAP . enAkñúgExsIha qñaM2005 ry³eBl7Ex muneBlesckþIRbkasenH TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI)anCUn

dMNwgdl;GPi)alRkugPñMeBj GMBIkarÉkPaB {CaeKalkarN_} rbs;raCrdæaPi)al[Rkumh‘un sU‘kaKU eFIVkarGPivDÆn_

tMbn;bwgkk; . enAéf¶TI 30 Exmkra qñaM2007 naykrdæm®nþI)anGnuBaØat[GPi)alRkugPñMeBjcuHhtßelxaeTAelI

kic¨RBmeRBogCYlCamYyRkumh‘un s‘UkaKU . kic¨RBmeRBogCYlRtUv)ancuHhtßelxa kñúgry³eBlCitmYyqñaMeRkaykar

Rbkasfa sgáat;RsHck KWCatMbn;vinicä½ymYyeRkamKeRmag LMAP nigmuneBlbBa©b;dMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dI .

enAéf¶TI07 ExsIha qñaM2008 raCrdæaPi)al)anecjGnuRkwtümYy edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrtMbn;bwgkk;BIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ

xxv

mkCadIÉkCnrbs;rdævij .

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa karCYltMbn;bwgkk;sRmab;karGPivDÆn_ÉkCn nig karEbgEckcMNat;fñak;tMbn;enH

eLIgvij BIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTACaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ rdæaPi)al)ankMMNt;CaFrmanfa dIenA

CuMvijbwg nigsUm,IEtbwg RtUv)at;bg;kareRbIR)as;edIm,IRbeyaCn_CasaFarN³ nigGackøayCakmµvtßúsRmab;TamTar

CakmµsiT§iÉkCn . karkMNt;fadIenHCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ EdlGacRtUv)anBicarNapþl;bøg;ÉkCnsRmab;dIenH RbCa

Blrdæ b¤ m©as;kmµsiT§idIFøIenAkñúgtMbn;enH Gaccat;TukxøÜnÉgfa mansiT§ikñúgkarTamTar[GclnRTBürbs;BYk

eKRtUv)anvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag.

TsSn³rbs;RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa EpñkxøHéntMbn;bwgkk; GacmanlkçxNÐsmRsb edIm,IBicarNapþl;

bøg;dIsRmab;kmµsiT§iPaBÉkCn eRkamnItiviFIvinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP . RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbCamYy

fñak;dwknaMfa RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHlT§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)andMeNIrkar

vinicä½ysmRsbmYy eTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK . RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa RbCaBlrdæEdl

rs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manPaBRtwmRtUvkñúgkarrMBwgfa karTamTardIFøIrbs;BYkeKmanPaBsmRsb edIm,I[eK

eFIVkarBicarNaeRkamynþkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigbEnßmBIenHeTot ral;karTamTardIFøITaMgGs;

enAkñúgsgáat;RtUvvinicä½yedayeyageTAtamnItiviFI nigdMeNIrkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBü EdlRtUv

)anÉkPaB rvagrdæaPi)al FnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆEdlKaMRTdl;KeRmag LMAP .

karkat;tMbn;bwgkk;ecjBIKeRmag LMAP kñúgGMLúgeBlénkarGnuvtþKeRmag ³ RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa

RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; ¬MLMUPC¦ nigédKUGPivDÆ )anEføgeTAkan;RkumGFikarkic©fa tMbn;

bwgkk;RtUv)ankat;ecjBIdMeNIrkarvinicä½y GaRs½yedaysßanPaBvivaTéntMbn;enH ehIybøg;dI rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbøg;dI

EdlCakmµsiT§irbs;rdæpgEdr minRtUv)anpþl;eLIy. m©as;sMeNI nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al GHGagfa kardkecj

nUvtMbn; { vivaT} b¤ {minc,as;las;} BIkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§GnuBaØat[GaCJaFrextþ b¤GaCJaFrRkug

EdlTTYlbnÞúkeRCIserIstMbn;vinicä½y kat;tMbn;NaEdlGñkmanGMNac nigGñkvinieyaKbreTsEsVgrk ¬cg;)an¦ .

manÉksareyagcMnYn2 enAkñúg PAD GMBIsßanPaBEdlbøg;dIGacminRtUv)aneKpþl;CUn TI1 Bak;B½n§eTAnwgdIvivaT

nigTI2 Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar. sMnYrBak;B½n§mYy manTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIrkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI

nigkarQaneTAseRmc[)annUvkarÉkPaBKñakñúgcMeNamPñak;garrdæ EdlRtUv)ankMNt;rkeXIjBIkñúgcMeNamhaniP½y

cm,g²rbs;KeRmag LMAP . cMNucxageRkamsegçbGMBIkarviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIGPiRkmrbs;KeRmag

cMeBaHbBaðadIvivaT kartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar nigkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ .

viFIsa®sþrbs;KeRmag cMeBaHbBaðadIvivaT ³ RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa BMumanÉksareyagenAkñúg PAD b¤ DAC

sRmab;karseRmccitþCayuT§sa®sþmYy edIm,IeCosvagkrNIdIvivaT. edayELk RkumGFikarkic©)anGanesckþIepþIm

xxvi

rbs; PAD Edlsgát;F¶n;eTAelIesckþIRtUvkarkat;bnßykRmiténTMnas;dIFøI tamry³karvinicä½y nigkaredaHRsay

vivaT. RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrfa BMumankarkMNt;niymn½yGMBIBaküfa {dIvivaT} enAkñúg PAD, DCA

b¤ÉksarKeRmagdéTeToteLIy. RsedogKñaenHEdr tMbn;Edl {mansßanPaBminc,as;las;} k¾BMumankMNt;

niymn½y enAkñúg PAD, DCA b¤ÉksarKeRmagdéTeTotEdr.

EpñkEdlniyayGMBI {TidæPaBcRmUgcRmasEdlGacekIteLIg} én PAD Ecgfa {KeRmagnwgminpþl;bøg;dIenAkñúg

tMbn;EdlTMngnwgmanvivaTeLIy rhUtdl;mankarÉkPaBeTAelIsßanPaBéndIenaH}. ebIeTaHbIBMumanPaBc,as;las;

kþI esckþIEføgenHEdlmanenAkñúg PAD hak;mansgÁtPaBeTAnwgkarerobcMTUeTAénKeRmag nigviFIsa®sþrbs;

KeRmag cMeBaHdIvivaT mann½yfakarpþl;bøg;dIeRkamKeRmag KWGaRs½yeTAelIkaredaHRsavvivaTedayeCaKC½y.

bEnßmBIenH edayBicarNaeXIjfadMeNIrkarkMNt;RBMRbTl; rvagdIsaFarN³ nig dIÉkCn minrEmgEtgmanPaB

rlUneLIy dUecñH KeRmag)anRsém:KitfanwgCRmuj[mankarcUlrYmBIdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;saFarN³Edl

manlkçN³CaRbB½n§.

ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI karbkRsayRbeyaKenHenAkñúg PAD hak;mankarpøas;bþÚenAeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. karbkRsay

bc©úb,nñ EdlBRgwgbEnßmedayeKaledAGnuvtþKeRmagkñúgkarpþl;bøg;dIcMnYn1lanbøg; KWKeRmagnwgminpþl;bøg;dI

enAkñúgtMbn;EdlTMngnwgmanvivaT . TsSn³enHhak;RtUv)anEckrMElky:agTUlMTUlay kñúgcMeNam m®nþIrdæaPi)al

édKUGPivDÆ buKÁlikKeRmag nigTIRbwkSa . enAkñúgCMnYbRbCuMCamYyRkumGFikarkic© cMNucenHRtUv)aneKsMedAeRbob

eFobfa {karebHEpøeQIEdlenACitéd} .

RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa GnuRkwtüelx46 nignItiviFIvinicä½yEdlRtUv)anGPivDÆeRkamKeRmag

LMAP BuM)anbBa©ÚlbTb,BaØtþiNamYyedIm,Ikat;EpñkmYycMnYnéntMbn; EdlRtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeLIy

enAeBlEdldMeNIrkar)ancab;epþImRsbc,ab; . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrfa BuMmanÉksareyag

enAkñúgÉksarKeRmagsMxan;²NamYy GMBIeKalkarN_sRmab;kMNt;eTAelI {tMbn;EdlTMngnwgmanvivaT} b¤

nItiviFIGMBIrebobkat;tMbn;EbbenH BIkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§eLIy.

viFIsa®sþrbs;KeRmagcMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar ³ ÉksareyagTI2 cMeBaHsßanPaBEdlbøg;dIGacminRtUv)an

pþl;CUn RtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgkzaxNÐmYy énÉksar PAD EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar}

EdlbBa¢ak;GMBIviFIsa®sþrbs;KeRmagenAkñúgsßanPaBEdlman {GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar rab;bBa©ÜlGñktaMgTIlMenA

elIdITMenr } . enAkñúgsßanPaBTaMgenH KeRmag {nwgminpþl;bøg;dIeLIy kñúgkrNIEdlBuMmankic©RBmeRBogkúñugkar

viPaCn_dIFøIeTA[GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar b¤tamry³kareEckrMElkdIFøI nig¼b¤ kmµviFIbþÚrTItaMglMenAdæan ¬bBa¢ak;

enAkñúgÉksarRbPBedIm¦} . RkumGFikarkic©yl;fa PAD sMedAcMeBaHCnEdlkan;kab;dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ faCa

CnEdlBuMmanKuNvuDÆsRmab;karpþl;bøg;dIeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al qñaM2001 . niyayedayELk KeRmagminRtUv)an

xxvii

eKemIleXIjfaCakmµviFImYy sRmab;pþl;PaBGcié®nþy_CUndl;kartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkarenAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ

eLIy . karpþl;bøg;dIenAkñúgtMbn;EbbenH GaceFIVeTA)an luHRtaNaEtrdæaPi)al)aneRCIserIsBIdMbUgedIm,Ipþl;dI

CUndl;GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar nig)ancat;viFankaredIm,Ipþl;PaBRsbc,ab;eTAelIkarkan;kab;dIFøIrbs;BYkeK .

enAkñúg PAD b¤kic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆ RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa esckþIseRmcminKaMRTdl;kar

pþl;PaBGcié®nþy_cMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkareRkamKeRmag BuMmankMNt;niymn½ypøÚvkarmYy eTAelIBaküfa

{GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar } {kartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar } b¤ {kartaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr} eLIy . RkumGFikarkic©

yl;eXIjfa eKalbMNgbzmrbs;KeRmag ¬kñúgkrNIGvtþmankarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;RBMRbTl;dIc,as;las;¦

KWedIm,IkMNt;eTAelInItüanukUlPaBénkarTamTardIFøI rab;bBa©ÚlkarTamTardIFøIedayRbCaBlrdæ EdlemIleTA

hak;bIdUcCakMBugkan;kab;dIedayxusc,ab; tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½ymYy.

PAD rYmmanÉksareyagmYycMeBaHkmµviFIrbs; UNCHS/UNDP nigédKUGPivDÆdéTeTot edIm,Ipþl;snþisux

kmµsiT§idIFøIenAkñúgkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar . ÉksareyagenaH TTYlsÁal;fa {FnaKarBiPBelak b¤RksYgRKb;RKg

EdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nig sMNg; minman]tþmPaBeRbobeFobkñúgkaredaHRsayCamYyGñktaMgTIlMenA minpøÚvkar nig

GñktaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenreLIy . dUecñH KeRmagKYrKaMRTdl;karGPivDÆn_RkumEdlbc©úb,nñkMBugeFIVkargarenAkñúg

vis½yenH}. ebIeTaHbICamankarEføgenAkñúgÉksar PAD [eFIVkarsRmbsRmYlCitsñiT§CamYy kmµviFIrbs;

UNCHS/UNDP EdleFIVkargaredaHRsaybBaðaGñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar nigGñktaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr

RkumGFikarkic©minGacTTYl)anPsþútagenAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkaresuIbGegátrbs;xøÜnfa KeRmag)anpþl;

karsRmbsRmYl b¤kic©KaMRTEbbenH CUndl;kmµviFI UNCHS/UNDP muneBlkmµviFIenH)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM2004

eLIy ehIyk¾BuMmanPsþútagNamYyEdlTTYl)anGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrviFIsa®sþcMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar eRkay

kalbriecäTenHpgEdr .

viFIsa®sþrbs;KeRmagcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ ³ edaysarEtdIRbmaNCa 80 PaKryenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa sßitenA

eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ edayKµankarkMNt;RBMRbTl;c,as;las; rvagtMbn;dIsaFarN³ nigdIÉkCn karRKb;RKg

rbs;rdæ KWCasmasFatud¾sMxan;mYyénKeRmag LMAP . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday karvivtþenAEtmankRmit

enAeLIycMeBaHkarGnuvtþsmasFatuenH edayskmµPaBenHRtUv)ankMNt;fa {minTTYl)anlT§plKYrCaTI eBjcitþ}

ehIyPaBeRcInénskmµPaBEdlmin)anGnuvtþ RtUv)anesñIeLIg[mankarlubecalvij enAExmkra qñaM 2009 .

karRKb;RKg )ankMNt;bBaðaGPi)alkic© nigkarlM)akénkarseRmc)ankarRBmeRBogrvagTIPñak;garnanarbs;

rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgkñúgcMeNambNþaPaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTotelIdMeNIrkarEbgEckcMNac;fñak;FøI kñúgcMeNamhaniP½y

sMxan;²énKeRmag LMAP . PAD )anbBa¢ak;fa haniP½yénkarmincuHsRmugKñakñúgGMLúgeBldMENIrkar EbgEck

cMNat;fñak;dIGaclubbM)at;)an tamry³karKaMRTdl;dMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;mYy edIm,IbegáIt[mankaryl;dwg

xxviii

kñúgcMeNamTIPñak;garrdæaPi)al . kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg )ankt;smÁal;fa {karviPaKlm¥itCagenHmYy

elIbribTesdækic©neya)ay TMngCanwg)ankMNt;TsSnenH famanlkçN³suTidæiniymeBk >>>>>} .

ebskkmµCRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;elIkm<s;KeRmag ¬ERM¦ )ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa minmankarkMNt;EpnTI

pøÚvkarcMeBaHdIrdæ nig)anbBa¢ak;fa {bBaðaenHKWFaRbPBBitR)akdmYyénkgVl;sRmab;bBaðaTaMgLayEdlsßit

enAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþajecj edaysarKµanEpnTITaMgenH GaCJaFrRkugBak;B½n§ GacdkecjBIkar

ecjb½NÑkmµsiT§icMeBaHcMENkdINamYyEdlRtUv)anvas;Evg nigesñI[mankarvinicä½yBIRkumkargarsurieyadI ehIy

bnÞab;mkeTIbpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idl;dIenaH edayc,as;las;kñúgnamrdæ} . ERM )anrkeXIjfa Gnuvtþmanénkar

kMNt;EpnTIdIrdæ KWCakMhusmYyy:agF¶n;F¶rsRmab;KeRmag LMAP kñúgkarCYyedaHRsayvivaTdIFøI nigkarbegáIt

[mansuvtßPaBénkarkan;kab;dIFøIedayeCaKC½y .

RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbnwgKMehIjrbs; ERM EdlrkeXIjfa kgVHénkarkMNt;EpnTIsurieyadIrbs;rdæ )anrYm

cMENkbegáIt[mankarkMNt;dItamPaBCak;lak;cMeBaHdIrbs;dæ ¬TaMgdIsaFarN³ nigdIÉkCn¦ edaymin)anGnuvtþ

dMeNIrkarvinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP eLIy .

KMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic©elIPaBGnuelam. karesIubGegáItrbs;RkumGFikarkic©epþItsMxan;elIfaetIPaBexSay

enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag ¬nigkgVHénPaBGnuelamCamYynwg OMS 2.20 sþIBIkarvaytémøKeRmag¦ nigkarRtYt

Binitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¬nigkgVHénPaBGnuelamCamYynwg OP/BP 13.05¦ )ancUlrYmcMENkcMeBaHsßanPaB

EdlRbCaBlrdæEdlmanmanmUldæanenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ¬BKL¦ RtUv)anbdiesFmin[TTYl)andMeNIrkarvinicä½yd¾

RtwmRtUvmYycMeBaHkarTamTarsiT§ikan;kab;rbs;BYkeKb¤y:agNa .

karerobcM nigkarvaytémøKeRmag. karviPaKhaniP½yEdlmanenAkñúg PAD kMNt;nUvhaniP½yTUeTAfamanlkçN³

{FMKYsm} . haniP½yEdl {rdæaPi)alxVHkarebþCJacitþkñúgkarFana[ynþkaredaHRsayvivaTGacdMeNIrkareTA)an

y:agmanRbsiT§PaB nigyutþiFm’{ nigfa {GgÁPaBrdæaPi)al nigPaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTot minGacseRmc)ankarRBm

eRBogelIdMeNIrkarénkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI} RtUv)ankMNt;famanlkçN³ {FMKYsm} .

karvaytémøTidæPaBsgÁmEdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;KeRmag )ankt;smÁal;nUvkarlM)akfa RbCaCnsamBaØ

)anRbQmmuxnwgkarBarxøÜnrbs;BYkeKedayeCaKC½yRbqaMgnwgPaKImanGMNac edayeRbIR)as;ynþkaredaHRsay

vivaTpøÚvkar .

RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa karerobcMKeRmagTTYlsÁal;famanbBaðaRbQmTaMenH tamrebobénGPiRkmEdlman

eFIVsmahrNkmµmYy EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøICalkçN³RbB½n§ karedaHRsayvivaT nigkarEbgEck

cMNat;fñak; nigkarRKb;RKgdIrbs;rdæ . eTaHbCay:agNak¾eday karerobcMKeRmagmin)ankMNt;c,as;las;GMBI

xxix

rebobEdlGñkx©I nigfñak;RKb;RKg manbMNgcg;edaHRsayhaniP½yTaMgenHEdlBak;B½n§CamYynwgkaerobcMKeRmag

fay:agNaenaHeLIy . bBaðamYymankarBak;B½n§CaBiesscMeBaHkarTamTarrbs;m©as;sMeNI dUcCa haniP½yBak;

B½n§CamYynwgkarGHGagCan;KñacMeBaHdI edaysßab½nsaFarN³ nigbuKÁl . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karerobcM

KeRmagmin)ankMNt;c,as;las;faetIKWCayuT§saRsþrbs;KeRmag Bak;B½n§nwgkarkMNt;tMbn;sRmab;karpþl;b½NÑkmµ

siT§iCalkçN³RbB½n§ ¬]> tMbn;vinicä½y¦ nigkaredaHRsayvivaTrvagsßab½nrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþ

dMeNIrkarvinicä½y .

esckþIEføgkarN_enAkñúg PAD Bak;B½n§eTAnwgdIEdlmanvivaT edayKµanniymn½yénBaküNamYy nigdMeNIrkarEdl

RtUvGnuvtþn_enaH )annaMmknUvkarsnñidæand¾sMxan;mYykñúgcMeNamPaKIBak;B½n§epSg² kñúgGMLúgry³eBlénkarGnuvtþn_

KeRmag . mü:agvijeTot ebIeTaHbICa eK)andwgfa RBMRbTl;éndIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ minTan;manPaBc,as;las;k¾

eday karerobcMKeRmagmin)andak;bBa©ÚlnUvGñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar b¤GñktaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenrBIkarTTYl)an

b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøI elIkElgEtmankarÉkPaBBIrdæaPi)al .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa PaBminc,as;las;TaMgenHEdlmanenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag )ancUlrYmcMENkmYy

EpñkcMeBaHeRKaHfñak;Edlm©as;sMeNIkMBugRbQmmux . CalT§pl RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa ebIeTaHbICahani

P½yEdlBak;B½n§nwgKeRmag minRtUv)ankMNt;edayRtwmRtUvk¾eday fñak;RKb;RKgmin)anGnuvtþtam OMS 2.02 sþI

BIkarvaytémøKeRmagTak;TinnwgkaredaHRsayhaniP½yTaMgenHeLIy .

karRtYtBinitü ³ kñúgGMLúgry³eBlbIqñaMdMbUgénkarGnuvtþn_KeRmag BIqñaM2002 dl;Bak;kNþalqñaM2005

r)aykarN_RtYtBinitü)anbgðaj[eXIjfa karGnuvtþKeRmag )andMeNIrkareTAmuxy:agyWt ehIyebIeTaHbICa

bBaða)ancab;epþImekIteLIgenAkñúgEpñkmYycMnYnénKeRmagk¾eday dUcCa karedaHRsayvivaT nigkarerobcMEpnTIdIrdæ

karkMNt;KeRmagCaTUeTA KW {KYrCaTIeBjcitþ{ . k¾b:uEnþ eRkayBak;kNþalqñaM2005 karGnuvtþEpñkepSg²énKeRmag

)ankøayCaminsIusgVak;KñaTaMgRsug . karBinitüemIleLIgvijedayÉkraCümYyEdlRtUv)aneFIVeLIgenAExmkra qñaM

2006 )ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa manbBaðaCaeRcInCamYynwgkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøI nigKeRmag LMAP . eyagtam

karBinitüemIleLIgvijenH {y:agehacNas;mYyPaKR)aMénRKYsarTaMgenH ¬19/6°¦ kñúgtMbn;cMnYn 13 éntMbn;

vinicä½yTaMgGs; Edl)ancuHBinitü kMBugTTYlrgkarb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶r edaysardMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøICa

lkçN³RbB½n§ EdlCaerOy² edaysarkarminRBmcuHbBa¢IdIFøIEdl)ankan;kab; b¤eRbIR)as;CalkçN³RKYsar} .

bnÞab;BIkarp¥akkarGnuvtþKeRmagBIExmifuna qñaM2006 dl;ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 ebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI9 ¬BIéf¶TI

30 Ex]sPadl;éf¶TI08 Exmifuna qñaM2007¦ )ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa mankarepþatkaryl;citþTukdak;y:agxøaMgBI

sMNak;fñak;RKb;RKg {elIcMnYnkMNt;mYYyénsmasFatusñÚl {cm,g} énKeRmag} ehIyman {kgVHkareqøIytbRbkb

edayRbsiT§PaBrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg cMeBaHkarTTYlsÁal; nigkaredaHRsay} bBaðaEdlRtUv)ankMNt;Rbkbeday

xxx

sgÁtiPaB kñúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag . ebskkmµenH )ansgát;F¶n;fa karGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP CaRbB½n§smahrN

kmµd¾sµúKsµajmYy EdlkñúgenaH EpñkTaMgGs; RtUvEt {manRbtibtþikarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB EdldUecñHehIyEpñk

TaMgGs;enH KWCasñÚl} .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIKeRmagsRmab;ry³eBleRcInqñaM )anemIl

rMlgbBaðasMxan;²énvinicä½yelIkarTamTarrbs;ÉkCnelIdIEdl)anTamTaredayrdæ . CaTsSn³rbs;Rkum

GFikarkic© karemIlrMlgeTAelIbBaðasMxan;²enHrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg )ancUlrYmcMENkdl;karekIteLIgénRBwtþikarN_

enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; nigxUcRbeyaCn_Edlm©as;sMeNIkMBugRbQmmux . karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaða

sMxan;enH min)anbMeBjtamlkçxNÐtRmUvén OP/BP 13.05 eLIy.

XMuRsHckRtUv)anRbkasCatMbn;vinicä½ymYyenAExmIna qñaM2006 kñúgeBlEdlKeRmag)anp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñ .

bnÞab;BIKeRmag)anebIkdMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_vijenAkñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 RkumebskkmµRtYtBinitümYy)ancuHeFIVTsSn

kic©tMbn;bwgkk; ¬XMuRsHck¦ enAExmifuna qñaM2008 . kñúgGMLúgeBlcuHeFIVebskkmµenH kariyal½yRKb;RKg

KeRmag)anCUndMNwgdl;FnaKar nigédKUGPivDÆn_nanafa tMbn;bwgkk;KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ dUecñHehIy RbCaBl

rdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH minmansiT§iTTYl)anb½NÑkmµsiT§ieLIy . RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;

RKgmin)anyl;dwgGMBIdMeNIrkarsRmab;karkMNt;tMbn;vinicä½yeLIy sUm,IEtenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjpgEdr . Rkum

GFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)anelIkeLIgnUvkgVl;NamYyCamYYynwgGaCJaFrrdæaPi)al

eLIy Bak;B½n§nwgrebobEdlRtUvdMeNIrkaredaHRsayvivaTCMvijtMbn;bwgkk; ehIyk¾min)anelIkeLIgnUvkgVl;GMBIkar

GnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijpgEdr .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgxkxanmin)ancat;viFankartamkarCUndMNwgenAeBlEdlbBaðaekIt

eLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anCRmab[dwgPøamCaelIkdMbUg nigfa karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaða

enH minmansgÁtiPaBCamYynwglkçxNÐtRmUvén OP/BP 13.05.

Kitcab;BIedImqñaM2009 enAeBlmanBaküccamGaramfa GacnwgmansMeNIdak;CUneTARkumGFikarkic© FnaKar)an

Büayamy:agxøaMgedIm,IsMu[rdæaPi)alcUlrYmenAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgmYYyedIm,IBinitüemIlkrNIbwgkk;eLIgvij.

cab;BIéf¶TI30 ExmIna dl;éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM2009 fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ÚnRkumebskkmµkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij

sRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag ¬ERM¦ sRmab;KeRmagenH . r)aykarN_rbs; ERM )anGMBavnav[mankar

p¥ak;CabeNþaHGasnñsincMeBaHkarbeNþjRbCaCnecjenH . FnaKark¾)andwknaMkarerobcM nigkarecjesckþIEføg

karN_mYyrYmCamYynwgm©as;CMnYy enAéf¶TI16 Exkkáda qñaM2009 .

xxxi

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karRtYtBinitünaeBlfµI²enHrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIKeRmag cMeBaHbBaðaEdl)an

elIkeLIgedaysMeNI RsbtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnakarsþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag OP/BP 13.05 . eTaHbICa

y:agNak¾eday RkumGFikarkic©)anyl;RsbCamYynwgkarvaytémørbs;m©as;sMeNIEdlfa {manPsþútagbBa¢ak;fa

cMNat;karEdl)aneFIVeLIgedayfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar KWyWty:aveBkkñúgkarbeBa©óskarxUcRbeyaCn_

EdleBlenHkMBugRtUv)aneFIVeLIg} .

karGHGagfaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anCemøósedayrMelaPbMBan

eTAelIeKalneya)ayEdl)anÉkPaBKñasRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ

m©as;sMeNI)anbBa¢ak;fa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦ minRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;

eLIy EdlCakarrMelaPelI DAC EdlbNþal[mankarxUcRbeyaCn_y:agF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæEdl)an

beNþjecjBIdIenH . m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa kal³eTs³EdlenABIeRkaykarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecj nig

lkçxNÐéntMbn;taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minmanlkçN³sþg;darEdl)an EcgenAkñúgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKar

BiPBelaksþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijeLIy . fñak;RKb;RKgyl;RsbCamYynwgm©as;sMeNIfa Rkbx½NÐeKal

neya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Kb,IRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecj Edl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgXMu

RsHck .

visalPaBénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij. Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦

)ankMNt;nUvsßanPaBcMnYnbI enAeBlEdlRbCaCnGacTTYlrgkarb:HBal;CaGviC¢man ehIyRkbx½NÐeKalneya

)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦ nwgRtUv)anykmkGnuvtþ dUecñH TamTar[mankarerobcMEpnkartaMgTIlMenA

eLIgvijCak;lak;mYysRmab;³

- karbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIdIrdæcMeBaHbuKÁlEdl)ankan;kab;dIenaHtaMgBImunéf¶TI30 ExsIha qñaM2001

¬kalbriecäTGnum½tc,ab;PUmi)alfµI¦ bnÞab;BIkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idl;dIenH kñúgnamrdæaPi)al .

- karbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIdIrdæ ¬b½NÑkmµsiT§ikñúgnamrdæaPi)al¦ cMeBaHbuKÁl ¬Edl)ankan;kab;dIenaHtaMg

BImunéf¶TI30 ExsIha qñaM2001¦ edaysarEtmantRmUvkarkñúgkareRbIR)as;dIenH sRmab;kargarsIuvil

eRkamKeRmag .

- karBRgIkdIcMNIpøÚvrbs;rdæEdl)anb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶relIsiT§ikmµsiT§i .

RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij min)anBnül;c,as;las;

GMBIrebob nigeBlEdlkic©karTaMgenHnwgRtUv)anGnuvtþeLIy . manFatupSMCaeRcInEdlnwgTamTar[mankarENnaM

bEnßmeTot edIm,I[FnaKarBiPBelak nigbuKÁlikrdæaPi)alEdlTTYlbnÞúkelIkarGnuvtþ nigkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag

xxxii

nigsRmab;édKUGPivDÆn_edIm,IkMNt;GacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij kñúgsßanPaBCak;

Esþg .

Cak;Esþg RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt;eXIjnUvPaBxusKñad¾sMxan;mYykñúgEpñkPasarvagRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvij nigkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ ¬DCA¦ GMBIrebobedIm,Iyl;dwgGMBIkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ikñúg

namrdæaPi)al EdlbegáIt[mankarPan;RcLM nig]bsKÁcMeBaHkarGnuvtþ . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankMNt;eXIjnUv

kgVHénPaBc,as;las;GMBIbBaðasMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlrYmmandUcCa ry³eBlsRmab;karGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya-

)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij rebobkMNt;fanNaxøHEdlmansiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBarBIRkbx½NÐ eKalneya)aytaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvij nigkgVHéneyagcMeBaHlT§PaBénkarkat;bnßykartaMgTIlMenAeLIg vijmkRtwmkRmitGb,brma

tamry³karGPivDÆenAnwgkEnøg nigkarEckdIFøICaedIm .

OD 4.30 min)anedaHRsayCaBiesscMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedaysµ½RKcitþEdlCalT§plénkarpþl;b½NÑ

kmµsiT§ieLIy ehIyRkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgenAkñúgKeRmagenH )anseRmccitþBRgIk

visalPaBénsßanPaBEdleKalneya)ayenH nwgRtUv)anykmkGnuvtþ edayqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvkarKitfµIenA

kñúgFnaKarBiPBelak enAeBlenaH Bak;B½n§nwgkarGnuvtþ[)anRtwmRtUvénkic©karBarsuvtßiPaBrbs;FnaKarBiPB

elak . RsedogKñaenH Edr OD 4.30 )anpþl;nUvkarENnaMtictYcGMBIkarGPivDÆRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlM

enAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦ .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa esckþIseRmcerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RsbeTAnwg

bTb,BaØtþiéneKalneya)ayCaFrman - OD 4.30.. RkumGFikarkic©)anelIksresIrfñak;RKb;RKgsRmab;kar

BRgIkvisalPaBénsßanPaBEdleKalneya)ayenHnwgRtUvykmkGnuvtþ Edl)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvkarKitfµI

enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelakenAeBlenaH Bak;B½n§nwgkarGnuvtþ)anRtwmRtUvénkic©karBarsuvtßiPaBrbs;FnaKar .

eTaHbICay:ag Nak¾eday RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa manPaBminc,as;las;CaeRcInBak;B½n§nwgrebob nig

eBlevlaEdlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenH KYrRtUv)ancab;epþIm nigGnuvtþ . RkumGFikarkic©

)anrkeXIjfa karerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij min)anRsbtambTb,BaØtþiEdlRtUv)an

rMBwgTukenAkñúg OD 4.03 Bak;B½n§nwg {eKalkarN_erobcMEpnkar karerobcMsßab½n niglkçN³vinicä½yerobcM}

eLIy.

karBicarNaelIbBaðataMgTIlMenAeLIgvijkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. RkumGFikarkic©yl;fa Rkbx½NÐeKaln

eya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRtUv)ancab;epþImGnuvtþmþgNaeLIy kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag . r)aykarN_

RtYtBinitüsRmab;KeRmag min)anraykarN_GMBIkardak;bBa©ÚlGñkCMnajkic©karBarsuvtßiPaBmñak;enAkñúg

xxxiii

ebskkmµRtYtBinitüNamYyeLIy elIkElgEtebskkmµelIkTImYyEdl)aneFIVeLIgkalBIEx]sPa qñaM2002 .

ebskkmµRtYtBinitüCaeRcIn)ansnñidæanfa BMuFøab;mansßanPaBNamYyEdltRmUv[mankarGnuvtþkic©karBarsgÁm

nigbrisßan rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijeT EdlCak;EsþgedayKµankarRtYtBinitü

edayykcitþTukdak;NamYyeTAelIbBaðaenHeLIy . RbkarenH hak;dUcCaEp¥kelIkarsnµt; Camun fa KeRmag

LMAP )anGnuvtþtamrebobmYyEdlnwgtRmUv[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Ca

CagkarvaytémøelIsßanPaBtamvis½y .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karykcitþTukdak;rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIplb:HBal;EpñksgÁménkarpþl;b½NÑkmµ

siT§idIFøI rYmTaMgkarbeNþajRbCaCnecjnaeBlGnaKt minmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigTTYlrgkarb:HBal;edaysar

karxVHkarykcitþTukdak;BIsMNak;GñkCMnajkarBarsuvtßiPaBsgÁm . vaCabBaðakgVl;EdlebskkmµRtYtBinitü

CaeRcIn)ansnñidæanfa minFøab;mansßanPaBEdltRmUv[mankarGnuvtþkic©karBarsgÁm nigbrisßan rYmTaMg

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EdlCak;EsþgedayKµankarRtYtBinitüedayykcitþTukdak;

NamYyeTAelIbBaðaenHeLIy . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjnUvPsþútagenAkñúgÉksarRtYtBinitüfa fñak;RKb;RKg

)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaðaEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarerobcMEdndIrbs;rdæCaeRcInelIkeRcInsar EdlmankarTak;TinCaskþanuBl

sRmab;karGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij. RkumGFikarkic©)anekatsresIrdl; FnaKar

BiPBelaksRmab;karbnþedaHRsaybBaðaeKalneya)ayd¾lM)akenH enAkñúgbribTRbeTskm<úCa EdlmanlkçN³

resIb nigsµúKsµajEpñkneya)ayy:agxøaMg . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday karbnþtamdanelIbBaðaTaMgenH min)an

RKb;RKan;enaHeLIy ehIy)anrYmcMENkbegáIt[manbBaðaenAkñúgdMbn;bwgkk;EfmeTotpg. RbkarenHminRsbtam

bTb,BaØtþién OP/BP 13.05 sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag .

PaBGacGnuvtþénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;. edayEp¥kelI

karGegátxagelI RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa karbeNþjRbCaCnecjekItecjBIdIrdæ dUecñH Rkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Kb,IEt)anykmkGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . CagenHeTAeTot RkumGFikarkic©

k¾)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrfa EpnkarGPivDÆn_fµI²sRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; bgðajfa cMNIpøÚvEdlmanRsab;sRmab;ExSpøÚv

rfePøIgEdlrt;kat;tMbn;enH nwgRtUv)anBRgIk nigfa pøÚvEdlmanRsab;nwgmansiTi§BRgIkpgEdr EdlRbkarTaMgenHk¾

GacnaM[mankarbeNþjRbCaCnecjbEnßmeTotpgEdr dUecñHehIyeTIbmankarGMBavnav[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenH .

vahak;bIdUcCamanPsþútagbBa¢ak;c,as;BIkarBinitüemIleLIgvijelIr)aykarN_RtYtBinitüfa RBwtþikarN_EdlekIt

eLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;taMgBIqñaM2007 mk minRtUv)anFnaKarBiPBelakcat;Tukfa manlkçN³F¶n;F¶reLIy

nigmankarBak; B½n§edaypÞal;CamYynwgKeRmag rhUtTal;EteBleRkay²eTot enAcugqñaM2008 nigedImqñaM2009

xxxiv

eBlEdlGgÁkarminEMmnrdæaPi)al cab;epþImelIkeLIgnUvkgVl;rbs;BYkeKCamYynwgbuKÁlikFnaKar ehIykarbeNþj

RbCaBlrdæénshKmn_epSgeTotenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjkMBugekItmaneLIg . eTIbEtenAkñúgry³eBlEdlnaM[man

kardak;sMeNIsMu[mankareFIVGFikarkic© EdlFnaKarBiPBelakmankaryl; nigTTYlsÁal;fa karbeNþjRbCaCn

ecjBItMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anP¢ab;eTACamYynwgskmµPaBGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP nigfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

taMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUvEtykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHkarbeNþjecjRbCnBlrdætMbn;bwgkk; .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karxkxanrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarFana[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya

)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij min)anGnuvtþtam OD 4.30 nig OP/BP 13.05sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmageLIy .

dMeNIrkartaMglMenAeLIgvijedaysµ½RKcitþ. kñúgGMLúgeBlcuHeFIVGFikarkic©dl;TItaMgrbs;xøÜn RkumGFikarkic©)an

TTYlskçIkmµCaeRcInBIRbCaBlrdæEdlTTYlrgkarb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag (PAPs) edayBYkKat;)anerobrab;GMBI

dMeNIrkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijfa vaminbMeBjtamsþg;darEdlEcgenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vijTal;EtesaH . BMumandMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl; nigEbbcUlrYmeLIy ebIeTaHbICakargarsIuvil)ancab;epþIm

y:agyUreBlEdlvaGaceFVI[mandMeNIrkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)aneKGnuvtþedayTTYl)anlT§plKYrCaTIeBj

citþ ehIyRbCaBlrdæEdlTTYlrgkarb:HBal;edaysarKeRmagRtUv)anbgçM[rUserIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeKecjeday

min)anqøgkat;nItiviFIbNþwgsaTukçNamYyeLIy .

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EcgCaTUeTAGMBIGñkEdlmansiT§iTTYl)ansMNgtam eKalneya)ay

EdlkñúgenaHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaBlrdæEdl)at;bg;dI nigsMNglMenAdæan RbCaCnEdl)at;bg;dIksikmµ GñkCYlEdl

)anCYlpÞH b¤dI nigRbCaCnEdl)at;bg;GaCIvkmµ . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij k¾bBa¢ab;pgEdrfa

sMNgenH nwgRtUv)anpþl;[CacMNayCYsCulkarxUcxat .

RkumGFikarkic© )ancuHBinitüemIlTItaMg taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EdlRbCaBlmYycMnYnmkBItMbn;bwgkk; )anbþÚrlMenA

dæaneTArs;enATIenaH nig)anGegáteXIjfa sßanPaBénTItaMgenH minl¥)andl;kRmitsþg;dardUcmanEcgenAkñúg

eKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedaysµ½RKcitþeLIy . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday

kart¥ÚnEt¥rCacm,genaHKWfa TItaMgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenH sßitenAq¶ayeBkBIRbPBcMNUlmunrbs;BYkKat; ehIy

Kµan»kasrkR)ak;cMNUlCMnYsRKb;RKan; enACittMbn;enHeLIy .

CeRmIsTIbIEdl)anpþl;[lMenAdæanfµIenAnwgkEnøg edayRkumGPivDÆn_ RtUv)anbdiesFminTTYlykedayRbCaBl

rdæ edaysarEtBYkKat;nwgRtUv)antRmUv[erIecjeTACYlpÞHsñak;enAry³eBlbYnqñaM edaycMNayfvikaxøÜnÉg ehIy

edaysarEtBYkKat;mineCOCak;fa Rkumh‘unGPivDÆn_ nwgeKarBtamkarsnüarbs;BYkeK bnÞab;BIputry³eBlbYnqñaM

enaH .

xxxv

karxUcRbeyaCn_EdlRbCaCn)anTTYlrgb:HBal; edaysarkarbeNþjecjenH nigkarbeNþjecjCabnþbnÞab;

EdlmineKarBtamsþg;darEdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RtUv)anemIleXIjy:ag

c,as;edayRkumGFikarkic© . RkumGFikarkic©min)anrkeXIjkMNt;RtaNamYyEdlfa fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPB

elak )anelIkykbBaðaenH eTABiPakSaCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)al b¤buKÁlikKeRmageLIy rhUtTal;EtqñaM2009

enAeBlEdlsßankarN_enH )ankøayCaF¶n;F¶rrhUtdl;minGacedaHRsay)aneTAehIy .

CaTUeTA RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak KYrEt)anBinitüeXIjbBaðaxUcRbeyaCn_

TaMgLayEdlRbQmmuxedayRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;)anqab;CagenH nig)anBicarNaGMBIcMNat;karsm

Rsbnana . karxkxanmin)aneFIVEbbenH min)anGnuelaktameKalneya)ayrbs;FnakarsþIBIkarRtYt

BinitüKeRmageLIy .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij CaTUeTA Rsbtam OD 4.30.

eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday kgVHénkarENnaMeTAelIskmµPaBsþarcMNUl EdleyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KYrEtRtUv)anEcglm¥itenAkñúgEpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa dMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_karbeNþjRbCaCnecjBItMbn;bwgkk; kRmiténR)ak;sMNg nig

sþg;karrbs;TItaMgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRsbtameKalkarN_Edl)andak;ecjedayRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigbTb,BaØtþIBak;B½n§én OD 4.30 eLIy .

karGHGagfa dMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlGnum½tedayKeRmag

)aneFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIEdlmankalBImun

karGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNIenH Bak;B½n§nwg\T§iBlénKeRmagsþIBIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIEdlmankalBImun . Cak;Esþg m©as;

sMeNI)anGHGagfa {kardak;ecjnUvdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§vimCÄkar nigpøÚvkarTUTaMgRbeTs

eRkamKeRmag LMAP )aneFIV[exSayeTAelIkarTTYlsÁal;RbB½n§kan;kab;tamTmøab;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . eday

sarEtRbCaBlrdærs;enAtMbn;bwgkk; minGacepÞrsiT§ikan;kab;tamTmøab;rbs;BYkeK eTACab½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøIpøÚvkar

eRkamKeRmag LMAP KeRmagminRtwmEtmin)aneFIV[siT§ikan;kab;rbs;BYkeKeTACapøÚvkarb:ueNÑaHenaHeT b:uEnþEfm

TaMg)aneFIV[exSayeTAelIsßanPaBkmµsiT§ikan;kab;kalBImunrbs;BYkeKEfmeTotpg} .

CakareqøIytbeTAnwgbBaðaenH fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜn {mindwgc,as;GMBIrebobEdlBaküsiT§ikan;kab;tam

Tmøab; kMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eLIy} . fñak;RKb;RKg)an[dwgfa lkçN³BiesssMxan;mYyénc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001

bgðaj[eXIjfa siT§ikmµsiT§i RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faGacepÞreTACab½NÑkmµsiT§ipøÚvkar)an RbsinebIebIlkçxNÐCak;

xxxvi

lak;mYycMnYn RtUv)anbMeBj . fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i KUrEtBRgwgdl;siT§ikmµsiT§i

EdlGacTTYl)aneyagtamc,ab;PUmi)al . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa {siT§iEdlman

kalBImun GacRtUv)aneFIV[exSay tamry³dMeNIrkarmYyEdlmanbBaða EdlmanbBa¢ak;CaPsþútagy:agc,as;dUc

CakñúgkrNIbeNþjRbCaCnecjBItMbn;RsHck edaykarxVHkarGnuvtþRbkbedaytmøaPaB esckþIseRmcEp¥k

elIlkçN³vinicä½y nigxVHkarseRmcEdlGacBinitüeLIgvij)an edaysarfaenAenAmansMnYrEdlsYrfaetIdIenaH

KWCadIsFarN³rbs;rdæb¤y:agNa} .

\T§iBlénKeRmagelIsuvtßPaBsiT§ikan;kab;. eKalbMNgmYyEdl)anEcgénKeRmag KWRtUvpþl;sMNgsRmab;kgVH

PaBc,as;las; nigkareFIV[Føak;cuHsuvtßPaB Edl)anpþl;[edayRbB½n§kan;kab;edayKµankarRKb;RKg tamry³kar

pþl; tamlT§PaB nUvb½NÑkmµsiT§icuHbBa¢IpøÚvkar EdlnwgRtUv)anFanaedayrdæ dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta 1 énc,ab;PUmi

)al qñaM2001 . KitRtwmqñaM2009 KeRmag LMAP )ancuHbBa¢I nigpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i)anCag 1/1 lank,aldI .

k¾manPsþútagbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa RBMRbTl;PaKeRcIn cat;Tukb½NÑkmµsiT§ifµIfaCakare)aHCMhaneTAmuxmYyCMhan .

RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa KeRmagBitCa)anpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;RbCaCnRbEhl 1 lanRKYsar eday

KµankarsgS½yeLIy nigTTYlsÁal;smiT§pld¾sMxan;enHrbs;KeRmag LMAP .

siT§ikmµsiT§iEdlmankalBImun)ansßitenAeRkamsm<aFGs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy . RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;

smÁal;eXIjfa kRmiténsuvtßPaBEdl)anpþl;[edayRbB½n§kan;kab;dIFøICalkçN³RbéBNI Tmøab; b¤lkçN³eRkA

RbB½n§epSgeTot CaBiess enAtamtMbn;RbCMuCn )anFøak;cuHy:agxøaMg cab;taMgBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 mk . man

]TahrN_CaeRcInEdlGñkPUmi nig RbCaCnRkIRktamRbCMuCnEdlrs;enAelIdIeRkamTRmg;siT§ikan;kab;lkçN³

RbéBNI Tmøab; b¤TRmg;Bak;B½n§epSgeTot RtUv)anrMelaPykdIrbs;BYkeKedaybuKÁl Rkum b¤GgÁkarmanGMNac

EdlCaerO² mankareRbIGMeBIhigSa b¤karKMramkMEhgeRbIGMeBIhigSa nigfa Tmøab;Gnuvtþn_EbbenH RtUv)anrIksay

PayTaMgenA tamtMbn;CnbT nigtMbn;RbCMuCnGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMehIy . sßanPaBenH RtUv)aneKdwgCaTUeTAmun

eBlEdlKeRmagenHRtUv)anerobcMeLIg ehIyRkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag

¬PAD¦ TTYlsÁal;y:agc,as;nUvbBaðaenH nigbBaðaRbQmnanaEdlBak;B½n§ .

dUcEdl)ankt;smÁal;xagelI krNItMbn;bwgkk; bgðajfa RbCaBlrdæCaeRcIn)ancat;TukxøÜnÉgfaCam©as;dI nigman

ÉksarbBa¢ak;BIkmµsiT§iEfmeTotpg . dIEdlRtUv)ankan;kab; epÞr nigpþl;Camrtktamry³rbbkan;kab;mYycMnYn

Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMehIy ehIykarkan;kab; karepÞr nigkarpþl;CamrtkenH )aneFIVeLIgedaymanPaBRsb

c,ab;EpñksgÁm nigkarTTYlsÁal;edayGaCJaFrBak;B½n§ nwgm©as;dI ebIeTaHbICaKµanRbB½n§erobcMÉksarpøÚvkarfñak;Cati

k¾eday .

xxxvii

viFankaredIm,IkarBarRkumRbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH ³ karyl;dwgkan;EtTMlMTUlayCagmunGMBIkarGHGagenH

KWfa RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlTamTarnUvsiT§ikmµsiT§iEdlmankalBImunedayEp¥kelIRbB½n§kan;kab;dIFøItamTmøab; b¤min

pøÚvkarepSgeTot CaBiess RkumRbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH minTan;)anTTYlRbeyaCn_BIKeRmagenH tamrebob

mYyEdl)anEcgBIdMbUgeLIy BIeRBaHBYkeKRtUv)ankat;ecjBIdMeNIrkar b¤manPaBxVHcenøaHenAkñúgrebobEdl

KeRmagRtUv)anGnuvtþ . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjnUvPaBexSaysMxan;² enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag nigkarGnuvtþ

KeRmag Bak;B½n§nwgviFankarkarBarRkumRbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaHEdlGaRs½yelIsiT§ikan;kab;tamTmøab; b¤min

pøÚvkarepSgeTot .

ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag ¬PAD¦ TTYlsÁal;fa {rdæTMngCamin)andwgGMBIcMnYn TItaMg nigRBMRbTl;éndIsßiteRkamkar

RKb;RKgrbs;xøÜneLIy . Cak;Esþg PaKeRcInéndITaMgenaH minRtUv)anvas;Evg eFIVEpnTI b¤pþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ieLIy} .

ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag sMedAdl;cMnYnekIneLIgénRbCaCnKµandIFøI edaysarkarlk;edaymankarbgçitbgçM b¤eday

TTYl)antémøéfø nigcMnYnvivaTdIFøIy:ageRcIn . ebIeTaHbICaKeRmagRtUv)anerobcMeLIgkñúgbribTenHk¾edayÉksar

vaytémøKeRmag )anrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkareyagEdlminc,as;las; nigPan;RcLMmYycMeBaH {dIenAtMbn;EdlTMngCaman

vivaT} dUc)anerobrab;bBa¢ak;lm¥itxagelIRsab; . RkumGFikarkic¨)anTTYlB½t’manBIRbPBCaeRcInfa enAeBldIEdl

minTan;mankarkMNt;c,as; RtUv)anGHGagfaCadIrdæ dIenaHRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbePTdImanvivaT nigRtUv)ankat;

ecjBIdMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkamKeRmagenH . CalT§pl dUcEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RbCaCnminRtUv

)anpþl;[nUv»kaskñúgkarTamTarsiT§ikmµsiT§irbs;BYkeKeLIy . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa kMhusenAkñúg

karerobcMKeRmag )annaM[mankarkat;ecjdIedayGyutþiFm’BIdMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i nigfa RbkarenH)an

eFIV[RbCaCn CaBiess RbCaCnEdlRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH )at;bg;»kaskñúgkarTamTar nigeFIV[pøÚvkarnUv

siT§ikan;kab;EdlmankalBImunrbs;BYkeK tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½y eRkamKeRmag LMAP .

karerobcMKeRmagk¾)ankat;ecjnUvkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar¼kartaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr BIdMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i

eRkamKeRmagenH elIkElgEtrdæaPi)alyl;RBmpþl;dIenaH[eFIVkarcuHbBa¢Idl;GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkarTaMgenaH

b:ueNÑaH. tamry³kareFIVEbbenH RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)anTTYlsÁal;fa BaküdUcCa {Gñk

taMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr} nig {kartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar} enAEtminTan;manlkçN³Cak;lak;eLIy rhUtTal;EtRtUv

)ankMNt;Cak;lak; tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½y .

kMhusenAkñúgkaerobcMKeRmagTaMgenH )aneFIV[mankarlM)aksRmab;fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKar edIm,IseRmc)annUv

eKalbMNgEdl)anEcgénKeRmag Bak;B½n§nwgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarpþl;suvtßPaBelIsiT§ikan;kab;sRmab;

RbCaCnRkIRk dUecñHehIy minRsbtam OMS 2.20. KYrkt;smÁal;fa enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigbNþaRbeTsCaeRcIn

xxxviii

eTot RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;EbbenH CaTUeTA CaRbCaCnEdlRkIRkbMput niggayrgeRKaHbMput Tak;Tinnwgkar

RbQmmuxnwgkarbeNþajecj nigkarrMelaPtamrUbPaBepSgeTot .

smasFatusMxan;²EdlRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgKeRmagenH edIm,IKaMRTdl;RbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaH KW karelIk

km<s;karyl;dwgrbs;saFarN³ nigkarpþl;lT§PaBTTYl)anCMnYyEpñkc,ab; nigynþkaredaHRsayvivaTsRmab;

RbCaCnRkIRkI . RsedogKñaenHEdr edaymankarKaMRTrbs;KeRmagedIm,IeFIV[RbesIreLIgnUvkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ ¬Epñk

TI5¦ )ancat;TukfaCameFüa)aymYykñúgkarvinicä½ykarGHGagEdlmanPaBcRmUgcRmasrvagrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn.

eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday dUcEdl)anTTYlenAkñúgkareqøIytbeTAelIkarRKb;RKg EpñkTaMg enHminRtUv)anGnuvtþ

dUcEdl)anrMBwgTukeLIy .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa minEmnral;viFankarEdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgCaBiessedIm,IKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRk

niggayrgeRKaH RtUv)anGnuvtþtamEpnkarTaMgGs;eLIy . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)an

tamdan)anRKb;RKan;eTAelIkarebþCJacitþrbs;KeRmag edIm,IelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³ nigkarcUlrYmrbs;

shKmn_ Fana[mankarkarBarEpñkc,ab;sRmab;RbCaCnEdlTTYlrghaniP½yénkarbeNþjecj nigpþl;lT§PaB

RKb;RKan;edIm,ITTYl)anynþkaredaHRsayvivaT . RbkarenH minRsbtam OP/BP 13.05 eLIy .

karGHGagfa shKmn_déTeTot

enAkñúgextþKeRmagRtUv)anbgçMbeNþjecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKrs;enA

karGHGagcugeRkayrbs;m©as;sMeNIrKWfa {tMbn;bwgkk; minEmnCakrNIdak;edayELkEtmYyenaHeT} nigfa

{shKmn_enAtamTIRbCMuCn tMbn;CnbT nigCnCatiedImPaKtic TUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa minmanlT§PaBTTYl)ankar

pþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøI nig¼b¤ynþkaredaHRsayvivaT eRkamKeRmag LMAP dUecñHehIy minmanlT§PaBkñúgkarFana

nUvsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYkeK eRkamRbB½n§pøÚvkar Edl)anerobcMeLIgedayKeRmag LMAP . shKmn_mYycMnYnkñúg

cMeNamshKmn_TaMgenH )anRbQmmuxnwgGsnþisuxelIsiT§ikan;kab; nigkarbgçM[beNþajecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeK

rs;enAkan;EteRcIneLIg² . }

fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;nUvcMNat;karkñúgkaredaHRsaykgVl;TaMgenH edaykt;smÁal;fa {RkumkargarkMBug

RbmUlB½t’manedIm,IkMNt;nUvkrNIskþanuBlepSgeTotrbs;shKmn_ EdlGacRtUv)anbeNþajecjBItMbn;vinicä½y

edayKµankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij} . fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa KitRtwméf¶TI29

Extula qñaM2009 krNIFM²cMnYnR)aMbI RtUv)ankMNt; EdlBak;B½n§nwgPUmicMnYn 10 ¬b¤ EpñkénPUmiTaMg enaH¦} .

xxxix

karbeNþjecjedaybgçMenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ³ karbeNþjecjedaybgçM KWCabBaðamYykñúgcMeNambBaðacm,g²

EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa Edl)anb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnrab;Ban;RKYsar TUTaMgRbeTs

TaMgenAtMbn;RbCMuCn nigtMbn;CnbT EdlPaKeRcInCaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRk . KeRmagGPivDÆn_nana

naMmknUvkarbeNþaRbCaCnecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enA CaBiess tMbn;RbCMuCn nigtMbn;Bak;kNþalRbCMuCn .

eyagtamr)aykarN_vaytémøPaBRkIRkqñaM2006 rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak cenøaHBIqñaM1998 dl;qñaM2003 sala

raCFanIPñMeBj )anbgçMbeNþjRbCaCn 11>000 RKYsar EdlPaKeRcInCaRbCaCnRkIRkrs;enAkNþalraCFanI b¤

enAtMbn;Ek,rkNþalraCFanI . eyagtamGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati ¬Amnesty International¦ RbCaCn

RbmaN 150>000 nak; TUTaMgRbeTs RtUv)aneKdwgfakMBugrs;enARbQmnwghaniP½yénkarbeNþajecjeday

bgçMBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enA .

RbeTskm<úCaKWCaPaKImYyénsn§isBaØaGnþrCatiEdlTTYlsÁal;siT§iTTYl)ankEnøgsñak;enARKb;RKan; . KN³kmµaFi

karRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþsn§isBaØaTaMgenH )ansEmþgnUvkgVl;cMeBaHkarbgçMbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeK

Føab;rs;enA nigPaBminRtUvKña taMgBItMbUg CamYynwglkçxNÐénsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSGnþrCatiTaMgenH . eyagtam

RbPBepSg² karbgçMbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enA)anQandl;kRmitvibtþienAkñúgqñaM 2009

EdleBlenaH karbgçMbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enA)anekIteLIgcMeBaHRbCaCnRbmaN

27>000 nak; kñúgqñaM2009 . enAExmkra qñaM2009 GñkCMnajÉkraCümñak;rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anehAkar

karbgçMbeNþjRbCaCnkm<úCaecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enAfaCa {karrMelaPy:agF¶n;F¶relIsiT§imnusS} nig)an

GMBavnav[mankarsgsMNgxUcxatsRmab;kar)at;bg;pÞHsEm,g nigkarpþl;TIlMenACeRmIsdl;BYkeKvij .

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa karbeNþjecjedaybgçMminEmnCaerOgfµIeTenARbeTskm<úCa ehIydUcEdlRtUv)an

kt;smÁal;edaykarvinicä½yPaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCarbs;FnaKarBiPBelakEdr kMBugEtmanCabnþenAraCFanI

PñMeBj taMgBImuneBlerobcMKeRmag . edaysarKeRmag)anbBa©ÚlbBaðataMgTIlMenAkñúgTIRkugsMxan; dUcCaraCFanI

PñMeBjCaedIm enAkñúgcMeNamKeRmagextþrbs;xøÜn KeRmagenHCahaniP½ycMeBaHekrþ×eQµaHd¾sMxan;sRmab;FnaKar

BiPBelak. RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa karbegáItKeRmagmin)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaða nighani½ycMeBaHekrþ×eQµaH

d¾sMxan;enHeGay)anRKb;RKan;eT .

kartamdandMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIrbs;KeRmag . mankarelIkeLIgnUvbBaðakgVl; enAkñúgeBlGnuvtþ LMAP EdlTak;

TgnwgtmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB enAkñúgRbB½n§ nignItiviFIpþl;bøg;dI enAedImqñaM2005 . CalT§pl karBinitüemIl

eLIgvij ¬karBinitüemIleLIgvijedayÉkraCü¦ RtUv)aneFVIeLIg enAcenøaHExvicäika qñaM2005 nigExmkra qñaM2006

edayepþateKaledAeTAelIextþénKeRmagTaMg 11 Edlkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIlkçN³CaRbB½n§eday LMAP kMBugEt

RtUv)aneFVI . karBinitüemIleLIgvijkt;smÁal;fa {BMumanB½t’manGMBIsiT§i nigkarGnuBaØatEdlGacmankñúgkar

xl

TamTarkmµsiT§i ¬CaBiess RTBüsm,tþirbs;rdæ¦ tamry³karRbqaMgnwgkarTamTardIrbs;rdæ RtUv)anpþl;eGay

eLIy EdlkarKµanB½t’manenHhak;dUcCab:HBal; ¬{y:agF¶n;F¶r} nig¦ y:agGaRkk; y:agehacNas;dl; 1 PaK 5

¬19/6°¦ énRKYsar TaMgGs; EdlKMehIjRbePTenHRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yRsukEdlRtUv)aneTAeFVI

TsSnkic©cMnYn 13 kñúgcMeNam 19} ¬sgát;F¶n;eTAelIRbPBedIm¦.

edayeyagtamkarBinitüemIleLIgvij BMumanmUlehtuEdlmanÉksarbBa¢ak;sRmab;karbdiesFminpþl;bøg;dI b¤

karcuHbBa¢IdI RtUv)anpþl;dl;RKYsareLIy . elIsBIenHeTot karBinitüemIleLIgvijKUsbBa¢ak;fa karykBn§Ca

TUeTAcMeBaHdIbRmugrbs;rdæ hak;dUcCamanplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶reTAelIeKalbMNg nigeKaledArbs; LMAP. kar

BinitüemIleLIgvijraykarN_fa 20° énshKmn_EdlRtUv)anBieRKaHeyabl; manGarmµN_fa BYkeK)an {)at;

bg;} dIrbs;BYkeKmYycMnYn edaysarEtkarTamTarrbs;rdæ . dUcenAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;Edr karBinitüemIleLIg

vij)ankt;smÁal;nUv]b,tþiehtuEdlRKYsarRtUv)aneKR)ab;fa BYkeKkMBugrs;enAelIdImanvivaT EdlCa{dIrbs;rdæ} .

mü:agvijeTot r)aykarN_kt;smÁal;fa B½t’manminRtUv)anpþl;dl;RKYsar Tak;TgnwgsiT§iEdlGacmanrbs;BYkeK

kñúgkarTTYl)ansMNgcMeBaHplb:HBal;GviC¢man dUcEdl)anENnaMenAkñúgkarFanasgÁmEdlGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaH

LMAP eLIy .

eTaHbICamanKMehIjc,as;las;énkarBinitüemIleLIgvijÉkraCü nigKMehIyeLIgvijenAkñúgr)aykarN_RtYtBinitü

karRKb;RKg EdlbBa¢ak;nUvPaBminRKb;RKan;énynþkaredaHRsayvivaT CaBiess enAeBlPaKIkan;GMNaccUl

Bak;B½n§k¾eday fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarmin)ancat;viFankarc,as;las;edIm,IedaHRsayplb:HBal;GviC¢manTaMgenH

eLIy . elIsBIenHeTot karBinitüemIleLIgvijnUvr)aykarN_RtYtBinitübgðajfa BMumanRbB½n§tamdan nig

vaytémø sRmab;KeRmageLIyrhUtdl;qñaM2007 . RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa edaysarkgVHxatnUvRbB½n§tamdan

nigvaytémød¾rwgmaMsRmab;KeRmag fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarmin)andwgGMBIbBaðasMxan;EdlekItecjBIKeRmageLIy .

cMNucenHmineqøIytbeTAnwg OP/BP 13.05 eT.

skmµPaBfµI²rbs;fñak;dwknaM . eRkaykarcuHbBa¢IsMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic©edayRkumGFikarkic© enAExFñÚ qñaM2009

fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKar)aneFVIkarRsavRCavdl;mUldæanmankMNt; edIm,IEsVgyl;faetImanPaBRtUvKñarvagkarbeNþj

Edl)anraykarN_eday NGOs nigRbB½n§pSBVpSay nigtMbn;pþl;kmµsiTi§dImanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ eRkam LMAP

Edrb¤eT . karBinitüemIleLIgvij)anrkeXIjfa eRkABIkarbeNþjecjBItMbn;bwgkk; RKYsarCag 2>600 RKYsar

RtUv)anbeNþjecj b¤pøas;bþÚrTIlMenAedaybgçM b¤kMBugRbQmmuxnwgkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgPUmi eRkayeBlcab;

epþImdMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkam LMAP .

edaysarkarbeNþjecjCaeRcInhak;dUcCamankarBak;B½n§nwgRbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIdIrbs;rdæ EdlTamTareday

rdæaPi)al RPF minRtUv)anGnuvtþeLIy ehIykñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn RbCaCnEdlTTYlplb:HBal;min)anTTYlnUv

xli

sMNgeLIy b¤)anTTYlsMNgminRtUvtam OD 4.30 sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAfµIedayminsµ½RKcitþ . karBinitüemIl

eLIgvijCaTUeTA)anbBa¢ak; nUv]b,tþiehtuCaeRcInénkarTamTarrbs; NGOs kñúgRsuk .

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa eTaHbICamanÉksarCaeRcInEdlbBa¢ak;fa mancMnYnRKYsarCaeRcIn)anTTYlpl

b:HBal;CaGviC¢mank¾eday kRmiténplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIRKYsarEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yminRtUv)andwg

eLIy . RkumGFikarkic©mankarRBYy)armÖCaTIbMputGMBIcMnYnd¾eRcInénRbCaCnEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj pøas;bþÚr

TIlMenAedaybgçM b¤kMBugTTYlkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;énKeRmag .

emeron nigbBaðaRbB½n§

karesuIbGegátenH )anbgðaj[eXIjnUvbBaðamanlkçN³CaRbB½n§énPaBGaRs½yy:agTUlMTUlayeTAnwgRbtibtþikar

rbs;FnaKar . CMBUkenHBiPakSaGMBIbBaðacMnYnbI EdlRkumGFikarkic©yl;famansar³sMxan;CaBiess ³ karRKb;

RKghaniP½y karpþl;kmµsiTi§dICaGPiRkmÉksarEtmYy nigbBaðaRbQménKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøInigrdæ)al .

eyIgsgÇwmfa karBiPakSaenHGacpþl;CaemeronEdlGacCYyBRgwgGnuelamPaBéneKalneya)aynaeBlGnaKt

nigRbsiT§PaBénkarGPivDÆCaTUeTA .

karRKb;RKghaniP½y . karbegáItKeRmagbzm)aneRKagnUvyuT§saRsþBhuEpñk rab;TaMgFatupSMnana edIm,I

edaHRsaybBaðaénkarKaMRTRbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH enAkñúgdMeNIrkarvinicä½y nig)anbegáIntmøaPaB nig

PaBGacBüakrN_)anenAkñúgkarkMNt;dIrbs;rdæ . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday PAD )anTTYlsÁal;fa manhaniP½y

x<s; b¤eRcInBak;B½n§nwgkarsnµtCaeRcIn EdlRtUv)ancat;Tukfamansar³sMxan;sRmab;karseRmceKalbMNgEdl

)anelIkeLIg . ]TahrN_ PAD bBa¢ak;fa manhaniP½yCa {eRcIn} Edlfa rdæaPi)alenAxVHkarebþCJacitþkñúgkar

Fanafa ynþkaredaHRsayvivaTmandMeNIrkary:agmanRbsiT§PaB nigRtwmRtUv ehIykMNt;fa CaviFankarkat;bnßy

haniP½yEdlfa {KeRmagnwgRtUv)ankat;bnßy RbsinebIkarebþCJacitþeFVI[mandMeNIrkaredaHRsayvivaTedayRtwm

RtUv manminRKb;RKan;eT}.

dUcRtUv)anraykarN_enAkñúgCMBUkTI 3 Rsab; FatusMxan;TaMgGs;ényuT§saRsþKeRmagEdleKcg;)an edIm,Ikat;bnßy

haniP½yenH RtUv)anBnüareBlenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ RtUv)anGnuvtþmYyEpñk b¤minTan;cab;epþIm . minEtb:ueNÑaH eday

mankarelIkTwkcitþy:agskmµBIfñak;dwknaM KeRmag)ane)aHCMhanedIm,IbegáInkic©xitxMRbwgERbg sMedAseRmceKal

edATak;Tgnwgkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dI . cMNucenH)anbBa©ÚlkñúgcMeNamcMNucepSgeTotnUvkardak;bBa©ÚlkarebIkR)ak;

ebovtSr_ edayEp¥kelIsmtßPaBdl;buKÁlik . edayBicarNadl;dMeNIrkarbc©úb,nñenAkñúgFnaKar edIm,IENnaM

GPiRkmepSgKña cMeBaHkarpþl;km©IvinieyaK edayEp¥kelIkarvinicä½yhaniP½y bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP KWCaemeron

y:agsMxan; .

xlii

CadMbUg karerobcMKeRmag LMAP RtUv)anKaMRTedaykarvinicä½y ¬eBalKWCakarvinicä½yxagsgÁm¦ eTAelIEpñk

esdækic©neya)ayénkarRKb;RKgdIFøI enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwghaniP½y

EdlBak;B½n§ . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday enAkñúgyl;dwg vac,as;Nas;fa BMumankmµsiT§ieBjeljkñúgcMeNam

PaKIBak;B½n§énGPiRkmBhuEpñk EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeLIy . GVIEdlemIleTAdUcCasmehtuplenARkdas

EbrCaminEmnCakarBit.

RkumGFikarkic©eCOfa FnaKarBiPBelakmantYnaTIGPivDÆn_sMxan;enAkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tandl;Rbtibtþikarman

haniP½yx<s; b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP bgðajnUveRKaHfñak;énkareqøIytbeTAnwghaniP½y edaybegáItKeRmag

y:agsµúKsµajbMput . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa FatupSMfµI²RtUv)anbEnßm enAkñúgdMeNIrkarerobcM edaymin

xVl;GMBIPaBc,as;las; faetIEpñkepSg²RtUv)ansnµt;famanTMnak;TMngCaFmµtaedayrebobNa nigedayminmankar

BicarNaditdl;GMBIsmiT§lT§PaBénviFIsaRsþTaMgmUleLIy .

TIBIr karRtYtBinitüKeRmag LMAP min)andwg[)anRKb;RKan;GMBIhaniP½yEdlBak;B½n§eLIy . RkumGFikarkic©

)anrkeXIjfa dUcRtUv)ankt;smÁal;enAkñúgCMBUkmunEdr GñkCMnajxagsgÁmminRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgebskkmµ

RtYtBinitüeLIy eTaHbICamankarelIkeLIgnUvbBaðakgVl;enAkñúg PAD Tak;TgnwgkarFanaplRbeyaCn_rbs;

RbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaHk¾eday . sBaØaRBmanBIGñksegátkarN_ÉkraCühak;dUcCaminRtUv)anykcitþTuk

dak; . kmµviFIsRmab;kartamdanplb:HBal;)ancab;epþImy:agyWty:avbMput ehIykarsikSamUldæanTIRkug)an

bBa©b;enAqñaM2007 - R)aMqñaMeRkayeBlKeRmag)ancab;epþIm . RkumGFikarkic©minGacrkeXIjnUvkMNt;Rtarbs;

fñak;dwknaMEdltv:anwgkarBnüWtdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIeLIy edayrg;caMkarvivtþeTAmuxelIFatupSMepSgeTot Edl

mankaryWty:av .

RkumGFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;fa ktþaCaeRcInEdlhYsBIlT§PaBRKb;RKgrbs;fñak;dwknaM)ancUlrYmcMENkeFVI[manPaB

minRbRktIenAkñúgvivtþeTAmuxenH b:uEnþcMNucenHminGacBnül; b¤edaHsarGMBIkgVHxaty:agc,as;las;nUvyuT§saRsþ

RKb;RKghaniP½yd¾rwgmaMmYysRmab;KeRmageLIy . edaysarEtyuT§saRsþEdlmantaMgBIeBlcab;epþIm

RbtibtþikarN_mk karlM)aktameRkayénKeRmagRbEhlCamantictYc .

karpþl;kmµsiTi§dICaGPiRkmÉksarEtmYy. RsbnwgKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøIshsm½yepSgeTotCaeRcIn LMAP

RtUv)anGHGagfaCameFüa)aykñúgkarCMrujkMeNInesdækic© nigCameFüa)aykñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamry³

karEklm¥ suvtßPaBkmµsiT§idIFøIsRmab;RbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday emeronBI

LMAP nigkaresuIbGegátEdlTak;TgnwgdIFøIepSgeTot bgðajfa karpþl;kmµsiTi§dIEtÉgminGacRtUv)anrMBwgfanwg

seRmceKalbMNgéneKalneya)aysgÁm nigesdækic©epSg²TaMgenH enAkñúgbribTCaeRcIneLIy .

xliii

ebItamTsSn³rbs;GñkCMnajrbs;RkumGFikarkic© vaRtUv)anbgðajfamanRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgtMbn;EdlkarRbECgyk

dIFøImankRmitTabxøaMg nigEdlvivaTenAmankRmit b:uEnþminmanRbsiT§PaB nigenAkñúgkal³eTs³xøH KµanplitPaB

enAkñúgkarbegáInsuvtßPaBkmµsiT§idIFøI enAkñúgtMbn;EdltémødIFøImankarekIneLIgy:agxøaMg nigEdlcMNucenHGac

Tak;TajcMNab;GarmµN_GaRkk; .

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa PaBminc,as;las;enAkñúgkarbegáItKeRmag niglT§plRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgkar

sikSaÉkraCü RBmTaMgenAkñúgr)aykarN_RtYtBinitürbs;buKÁlikmYycMnYn RKan;EtBIrbIqñaMeRkayeBlKeRmagcab;

epþImb:ueNÑaH . sBaØaRBmanTaMgenHhak;dUcCaminRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;eLIy rhUtTal;EtbBaðatMbn;bwgkk;køayCa

bBaðadas;sµartI . minRtwmEtminBinitüemIlemeronenHeLIgvijenAeBlvaekIteLIgb:ueNÑaHeT KeRmagEbrCaepþat

kan;EtxøaMgeLIg²eTAGPiRkmÉksarEtmYy Edlvas;EvgPaBeCaKC½y elIEpñkcMnYnénkmµsiTi§dIEdl)anpþl; .

\T§iBlénGPiRkmenHkñúgEpñkkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlCaeKalbMNgTIBIr minEdlRtUv)anesuIbGegát[)anm:t;ct;

eLIy . emeronRbtibtþikarmYyKWfa karBinitüemIleLIgvijRbcaMRtImasRbEhlCa)anbBa©ÚlkarBinitüemIleLIg

vijy:agtwgruwgnUveKalbMNg nigkarbegáItKeRmag .

eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP minKYrbM)ak;TwkcitþFnaKarBiPBelakmin[eFVIRbtibtþikar

enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkugeLIy eTaHbICabTBiesaFn_enHesñIeLIgfa RtUvykcitþTukdak;xøaMgenAkñúgkarbegáItKeRmag nig

kmµviFIEdlgayTTYlplb:HBal;enAkñúgbribTmUldæank¾eday . RbkarenHGnuvtþCaBiesscMeBaHKeRmagEdlBak;

B½n§nwg karEklm¥RbsiT§PaB nigsmPaBénTIpSardIFøI niglMenAdæanenAkñúgtMbn;nKrUbnIykmµqab;rh½s .

bBaðaRbQménKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al . dUcEdlRkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;enAkñúgr)aykarN_fµIrbs;xøÜn

sþIBIRbeTs):aNam:a - KeRmagrdæ)aldIFøIpgEdrRsab; karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©GMBIKeRmagTaMgBIrenH)an

KUsbBa¢ak;nUvhaniP½yEdlTak;TgnwgKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al edaybgðajfa KeRmagdIFøImanPaBsµúKsµaj

nigBi)akkñúgkarGnuvtþ[manRbsiT§PaB nigEtgEtmanlkçN³GacCECkrkxusRtUv)anxagneya)ay . karcUl

rYmnaeBlGnaKtenAkñúgKeRmagTaMgenHnwgTTYl)anBIkarKaMRTEpñkbec©keTsEdlRtUv)anBRgwg nUvkarvinicä½yman

lkçN³CaRbB½n§bEnßmeToténhaniP½yxagRbtibtþikar nighaniP½yEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©neya)ay RBmTaMg

viPaCn_rbs;buKÁlikEdl)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalRKb;RKan; nigFnFan .

karsegátbEnßm ³ RkumGFikarkic©sUmeFIVkarKUsbBa¢ak;fa RkumGFikarkic©cat;TukfakarcUlrYmrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak

eTAelIbBaðadIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa manPaBBak;B½n§y:agxøaMgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆrbs;RbeTs nigmansgÁtPaBeTA

nwgTsSnvis½yGPivDÆry³eBlEvgrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nigGaNtþikargarTUeTArbs;FnaKarBiPBelak kñúgkarkat;

bnßyPaBRkIRk .

xliv

enAkñúgbribTenH nigedayminbnÞabsar³sMxan;énKMehIjrbs;xøÜn RkumGFikarkic©sUmekatsresIrcMeBaHkareqøIytb

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAnwgkaresñIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© nigkarvaytémøedayPaBesµaHRtg;rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaða

xUcRbeyaCn_ nigPaBGnuelam . RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbeTAnwgTsSn³rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaðacm,gén

TMnak;TMngrvagKeRmag nigkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; . bEnßmBIenHeTot RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIj

fa kRmgskmµPaBEbbRbtiskmµ Edlfñak;RKb;RKg)anGnuvtþcab;BIExmkra qñaM2009 rhUtmkTl;nwgeBlbc©úb,nñ

enH RsbeTAnwgbTb,BaØtþiéneKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag . CaBiess

ebskkmµRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgExmina-emsa qñaM2009 mansar³

sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarKUsbBa¢ak;eTAelIkgVHxatCaeRcInenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag karGnuvtþKeRmag nigkarRtYtBinitü

KeRmag . karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©)anbBa¢ak;eTAelIKMehIj nigeFIV[KMehIjkan;EtmanPaBTUlMTUlay

sRmab;ebskkmµRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag . RkumGFikarkic©sgÇwmfa r)aykarN_esIubGegát

nwgrYmcMENkdl;karcab;epþIménkarcUlrYmfµImYy CamYyraCrdæaPi)aleTAelIkaredaHRsaybBaðaEdlm©as;sMeNI

)anelIkeLIg.

RkumGFikarkiceCOfa krNIenHKUsbBa¢ak;GMBItèmøènkarmanmaKa’ÉkraCüènRbPBCMnYymYy sRmab;RbCaCnEdl

TTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmag. dUcmanerobrab;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH karcUlrYmrbs;m©as;sMeNItamry³dMeNIrkar

rbs;RkumGFikarkic©)anbnþ[mannUvkarcUlrYmEbbRbtiskmµmYy BIfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nignaM[

QaneTAdl;karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijRbkbedayPaBRbugRby½tñeTAelIbBaðaF¶n;F¶rnana Edl)anelIkeLIg . elIs

BIenHeTot kñúglkçN³CaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrkarenH fñak;RKb;RKg)aneFIVkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijmYytammUldæan nig

)ankMNt;rkeXIjfa y:agehacNas;manRKYsarcMnYn 2>600RKYsar eTot EdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj b¤RbQmeTA

nwgkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;KeRmag.

1

CMBUk 1 : sMeNIsuMcuHeFVIGFikarkic© kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg nig

dMeNIrkarGegáttamdan

k> rcnasm<½n§énr)aykarN_

1. r)aykarN_rbs;RkumGFikarkic©EckecjCabYnCMBUk. CMBUkenH eFVIkarsegçbBIkarTamTarrbs;m©as;sMeNI nig

kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakeTAelIkarTamTarenH nigeFVIkarkt;smÁal;BIdMeNIrkar

Gegáttamdan nigsMNYrKnøwHrbs;RkumGFikarkic© EdlKitbBa©Úlkñúg nigTak;TgnwgeKalneya)ay

FnaKarBiPBelak. CMBUk2 bgðajBIKeRmagerobrab;BIbribTRbvtþisa®sþénbBaðakmµsiT§idIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

nigsegçbCacMnuc²nUvRBwtþikarN_CuMvijtMbn;bwgkk; (BKL) EdlnaM[mankaresñIsuMeFVIGFikarkic©. tam

eKalneya)ayenH CMBUk 3 bgðajBIkarviPaK niglT§plRsavRCavrbs;RkumGFikarkic© sþIBIkarTamTar

rbs;m©as;sMeNI ehIyCMBUk4 eFVIkarbUksrubnUvkartamdantamlMdab;lMeday nigcugeRkayTak;TgnwgbBaða

eKarBRbtibtþi nigbBaðaeRKaHfñak;Edl)anRtÜtBinitü kñúgr)aykarN_enH.

x> karesñIsuM[eFVIGFikarkic©

2. m©as;sMeNItMNag[shKmn_BItMbn;bwgkk;kñúgsgáat;RsHck RkúgPñMeBj. Bakü«tMbn;RsHck» tMNag[dI

TMhM133 hikta rYmmandIbwg (RbEhl90hikta) nigtMbn;CuMvij EdlkñúgqñaM2007 )anCYl[Rkúmh‘un

GPivDÆn_ÉkCnmYy. CarYm BYkeK)anecaTfa smaCikénshKmn_TaMgenHTTYlrgnUvkarxUcxatCaTm¶n; Edl

pSarP¢ab;eTAnwgkarerobcMGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP ehIyGHGagfakþI)armÖrbs;BYkeKRtÚv edaHRsayCabnÞan;

edIm,IeCosvagkarxUcxatbnþeTot . karTamTarCak;lak;EdlelIkeLIgkñúgsMeNIRtÚv)ansegçbdUcxag

eRkam.

3. Ep¥ktamsMeNI Gñkrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk;RtÚv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYk

eKeRkamKeRmag LMAP . esckþICUndMNwgmYyecjpSayfa sgáat;enHnwgkøayCatMbn;kMNt;vinicä½y

eRbIsRmab;eKalbMNgcuHbBa¢IdIFøIeRkamKeRmag LMAP. dUecñH Gñkrs;enAshKmn_bwgkk;esñIsuMfa kar

TamTardIFøIrbs;BYkeK RtÚvTTYlkaresuIbGegát dUcEdl)anpþl;[edaynItiviFIc,ab;begáIteLIgeRkam LMAP

nigGnum½tedayrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday m©as;sMeNIGHGagfaBYk eKRtÚv)anbdiesFnUvkar

GMBavnav[mankaresuIbGegátkñúgkarTamTardIrbs;BYkeK EdldITaMgenaHsßitkñúgtMbn;GPivDÆn _. sMeNIr)an

erobrab;fa kñúgExdEdl qñaM2007 karkat;RtakMNt;karvinicä½ymanbiT pSayenAsgáat; kic©snüaCYlRtÚv

2

)ancuHhtßelxarvagRkúmh‘unGPivDÆn ¾ÉkCn nigsalaRkúg edayrYm bBa©Úlsgáat;Edlm©as;sMeNIkMBug

rs;enA.

4. m©as;sMeNIk¾GHGagEdrfa Gñkrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk;RtÚv)anCemøósecjedaymankarrMelaPbMBaneTAelIeKal

neya)ayRBmeRBógsRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAfµIedayBuMmankarsµ½RKcitþ. BYkeKbnþeTotfa Gñkrs;enAkñúg

shKmn_TaMgenH cab;epþImRbQmnwgsm<aF nigkarKRmam[cakecjBItMbn;enHenAeBlEdlRkúmh‘un

GPivDÆn_)ancab;epþImdMeNIrkarkñúgqñaM2008 ehIyfaenAqñaMbnÞab; RKÜsarCaeRcInTTYl )anesckþICUndMNwg

beNþjecjCapøÚvkaredaykMhitkñúgry³eBlmYys)aþh_edIm,ITTYlCeRmIssMNgmYykñúgcMeNambI.

CeRmIsTaMgenHman³ (1)sMNgrUbiyvtßú (2)karpøas;eTATItaMgfµI mancm¶ay20KILÚEm:Rt (3)kartaMglMenA

enAnwgkEnøg CabeNþaHGasnñ xN³EdlkMBugrg;caMbBa©b; karsagsg;lMenAEdlmanry³eBl4qñaM. BYkeK

sgát;F¶n;fa RKÜsarrab;ryRtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIdIrbs;BYkeK nigbgçM[TTYlyk {sMNgminRKb;RKan;eRkam

lkçxNÐbgçitbgçM}. m©as;sMeNItv:afa minfamankmµsiT§idIFøIb¤Gt; Gñkrs;enATIenaHRtÚv)an nigkMBugbnþ)aneK

beNþjecj edaybMBanxusBI eKalneya)aysgÁm nigbrisßanrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak eBalKWRkbxNÐ

eKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij (RPF) Edlt®mUv[Gnuvtþedaykic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn¾

(DCA).

5. elIsBIenHeTot m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa LMAP EdlEsVgrkkarbegáItdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICalkçN³pøÚvkar nig

RbmUlpþúM)anbNþal[siT§iGMNackan;kab;dIFøIrbs;m©as;kmµsiT§idIedImfycuH. sMeNIbBa¢ak;fa {dMeNIrkar

kMNt;vinicä½y [Tak;Tgnwgkic¨RBmeRBògènkarCYlrvagsalaRkúg nigRkumh‘unGPivDÆn_ÉkCn] y:agehac

Nas; )anbNþal[mankarkMNt;tamsßanPaBdIEdlCadIrdækan;kab;.}

6. CacugbBa©b; m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa minRtwmEtenAtMbn;bwgkk; tMbn;kñúgRkúgepSg²eTot nigshKmn_CnCatiedIm

enATICnbTTUTaMgkm<úCaminGaceRbIsiT§idIFøI nig/b¤ynþkaredaHRsayCemøaHeKarBtamKeRmag LMAP eLIy

ehIydUecñH minGacFananUvsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIeRkamRbB½n§pøÚvkarbegáIteLIgedayKeRmag LMAP. tamry³

m©as;sMeNI smasFaturNbrbs; LMAP mYycMnYnenAEtxVHcenøaH eTaHCa)anGnuvtþry³eBl7 qñaMehIy

k¾eday. TaMgenHrYmman karcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_edIm,IelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³ (PACP) CMnYy

pøÚvc,ab; nigynþkaredaHRsayCemøaH dUcEdlEsþgecjkñúgKeRmagedIm,I FanafasiT§irbs;RbCaCanEdlTTYl

rgplb:HBal; RtÚv)aneKarB tamry³dMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢I nigkMNt;vinicá½ysiT§ieRbIR)as;B½t’man nig»kas

cUlrYm.

7. m©as;sMeNIbBa¢ak;fa BYkeKsVaKmn_dl;kic©xMRbwgERbgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakcab;taMgBIExkumÖ³ qñaM2009 b:uEnþ

kt;smÁal;; fa {plGaRkk;EdlbNþalmkBIkarRKb;RKgKeRmagmin)anl¥RKb;RKan;ry³eBl 7 qñaM enAminTan;

manPaBFUrRsalenAeLIytamry³kic©RbwgERbgfµI²rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak}.

3

8. GñkEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;mYycMnYnCaerOy² bgðajBIkþI)armÖrbs;BYkeKedayBaküeBCn_Bit²eTAelI Rkum

GFikarkic©edaypÞal;. RbGb;TI1 bgðajBI]TahrN_énsemøgRKÜsarTTYlrgplb:HBal;.

K> kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg

1> karGegátTUeTA

9. kñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg )ankt;smÁal;fa tamry³ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag (PAD) {karbeNþj

kartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijedayxVHkarRBmeRBóg b¤karTTYlykdI minRtÚv)anrMBwgTukkñúgKeRmageT}. b:uEnþ

eK)anbEnßmeTotfa DCA )anbBa¢ak;fa KeRmag LMAP nwgdak;GnuvtþtameKalneya)aysgÁm nigbrisßan

rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak rYmmankarGnuvtþ RPF bnÞab;BIkarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæ EdlbNþalmkBIskmµPaBpþl;

bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigmineTogTat; . fñak;RKb;RKg )anbBa¢ak;fa RPF nwgdak;ecjkarGnuvtþ

enAkEnøgEdl {(k)mankarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæcMeBaHbuKÁlEdl)anmkrs;enATIenaHmun éf¶TI30 ExsIha

qñaM2001 EdlCa kalbriecäTénkarGnum½tc,ab;dIFøI qñaM2001 bnÞab;BIkarpþl;kmµsiT§idIEbbenHkñúgeQµaHrdæ

(x)karbeNþjecjBIdIEdl)anpþl;kmµsiT§ikñúgeQµaHrdæ cMeBaHbuKÁlEdl)anrs;enA TIenaHmunéf¶TI30 ExsIha

qñaM2001 edaysartRmÚvkareRbIR)as;dIEbbenHsRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgkic©karsuIviltamKeRmag nig(K)

karEdlrdæBnüareBlcMeBaHkarTamTarsiT§icMNIpøÚv (ROW)Edlbgá[mannUvplb:HBal;GviC¢man eTAelIsiT§I

kan;kab;. »2

RbGb;TI1³ ]TahrN_énRKÜsarmYyEdlrgplb:HBal;

RKÜsarrbs;´)anbþÚrTIlMenAmkbwgkk;enAeBlEdl´enACaekµgtUckalBIqñaM 1982. rhUtmkTl;qñaMmun ´esÞIrEt)anrs;enATI

enaHeBjmYyCIvit´. «Bukrbs;´ eFVIkarenApøÚvEdk ehIyRksYgsaFarN³kar nigdwkCBa¢Úncg;[buKÁlikTaMgGs;rs;enA

CitsßanIyehtuenHBYkeK)anesñI[buKÁlikRKb;rUbpøas;TIlMenAeTAtaMg TIenATIenaH. pÞHrbs;eyIgFøab;sßitenAelIbwgBak;kNþal elIdIBak;kNþal. eyIgsg;vaedayédeyIgpÞal; ehIyeyIgeCOCak;fa eyIgCam©as;. ´man ÉksarbBa¢ak;BIkartaMglMenA

rbs;eyIg. bnÞab;mkeyIgTTYl)andMNwgfa raCrdæaPi)al)anCYldItMbn;enH[eTARkúmh‘unEdl)anerobcMKeRmagGPivDÆn_

TIenH. eyIgcab;epþImRBÜy)armÖ. BYkeKecjCalixitmYyR)ab;eyIgfa tMbn;enH nwgRtÚvGPivDÆ ehIyGñkrs;enATIenH Gs;

sgÇwm. BYkeKEtgEtKMramkMEhgRbCaCn. CaTUeTA b:UlIs nigTahan)anmkCamYyBYkeK. b:UlIsRbdab;edayGavuFEdl

CYledayRkúmh‘un k¾cuHmkshKmn_eyIgEdr.

´Føab;)ancUlrYmGgÁRbCuMenAsalaxNÐmþg. enAGMLúgeBlRbCuM GaCJaFrelIkeLIgminQb;fa tMbn;enHRtÚv)anCYl ehIy

dUecñHGñkTaMgGs;Kña KYrEteRCIserIsrvagCeRmIsbIEdlmansRmab;BYkxøÜn. b:uEnþCeRmIsénkarGPivDÆenAnwgkEnøgminmanPaB

2 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg, ¶31.

4

c,as;las;sRmab;BYkeK ehIyGaCJaFrniyayfa RbsinBYkeKeRCIserIsCeRmIsenH BYkeKenAEtRtÚveTArs;enAkEnøgNamYy

epSgeTotsin ry³eBl 3 eTA5qñaM. eKR)ab;eyIgfa enAeBlEdlRkúmh‘un bBa¨b;karGPivDÆ eyIgGacRtLb;mkrs;enA

vij)an. ´ nigRKÜsarrbs;´ mineCOelIGaCJaFreLIy eRBaHeyIg)aneXIjBIGVIEdl)anekIteLIgelIshKmn_epSg². RbCaCnpþl;eyabl;dl;GaCJaFrmUldæanfa BYkeKGacsñak;enAkñúgtMbn;enHkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkarsagsg; ehIyerIeTArs;enApÞH

fµI enAeBlkarsagsg;cb;. GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRkúmh‘unmin)an yl;RBmelIeyabl;enHeT.

bnÞab;mkBYkeyIg RtÚv)anbeNþjecj. RbCaCn )anBüayamsñak;enAtMbn;enH dUecñHGaCJaFrmUldæan)anbgçM[eyIgcakecj. RKÜsar´ KWCaRKÜsarcugeRkayEdlcakecjkñúgshKmn_rbs;eyIg. cugeRkay eyIgk¾yl;RBmTTYl {sMNg}. RbsinebI

eyIg mincakecjedayxøÜnÉgeT BYkeKnwgbBa¢Únsmtßkic©mkkm©at;eyIgecj. RbCaCnman karP½yxøacfa RbsinebIBYkeK

minruHerIpÞHrbs;BYkeKedayxøÜnÉgeT pÞHTaMgenHnwgRtÚvbMpøajecal ehIyBYkeKKµanGVIenAesssl;eLIy. eyIgmankarP½y

xøac ehIybgçMcitþcakecjedIm,IGacrkSaTukRTBüsm,tþirbs;eyIg. ´manGarmµN_eRkómRkMBn;eBkéRkkñúgkarruHerIlMenAdæan

Edl´rs;enA CitmYyCIvitrbs;´. ´mankarxwgsm,ay:agxøaMg cMeBaHGaCJaFrmUldæan nigRkúmh‘unenH.

CamYynwgTwkR)ak; 8000 duløarshrdæGaemrik «Bukmþayrbs; )anTijdIenAecamecACayRkúgPñMeBj. ´min)an eXIjBYkeK

jwkjab;dUcBImuneLIy. kalBImun eyIgFøab;rs;enAy:agmansuPmgÁl. \LÚvmnusSCaeRcInEdlsñiT§sñalnwg´ rs;enAq¶ay

BI´. pÞHEdl«Bukmþay´rs;enABuMEmnCaCeRmIssRmab;BYkeyIgeT BIeRBaHvaenAq¶ay ehIyekµg²TaMgGs;eronenAÉTIRkúg. ehIy enATIenaHk¾KµanmNÐlsuxPaBeTotpg.

bc©úb,nñ ´CYlbnÞb;tUcmYy 35 duløar kñúgmYyEx. ´rs;enACamYyRbBn§ . mnusSCaeRcInepSgeTotBIPUmirbs; k¾erI mkCYl

pÞHenATIenHEdr. BImunenAeBleyIgmanpÞHpÞal;xøÜn eyIgmincaM)ac;bg;éføCYlpÞHeLIy. b:uEnþ\LÚveyIgRtÚvbg;QñÜlpÞH bEnßm

BIelIkarcMNayRKb;y:ag.

10. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;bEnßmeTotfa Ep¥ktam PAD {KeRmagnwgminpþl;kmµsiT§idIFøI

enAtMbn;;EdlCemøaHTMngCaekIteLIgrhUtdl;mankarRBmeRBógKñaBIsßanPaBkmµsiT§idI}3 elIsBIenH kmµviFI

pþl;kmµsiT§ieRkamKeRmagenHmanEcgfa minrYmbBa©ÚlGñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar b¤ {GñktaMglMenAxusc,ab;}

elIdIrdæ BIeRBaHKeRmagenHmin)anKitBIkarerobcMkartaMglMenAmin pøÚvkarEbbenHeT. 4

11. fñak;RKb;RKgCMTas;faKeRmag LMAP )anbegáIt[mannUv {plRbeyaCn_GPivDÆn¾KYr[kt;smÁal;} xN³

vaCYydl;karsßabnaRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøIeCOnelOn edaypþÜcepþImKMnitcuHbBa¢I nigkarpþl;kmµsiT§iEdlcMNay

ticcMeBaHk,aldImancMnYneRcInCagmYylan. y:agNamuij fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa kgVHviFIsa®sþRbmUl

Tinñn½y nigsßitiBak;B½n§TaMgLay)anraMgsÞHdl;karvas;EvgRtwmRtÚvénkarEklm¥suvtþiPaBkan;kab;dIFøI.

3 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¶35.


5

2> kareqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIcuHGFikarkic©

12. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgEføgfa sgáat;RsHckkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBjRtÚv)anRbkasfa CatMbn;kMNt;vinicä½y

{kñúgEx]sPa qñaM 2006}5 nigeRkaymk®tUvkMNt;RBMEdnCamYynwglT§plpSay CasaFarN³kñúgEx mkra/

kumÖ³ qñaM 2007. fVIebImanTItaMgenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck tMbn;bwgkk; KWmin)anrYmbBa©ÚlkñúgkarkMNt;

RBMEdneT. mUlehtuEdlpþl;CUn KWfasalaRkúgPñMeBj (MPP) )anRbkasfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCadIsaFarN³

rbs;rdæ ehIyfac,ab;dIFøIminGnuBaØat[mansiT§ikan;kab; dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeLIy.

13. fñak;RKb;RKgkt;smÁal;fa eTaHCamankarGHGagfatMbn;bwgkk;CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ KeRmagsRmab;kar

GPivDÆEbbÉkCnéntMbn;enH )ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM2005 ehIyQandl;kRmitkMBUlkñúg Ex kumÖ³qñaM 2007

edaymankarcuHhtßelxaelIkic©snüaCYltMbn;bwgkk;ry³eBl 99 qñaM rvagsala Rkúg nigRkúmh‘unGPivDÆn¾

ÉkCn. kñúgEx sIha qñaM 2008 salaRkúgecjGnuRkwtepÞrtMbn;enHBIdI saFarN³rbs;rdæeTACadIÉkCn

rbs;rdæ. fñak;RKb;RKgfaGñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;tRmÚvR)ab;[erITIlMenA nigpþl;CeRmIsmYykñúgcMeNambIedIm,I

TTYlykbnÞab;BIkalkMNt;sRmab;erITIlMenAputkMNt;. fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa cab;BIEx sIha qñaM

2008mk {mansm<aFbEnßmeTAelIkarerITIlMenA} mkelIGñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enAeBlRkúmh‘unGPivDÆn_)an

cab;epþImcak;bMeBjbwg GaRs½yehtuenHbgá[mankarxUcxatrcnasm<½n§ nigCn;liclMenAdæanEk,renaH.6

ehtuenH fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa Gñkrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk;RtÚvbdiesFn_ecalnUv»kasdak;bgðajbNþwg

TamTardIkmµsiT§irbs;BYkeK. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾R)ab;Edrfa {KµanPsþútagÉNasþIGMeBIdMeNIrkarRbkbeday

tmøaPaB karcUlrYm nigkarBinitüeLIgvij RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgkarkMNt;cMNat;fñak;éndICadIsaFarN³

rdæeLIy}.7

14. fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa sgáat;RsHckCatMbn;kMNt;vinicä½y EdlkarcuHbBa¢IdIFIølkçN³CaRbB½n§ RtÚv)an

Gnuvtþ ehIyeTaHCaKµansiT§ipøÚvkarNacMeBaHrdæRtÚv)anecj karCYldIEdlcuHhtßelxaCamYyRkúmh‘un

GPivDÆn_ÉkCn Gaccat;TukCakarkMNt;tamkarCak;EsþgéndIEdlCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ. fñak;RKb;RKg

snñidæankñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfa dUcenHlkçnþik³sRmab;karGnuvtþén RPF dUcEdlkMNt;enAkñúg DCA

GacbMeBj)an ehIyedayehtuenH RPFKYrEt®tUv)anykmkeRbIR)as;.

15. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkt;smÁal;fa ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag (ERM)

mYyRtÚv)anGnuvtþkñúgEx emsa qñaM 2009 EdlTTYlsarPaBfa PaBxVHxatkñúgkarerobcM nigkarGnuvtþ

5 enAkñúgkaresuIbGegát RkumGFikarkic©TTYl)anc,ab;cmøgénesckþICUndMNwg EdlcuHéf¶TI 31 Exmina qñaM2006.



6

KeRmag LMAP )anbNþal[mankarkat;pþac;rvag karecjkmµsiT§idIFøItamKeRmag nigkarbnþekIteLIg

eRKaHfñak;kñúgkarTTYl)ankmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;GñkRk. ERM k¾)anraykarN_pgEdrfa GaCJaFrmUldæankMBugEt

bdiesF dIkñúgtMbn;kMNt; vinicä½yBIkarTTYl)ankmµsiT§iedaymineKarBtamnItiviFIRtwmRtÚvdUcCakarGnuBaØat[

TTYl)anB½t’man nigynþkaredaHRsayvivaT.

16. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak (RVP) )anmkkan;TI

RkúgPñMeBjedIm,I CYbCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)alCan;x<s;kñúgEx sIha qñaM 2009. GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;enHGHGag

CafµI nUvsMeNIBüÜrTuk beNþaHGasnñénkarbeNþjecj Edlpþl;CUnedIm,IEckcayFnFanFnaKarBiPBelak

sRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAfµIrbs;Gñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ehIy)anesñI[mankarBüÜrrYmKñamYyénKeRmagxN³

eBlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayCatiRtÚv)anEklm¥. ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anesñI[lubTwk

R)ak;\NTanenAesssl;Edl minTan;)andk enAéf¶TI 07 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2009 .

3> RckecjBiess nigEpnkarskmµPaB

17. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgsegçbCacMnuc²nUvkic©RbwgERbgbnþbnÞab; edIm,IedaHRsaykþI)armÖrbs;m©as;

sMeNI eTaHCamankarlubecalnUvkm©IedayrdæaPi)alk¾eday. fñak;RKb;RKgsgát;F¶n;BIsar³sMxan;énkic©

shkar CamYyrdæaPi)al nigédKUrGPivDÆn¾epSgeTotkñúgkaredaHRsaykþI)armÖrbs;m©as;sMeNIedayEføgfa:

vanwgeFVIkarCamYyrdæaPi)al nigédKUrGPivDÆeTAelIkarFanafa shKmn_EdltaMgTIfµIBItMbn;bwg

kk; nwgTTYl)ankarKaMBarkñúglkçN³mYyEdlRsbKñanwgRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenA

fµIeLIgvij ehIyvanwgbnþCYyrdæaPi)al nigédKUrGPivDÆkñúgkarFanafashKmn_EdlRtÚvtaMg

TIfµIenAeBlGnaKtnwgTTYl )anRbeyaCn_BIeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµImYyEdlbMeBjtam

bTdæansmrmü nigecjBIynþkaredaHRsayCemøaHÉkraCü nigyutþiFm’.

18. kic©RbwgERbgdak;esñIedayfñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkareqøIytbmanrYmbBa©Úlkarvaytémøplb:HBal;EpñksgÁm

énkartaMgTIlMenAfµIeTAelIshKmn_TTYlrgplb:HBal; karFanafaRbCaCnTTYl)ankarKaMBarCamUldæan

dUcKñaEdr Edl RPF )anGnuvtþedIm,IbegáIn»kassRmab;sgÁm nigesdækic© karedaHRsaykgVl;Tak;Tgnwg

sßanPaBrs;enA nig»kasrksuIciBa©wmCIvitenAkñúg nigCuMvijtMbn;taMgTIlMenAfµI karelIkTwkcitþrdæaPi)al[kat;

bnßyplb:HBal;brisßankñúgkarcak;bMeBjbwgkk; karEklm¥ynþkaredaHRsayCemøaHEdlman nig

smtßPaBrbs;shKmn_ nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgkareRbIR)as;ynþkarTaMgenH CYyrdæaPi)al[

cUlrYmbBa©b;RkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµICatimYy karpþÜcepþImdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl; edIm,I

kMNt;eLIgvijnUvtYnaTIrbs;FnaKarBiBPelakkñúgRbeTs km<úCa nigedIm,IkMNt;tMbn;TTYlkarKaMBar

nigshRbtibtþikarCamYyrdæaPi)alTak;TgnwgyuT§sa®sþpþl;CMnYysRmab;RbeTs (CAS).

7

X> dMeNIrkarGegáttamdan

1> r)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐdMbUg niglkçxNÐbMeBjénsMeNIrbs;RkumGFikarkic©

19. dUcEdl)anbegáIteLIgkñúgesckþIseRmcxagedIm RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt;fa etIsMeNIsuMGFikarkic©bMeBj

tamlkçnþik³EdlmanEcgkñúgesckþIseRmc nigkñúgkarbMPøWbnþbnÞab;kñúgqñaM 1999 )anRKb;RKan;Edrb¤eT.

20. edIm,IeFVIkarkMNt;EbbenH RkumGFikarkic©RtÜtBinitüeLIgvijnUvsMeNI nigkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg

ehIyeFVIkarcuHdl;tMbn;KeRmag. Rkúmrbs;RkumGFikarkic©mYy)anmkkan;km<úCakñúgcenøaHéf¶TI 16 dl; 19

Exvicäika qñaM2009. kñúgGMLúgeBlBYkeKsñak;enATIenH Rkúmrbs;RkumGFikarkic©enH)anCYbCamYyGgÁkar

tMNagm©as;sMeNIhtßelxIénsMeNIcuHGFikarkic© nigRbCaBlrdæEdlrgplb:HBal;TaMgLay GgÁkarmin

EmnrdæaPi)alEdldMeNIrkarenAkm<úCa m®nþIrdæaPi)al fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelakenAkm<úCa buKÁlik

FnaKarBiPBelakdéTeTot RBmTaMgtMNagédKUrshkarN_rbs;FnKarBiPBelak nigm©as;CMnYyepSg

eTot. RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ancuHeTAemIlshKmn_Edlm©as;sMeNIrs;enA nigkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAfµIEdlRbCaBl

rdæTTYlrgplb:HBal;mYycMnYn Edl)aneRCIserIsCeRmIspøas;TIlMenAkMBugrs;enA.

21. fñak;RKb;RKg)anbgðajBIkartaMgcitþrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarpþÜcepþImkic©BiPakSaCamYyrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigédKUr

GPivDÆn¾déTeTotkñúgbMNgbegáItskmµPaBc,as;las; edIm,IedaHRsaykþIkgVl;énshKmn_EdlRbQmnwg

karbeNþjecj nigkartaMgTIlMenAfµIedayxVHkarRBmeRBóg. Ep¥ktamkarbgðajenH nigedIm,IyutþiFm’

sRmab;PaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs; RkumGFikarkic©)anseRmceCosvagkarbBa©b;muxgarrbs;xøÜnenAeBlenaHfa etI

bBaðaénkarxUcxat nigkarmineKarBtamEdlelIkeLIgkñúgsMeNIsmnwgnaM[mankaresuIbGegátb¤Gt;.

22. RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt;kñúgr)aykarN_ nigGnusasn_rbs;xøÜn cuHéf¶TI 2 Ex FñÚ qñaM2009 fasMeNIbMeBj

eTAtamlkçnþik³sRmab;karcuHGFikarkic©. b:uEnþ RkumGFikarkic©pþl;Gnusasn_dl;KN³naykRbtibtþifa xøÜn

yl;RBmtamsMeNIrbs;RkumGFikarkic©kñúgkarbeBa©ós[putBIkarecjGnusasn_kñúgeBlenaHfaetI

GFikarkic©R)akdCanwgGnuvtþ EtEbrCarg;caMdMeNIkarbnþeTot CaBiessedaysarfñak;RKb;RKgkMBug

BüayambegáItkic©BiPakSaCamYyrdæaPi)aledIm,IedaHRsaykgVl;énm©as;sMeNI. edayBicarNaeTAelIPaB

bnÞan;énsßanPaB RkumGFikarkic©yl;RBmeFVIesckþIseRmccugeRkaymunéf¶TI 31 Ex mifuna qñaM2001 fa

etIKYrpþl;Gnusasn_[manGFikarkic©Edrb¤eT.

23. KN³naykGnum½tGnusasn_rbs;RkumGFikarkic©enAéf¶TI 16 Ex FñÚ qñaM2009 eRkammUldæanénkarminCMTas;.

8

2> r)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐcugeRkay

24. bnÞab;BIRbKl;r)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐTImYy RkumGFikarkic©enAEtbnþTMnak;TMngCamYyfñak;RKb;RKg nig

tMNagénm©as;sMeNIBIkarGPivDÆkñúgRbeTskm<úCaTak;TgnwgsßanPaBm©as;sMeNI nigkic©RbwgERbgrbs;

FnaKarBiPBelak edIm,IedaHRsaykgVl;rbs;BYkeK.

25. fñak;RKb;RKg)anR)ab;eTARkumGFikarkic© faxøÜn)anpþÜcepþImkic©BiPakSaCamYyrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigkt;smÁal;

BIkarebþCJacitþ nigsnÞúHCRmujkñúgkarBRgwgeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijrbs;RbeTsenH. eTaHbI

y:agNa TaMgfñak;RKb;RKg TaMgGñktMNagénm©as;sMeNIcg¥úlbgðajfaKµandMeNIrkarNa)aneFVIeLIgc,as;

las;eLIy edIm,IGnuvtþskmµPaBCak;lak; EdlFanafa {shKmn_EdltaMgTIfµIBItMbn;bwgkk; nwgTTYlkar

KaMBarkñúglkçN³mYyEdlRsbKñanwgRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijEdl)anRBmeRBóg}. 8

26. RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa skmµPaB)anGnuvtþkñúglkçN³mYy EdlGacedaHRsaykgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNI

)anRKb;RKan;. fVIebI)anrYmbBa©ÚlCaskmµPaBdak;esñIkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg RkumGFikarkic©min

GacbBa¢ak;)anfa mandMeNIrkarkñúgkarvaytémøplb:HBal;sgÁménshKmn_bwgkk; Edltamry³m©as;

sMeNI GacbegáItCaCMhanbnþkñúgkaredaHRsaykgVl;rbs;BYkeK)aneT. RkumGFikarkic©RtÚv)anR)ab;[dwgfa

sßanPaBrbs;m©as;sMeNIPaKeRcInenAdEdrkñúgeBlRbKl;sMeNIsuMcuHGFikarkic©rbs;BYkeKkñúgEx kBaØa qñaM

2009 nigkarmkkan;km<úCarbs;RkumGFikarkic©enAEx vicäikar qñaM2009.

27. RkumGFikarkic©)anRbKl;r)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐcugeRkayenAéf¶TI 31 Ex mina qñaM2010. edIm,I[

RsbCamYyr)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐ éf¶TI 2 Ex FñÚ qñaM2009 RkumGFikarkic©kMNt;fa sMeNIbMeBj

eTAtamt®mUvkarlkçxNÐsRmab;karcuHGFikarkic©. RkumGFikarkic©)anpþl;Gnusasn_fa KN³naykRbtibtþi

GnuBaØat[mankaresuIbGegátcMeBaHkgVl;EdlelIkeLIgkñúgsMeNI edaydkRsg;ykbBaðasMxan;²énkar

eKarBtam nigkarxUcxatelIkeLIgedaym©as;sMeNI EdlRKan;EtGaceFVIkarvaytémø)anCaEpñkénkaresuIb

Gegátb:ueNÑaH.

28. enAéf¶TI 13 Ex emsa qñaM2010 KN³naykRbtibtþiGnum½tGnusasn_rbs;RkumGFikarkic©sRmab;karesuIb

Gegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©mYy eRkammUldæanénkarminCMTas;.

3> viFIsa®sþesuIbGegát

8 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¶76

9

29. karepþatsMxan;énkaresuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic© KWkarkMNt; faetIFnaKarBiPBelak)anGnuelameTA

tameKalneya)ay nignitiviFIrbs;xøÜnEdrb¤eT kñúgkarerobcMvaytémø nigGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP ehIy faetI

RbsinebImankarminGnuelamNamYyRtÚv)anrkeXIj enaHvanwgbgáb¤k¾TMngCanwgbgákarxUcxat Edl)an

eBalGHGag edaym©as;sMeNIsRmab;karesuIbGegát Edrb¤eT.

30. RkumGFikarkic©)aneFVIkaresuIbGegátEdlEckCaBIrEpñkmYydwknaMedaysmaCikRkumGFikarkic© Alf Jerve

EdlCaGñkedIrtYCaGFikarnaMmuxsRmab;karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©. EpñkTImYyBak;B½n§nwgkarRsav

RCavlm¥itkñúgkMNt;RtaFnaKarBiPBelakTak;TgnwgKeRmag nigkarRtÜtBinitüFMTUlayénÉksarKeRmag

EdlBak;B½n§. EpñkTIBIrtRmÚv[mankarEsVgrkB½t’manBit EdlcuHeTAdl;tMbn;GnuvtþKeRmag nigsmÖasn_

CamYybuKÁlikBak;B½n§kñúgKeRmag. RkumGFikarkic©)ancat;[ Geoffrey K. Payne TIRbwkSaEpñkGPivDÆn ¾

TIRkúg niglMenAdæanEdlmanbTBiesaFn_ nigcMeNHdwgTUlMTUlaykñúgbBaðaGPivDÆn_ nigdIRkugenAkm<úCa

CYydl;karesuIbGegát.

31. RkumGFikarkic©EdlmanRbFanRkumGFikarkic© elak Roberto Lenton smaCikKN³ kmµaFikar elak Alf

Jerve GnuelxaRbtibtþi Dilek Barlas nigTIRbwkSaCMnajkar elak Geoffrey K. Payne )anmkkan;

TIRkúgPñMeBj RbeTskm<úCakñúgcenøaHéf¶TI 22 dl; 27 Ex ]sPa qñaM2010. TIRbwkSa rbs;RkumGFikarkic©

elak Geoffrey K. Payne )anbnþkarsñak;enArbs;elakrhUtdl;éf¶TI 29 Ex ]sPa edIm,IcuHemIl

TItaMgénkartaMglMenAfµI nigRbCaBlrdæEdlrgplb:HBal; Edl)aneRCIserIsCeRmIspøas;lMenA. kñúgGMLúg

eBlTsSnkic© RkumGFikarkic©)anCYbCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)al buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelakRbcaMRbeTskm<úCa

nigsmaCiksgÁmsuIvilEdlcab;GarmµN_eTAelIbBaðaGegáttamdanenH.

32. kñúgGMLúgeBlesuIbGegát RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt; nigBinitüeLIgvijy:agykcitþTukdak;ral;Éksar

Tak;TgnwgkrNIEdlm©as;sMeNI buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak nigRbPBepSgeTot )anpþl;CUnRkumGFikarkic©.

RkumGFikarkic© k¾)anviPaKeTAelIPsþútagepSgeTotEdlRbmUl)ankñúgeBlcuHdl;kEnøg b¤ebImindUecñaHeT

kñúgkarRsavRCavrbs;xøÜn RkumGFikarkic©)anBinitüeLIgvijnUvkarTamTarelIkeLIgenAkñúgsMeNI kareqøIytb

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgcMeBaHkarTamTarTaMgenH nigeKalneya)ayRbtibtþiEdlBak;B½n§rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

33. r)aykarN_enHbgðajBIlT§plénkaresuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©Tak;TgnwgbBaðaelIkeLIgedaym©as;

sMeNIkñúgsMeNIsuMcuHGFikarkic©.

34. sMNYrKnøwHsRmab;karesuIbGegát karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIkarTamTarrbs;m©as;sMeNI nig

bBaðaBak;B½n§énkareKarBtamedayepþateTAelIsMNYrsMxan;²xageRkam EdlRtÚv)anBicarNalm¥itkñúg

10

CMBUk3:

k> etImanTMnak;TMngrvagkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; nigKeRmag dUcEdlm©as;sMeNI)an

GHGag Edrb¤eT?

x> etIRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½y eTAelIkarTamTarGcln

RTBürbs;BYkeKEdrb¤eT? etIPaBminc,as;las;enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagrYmcMENkbNþal[xVHkar

vinicä½yeTAelIkarGHGagRTBüsm,tþienAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; Edrb¤eT? etIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmagCYyedaH

RsaybBaðaEdlm©as;sMeNI)anelIkeLIgRKb;RKan;Edrb¤eT?

K> etIkgVHénkarGnuvtþ RPF sRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; RsbeTAnwgkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn¾ Edrb¤eT? etI

kgVHénkarGnuvtþenH bNþalmkBIcenøaHRbehagenAkñúgkarerobcM RPF b¤? etIktþaenH bgá[mannUv

plb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIm©as;sMeNI Edrb¤eT?

X> etIdMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlKeRmag LMAP )aneRCIserIsykmkeRbIR)as; eFIV[cuHexSaysiT§ikan;kab;

dIFøIBImunEdlmanRsab;rbs;RbCaBlrdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yKeRmag LMAP Edrb¤eT? etI

KeRmag)anbBa©ÚlRbB½n§RtYtBinitütamdan nigvaytémøRKb;RCugeRCaymYy eTAelIplb:HBal;én

skmµPaBKeRmag cMeBaHRkumRbCaCnRkIRk nigRkumEdl)at;bg;RbeyaCn_déTeTot Edrb¤eT?

g> etImanshKmn_déTeTot EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviC¢manenAkñúgtMbn;EdlRKbdNþb;edayKeRmag

Edrb¤eT? etIkarerobcMKeRmag)anelIkeLIgRKb;RKan;GMBIhaniP½yénkarbgçMbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecj

BIlMenAdæan Edrb¤eT?

4> eKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakEdlBak;B½n§

35. tamKeRmagenH RkumGFikarkic©vaytémøfa etIFnaKarBiPBelakGnuelamtameKalneya)ay

nignitiviFIdMeNIrkarenAkñúgsMeNI Edrb¤eT :

OMS 2>20 karvaytémøKeRmag

OD 4>30 kartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijEdlxVHkarRBmeRBóg

OP/BP 13>05 karRKb;RKgKeRmag

36. OMS 2>20 GMBIkarvaytémøKeRmag eKalneya)ayFnaKarBiPBelakGMBIkarvaytémøKeRmagman

xmaRtasRmab;vaytémøKeRmagénbNþalKeRmagEdlmanhaniP½yx<s;. kzaxNÐ17 én OMS 2>20

sgát;F¶n;eTAelIt®mUvkarén {karvaytémøeTAelIcMnucresIbénlT§PaBrbs;KeRmagkñúgkarpøas;bþÚr)a:r:aEm:Rt

sMxan;²rbs;KeRmag} ehIycMeBaHKeRmagEdlmanhaniP½yx<s; {eKcg;)an[mannUvlkçN³eRcIneTot elI

haniP½y tamry³karviPaKhaniP½yCapøÚvkar}. elIsBIenH eKalneya)ayFnaKarBiBPelakenH

11

)anEcgfa {RbsinebIkarvaytémøkMNt;fa KeRmagTMngCamanhaniP½yx<s;kñúglkçxNÐsgÁm b:uEnþminman

B½t’manRKb;RKan;edIm,IKaMRTdl;karsnñidæanc,as;las;mYy

enaHKYrEtmankarBicarNaeTAelIKeRmagsikSaCamun b¤karBnüareBlKeRmag rhUtTal;EtmanB½t’manRKb;

RKan;} ehIyfa {manlkçN³bt;EbnxagkñúgRKb;RKan;sRmab;karpøas;bþÚr karerobcM edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwg

B½t’manvb,Fm’sgÁmEdlTTYl)ankñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþ}.9

37. OD 4>30GMBIkartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijEdlxVHkarRBmeRBóg enATINaEdlKeRmag]btßmÖedayFnaKar

BiPBelakBak;B½n§nwgkartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijEdlxVHkarRBmeRBóg OD 4>30 EcgfaenATIenaHKYr

eCosvag b¤kat;bnßy[enAticbMputnUvPaBGacekItmanerOg edayEsVgrknUvCeRmIsepSgeTotrbs;

KeRmagEdlGacman. TINaEdlkarruHerIecjminGaceCosvag)an {kartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijEdlxVH

karRBmeRBógKYrRtÚv)anKitTuk nigGnuvtþCakmµviFIGPivDÆn ¾edayGñk[taMgTIlMenAfµIpþl;FnFan nig»kas

vinieyaKRKb;RKan; edIm,IEckrMElkplRbeyaCn_BIKeRmag».10

OD k¾t®mUvEdrfa Gñk®tUvruHerIKYrRtÚv)an

BieRKaHeyabl;[)anm:t;ct; nigKYrTTYl)an»kascUlrYmerobcMKeRmag nigGnuvtþskmµPaBtaMgTIlMenA

fµIeLIgvij. OD Ecgfa enAeBlkarruHerIminGaceCosvag)an {tRmUv[manEpnkar kalviPaK nigfvika

énkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijlm¥itmYy} ehIybnþeTotfa {KeRmagtaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijKYrRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg

CuMvijyuT§sa®sþ nigsMeNIepSg²kñúgbMNgEklm¥ b¤y:agehacNas;sþareLIgvijnUvmUldæan esdækic©sRmab;

GñktaMgTIlMenAfµITaMgenaH}.11

38. OD 4>30 minmanesckþIeyagCak;lak;cMeBaHsßanPaB EdlRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvij

CaCagEpnkarskmµPaBtaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijCak;lak; GacerobcMCalkçxNÐmYyénkarvaytémø (TidæPaB

éneKalneya)ayenH KWmanlkçN³GPivDÆn ¾CagkñúgOP 4>12 bc©úb,nñ). y:agNak¾eday OD 4>30

Ecg fakñúgbribTénkm©IvinieyaKtamEpñk {EdltRmÚvkartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijCak;lak;énGnuKeRmagnImYy²

mindwgCamun Gñkx©InwgRtÚvyl;RBmtameKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvij eKalkarN_erobcMEpnkar

karerobcMsßab½n niglkçnþik³erobcMEdlbMeBjtameKalneya)ay nigt®mUvkarFnaKarBiPBelakEdl

CalkçxNÐénkm©I. kar)a:n;sµan KYrEteFVIeLIgeTAelIRbCaCnsrubEdlRtÚverIlMenA nigéføcMNayeTAelIkar

taMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijTaMgmUl RBmTaMgkarvaytémøeTAelITItaMgsRmab;taMgTIlMenAfµIEdl)andak;. Gnu

KeRmag kñúgkm©IvinieyaK tamEpñkKYrRtÚv)anRtÜtBinitüedayPñak;garGnuvtþn_edIm,IFana)anPaBRsbKñaeTA

9 OMS 2>20, ¶ 61.

10 OD 4>30, ¶3 (b).

11 OD 4>30, ¶ 4.

12

nwgTisedAenH nigRtÚvTTYl)ankaryl;RBmBIFnaKarBiPBelak}.12

39. OP/BP 13>05 GMBIkarRKb;RKgKeRmag eKalneya)ayFnaKarBiPBelak GMBIkarRKb;RKgKeRmagkt;

smÁal;fa kñúgnamCaPñak;garGPivDÆn¾ FnaKarBiPBelakcUlcitþCYyRbeTsCasmaCikkñúgkarseRmc)an

eKaledAGPivDÆn¾EdlmannirnþrPaB. kzaxNÐTI2 éneKalneyal)ayEcgfa karRKb;RKgKeRmag rYmman

kartamdan karRtÜtBinitüeLIgvijedIm,Ivaytémø kareFVIr)aykarN_ nigskmµPaBCMnYyEpñkbec©keTs

edIm,I:

k> Fanafa etIGñkx©IkMBugGnuvtþKeRmagedayykcitþTukdak;tameBlkMNt;edIm,IseRmceKaledA

GPivDÆn_RsbeTAtamkic©RBmeRBógRsbc,ab;

x> kMNt;bBaðaEdlekIteLIgPøam²kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþ nigpþl;Gnusasn_dl;Gñkx©InUvmeFüa)ay

edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH

K> pþl;Gnusasn_[mankarpøas;bþÚrnUveKalKMnitKeRmag

X> kMNt;haniP½yKnøwHsRmab;nirnþrPaBKeRmag nigpþl;Gnusasn_dl;Gñkx©InUvyuT§sa®sþ nigskmµPaB

RKb;RKghaniP½y (…).

40. BP 13>05 Bnül;bEnßmlm¥itGMBIbTb,BaØtiTaMgenHkñúgkRmitRbtibtþi sRmab;buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak.

eKEcgfa kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag kñúgcMeNamskmµPaBepSg² buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelakeFVIkartamdan

eTAelI dMeNIrkarénKeRmagRKb;RCúgeRCayEp¥ktameKaledAGPivDÆn¾ nigsnÞsSn_tamdankarGnuvtþ eFVIkar

FanaBIkRmiténkareKarBtamkic©snüa\NTan rYmmankic©snüaEdlTak;TgnwgkarkarBar EfrkSasgÁm nig

brisßan nigeFVIkarvaytémøhaniP½ysRmab;karGnuvtþKeRmagRbkbedayeCaKC½yCaRbcaM.

12 OD 4>30, ¶ 26.

13

CMBUk 2 ³ KeRmag bribTrbs;KeRmag nigRBwtþikarN_kñúgtMbn;bwgkk;

k> sßanPaBTUeTA

41> CMBUkenHnwgmankarerobrab;BIKeRmag nigkarbBa¢ak;BIKMnitsMxan;²EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarerobcMKeRmagenH

eBalKW TMnak;TMngrvagkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsuvtþiPaBénsiT§ikan;kab;dI. CMBUkenHk¾nwgbgðajpg

EdrBImhicäkaénKeRmag Edlmanmhicäita eBalKWmansmasPaBKeRmag nigplRbeyaCn_rMBwgTuk

d¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab;.

42> bribTénKeRmagenHmanPaBrkaMrkUs dUcEdl)anqøúHbBa©aMgkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagenH. RkumGFikarkic© k¾)an

yl;RsbEdlfakarbwþgtva:edIm,IesñIsMu[mankarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij niglT§plrMBwgTuk nigplb:HBal;

nana rbs;KeRmag[eKyl;TaMgGs;KñakñúgbribTenH. CMBUkenHnwgpþl;nUvB½t’manTUeTAEp¥kelITidæPaB4 KW ³

- RbvtiþénerOgr:avEdlbgáreGaymanTaMgPaBraMgsÞHKYreGaysegVKdl;rbbkmµsiTi§ nigkarExVgKMnitKñaelI

niymn½y nigkarkMNt;kmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;.

- kMENTRmg;nanafµI²enHelIc,ab;sþIBIdIFøI minmanmUldæanc,ab;c,as;las; nigminTan;mankarGnuvtþsmRsb

edIm,IkMNt;faetIGIVCadIrdæ nigdINaGacpþl;kmµsiT§ieGayPaKIÉkCn.

- briFanénkarRKb;RKgdIFøI RtUvrgeRKaHedaykarxVHxatsmtßPaB karxVHxatPaBc,as;las;elItYnaTI nigkar

TTYlxusRtUvrbs;sßab½n nigédKUBak;B½n§nana.

- kareFVInKrUbnIkmµelOnhYsehtu kñúgbribTénkarrIkcMerInxøaMgEpñkesdækic© nigkarekIneLIgénkarvinieyaK

breTs )aneFVIeGaymanGesßrPaBEpñkkmµsiT§idIkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn CaBiessKWenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj.

43> cMENkcugeRkayénCMBUkenHpþl;nUvsavtamYycMnYnBIRBwtiþkarN_kñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlnaMeGaymankar

beNþjecj edaybgçitbgçMnignaMeGaymankaresñIsMueGaymankarRtYtBinitüenH. edayEp¥kelIÉksar

Edlman nigbTsMPasn_nana CMBUkenHk¾manerobrab;pgEdrBIrebobénkarvinicä½yelIbBaðadIFøI eRkambribT

énKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al nigkarbeNþjecjeRkayBItMbn;enaHRtUv)anCYleTA[GñkvinieyaK

ÉkCn. CMBUkenHk¾manrUbftnana EdlbBaðajBIsßanPaBenAeBlEdl RkumGFikarkic©)ancuHeTAeFVI

TsSnkic©enAtMbn;enaH.

x> KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al (LMAP)

44> KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)alenH ¬“KeRmagenH”¦maneKalbMNgkñúgkarKaMRTdl;eKaledAcMbg rbs;

yuT§sa®sþCMnYykñúgRbeTs (CAS) qñaM 2000 rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgkar “ksagmUldæanRKwHsMrab;

karGPivDÆ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkRbkbedaynirnþrPaB ” tamry³ ¬1¦ GPi)alkic©l¥rYmmanrdæ)al

saFarN³mYyEdlmanRbsiT§PaB nigKNenyüPaB RBmTaMgRkbx½NÐc,ab;nigRbB½n§yutiþFm’EdlKYr[

14

eCOCak;)ankñúgkarkarBarsiT§iCamUldæanrbs; mnusS nigsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi nig ¬2¦pþl;siT§ikan;Et

eRcIneLIgdl;GñkRkIRkkñúgkarTTYl)annUvesvamUldæanEpñksgÁm nig»kasEpñkesdækic©nana.

45> yuT§sa®sþCMnYykñúgRbeTs (CAS) qñaM 2000 enH)anbgðajBIPaBxVHxatkñúgkarTTYl)annUvkmµsiT§idIFøI

EdlCaktþa cMbgnaMeTArkPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;CnbT nigPaBxVHxatnUv»kasTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUl ehIyman

elIkeLIgpgEdrfa RbeTskm<úCaenABMuTan;manRkbx½NÐkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIFøIRKb;RKan;enAeLIyeT. kMEN

TRmg;nanaedIm,IkMNt;eGay)an c,as;BIc,ab;sþIBIdIFøI EpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigkareFVI b¤ karpþl;kmµsiT§dIFøI

k¾RtUv)an elIkeLIgmkBicarNaeday Rkum GñkcUlrYmcMbg²na»kasénkarBieRKaHeyabl;edIm,IbegáItnUv

yuT§sa®sþ CMnYykñúgRbeTs (CAS) enHeLIg.13

46> KeRmagenHmaneKalbMNgKaMRTdl;karGPivDÆRkbx½NÐc,ab;sRmab;rdæ)al nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøI nigkar

ksag smtßPaBsßab½nrbs;rdæaPi)alfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþRkug edIm,Ikt;Rta nigKaMBarsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI.

elIsBIenHeTAeTot KeRmagenHmaneKalbMNgCYydl;rdæaPi)al edaymankarshkarCamYynwg

sgÁmsIuvil GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana edIm,IbegáItRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIdIFøICamUldæanmYy Edl

Fana[mansiT§iesµIKñakñúgkarkan;kab;dIFøI edIm,IbegáIn »kasEpñkesdækic© CaBiesssRmab;CnRkIRk nigRkum

RbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaHdéTeTot. KeRmagenHk¾manbMNg CYysRmbsRmYlkarRKb;RKgFnFan

FmµCati RbkbedaynirnþrPaBpgEdr.14

47> CaBiesseTAeTot edayeyagelIkic©RBmeRBog\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ KeRmagenHnwgCYydl;Gñkx©I

edIm,I {eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvesßrPaBénkmµsiT§dIFøI nigelIkkMBs;dl;karbegáIteLIgnUvTIpSadIFøIEdlman

RbsiT§PaB} ehIyeKalbMNgrbs;KRmagenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgdUcteTA ³ {¬1¦ karbegáIteLIgnUveKal

neya)ayCatiRKb;RKan; ¬2¦ karcuHeQµaH nigpþl;b½NÐkmµsiT§idIFøIkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn nigCnbT kñúgtMbn;Edl

)anEcgkñúgKeRmag RBmTaMg ¬3¦ karbegáIteLIgnUvRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøIEdlmantmøaPaB nigRbsiT§iPaB.}15

48> eKalbMNgTaMgenHKWRtUvseRmceGay)antamry³smasPaB 5 KW ³ ¬1¦ karbegáItRkbx½NÐKtiyutþi

nigeKal neya)aydIFøI ¬2¦ GPivDÆsßab½n ¬3¦ kmµviFIpþl;kmµsiT§idIFøI nigkarbegáItRbB½n§cuHbBa¢IdIFøI

13

yuT§sa®sþCMnYykñúgRbeTs (CAS) qñaM 2000 TMB½r 6 RbGb;TI 3 14

KeRmagenHedIrdMNalKñanwgskmµPaBTaMgLay EdlKaMRTedayKeRmag North East Village Development Edl

kMBugdMeNIrkareday manCMnYy]btßmÖBIsmaKmGPivDÆGnþrCati nigKeRmagCIvcRmuH nigesckþIesñIKeRmagéRBeQI

nigesckþIesñIKeRmagrdæ)almUldæan nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§enAtMbn;CnbT. PDA TMB½r 2

15 kic©RBmeRBog\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ (Development Credit Agreement - DCA) ¬KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nig rdæ)al¦

rvagRBHraCaNacRkm<úCa nigsmaKmGPivDÆGnþrCati cuHéf¶TI 27 Ex mIna qñaM 2002.

15

rYmTaMg tMbn;RbCMuCn nigCnbT kñúg 11 extþ nigRkugPñMeBj ¬4¦ BRgwgynþkarkñúgkaredaHRsayTMnas;

nig ¬5¦ karRKb;RKgdIFøI.

49> cMNucsMxan;CaBiessEdlTak;Tgdl;karesñIsMu[eFVIGFikarkic©enH KWTak;TgnwgsmasPaB TI 3 TI 4 nig

TI 5 énKeRmagenH.

- smasPaBTI 3 maneKalbMNgkñúgkarKaMRTkarecjkmµsiT§idIFøI nigkarbegáIteLIgnUvRbB½n§énkarcuH

bBa¢IdIFøI mYyEdlRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigtmøaPaB.

- smasPaBTI 4 maneKalbMNgBRgwgynþkaredaHRsayTMnas;tamry³karksagsmtßPaBeGay KN³

kmµkarsurieyadICati nigpþl;karKaMRTdl;KN³kmµkarsurieyadIenHenAfñak;extþ.

enAeRkamsmasPaBenHEdr

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnanaRtUvCab;kic©snüakñúgkarpþl;nUvCMnYyEpñkc,ab;CUncMeBaHRbCaCnRkIRkbMputkñúgTMn

as; dIFøI.

- smasPaBTI 5 énKeRmagenHpþl;nUvkarerobcMEpnTIcMNat;fñak;dIFøI nigkareRbIR)as;dIFøI tamry³ inter

alia Edlmann½yfaCanItiviFIkñúgkarcat;fñak;elIRbePTepSg²éndI nigkarerobcMEpnTIcMNat; fñak;dIFøI

sRmab;extþnimYy² EdlbgðajBIRBuMEdnsImarbs;RbePTepSg²éndI.

50> RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIkmµ nigsMNg; TTYlxusRtUvelIkarGnuvtþKeRmagenH. kariyal½yRKb;RKg

KeRmag enHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIkmµ nigsMNg;enH. GPi)alextþnana

EdlenAkñúgRksYgmhaépÞ TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRbkasCasaFarN³BITItaMg nigtMbn;EdlnwgmankarGnuvtþ

eFVIkmµsiT§idIFIøCaRbB½n§ ¬EdleyIgehAfa CatMbn;RtUvvinicä½y¦.

51> KeRmagenHRtUv)anCYy]btßmÖCafvikamYyPaKeday\NTanrbs;smaKmGPivDÆGnþrCati (IDA) kñúgTwk

R)ak;srub cMnYn db;R)aMbYnlan bIEsn siT§idkR)ak;Biess ¬SDR 19/300/000¦ EdlesµInwgRbEhlCa

23/4 landuløa Gaemrik. m©as;CMnYydéTeTot ¬EdlehAfa {édKUGPivDÆ} kñúgr)aykarN_enH¦

k¾)ancUl rYmCYyKaMRTdl;KeRmagenH Edr dUcCaRbeTsGaløWm:g; tamry³GgÁkar GTZ (the Deutsche

Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH-GTZ) rdæaPi)alRbeTshVaMgLg; RbeTskaNada

tamry³Pñak;garkaNadasRmab;karGPivDÆGnþrCati (CIDA). FnaKarGPivDÆGasIu min)ancUlrYmpþl;

hirBaØb,Tan dl;KeRmagenHeT Et)anpþl;karKaMRTya:gsMxan;elIEpñkRKb;RKgEdndI tamry³karpþl;

hirBaØb,Tandl;karBinitüeLIgvij nigkareFVIesckþIRBagGnuRkitü nigbTdæanKtiyutiþnanaEdl caM)ac;kñúg

16

karGnuvtþc,ab;sþIBIdIFøI pþl;karbNþúHbNþalelIc,ab;sþIBIdIFøIenH nigpSBVpSayB½t’mansþIBIeKalneya)ay

fµI²c,ab; nignItiviFInana dl;RbCaBlrdæ.16

52> \NTanRtUv)anyl;RBmpþl;edayRkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtþi enAExkumÖH qñaM 2002 ehIycUlCaFrman

enAEx mifuna qñaM 2002. kalbriecäTbiTKeRmagRtUv)ankMNt;CadMbUgenAéf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2007

ehIy RtUv)anBnüaeBldl; éf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2009. enAéf¶TI 07 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2009 raCrdæaPi)al

km<úCak¾)anp¥ak;Qb;TTYl\NTanEdlenAesssl;minTan;cay.

53> KeRmagenHRtUv)anKitTukmunfaCadMNak;kalTI 1 énkmµviFIEpnkarry³eBlEvgmYy ya:gehacNas;

RbEhl 15 qñaM Edr.17

lT§plEdl)aneRKagTukry³eBlEvgrbs;KeRmagenHmandUcxageRkam ³18

k> esßrPaBénkmµsiT§idIFøIRtUv)anelIkkMBs;tamry³karpþl;kmµsiT§idIcMnYn 1 lan b½NÑbøg;dI.

x> karvinieyaKekIneLIg TaMgvinieyaKkñúgRsuk nigvinieyaKbreTs tamry³PaBgayRsYlkñúgkar

TTYl)an nUv\NTan nigkarbegáItnUvbriyakasvinieyaKmYyEdlmanmaMmYn zitefr nigGacBüakr)an.

K> RbsiT§PaBkan;Etx<s;kñúgkareRbIR)as;dIFøI edaysarEtkarGPivDÆénTIpSardIFøI TaMgkñúgtMbg;CnbT

nigtMbn; RbCMuCn.

X> karRbmUlBn§)aneRcIn nigEpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøI)anl¥RbesIrCagmun tamry³B½t’manEdlGac

yk)anBI bBa¢IdIFøI RbB½n§surieyadI nignItiviFIénkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI EdlmanPaBl¥RbesIrCagmun.

g> karRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatiEdlmanPaBl¥RbesIrCagmun tamry³EpñkÉkCnEdlvinieyaKelI

viFankar nanakñúgkarGPirkSdI nigkarRKb;RKgéRBeQIRbkbedaynirnþrPaB.

K> TidæPaBcMbg²énbribTKeRmag

1> rbbkmµsiT§i 54> edayeFVIkarqøúHbBa¢aMgBIGtItPaBd¾vwkvrrbs;RbeTs nigRbvitþénkarmanFnFandIelIslb; ebIeFobnwgcMnYn

RbCaCnsrub karkMNt;RBMRbTl;dIenAmanPaBCaGñkmansiT§GaRs½yplelIdIGñkdéT CaBiessenAtam

tMbn;CnbT. CalT§pl RbCaCnPaKeRcIneCOfa ebIsinCaBYkeKsñak;enAelIdINa EdlKµanbBaða b¤Kµan

TMnas;enaHeT dIenaHnwgGac køayCadIrbs;BYkeKedayRsbc,ab; ebIeTaHCaBYkeK KµanÉksar b¤b½NÑ

kmµsiT§idIk¾eday.

16

PAD, TMB½r 07

17 PAD, TMB½r 02

18 PAD, TMB½r 14

17

55> karGnuvtþCaTmøab;BImunmkelIkmµsiTi§tamry³kareRbIR)as;dI[manplitPaB mann½yfaGñk eRbIR)as;dI

enaH GacTTYl)annUvPaBRKb;RKan;sRmab;tRmUvkarRbcaMéf¶ ehIyGaceCosputBITMnas; CamYynwgsiT§irYm

rbs;shKmn_. tamry³Epñkbec©keTs enHmann½yfadITaMgGs;CakmµsiT§irbs; rdæ b¤rbs;RBHmhakSRt

EtkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgKWdI enaHCakmµsiTi§rbs;GñkEdleRbIR)as;vakñúgplitkmµ.19

viFIsa®sþkñúgkar

RKb;RKgEdndIEdlminmanmUldæanc,ab;RtwmRtUvenH GacdMeNIrkar)anl¥Et enAkñúgRbeTsEdlRbCaC

RbEhl 4-5 lannak; nigEdlmandg;sIuetTab.

56> kñúgry³eBl 100qñaM rvagqñaM 1884-1989 rdæ)aldIFøIRtUv)aneFVIeLIgeRkamc,ab;xus²Kña CaeRcIn

nigRbB½n§GPi)alkic© EdlrYmmankarbBa©ÚlKñanUvRbePTCaeRcIn EdlfµI²enHeKeRbIviFIÉkCn PavUb,nIy-

kmµ. taMgBIqñaM 1989 mk edaymankarvinieyaKya:gxøaMgkøa nigkarENnaMBIshKmn_GnþrCati eKk¾cab;

epþImBüayameRbIR)as;sþg;dar nigbTdæanGnþrCatikñúgkarRKb;RKgEdndI nigkarvinicä½y. kñúgmYyEpñkén

kMENTRmg;enH épÞdI 2/5 lanhiktaRtUv)anEcknigpþl; eGaym©as;kmµsiT§iÉkCn cMENkÉ 80 PaKry

énépÞdIkñúgRbeTskm<úCasrubRtUv)anrkSaTukCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ eRkayRbtibtiþkar

kMENTRmg;rYcmk.20

57> k¾b:uEnþ eTaHCamankarcab;epþImeRbIR)as;rcnasm½<n§Rsbc,ab;CapøÚvkarkñúgRKb;RKgrdæ)aldIFøIenAfñak;Cati

nigfñak;eRkamCatiya:gNak¾eday k¾enAEtmankareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþCaTmøab;BImunmkrbs; RbCaCnCnbT

kñúgkarrkkmµsiT§idI enAeBlEdlBYkeKmkenATIRbCMuCn. karGnuvtþ2RbePTepSgKña kñúgrdæ)aldIFøIenHenA

EtbnþkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH eTaHCakmµsiT§iÉkCn)ankMBugEtvaylukelItMbn; EdlRKb;RKgedaykareRbI

R)as;karbBa©ÚlKñaénsiT§iCaTmøab;RbéBNI b¤ siT§iedaykareRbIR)as;.

58> karvaytémøEpñksgÁmkic©elIKeRmagenH)ankMNt;fakarvivtþn_énTIpSardIFøImanPaByWty:av nig minesµIKña

EdlCa ehtunaMeGaymankarcab;ykdIRtUv)aneFVIeLIgmuneBlkarEsVgrkkmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;elIdIEdl)an

cab;ykehIyenaH.21

elIsBIenHeTAeTot karvaytémøEpñksgÁmkic©enH)anEføgfakarcab;epþImeLIgvij

énRbB½n§TIpSaresrI {)anbegáIteGay manbBaðaGesßrPaBEpñkkmµsiT§idIFøIdl;RbCaCnCaeRcIn. kalNa

manGaCIvkmµPavUbnIykmµkan;Etx<s; manGesßrPaB kan;EteRcIneLIgcMeBaHRbCaCnEdlmin)ancUlrYmCa

19

kmµsiTi§dI ³ ykBgman;eTACl;nwgfµ? Edayelak Van Acker. Cambodia Development Review, Vol. 3, (3). Cambodia

Development Research Institute, Phnom Penh. 1999. 20

ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag ³ KeRmagénkarEbgEckdIsRmab;GPivDÆEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©. r)aykarN_FnaKar

BiPBelak. éf¶TI 23 Ex emsa qñaM 2008. 21

karvaytémøEpñksgÁmkic©elIdIFøIenARbeTskm<úCa ³ karcuHkmµsikSaenATIval erobcMeLIgedayRksYgerobcMEdldI nKrUbnIkmµ

nigsMNg; énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. Éksarrbs;viTüasßanGPivDÆFnFankm<úCa/ raCFanIPñMeBj qñaM 2001/ TMB½r 7

18

skmµkñúgTIpSarenaH.}22

Cak;Esþg karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijfIµ²enH eTAelIc,ab;sþIBIdIFøI Edl)ancab;epþIm

enAqñaM 1989 kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IeGayc,ab;enHkan;Etmann½yTUlMTUlay nig manPaBeBjeljCamun

)aneFVIeGaymanTMnas;rvagkmµsiTi§ nigrbbsiTi§ EdlCaEpñkmYyénerOgra:vd¾sµúksµajenAkñúg RbeTs

¬sUmGankñúgRbGb;xageRkam¦

RbGb; 2 ³ RbvtþiénrbbkmµsiTi§dIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa *

Rbvtþiénrdæ)aldIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCaqøúHbBa©aMgBIkareRbIR)as;RbePTepSg²kñúgkarRKb;RKg nigeRbIR)as;CaplRbeyaCn_ kñúgkar

bMeBjdl;karRtYtRtaelIépÞRbeTs rYcbnÞab;mkelIFnFanEdlmanenAelIdIenaH. RbvtþilMhUreLIgcuHén RbCaCnevotNam

esom )araMg nig bnÞab;mkRbCaCnsUevotnigGaemric )anCH\T§iBlelIRbeTskm<úCasBVéf¶enH. enHmann½yfamanviFIsaRsþCa

eRcInkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIEdlEp¥kelIRKb;mUldaæntamnItüanukUlRbéBNI Edlbgár[ manPaBsµúRKsµajkñúgkarRbtibtþimUldaæn

c,ab;énrdæ)aldIFøIGnþrCatiCaBiessxagEpñkGWr:ubxaglic.

rhUtdl;stvtSTI 19 RbeTskmþúCasßiteRkamkarRtYtRtaénRbeTsCitxagdUcCa éf nig evotNam EdlnaMmknUv GesßrPaB

kñúgRbBn§½mCÄkarénrdæ)aldIFøI b¤kmµsiT§kan;kab;dIFøI. Ca]TahrN¾ RbeTsevotNam)anbBa©ÚltMbn;CuMvij TenøemKgÁenAcug

stvtSTI17 ehIy)ancab;epþImeRbIR)as;RbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøI Edlx©ITaMgRsugBIcRkB½T§niymcin. PaBxVH xatrdæaPi)alrwgmuaMelIkar

RKb;RKgEdndIkm<úCasBVéf¶ mann½yfadICarbs;GñkNaEdlGacTamTaryk)an b:uEnþkñúgkar Gnuvtþn¾Cak;EsþgRbCaBlrdæGac

lk;dIrbs;BYkeKedayesrI nigGaceFVIksikmµelIdITaMgenaHtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. edaycMnYnRbCaBlrdætic enaHma©s;

ksikmµGacpaøs;TI BItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot ehIyTamTareFVICama©s;kmµsiTi§ elItMbn;dIEdl)aneRbIR)as;ehIy edaymin)an

bMeBjEbbbT b¤minmanÉksarRtwmRtUv. mYyPaKFMénRbCaBlrdækm<úCa BiessGñkEdlminGacQaneTArkrdæaPi)alTaMg

fñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæan TRmg;énkarRKb;RKgEbbBak;kNþalpøÚvkar énkarcat;kar nigerobcMdIFøIRtUv)anbnþrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ.

meFüa)aykan;EtRtwmRtUvénrdæ)aldIFøI RtUv)anbgMçeGayRbCaBlrdæeFVItam eRkaykarRKb;RKgénrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nig

eRkamGaNaBüa)al)araMg. kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIdIFøIfµImYyRtU)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1884 ¬eTaHbICamin)anRbtibtiþ

eBjeljrhUtdl;qañM 1912 edaymankarts‘U BI GñkCYldIksikmµ¦ tammKÁúeTsnItüanukUl sMrab;rdæ)aldI nig

karcab;epþImkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIeGayeTACaRTBüsm,tiþÉkCn.

taMgBIeBlenaHmk )araMg)anbBa¨ÚlRbB½n§ènkarpþl;dIsm,Tanesd§kic¨ PaKeRcIn sMrab;dMNaMekAs‘U nigdMNaMepSg². kRmit

énRbB½n§nItüanukUl nigc,ab;m©as;kmµsiTi§ mann½yfadIEdlminTan;manmnusSenA RtUvcat;TukfaCadITMenr ehIyGac GnuBaØat[

RbCaBlrdælk;dIrbs;eK)an ehIyerIeTAkñúgéRBbnþ ehIyGacTamTarCam©as;kmµsiT§enAdIfµIenaHeTot. CalT§plénkarekIn

eLIgénBaNiC©kmµksikmµ nigTMnak;TMngénRbB½n§sm,Tanesd§kic©kñúgqñaM 1930 PaKeRcIn éndIEdlpþl;EpøpáaTMhMtUcRtUv)an

EckCaeRcIncMENkticCag5hictanigkardaMdMNaMxañtFMRtUv)an cab;epþImeLIg.

RbB½n§énsiT§iÉkCnelIRTBüsm,tiþ )anbnþeRkayBIkarTTYlÉkraCüBI)araMgqañM 1953 nig CMerOnRbCaCnkalBIqñaM 1962 )an

bgðajfamanRKYsareFVIksikmµCag 800>000 RKYsarEdlman 84 PaKryCama©s;kmµsiTi§EtmYyKt; ¬eBalKWminEmnCaGñk

22

karvaytémøEpñksgÁmkic©/ TMB½r 10

19

CYldI nigminEmnCaGñkRbvas;ksipleT¦. b:uEnþRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøIenH cab;epþImeFVI[karKµandI ekIneLIg edayRKYsartUc²

CaeRcInCab;CMBak;bMNulya:gxøaMg nigRtUv)anbgçMeGaylk;dIedIm,Isg;bMNulBYkeK. bBaðaenHkan;EtxøaMgeLIg cab;taMgBIsRgÁam

rvagevotNam nigGaemrik kñúgGMLúgeBlEdltMbn;FM²RtUv)anTMlak; RKab;Ebk BiessKWtambeNþayRBMEdnkm<úCaevotNam.

esÞIrEt2lannak;éncMnYnRbCaCn bþÚrlMenABItMbn;RBMEdn eTARkugepSg²eTot nig BiessKW TIRkugPñMeBj.

kñúgGMLúgeBlrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬ExµrRkhm¦ qañM 1975-1979 KMniténkmµsiT§iÉkCnRtUv)anlubbM)at; ehIy rbb

enaHkarBar siT§ipaþc;karénrdæGMNacEdlCam©as;ral;dIFøITaMgGs; nig ral;GclnRTBüTaMgLay. PaKeRcInén m©as;dI nigbBa¢I

surieyadI RtUv)anbMpøicbMpaøj ehIy rdæaPi)albgçMRbCaCn eGayeTACaRkumkargarshkrN_. kñúgkMLúgeBlénrbbenHRbCaCn

RbmaN 1-3 lannak;)ansøab;edaysarEtGt;Gahar nigkareKobsgát;BIrdæ.

xN³eBlEdldITaMgGs; bnþkan;kab;edayrd§ ehIysßitkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl evotNamCH\T§iBldl;kar Føak;cuHénrbb Exµr

Rkhm ¬1979-89¦ KMnitpøas;bþÚrcab;epþImvilfyeRkay cMeBaHkarbBa©ÚlKañénkareRbIR)as;siT§iCaRbvtþisaRsþ edIm,IbegIþt

siT§idIeFVIksikmµ dIlMenAda§n nigdIÉkCnEdlTTYlsÁal;enAeRkamRbB½n§§RKb;RKgc,ab;. CalT§pl TaMgma©s; kmµsiTi§RtwmRtUv

nigBak;kNaþlRtwimRtUvsuT§swgEteRbIRbB½n§siT§iénrdæ)aldI EdlRbtibtiþCamYykarRKb;RKgRtwmRtUv kñúgtMbn;Rkug nigbnÞab;mk

eTot kñúgtMbn;CnbTnana.

RbGb;TI 2 eyagtamRbPBsMxan;²mYycMnYn dYcCa rd§FmµnujfµIénRbeTskm<úCa cab;BIsRgÁamsIuvil eTAkar)ak;Ebk

RbCaFibetyü sMKal;eday karBinitüeTAelIc,ab;sþIBIsiT§imnusS ènRbeTs kuLMb‘Í elx 26 TMB½r 45-110 nig kMEN

TRmg;c,ab; nigkarTTYlsaÁl;siT§iCarYm én TurKÁtCn éndIFøI nig vb,Fm_énkarrs;ran;manCIvit. siTi§dIFøIrYmKña énTurKÁtCnGasIu

edayelak sIumUlun ma:nILa eday FanaKaGPivD,n¾GasIu. nig karpøas;bþÚrénRbCaBlrdæ enAkm<úCa nig bBaða sMrab;karGPivD,n¾

nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edayelak das;va:ma: CI;>Gil > karGPivD,n_RBItþb½Rt qañM 2003 elx 62 TMB_r 74-80.

2> karerobcMEdndIrbs;rdæ 59> eKalneya)ayerobcMEdldICati qñaM 1989 ³ tamry³eKalneya)ayenH rdæaPi)al)ankMNt;fakmµsiTi§

dIFøITaMgGs;Edl)anbegáIteLIgmunqñaM 1979 minRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eToteLIy ehIydITaMgGs;kñúgépÞ

RbeTsKWCaRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæ. eKalneya)ayenHCalT§pl)aneFVI[mankarcab;epþImeLIgvijkñúg

karGnuvtþRbB½n§fµImYy.23

kñúgkic©RbwgERbgmYyedIm,IedaHRsayplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manéneKalkarN_

semahPaBniymrbs;rbbExµrRkhm eKalneya)ay qñaM 1989 enH)anbBa¢ak;BIsiT§iedIm,Ikan;kab; nig

eRbIR)as;dIFøI nigsiT§ikñúgkarlk;dIrdæsMrab;kartaMglMenAdæan nigkareFVIGaCIvkmµnana. eKalneya)ayenH

)anEbgEckdICabIRbePTKW ³ ¬1¦ dIsMrab;sagsg;lMenAdæan ¬minRtUvFMCag 2>000 EmRtkaereLIy¦/

23

esckþIENnaMsþIBIkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ayénkareRbIR)as; nigkarerobcMEdndI ecjedayTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI elx 03

sNn. ÉksaerobcMeLIgedayRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; cuHéf¶TI 03 Ex mifuna qñaM 1989. GtßbTTI 1

énc,ab;dIFøI qñaM 1992 k¾)anEføgfa {rdæminTTYlsÁal;kmµsiT§iRTBüsm,tþidIFøIEdl)aneFVIrYcmunqñaM 1979 eLIy.}

20

¬2¦ dIksikmµsMrab;plitkmµFn;tUc ¬minRtUvFMCag 5>000 hiktaeLIy¦/ nig ¬3¦ dIsm,Tan

sMrab;eRbIR)as;elIvis½yksikmµ nigBaniC¢kmµnana ¬FMCag 5>000 hikta¦.24

60> kñúgcMeNamRbePTTaMgbIenH siT§ikan;kab;ÉkCnGacTTYl)ansMrab;karykeTAsg;eFVIlMenAdæan ¬RbePTTI

1¦. sMrab;RbePTTI 2 nigTI 3 eKmanEtsiT§ikñúgkareRbIR)as; nigsiT§iCam©as; RKb;RKgpþac;muxelIk,al

dIenHb:ueNÑaH.25

dIEdlenATMenrelIsBIry³eBl 3 qñaM nwgRtUvCarbs;rdævij.26

61> c,ab;dIFøIqñaM 1992 ³ GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasñnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬ehAkat;fa UNTAC¦ )anRbkas [

eRbIc,ab;dIFøIqñaM 1992 Edl)anEcgBIeKalkarc,ab; nigsþg;darGnþrCati kñúgkareRbIR)as;nigkan;kab;dIFøI

edayeyageTA elIkaryl;dwgc,as;mYyEdlfa {RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbmansiTi§eBjeljkñúgkarkan;kab;

nigeRbIR)as;dIFøI.}27

EtkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg c,ab;enHEtgEtRtUv)anbMePøcecal b¤eRbIR)as;minsmRsb

edIm,IekgykRbeyaCn_edaym®nþI.28

PaBminsIuKñarvagRTwsþIc,ab; nigkarGnuvtþkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nigenA

kEnøgdéTeTog)annaMeGaymankarGMBavnavkan;EtxøaMg eLIgkñúgkarEsVgrktmøaPaBBIsMNak;RbCaCnkñúg

tMbn;RbCMuCn edIm,IykQñHelIkMENTRmg;FM²EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§TaMgenH.

62 eTaHCamankareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµelIdInigRTBüsm,tþirdætamry³c,ab;sþIBIdIFøIqñaM 2002 ya:gxøaMgkøa

ya:gNak¾eday vismPaB)anbnþkan;EteRcIneLIgEdlCabBaðakñúgtMbn;mUldæan ehIyPaBxVHxatnigGt;dI

kñúgtMbn;RbCMuCnnanak¾kan;EtekIneLIgxøaMgEdrKYreGayeTamnsS. plb:HBal;edaypÞal;énKMnitpþÜcepþIm

kñúgkarEbgEckdIFøI rvagqñaM 1989 nig 1998 elIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk KWmankarBi)akkñúgkarKNnaCa

24

esckþIENnaMsþIBIkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ayénkareRbIR)as; nigkarerobcMEdndI Ex mifuna qñaM 1989. 25

TidæPaBEpñksgÁmkic©énkMENTRmg;dIFøI nigrdæ)aldIFøI enAkñúgsmaCCati FIG qñaM2010 sþIBIkMENTRmg;dIFøI

nigkarCYbnwgplvi)ak nana ³ karksagsmtßPaB. RkugsIudnI RbeTsGU®sþalI/ elak suvNÑ ¬2010¦ éf¶ 11-15 Ex emsa

qñaM 2010 nig elak Williams, S. ¬1999¦. {karRtYtBinitüesckþIRBagEpñknItikmµEdndIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

kñúgKeRmagénkarsikSaBIdIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa eFVIenATIRkugPñMeBj{. ¬ÉksarminTan;)ane)aHBumÖ¦ 26

kMENTRmg;c,ab; nigkarTTYlsÁal;BIsiTi§tMbn;rbs;RbCaCnEdlCaCnCatiPaKtic kñúgsiT§imandI nigvb,Fm’edIm,Irs;enA

smRsb ³ siTi§elIdIFøIkñúgtMbn;rbs;RbCaCnEdlCaCnCatiPaKtickñúgTVIbGasIu. RkugmanILa/ FnaKarGPivDÆGasIu/ Simbolon,

I. qñaM 2009 TMB½r 73. 27

c,ab;cuHéf¶TI 13 Ex tula qñaM 1992 sþIBIdIFøI GtßbTelx 2. 28

siTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa ³ muxmat;xageRkAénesßrPaB. sm<½n§ExµrCMerOnnigkarBarsiTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa ¬ehAkat;fa

LICADHO¦ qñaM 2006. eKhTMB½reGeLcRtUnic http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports.php?perm=86, p.3.

21

tYelx eTaHCamnusSPaKeRcIn)anenAEtRbEkkfa karGPivDÆTaMgenH)aneFVIeGaysßanPaBrbs;GñkRkIRk

kan;EtdundabeLIg².29

63> c,ab;dIFIøqñaM 2001 ³ c,ab;dIFIøqñaM 2001 RtUv)anGnum½tedaymYyEpñkFMEp¥kelIkarBitmYyEdlfa dMeNIr

vivDÆn_ eTArkkarGPivDÆEpñkesdækic©nigsgÁmkic© caM)ac;RtUvkarRbB½n§énsiTi§kan;kab;dId¾rwugbwugmYy

k¾dUcCakarEdlRtUvEtmankarcat;Ecg nigRKb;RKgEdndIEdlmanPaBl¥RbesIrCagmun. edayqøúHbBa©aMgBI

RbB½n§cas;² c,ab;)anTTYlsÁal;BIkmµsiTi§ 3 RbePT elIdIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaKW ³ RTBüsm,tiþCa

saFarN³rbs;rdæ ¬]TahrN_dUcCa éRBeQI tMbn;karBar¦ sRmab;karGPirkSFnFan RTBüsm,tiþÉkCn

rbs;rdæ sRmab;karGPivDÆEpñkesdækic©nigsgÁmkic© nigRTBüsm,tiþÉkCn ¬dUcCa dIsMrab;karRbkbrbr

ksikmµ nigeFVICalMenAdæan¦. enAkñúgkmµsiTi§énRbePTRTBüsm,tiþÉkCnenH kmµsiTi§GacCarbs;

buKÁlmñak; rbs;PUmi b¤edayshkmµsiTi§. karEbgEckeLIgvijPaKeRcInKWmanlkçN³Cakarpþl;CadI

sm,Tan EdlCa karpþl;enAxageRkAc,ab; nigniytkmµnana dUcCac,ab;sþIBIdIFøIqñaM 2002 CaedIm

ehIyeKsµanTukrYcehIyfaenAcugqñaM 1990 eRcInCag 1 PaK 3 énshKmn_CnbTRtUv)anbeNþjecj

BIdIrbs;BYkeK edaysarEtkarpþl;sm,TandI nig sm,TanéRBeQI.30

64> RbePTTaMg 3éndIenHpþl;CaRkbx½NÐbc©úb,nñenHsMrab;eqøIynUvsMNYrEpñkc,ab;nanaelIkarGPivDÆ nigsiTi§

eRbIR)as;dI TaMgkñúgtMbn;CnbT nigRbCMuCn. dUecñHehIy c,ab;enH nigGnuRkwtüEdlekIteLIgbnþbnÞab;

begáIt)anCamUldæancMbgmYysRmab;vaytémøsiTi§ nigGMNackñúgkarTTYl)andIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. cMnuc

sMxan;²rbs;c,ab;enHRtUv)anelIkykmk BiPakSaedIm,Ipþl;CaKMnitkñúgkarviPaKrbs;GFikarkic© kñúgCMBUkTI

3.

etIGIVCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ? eyagtammaRtaTI 12 ³ {rdæKWCam©as;énRTBüsm,tiþTaMgGs;EdlmankñúgépÞ

RbeTsénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa dUcEdl)anerobrab;kñúgmaRtaTI 58 énrdæFmµnujqñaM 1993 nigelIRTBü

sm,tiþTaMgLayEdlKµanm©as; b¤KµanGñkTTYlmrtk } enHmann½yfa {RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæKWRtUv

29 sUmGan karBinitüemIlelIRbPBbnÞab;bnSMEdlTak;TgnwgkmµsiTi§dI nigbBaðaTTYlsiTi§. PñMeBj ³ KeRmagdIFøIkm<úCa

rbs;GgÁkar Oxfam ¬rbs;cRkPBGg;eKøs¦ 30

karbegáItbNþúMTinñn½yBIkmµsiTi§dIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ³ PñMeBj/ km<úCa edayelak Ballard, B. qñaM 2006.

eKhTMB½reGeLcRtUnic ³ http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0306t/A0306T08.htm

http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0306t/A0306T08.htm

22

cat;kñúgRbePTbMrugTuk }31

k¾b:uEnþ c,ab;min)anEcgc,as;eTfadITaMgGs;kñúgRbeTskm<úCaCadIsaFarN³

rbs;rdæ enaHeT.

maRtaTI 15 )ankMNt;niymn½yénRbePTRTBüsm,tþiEdlcUlkñúgRbePTCaRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ

edaybBa©ÚlTaMgRTBüsm,tþiTaMgLayNaEdlmanedImkMeNItFmµCati dUcCaéRBeQI pøÚvTwkEdlGaccracr

)an bwgFmµCati RcaMgTwksÞwgTenø nigeqñrsmuRT RBmTaMgRTBüsm,tþiTaMgLayNaEdlRtUv)anbegáIt

eLIgCaBiess sRmab;kareRbIR)as;TUeTA dUcCakMBg;Ep pøÚvrfePøIg sßanIyrfePøIg nigRBlanynþehaH

ehIynwgRTBüsm,tþi TaMgLayNaEdlbegáIteLIgsMrab;CaRbeyaCn_rYm sMrab;kareRbIR)as;rYm TaMgPaB

CaFmµCati TaMgeRkaykar begáItrYc dUcCa pøÚvfñl; pøÚvEdk pøÚvreTHeKaRkbI pøÚvedIr sYnc,ar sYnkMsanþ

saFarN³ nigdIbRmugTukCaedIm. enHmann½yfaRbePTEdlesssl;éndI Edlmin)anrab;bBa©Úlkñúg

RbePTEdl)anbBa¢ak;xagelIeTenaH KW Ca dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ TaMgGs;.

esckþIENnaMsþIBIsßanPaBEpñkc,ab;rbs;dIrdæk¾manEcgkñúgGnuRkwtücuHqñaM 2005 sþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ

pgEdr EdlmaRta 3 kñúgGnuRkwtüenaH)anEcgfa {cMENkdInImYy²rbs;rdænwgRtUvcuHkñúgbBa¢ICadIsaFarN³

rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ . }32

k¾b:uEnþGnuRkwtüenHmin)ankMNt;BIsßanPaBEpñkc,ab;rbs;dIrdæmuneBjén

karcuHbBa¢IenaHeT. maRta 12 )anEcgfa {RbsinebIkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigkareFVIEpnTIdIrdæminTan;)an

bBa©b;eTenaH KN³kmµkarextþRkugRKb;RKgdIrdæextþRkug nwgeFVIkaresuIbGegátBIkarGHGagEdlmincuH

sRmugKñarvagsßab½nnana b¤ GaCJaFrEdndI ehIynwgpþl;»kasdl;saFarN³CnedIm,Ipþl;mtielIkareFVI

cMNat;fñak;enH. }33

etIdINaEdlGackan;kab;)anCaÉkCnnigRsbc,ab;? maRta 6 )anEcgfa {manEtkarkan;kab;Edl

Rsbc,ab; b:eNÑaHEdlGacnaMeTAdl;karTTYl)ankmµsiTi§ }. dUecñHebIkarkan;kab;BIdMbUgeFVIeLIgeday

minRsbc,ab;enaH Gñkkan;kab;enaHminGacnwgkøayCam©as;kmµsiTi§)aneT. edIm,I[Rsbc,ab; maRta 38

)anEcgfa {edIm,IkøayCam©as;kmµsiTi§elIRTBüsm,tiþGclnvtßúNamYy karkan;kab;RtUveFVIeLIgedayKµan

PaBmnÞil KµanGMeBIhigSa GacdwgB¤CasaFarN³ edayCab;lab; nigedaysucrit }. k¾b:uEnþ maRta 30

)anEcgfa {GñkNa k¾eday munkarRbkaseGayeRbIc,ab;enHry³eBlelIsBI 5 qñaM Edl)ankan;kab;elI

GclnRTBümYyEdlKµan TMnas;CamYyGñkNamñak;eTot GacmansiT§iedIm,IsMueFVICam©as;kmµsiTi§Rsbc,ab;

31

eyagelI karsMerc)aneKalbMNgeKalneya)ayènkarGPivDÆ c,ab; yutþiFm’ nigkRmgGtßbTsþIBIkarGPivDÆ edayFnaKar

BiPBelak enATIRkugva:sIunetan DI sIu. 32

GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ elx 118/ maRta 3 33

GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ elx 118/ maRta 12 ¬K¦

23

elIGcnlRTBüenaH } ¬mankarbBa¢ak;bEnßm¦. dUecñHsßanPaBEpñkc,ab;énkarkan;kab;dMbUg KWCaKnøwH

sMxan;edIm,IBicarNakñúgkarvaytémø elIPaBEdlGacTTYl)anb½NÑkmµsiTi§.

65> kñúgkarerobcMedIm,Icab;epþImrbbRbCaFibetyüBhubkSkñúgqñaM 1993 KNbkSneya)ayCaeRcIn)ancab;

epþImeFVIyuT§nakaredIm,IrksMelgeqñatedIm,IKaMRTKNbkSxøÜn. muneBle)aHeqñat mnusSPaKeRcIn)annaMKña

kan;kab;dIrdæEdlenATMenr minTan;)ankMNt;RtwmRtUv nigminTan;)ancuHbBa¢I. GñktaMglMenAdæanelIdITaMg

enaHTTYl)anÉksarmYycMnYnEdl bgðajfaBYkeKmankarGnuBaØatiþedIm,Ikan;kab;dIEdlBYkeK)ansag

sg;lMenAdæanrYcenaH. vaKWCaÉksarTaMgGs;enHehIy EdlbegáIt)anCamUldæanénkarTamTarnanaEdl

GñktaMglMenAdæanTaMgenaHGacmansiTi§TTYl)ankarEcknUvb½NÑkmµsiTi§ eyageTAelIc,ab;.

66> Gñkkan;kab;dIEdlcat;TukfaCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæminGacRtUv)anBicarNaedIm,Ipþl;CUnnUvkmµsiTi§)aneT.

k¾b:uEnþ enHCakarsnµt;EdlKitfadITaMgGs;RtUv)ancuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkarrYcehIyCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ enAeBl

énkarkan;kab;)aneFVIeLIg.34

enH)anelIkCasMNYrmYycMnYnrYmman faetIRBMudIrbs;TIkEnøgsaFarN³

dUcCasYnc,ar KYrEtRtUvkMNt;[)anc,as;las; eFVIvas;Evg nigcuHbBa¢I[)anmunkarkan;kab;NamYyEdr

b¤eT. RbsinebIdITaMgenHRtUv)ankMNt;c,as; las;ehIy)ancuHbBa¢IRtwmRtUv dITaMgenaHKWGacRtUvrab;bBa©Úl

CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæRtwmRtUvehIy ehIykarkan;kab;Na mYyeRkaykarkMNt; nigcuHbBa¢IenH nwgRtUvcat;

TukfaCakarxusc,ab;. k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIkEnøgmYyminTan;)aneFVIsegátvas;Evg kt;RtaTuk b¤cuHbBa¢ICadI

saFarN³rbs;rdæeTenH vaGacRtUv)ancat;TukfaCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ EdlCaehtunaMeGaykar kan;kab;dMbUg

enHRsbc,ab; nigRBmTaMgGacTTYl)ankmµsiTi§pgEdr.

etIeBlNaEdldIsaFarN³rbs;rdæGacRtUvcat;fñak;eGaykøayCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ?

enHCabBaðaTak;Tgnwg mUldæanEdlnaMdl;karGacERbkøaydIsaFarN³rbs;rdæmkCadIÉkCnrbs;

rdæ. maRta 43 énc,ab;sIþBIdIFøIqñaM 2001 )anEcgfa {KµankrNINamYyEdlRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæ

GacRtUvykCakmµsiTi§)aneT. sßanPaBénGñkEdlkan;kab;dIEdlCaRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæKWRbQm

nwgkardkhUtykvij b¤karxusc,ab; RbsinebIkarkan;kab; enaHminmankarGnuBaØatiþeTAtamlkçN³

NamYyRsbtamc,ab;enH. }.

eyaltammaRta 16 )anEcgfa {RTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæKWminGaclk;)aneT ehIyk¾Kµankar

ecjpþl; CakmµsiTi§eGayGñkNamñak;eLIy. } k¾b:uEnþmaRtaenHbnþEcgfa {eBlEdlRTBüsm,tiþ

saFarN³rbs;rdæ)at;bg;témøénkareRbIR)as;rbs;saFarN³Cn vaGacRtUvcuHbBa¢ICaRTBüsm,tiþ

34

RbePTéndIEdlrYmbBa©ÚlCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæKWRtUv)ankMNt;niymn½yenAkñúgmaRta 15 énc,ab;enH.

24

ÉkCnrbs;rdæeTAtamc,ab;eday mankarepÞreQµaHBIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACaRTBüsm,tþi

ÉkCnrbs;rdæ }.35

maRta 17 bnþEcgfa RTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæGaclk;)an epþaHbþÚr)an

EbgEck b¤epÞrsiTi§)an. eyagtammaRta 17 RTBüTaMgenH GacCYl)an ehIyl½kçx½NÐ nignItiviFI

nanakñúgkarlk; b¤CYl nigRKb;RKgTaMgLayeTAelI RTBüsm,tþiÉkCn rbs;rdæenHRtUvEcgeday

GnuRkwtü.

3> Rcnasm<½n§sßab½nénrdæ)aldIFøI

67> karTTYlxusRtUvelIrdæ)aldIFøI siTi§kan;kab;dI nigsiTi§elIRTBüsm,tþinanakñúgRbeTskm<úCa KWRtUvEckrMElk

rvagsßab½nmYycMnYn ehIyGaNtþirbs;sßab½nnImYy²TaMgenHEtgEtRtYtsIuKña. RksYgerobcMEdndI

nKrUbnIkmµ nigsMNg; ¬krdns¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1999. RksYgfµImYyenHEdlmankarTTYl

xusRtUvd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; kMBugEterobcMksagsmtßPaBsßab½n nigCMnajviC¢aCIv³ edaymankarCYy

]btßmÖBIPñak;garpþl;CMnYyCaeRcInpgEdr. RksYgmantYnaTIedIm,IeFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐdIrdæ nigsRmbsRmYl

skmµPaBrbs;sßab½nrdænigRksYgBak;B½n§epSgeTotEdlRtYtRtaelIdIrdæ b¤eRbIR)as;dIrdæ EtRksYgminman

tYnaTICaGñkRKb;RKg b¤Cam©as;elIdIrdæEdlesssl; b¤minTan;cuHbBa¢IenaHeT. tYnaTIenHKWRbKl;[

RksYgesdækic¨ nighirBaØvtßú EdlkMBugCYbRbeTHbBaðaRbQmCaeRcInkñúgkarTTYl)anBt’man nig

minmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarGnuvtþtYnaTI nigkargarenHeGaymanRbsiT§PaBenAeLIy. CalT§pl

eKGacsnñidæan)anfa karRKb;RKgkarerobcMEdndIedayRksYg nigsßab½nBak;B½n§ elIdIrdæenAexSayenA

eLIy.

68> kñúgqñaM 1994 rdæaPi)al)anbegáItKN³kmµkarCatisRmab;karGPivDÆtMbn; TIRkugnigsMNg; Edl)an

bnþeFVIkarbegáItkariyal½ykic©karTIRkugkñúgmCÄmNÐlénTIRbCMuCnnImYy².36

bEnßmelIenH dIrdæmYyPaK

FMRtUv)anykkan;kab;edayRksYg nigsßab½nrdæ CaBiessmYyEpñkFMKWedayRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig

ensaT nigRksYgkarBarCati. kñúgkrNICaeRcIneTot RksYgTaMgenHk¾enAminTan;c,as;xøÜnÉgpgfa

etIdIGIVEdleKkMBugEtkan;kab;.

69> eRkABIRksYgTaMgenH rdæ)almUldæan dUcCasalaRkugPñMeBjCaedIm manParkic©RKb;RKgdIenAfñak;mUldæan.

tYnaTITaMgenH KWRbtibtiþedaynaykdæansurieyadI nigkariyal½ykic©karTIRkug. salaextþRkug nig

35

c,ab;sþIBIdIFøIqñaM 2001 maRta 16 36

karerobcMEdndITIRkug nigtMbn;CMuvijTIRkug ³ ]TahrN_BIRkugkñúgextþénRbeTskm<úCa/ smaCénkarsÞg;mtienAGasIuGaeKñy_

eday elak Bandar Seri Begawan, RbeTs Brunei Darussalam. Mund, J-P., Symann, R. & Seang, T.P. qñaM 2005

25

GPi)alextþRkugmanParkic© raykarN_CUnRksYgmhaépÞ fVIebIGPi)alRkugraCFanIPñMeBjk¾GacraykarN_

CUndl;naykrdæm®nþIpgEdr.

70> CacugeRkay sßab½n 2 epSgeTotmanParkic©kñúgEpñkmYykñúgrdæ)aldIFøI. KN³kmµkarsurieyadI EdlRtUv)an

begáIteLIgenAqñaM 2002 KWCabec©keTsRtUvTTYleFVIkarsRmbsRmYlTMnas;dIFøIEdlecHEtekIneLIg.

GaCJaFrCatisRmab; edaHRsayCMelaHdIFøIEdleTIbEtnwgbegáIteLIgfµI²enHEfmeTotenaHmanGMNac nig

smtßkic©CaeRcInEdlsÞÜnKña nigman TMnas;yutþaFikarCamYynwgsßab½nTaMg 2 xagelI ehIy)aneFVI[nItiviFI

énkarviniqä½ymankaryWtya:v.

71> lT§plénrcnasm<½nsßab½nenH nigktþananadéTeTot eFVIeGaymankarsikSamYyEdl)anelIkeLIgBIbBaða

RbQm CaeRcInrbs;kareFVIEpnkareGayman)anrlUn nigmanRbsiTi§PaB ³37

k> Rkbx½NÐKtiyutþiminc,as;las; nigkarEbgEckParkic© nigtYnaTIelIkarerobcMEdndI nignKrUbnIykmµ.

x> karExVgKMnitKñaEpñkc,ab;kñúgsßab½nelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ EdlnaMeGaymanTMnas;

nig RbCaCn)at;bg;CMenOelIsmtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al.

K> karT®nÞanykdIEdlminTan;cuHbBa¢I nigpøas;bþÚrnana edIm,IykplRbeyaCn_EpñkGaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk

nigbreTs EdleFVIeGayTMnas;dIFøIkñúgtMbn;CMuvijTIRkugEdlmanRsab;kan;EtrIkraldalFMeLIg.

X> karekIneLIgya:gelOnéncMnYnRbCaCnkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nigenAkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCnénextþmYycMnYneTot

)annaM[mankareqøIytbEpñkeKalneya)ayKµantulüPaB nigkarbMePøcBI»kasEdlpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgkar

GPivDÆ énbNþajTIRbCMuCnrbs;CatimYy.

4> suvtßiPaBénsiTi§kan;kab;dIFøIkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj

72> CamYynwgépÞdIsrubRbEhl 181>000 KILÚEmRtkaer RbCaCnkm<úCa PaKeRcInenAtamCnbT. manEt

RbEhlCa 20 PaKryb:ueNÑaHéncMnYnRbCaCnsrubRbEhl 15 lannak;enH rs;enAkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn.38

k¾b:uEnþGRtaénkMeNInéntMbn;TIRbCMuCnRtUv)anrMBwgTukfanwgekIneLIgx<s; eBalKWRbEhldl; 24 PaKry

37

karkMNt;¼kMNt;RBuMRbTl;¼kareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIrdænigKeRmabéRBeQIGcié®nþy_ edayelak John Bruce enAqñaM 2008.

38

eyalelIkariyal½yRbCaCn énnaykdæanesdækic© nigkic©karsgÁmkic©rbs;GKÁelxaFikardæanGgÁkarshRbCaCati

¬2009¦. RBwtþb½RtnKrPavUbnIykmµBiPBelak ³ Tinñn½yRbCaCnEdl)anBinitüeLIgvijenAqñaM 2009.

eKhTMB½reGeLcRtUnic ³ http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/p2k0data.asp. . k¾b:uEnþ karsikSamYyrbs;elak Ray D.

Bollman enAqñaM 2009 )anKNna eXIjfa 48 PaKryénRbCaCnkm<úCaKW

{kMBugEbreq<aHenArkkarrs;enAkñúgkartaMgTIlMenAenATIRbCMuCn} fVIebIKµankarbBa¢ak;c,as;las; BIkartaMglMenAenHk¾eday.

http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/p2k0data.asp

26

enATIRkug kñúgqñaM 2015 nig 30 PaKry enAqñaM 2020.39

enHmann½yfaRbCaCnkñúgTIRkug)anekIneLIg

2 dgkñúgkMLúgeBlEt 15 qñaM b:ueNÑaH. eBl EdlRbCaCnkan;EteRcIneLIg)anmkrs;enATIRkug

edIm,IEsVgrk»kasEpñkesdækic© sMBaFelIdIenATIRkugkan;EtmanPaB F¶n;F¶reLIg² ehIykarRbkYtRbECg

elIerOgdIenHkan;EtmanPaBxøaMgkøaeLIg².

73> tMbn;kñúgRkugPñMeBjmanRbEhl 375 KILÚEmRtkaer. TIRkugenHRtUv)anEbgEcktamEpñkrdæ)alCa 7

x½NÐ EdlrYmman 76 sgáat;. x½NÐcMnYn 4 sßitkñúgTIRbCMuCnRKbdNþb;elIépÞdIRbEhl 28 KILÚEmRtkaer

ehIy x½NÐ 3 eTotenA B½T§CMuvijRkug EdlrYmman 347 KILÚEmRtkaer.40

74> kñúgrbbExµrRkhm ¬1976-1979¦ RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtUv)anbeNþjecjBITIRkugPñMeBj. eBlEdlrbb

enHRtUvvayRbharedaykgkMlaMgeyaFarevotNam enAqñaM 1979 CnePosxøÜnTaMgGs;RtUv)anelIkTwk

citþ[mkyklMenAdæanenATIRkugeLIgvijenAedImqñaM 1980 KWeBlEdlmankarGPivDÆEpnkarnItism,Ta

sRmab;TIRkugPñMeBjeLIgvij.41

rcnasm½<n§rUbv½nþmUldæanénTIRkugcas;RtUv)anksageLIgvijedayman

CMnYybec©keTsBIRbeTsevotNam nigm©as;CMnYy déTeTot.

75> kñúgqñaM 1989 eKminEdlelcB¤BIPaBxusc,ab;énkarsg;lMenAdæanelIdITMenrenAkñúgTIRkugenaHeT BIeRBaHfa

rdæaPi)al)anGnuvtþeKalneya)ayGnuBaØatiþeGayGñkcMnUlfµImkTIRkugeFVIkartaMglMenAedayesrIenAelIpÞH

EdlenATMenr nigenAelIdIEdlenATMenr. Etdl;qñaM 1994 RbCaCnRbEhl 120>000 nak; b¤RbEhl

12-15 PaKryéncMnYn RbCaCnkñúgTIRkugTaMgGs; )anmkrs;enAelIdIedayKµankarGnuBaØatiþ.42

eyalelIkarvaytémøelIEpñksgÁmkic©rbs; KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al (LMAP) enAqñaM 2001

eK)a:n;sµanfa {RbCaCnTaMgenHGacmanelIsBI 175>000 nak; EdlmankartaMglMenAray)a:yelI 20

39

viTüasßansißtiCatikm<úCa énRksYgEpnkar ¬2005¦. r)aykarN_BIkareFVICMerOnRbCaCn qñaM 2004. PñMeBj nig

Kamayana, P., kñúgsunÞrkfaebIksikçasalaBieRKaHeyabl;mYysþIBIkarGPivDÆTIRkugrbs;RbeTskm<úCa ³ karvaytémøvis½y

yuT§saRsþ nigEpnkar bnÞab; enAsNæaKar san;ev énTIRkugPñMeBj éf¶TI 20 Ex mIna qñaM 2010

(http://www.adb.org/Documents/Speeches/2010/sp2010023.asp).

40 r)aykarN_énKeRmagénkarsikSakmµviFIkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ³ dMnak;kalTIRkug TI 2 ¬esckþIRBag¦. viTüasßan

GPivDÆFnFankm<úCa shkarCamYynwgRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; edayelak Ballard, B nigelak

Runsinarith, P. PñMeBj km<úCa Ex sIha qñaM 2007 TMB½r 49. 41

karyl;dwgBITIRkugenAGasIu ³ PñMeBj. URC RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; PñMeBj elak Crosbie, D., qñaM

2004 42

esckþIesñIkmµviFIry³eBl 12 Ex. RkumTIRbCMuCn PñMeBj qñaM 1994.

27

tMbn;sMNg;GaNaFibetyü nigsgáat;RkIRk }.43

kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM KWBIqñaM 2000-2004 cMnYnRbCaCn

kñúgRkugPñMeBj )anekIneLIgRbmaNCa 300>000 nak; . bBaðaénkarekIgeLIgedayKµankar eRKagTug

enH KW)aneFVIeGayF¶n;eLIgedaykarekIneLIgdl;eTA 4 PaKry Caerogral;qñaMenAkñúgTIRkug rIÉkarekIn

eLIgTUTaMgRbeTsmanEtRtwm 2/5 PaKryb:ueNÑaH.44

76> edaysarEtmantRmUvkardIekIneLIgtamkarRtUvkarrbs;RbCaCnEdlecHEtekIn nigedaysareKaldI

GPivDÆEpñkesdækic© nigkarvinieyaK k¾manclnakan;EteRcIneLIg²énkarbeNþjecjedaybgçMBIsMNg;

GaNaFibetyükñúgTIRkug PñMeBjeGayeTAtMbn;cMgay 20 KILÚEmRt b¤q¶ayCagenHBITIRkug.45

CamYynwg

sMBaFBIGñksagsg;nana caM)ac;mankarerITIlMenAkan;EteRcIneLIg²edIm,Ipþl;»kasdl;karGPivDÆehdæa

rcnasm<½n§saFarN³eGaykan;EtRbesIreLIg.46

dIRtUv)anCYlbnþkñúgtMbn;TIRkugEdlrdæ nigsalaRkug

)anxMRbwgGPivDÆedIm,IERbkøayeGaysmCaRbeTsrIkcMerInmYy.47

k¾b:uEnþ meFüa)ayedIm,IseRmc)annUv

eKalbMNgenH RtUvTTYlkarriHKn;ya:gxøaMg edaysarEtkarGnuvtþmin)anKitKUr dl;GñkRkIRkEdlmancMnYn

eRcIn ehIyKitEtRTBüsm,tiþkñúgédrbs;GñkmanGMNacmYykþab;tUc. Casrub eK)a:n;sµanfa karbeNþj

ecjedaybgçMBITIRkugPñMeBj nigenAkEnøgepSgeTot)anb:HBal;elIBlrdæeRcInCag 27>000 nak; kñúgqñaM

2007.

77> PaBtantwgedaykarbeNþjecjedaybgçMeGaypøas;bþÚrTIlMenATaMgenH CaerOy²)annaMeGaymanTMnas;

hwgSa CaeRcInekIteLIgelIbBaðadIFøI. CaBiess dIEdlsn§wgtambeNþaymat;TenøkñúgRkugPñMeBj Edl

eKsÁal;CaTenø)asak; )anRtUvERbkøayBIdITMenrkñúgqñaM 1989 eGayeTACalMenAdæanb¤sSI pÞHeFVIBIeQI

43

karvaytémøelIEpñksgÁmkic© ³ karsikSaenATIval erobcMedayRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa viTüasßanGPivDÆFnFankm<úCa PñMeBj edayelak Sovannarith, S., Sopheap, R., Utey, U.,

Rathmony, S., Ballard, B., and Acharya, S Ex FñÚ qñaM 2001. 44

karyl;dwgBITIRkugenAGasIu ³ TIRkugPñMeBj. qñaM 2004. 45

RbB½n§FnaKarEdlmankRmit)aneFVIeGaymankarsnSMedIm,IyleTATIdIkan;EteRcIneLIg. karvinieyaKBIRbeTskUer: cin sgðbUrI

nig m:aeLsIu y:agRbjwk)aneFVIeGaytémødIekIneLIgya:gx<s; EdlkñúgenaHdITIRkugl¥²ekIneLIgdl;enA 30-50

PaKryCaerogral;qñaM. sUmGan neya)ayénGVI²EdlGaceFVI)an ³ karrs;enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. ÉksarEdl)anbgðajenAsala

sala Goldsmiths énsklviTüal½y London. TIRkug London. eKhTMB½reGeLcRtUnic ³

http://www.n-aerus.net/web/sat/workshops/2006/papers/abdoumaliq.pdf 46

KeRmagbrisßansRmab;GPivDÆshKmn_kñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. mCÄmNÐlÉksarTIRkug nigRksYgkarbreTs nigBaniC¢kmµ.

PñMeBj qñaM 2003. 47

karelIkkMBs;esßrPaBsiT§idIFøIsRmab;GñkRkIRkkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj énRbeTskm<úCa ³ krNIsikSaEbbviPaK

GgÁkarlMenAdæanGnþrCati elx 28 ¬2¦ edayelak Khemro, B.H.S. & Payne, G. qñaM 2004 TMB½r 181-201. sUmGan

karsikSaBI Land Availability for City Development in Phnom Penh Metropolitan Area. Asian Coalition for

Housing Rights, Phnom Penh. Sophy, E.qñaM 2002.

28

nigRbk;s,ÚvEdlsrubmanRbEhlCa 2>700 RKYsar.48

karrIkcMerInrbs;TIRkugkñúgTsvtSqñaM 1990

manlkçN³elOntamrebobkarGPivDÆEpñkesdækic© EtmanlkçN³minpøÚvkar dUcCakartaMglMenAtamdg

Tenø)asak; nigtMbn;bwgkk;CaedIm49

EdlTaMgenHRtUv)aneRCIserIsCaTI taMgsRmab;karGPivDÆ edayKµan

karpþl;karyl;RBmBIsMNak;RKsarEdltaMglMenAenATIenaHbc©úb,nñ ehIyBYkeKPaKeRcIn)anGHGagfa

manÉksarmYycMnYnEdlGac[BYkeKGacTamTarrksiTi§kan;kab;dI)an.

78> karbeNþjecjTaMgbgçMcMnYn 2 dgEfmeTotfµI²enHKWmanGMeBIhwgSaekIteLIg ehIyFnaKarBiPBelak

)anecjesckþIEføgkarN_rYmmYyCamYynwgédKUGPivDÆdéTeTot RBmTaMgmankarKaMRTBIGgÁkareRkArdæa-

Pi)alnanapg edayeFVIkarTamTarsMukarp¥akkarbeNþjecjTaMgenaH. enAEx mkra qñaM 2009

kgnKr)alRbdab;GavuF)anbgçitbgçMbeNþj RKYsarEdlenAtMbn;RbCMuCnmYykñúgTIRkugPñMeBj Edlman

eQµaHfa dIRkhm. manr)aykarN_mkfa {Cag 300RKYsar ¬GñkCYl nigGñklk;kñúgpSar¦ RtUv)an

beNþjecjTaMgbgçMBItMbn;dIRkhm ehIyBYkKat;RtUveKeGaye)aHCMrMuCabeNþaH GasnñkñúgsßanPaB

d¾KYr[GaNit enAtMbn;dMNak;Rtywg EdlenACayRkugPñMeBj ³ ecjq¶ayBIkargarrbs;eK q¶ayBI

esvakmµsuxaPi)al nigsalaeron eBalKWBYkKat;RtUveKykeTAe)aHbg;ecaleRkayeBlbeNþjecj

BIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkKat; }.50

eRkaymkkñúgEx kkáda qñaM 2009 dEdlenaH shKmn_enAkñúgRkumelx 78

k¾RtUvbeNþjecjeday bgçMeTot. edImeLIyenAkñúgqñaM 2004 shKmn_mYyEdlman 146 RKYsar

KWRkumelx 78 )anxMRbwgTaMgbraC½yedIm,I esñIsMukmµsiTi§elIdI EdlmanlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK. cab;BIqñaM

2006 mk shKmn_enH)anTTYlRbkasdMNwgcMnYn 6 dg edIm,IeGayBYkeKecjBIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK

ehIyRKYsarxøH)ansuxcitþcuHecjedaysarsMBaFenaH. enAéf¶TI 20 Ex emsa qñaM 2009 Rbkas

dMNwgcugeRkaymYy)anecjedIm,IbeNþj RKYsarEdlenAesssl;eBlenaHRbEhlCa 80 RKYsar.

shKmn_enaH)anRbwgERbgmþgeTotedIm,Ibwþgtva:rkc,ab;Tl;nwgRbkasbeNþjBYkKat;ecjenaH k¾enAEt

KµanRbeyaCn_GIVEdr. tamry³r)aykarN_rbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYy)aneGaydwgfa BakübNþwgTaMg

48

smaKm ADHOC karBarsiTi§mnusS nigGPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa ¬2007¦. r)aykarN_sßanPaBsiTi§mnusS eFVIenAPñMeBj TMB½rTI

3. 49

tMbn;bwgkk;enHsresxus²KñakñúgPasarGg;eKøs xøHsresrCa Boeung Kak, xøHeTot Boeung Kok nigxøHeTot Boeng

Kak. r)aykarN_enHsresrCa Boeung Kak. 50

r)aykarN_skmµPaBrbs;GgÁkar LICADHO ³ karkarBar nigkarelIkkMBs;siTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa raykarN_kñúgkMLúgBI

éf¶TI 1 Ex mkra dl;éf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2009 LICADHO TMB½r 27

29

enaHenArg;caMkñúg saladMbUgRkug nigKN³kmµkarsurieyadIenAeLIyeT EtBYkKat;RtUv)aneKbeNþjecj

edaybgçMenAéf¶TI 17 Ex kkáda qñaM 2009. 51

79> enAbc©úb,nñenHmankartaMglMenAdæanminpøÚvkarCag 500 kEnøgepSgeTot enAkñúgnigCMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj

enAelITaMgdIÉkCn nigdI saFarN³rbs;rdæ.52

karsikSaCamUldæanmYyelITIRbCMuCnEdleFVIeLIgeday

KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al (LMAP) )anEjkdac;kartaMglMenAdæanminpøÚvkarCa 3 RbePT ³ {¬1¦

kartaMglMenAelIdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ Edlcat;TukCaRTBü sm,tiþrbs;RksYg ¬2¦ kartaMglMenAelIdI

saFarN³rbs;rdæ Edlcat;TukCadIsMrab;esvasaFarN³ dUcCasßanIyrfePøIg sYnc,ar bwg Tenø sÞwg

nigéRBeQIEdldITaMgenHmanRbEhl 30 PaKry éntMbn;GPivDÆenAPñMeBj/ nig ¬3¦ kartaMg lMenA

elIdIÉkCn EdlmanRbEhl 65 PaKryénkartaMglMenAdæanminpøÚvkarsrub. }53

dUcmanbgðajenAkñúg

rUbPaBTI 1 nigTI 2 xageRkam RbCaCnenAkñúgsMNg;GaNaFibetyüenATIRkugPñMeBj nigTUTaMgRbeTs

KWRtUv)an)a:n;sµanfanwg ekIneLIgya:gxøaMgenAqñaM 2020.

RbPB ³ lMenAdæanGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬2005¦. {ninñakarRbCaCnenAkñúgsMNg;GaNaFibetyütamRbeTs BIqñaM

1999-2020 kñúgesNarIy:UkarBarnigelIkkMBs;nana. kar)a:n;sµanBIsMNg;GaNaFibetyüdMbUg.}

esckþIRBag. kmµviFIGgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,Ikarsg;lMenAdæan/ Rkug Nairobi nig Heinenon ¬2008¦ dkRsg;BI

SUPF ¬2003¦ salaRkugPñMeBj ¬2005¦

51

KµancMNgeCIg ³ GesßrPaBkmµsiTi§dIFøI nigGsmPaBvis½ydIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa eday Bridges Across Borders South

East

Asia (BABSEA), Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Jesuit Refugee Services (JRS), TMB½r 38 . 52

mCÄmNÐlFnFanTIRkug ¬2002¦. karsikSasþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrlMenAdæanrbs;shKmn_RkIRkkñúgTIRbCMuCnkñúgRkugPñMeBj.

Asian

Coalition for Housing Rights: PñMeBj nig karekIneLIgénesßrPaBkmµsiTi§dI nigCeRmIsnanakñúgkartaMglMenAdæanfµIkñúgTIRkug

PñMeBj ³ r)aykarN_qñaM 2004 rbs;RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; salaRkugPñMeBj

lMenAdæanGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigGgÁkar GTZ enAkm<úCa. 53

Baseline Study Urban Phase II, p. 38.

30

80> kñúgEx ]sPa qñaM 2003 naykrdæm®nþI)anRbkasBIbMNgrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUv

TItaMgén lMenAdæanminpøÚvkar ¬tMbn;sMNg;GaNaFibetyü¦cMnYn 100 Caerogral;qñaMkñúgRkugPñMeBj

ry³eBl 5 qñaM.54

karpþÜc epþImd¾manmhicäitaenH)aneFVIeGayshKmn_Edlrs;enAkñúglMenAdæanTaMgenaH

mankþIsgÇwmeLIgvijfa sßab½nrdæaPi)al TaMgfñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæannwgykviFIsaRsþCYyKaMRTBYkKat;

edIm,IelIkkMBs;sßanPaBkmµsiTi§dIFøIrbs;BYkKat;edIm,I [GacmanTMnukcitþCaRbCaCneBjeljnigGac

eFVIkarEklm¥pÞHKat; nigbrisßanCMuvijeGaykan;Etl¥RbesIrCagmun. k¾b:uEnþkarpþÜcepþImd¾viC¢manenHmin)an

ecjCarUbragenAeLIyeT. eRkABI]TahrN_mYyEdleyIgeXIjBIKeRmagEklm¥ lMenAdæanrbs;RKYsar

EdlbþwgTamTarkmµsiTi§pÞHbeNþaHGasnñrbs;Kat;eTACapÞHGcié®nþy_ dUckñúgkrNIKeRmagenAtMbn;bUrIkILa

CaedImenaH55

eKminTan;eXIjmankMNt;c,as;las;BIeKalneya)ayénkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenANamYy

b¤CeRmIs EckrMElkdIFøIsMrab;karGPivDÆenAeLIyeT.

81> karxVHxatnUveKalneya)ayCatiénkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA EdlTTYlsÁal;nigkarBartRmUvkarRsbc,ab;énRkum

RbCaCnEdlgayTTYlrgeRKaHbMput RBmCamYynwgkarxVHxatnUvkareFVIEpnkareGay)anRtwmRtUv nigkar

shkarrvagGñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs; )annaMeGaymanplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manCaeRcInelIEpñksgÁmkic© ehIykar

beNþjecjTaMgbgçMnana )aneFVIeGaymankarbMepøcbMpøajya:geRcInTaMgEpñkesdækic©nigsgÁmkic©.56

edaysarEtsiTi§TTYl)andIEdlRsbc,ab; nigmantémøsmrmü Cabuerl½kçx½NÐsRmab;karGPivDÆ vaCa

bBaðacMbgmYyEdlm©as;CMnYy)aneFVIkarya:gskmµGs;Ca

eRcInkñúgkarKaMRTdl;TaMgrdæaPi)alfñak;CatinigmUldæan nigEpñkeRkArdæaPi)alCaeRcIndéTeTot.

54

enHCalT§plénkic©RBmeRBogrvagrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYyehAfamUlniFisRmab;karGPivDÆCnRkIRkkñúgTIRkug

edayrYmmankarKaMRTya:gskmµBI Asian Coalition of Housing Rights. 55

KeRmagEckdIenAtMbn;bUrIkILaKWmanTItaMgenAcMsþatcas;kñúgkNþalraCFanIPñMeBj. kñúgépÞdIsrub 14 hikta manEt 2 hikta

b:ueNÑaHEdlRtUvrkSaTukeFVICapÞHElVgCUndl;GñkEdlmanlMenAdæanenATIenaH. GaCJaFrnana)anRbkasfaTItaMgenaHKWCarbs;

RksYg Gb;rM yuvCn nigkILa k¾b:uEnþdUcdIkñúgtMbn;bUrIkILaEdr RKYsarenATIenaH PaKeRcInGacmansiTi§Rsbc,ab;edIm,ITamTaryk

kmµsiTi§kñúgkarkan;kab;RTBüsm,tiþBIeRBaHBYkeKGaccUlkñúgl½kçx½NÐTaMg 5 kñúgkarTTYl)ansiTi§Rsbc,ab;edIm,Ikan;kab; dUcEcg

kñúgc,ab;dIFøIqñaM 2001. eTaHCamanRKYsarPaKeRcInniyayfaeKsb,aycitþ CamYynwglMenAdæanfµIrbs;BYkeKk¾edayman

r)aykarN_faKeRmagenaH )anmankarsRmuHsRmYlCaeRcInedayxVHtmøaPaB mankarrMelaPbMBan nigkarekgRbv½jelItémø

y:ageRcIn. CalT§plénnItiviFIén karRbtibtiþnigkarRtYtBinitüminRKb;RKan; nigRKb;RCugeRCay manRKYsarm©as;edImenA

tMbn;bUrIkILatictYcbMputEdlTTYl)ansiTi§rs;enAelIGaKarsagsg;fµIenAenaH. „From “Squatters” to Citizens? Slum

Dwellers, Developers, Land Sharing and Power in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Rabé, P. 2009. Doctoral dissertation

(DPPD), University of Southern California page 399) 56

karelIkm<s;suvtßiPaBkmµsiTi§dIFøIenATIRkugPñMeBjqñaM 2004.

31

eKeXIjc,as;ehIyfa mankarrIkcMerInk¾BitEmn EtenAmankEnøgEdlGacKYrRtUvbBa¢ak;BIpøÚvc,ab; bBaða

nItiviFI nigkarGnuvtþCaedImedIm,IkarBar [RbCaCnPaKeRcInGacTTYl)anesßrPaBmUldæan TTYl)an siTi§

nigyutþiFm’elIGIVEdlRtUveFVIeTAelIBYkeK.

X> savtaénRBwtiþkarN_enAtMbn;bwgkk;

1> RbvtiþénkartaMglMenAenAtMbn;enaH 82> enAedImstvtSfµIenH tMbn;bwgkk;latsn§wgelIépÞdIRbmaN 90 hikta ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 1¦. Munrbb

ExµrRkhm tMbn;CMuvijenaHmanPUmiciBa©wmRtItUcmYyenAEpñkxaglic EtmanRbCaCnEdlrs;enATIenaHtic

tYcbMputrhUtdl; eRkaykarrMedaHRkugPñMeBjmkvijeRkayrbbExµrRkhm)anbBa©b;.57

eBlEdlRbCaCn

)anRtLb;mkrs;enAkñúgRkugPñMeBj nigtMbn;RbCMuCnÉeTotvij GñkEdlmanKMnitpþÜcepþImx<s;bMput b¤k¾Gñk

EdlmanTMnak;TMngl¥ Gaccab;ykdIya:gelOn nigTTYl)ankmµsiTi§elIRTBüsm,tiþEdlmantémøx<s;

bMput. eBlEdldITaMgenHRtUvcuHbBa¢I GñkcMNakRsukEdlRtLb;mkPUmikrvijBItMbn;RBMEdn Edlminman

TMnak;TMng b¤KµanGMNac BYkKat;minGactv:aykRTBüsm,tþiedImrbs;Kat;vij)aneT ehIyEfmTaMgRtUv

eKbgçMeGaycakecjeTArkTIlMenAfµINaEdleKGaceTArk)an. CamYynwgkarekIneLIg y:agx<s;éncMnYn

Gñkmkrs;enAkñúgTIRkug TIlMenARsbc,ab;RtUv)aneKcab;ykGs; ehIyRKYsarCaeRcInRtUveKbgçMeGay cak

eTArkTIkEnøgEdlmandITMenr.

rUbPaBTI 3 ³ rUbPaBBIelIGakaséntMbn;bwgkk; ¬m:an lIm 2006¦

57

tMbn;dIesImenATIRbCMuCn nigEpnkarTIRkug ³ krNIsikSatMbn;dIesImenATIRkugPñMeBj RbeTskm<úCa edayelak G‘un cak;RKI qñaM

2009 TMB½r 24 nig 35.

32

83> eBlEdlkarsg;lMenAdæankan;EtmanlMnwgeLIg kñúgeBjmYyTsvtSqñaM 1980 sßanPaBk¾kan;Etman

PaBtantwgeLIg²Cagmun CaBiessenAeBlEdlRbCaCnxøH)anTamTarfasalaRkugRtUvTTYlxusRtUv

elIkarEbgEckdIsMrab;sg;lMenAdæankñúgtMbn;enaH. RbCaBlrdæmñak;)anniyayTTUcfa kñúgqñaM 1985 Kat;

)ansalaRkugeGaymkrs;enAtMbn;enH eRkayBIeBlEdlkEnøgEdlKat;enABImunmkenaHRtUv)anGaCJaFr

ykeTAeFVICasYnkMsanþsb,aymYy. Kat;k¾RtUv)anpþl; CUnnUvdImYykEnøgehIyeKR)ab;Kat;faKat;Gac

rs;enATIenaH {)anmYyry³} k¾b:uEnþenaHKWCag 20 qñaMmkehIy. CadMbUg Kat;RKan;Etsagsg;xÞmtUc

mYyb:ueNÑaH EtyUr²eTAKat;)ansagsg;bnþicmþg²rhUt)andl; 3 GaKarkñúgdId¾tUcmYy. Kat;)anbnþfa

naykrdæm®nþI)anniyayfaRbsinebIGñkrs;enAkEnøgNamYyelIsBI 5 qñaM GñkGacTTYl)anb½NÑkmµsiTi§

elIdIenaH. Kat;manÉksarBak;B½n§TaMgGs; rYmTaMgesovePARKYsarBIkEnøgcas;mk EtKµanb½NÑkmµsiTi§.

84> enAqñaM 1991 eBlEdlRbeTsCatikMBugerobcMkare)aHeqñatCaelIkdMbUgrbs;xøÜn dIPaKeRcInenACMuvijbwg

enHRtUv)aneKenAeBjeTAehIy.58

mankartMNalR)ab;erOgra:vEdlKN³bkSneya)aynanakñúgkarEsVg

rksnøwkeqñatrbs;xøÜn )anelIkTwkcitþeGayRbCaCneTAenATIenaHnigsagsg;lMenAdæankñúgtMbn;enaH ehIy

RbCaCnrs;enATIenaH)anniyayfa BYkKat;manÉksarRKb;RKan;EdlbBa¢ak;faBYkKat;GacTTYl)ankmµsiTi§

kñúgkarkan;kab;dIEdlkMBugenA ¬sUmGan RbGb;elx 1 kñúgCMBUk 1¦. RKYsarCaeRcIn)an tva:faBYkeKman

ÉksarEdlbBa¢ak;BIkmµsiTi§ rIÉRKYsardéTeTotmanÉksarEdlBYkeKniyayfaRtUv)anpþl;[eday

GaCJaFrmUldæannanakñúgkMLúgqñaM 1990 tamry³RbB½n§kmµsiTi§Edl {minpøÚvkar} rYmmankar ecjCaelx

pÞH esovePARKYsar kic©snüaEklm¥ehdæarcnasm½<n§ nigkic©snüalk;dIEdlmansakSICapøÚvkarpg.

rUbPaBTI 1 pÞHsEm,gd¾ceg¥ótenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;

58

karelIkkMBs;esßrPaBsiT§idIFøIsRmab;GñkRkIRkkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj énRbeTskm<úCa ³ krNIsikSaEbbviPaK

edayRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; nigPñak;garsRmab;karGPivDÆ ¬RbeTsGg;eKøs¦ edayelak ebghug

suCatiexmrU: nig elak Payne, G qñaM 2004 TMB½r 16.

33

85> karsikSasÞg;mtimYyeFVIeLIgedaymCÄmNÐlFnFanTIRkug enATIRkugPñMeBjkñúgcugqñaM 2001 )anbgðaj

[eXIjfa esÞIrEt 70 PaKryénRKYsarTaMgenaHcg;bnþrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enaHeTot ehIyGacman»kas

edIm,IEklm¥pÞH sEm,grbs;BYkeK.59

kñúgkMLúgcugqñaM 1990 tMbn;enHkøayCatMbn;eBjniymmYysMrab;

ePJóveTscrN_breTs EdlCaBiessePJóveTscrN_breTskabUbs<ayEdlmanfvikatictYc nigmanpÞH

sMNak;EdleFVIelITMreQIenABIelITwkbwg nigxøHeTotenAelImat;Twk. CamYynwgtémøsñak;enARbEhl 3-

10 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyyb; pÞHsMNak;TaMgenaHGac pþl;karsñak;GaRs½ykñúgbrisßanEtmYy eTaHCa

manmUsEtenHCakarpþl;nUvRbPBcMnUlmYyy:agsMxan;sMrab;RbCaCnenATIenaH. ePJóveTscrN_breTs

TaMgenaHk¾)anrIkraynwgkareRbIR)as;nUvesvananaepSgeTotenATIenaHpgEdr dUcCa)ar nig ePaCnIydæan

k¾dUcCamanpSarpgEdr. c,as;Nas; cab;BIstvtSfµIenHmkdl; mankarmkrs;enAtMbn;enACMuvijbwg

enHy:agENnNan;tan;tab; ehIyRTBüsm,tiþCaeRcInRtUv)anEklm¥edaym©as;enATIenaH.

2> RbePTénkmµsiTi§dIenAtMbn;enaH

86> RbePTénkmµsiTi§dIenAtMbn;bwgkk; nigCMuvijtMbn;enaHmanepSg²KñaCaeRcInRbePT. kñúgnamCabwgFmµCati

mYy bwgenHRtUv)ankMNt;edaymaRta 58 énrdæFmµnujqñaM 1993 CaRTBüsm,tþirbs;rdæ nigkñúgmaRta

15 énc,ab;dIFøIqñaM 2001 CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ. xusBIsÞwg Edlmat;sÞwgk¾RtUv)ankMNt;faCadI

saFarN³rbs;rdæEdrenaH RbkasBak;B½n§ mYy60

)ankMNt;brievNrMuB½T§bwgenArdUvEdlmanTwkticbMput

kñúgExR)aMg. ral;dIenABIelIenHRtUv)ankMNt;faCadIÉkCn rbs;rdæ elIkElgEtvaGaceRbIR)as;Capl

RbeyaCn_saFarN³. dUecñHGñkkan;kab;dIkñúgtMbn;TaMgenHGacmansiTi§TTYl )annUvkarpþl;siTi§kan;kab;

Rsbc,ab;)an.

87> Epñkxagt,ÚgéndIbwgenHKWlatsn§wgedayExSpøÚvrfePøIgEdlmindMeNIrkar. eTaHCadIEdlbMrugTukeFVIpøÚv

rfePøIgenH RtUv)ancat;TukedayRsbc,ab;faCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæk¾eday b:uEnþpøÚvrfePøIgTaMgenaHmin

dMeNIrkarCayUrqñaMmkehIy ehIyeKGaccat;Tukfa)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_saFarN³eTAehIy. dUecñHdIenaH

GacRtUvcat;TukfaCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ nig Gac[eKykkan;kab;)an. manPsþútagBIkrNIsikSanana ¬sUm

GanRbGb;elx 2¦ EdlfaGaCJaFrraCaysµ½yyan xøÜnÉgpÞal;k¾)anelIkTwkcitþ[buKÁlikrbs;xøÜncab;

ykdIEdlenACitbrievNpøÚvrfePøIgenHpgEdrenAkñúgkMLúgedImqñaM 1980 sMrYleGaykarsg;pÞHenACit

59

karsikSaBIkarpøas;lMenAdæanrbs;shKmn_RkIRkkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn kñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. mCÄmNÐlFnFanTIRkug. PñMeBjqñaM

2002. 60

Rbkaselx 42 d>n>s> b>k> cuHéf¶TI 10 Ex mIna qñaM 2006 sþIBIkarkMNt; kareFVIEpnTI nigkareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIrdæ.

34

kEnøgeFVIkar. Gñkrs;enATIenaHCaeRcInGñk)anbgðajfaxøÜnmanÉksarEdlKaMRTdl; karTamTarrbs;BYkeK

ehIyEdlbgðajfaBYkeKGacTTYl)anb½NÑkmµsiTi§ CaBiessRbsinebIBYkeK)anrs;enAelIdIenaH Gs;ry³

eBlCag 5 qñaMmuneBlc,ab;dIFøIqñaM 2001 )ancUlCaFrman.

88> CacugbBa©b; tMbn;déTeTotenACMuvijbwgkk;enHmaneKraykarN_faRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CasYnc,arsaFarN³

nigeFVICa sYnstVpgenAeBlNamYyenaH eRkayeBlEdlTIRkugPñMeBj)anrMedaHrYcBIqñaM 1979 mk.

eBlEdlsYnc,arRtUvKitfa CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ enHGaRs½yelImankarBinitü nigcuHbBa©IrYcRtwmRtUv.

kñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk; cMNucCak;lak;BI brievNrbs;sYnc,ar nigninñakarénkarsg;lMenAdæan KWminmaneT

ehIyGaCJaFrnanamin)ancuHbBa¢IdIenaHeGayCadIrdæenAeLIyeT. enHKWbBa¢ak;mþgeTotehIyfa dIEdl

minTan;c,as;las;KWdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ rhUtdl;mannItiviFIénkarvinicä½y smRsbmYyeFVIeLIgedIm,IedaHRsay

bBaðaénkarRbkasrbs;rdæ karbþwgtva:BIGñkkan;kab;dIbc©úb,nñ nigGñkbwþgdéTeTot.

3> karpþÜcepþImkñúgkarGPivDÆsMrab;tMbn;enH

89> kñúgqñaM 2003 karBüakrN_BIesßrPaBkmµsiTi§dIyUrGEgVg nigkarEklm¥brisßanxageRkARtUv)aneFVIeLIg

y:agxøaMgkøa edayRbCaCnrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;enH RBmTaMgsMNg;GaNaFibetyünanaCaeRcInkEnøg

eTotkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. bnÞab;BImankarRbwgERbgkñúgkarGPivDÆshKmn_ya:gelOnedayGgÁkareRkA

rdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk raCrdæaPi)al)anRbkasfa nwgsMerceFVIkarEklm¥sMNg;GaNaFibetyüTaMg 500

kEnøg kñúgRkugPñMeBj ehIysnüafanwgeFVI[)ankñúgkMLúgeBl 5 qñaM. EpñkmYyéntMbn;bwgkk;k¾RtUv)an

eRCIserIseFVICakrNIsikSaenAkñúgkmµviFIEklm¥enHEdr. karGPivDÆTaMgenHbegáIteGay RbCaCnkñúgtMbn;

enaHmankþIsgÇwmekIneLIgfaBYkeKnwgGacmankmµsiTi§elIdIKat;Rsbc,ab; nigGacvinieyaKbEnßmkñúgkar

Eklm¥lMenAdæan nigbrisßanrs;enACMuvijrbs;BYkeK.

90> bnÞab;mk kñúgqñaM 2004 karRbkYtRbECgEpñkKMrUbøg;GnþrCatimYyRtUv)anRbkaseLIgedIm,IeRCIserIssMeNI

Edll¥bMputsMrab;GPivDÆtMbn;enH.61

eyagelIxøwmsarsegçbrbs;karRbkYtRbECg¬karedjéfø?¦enH

mansMeNIEdlnwgeFVI[tMbn;bwgenHkøayCatMbn; {GtþsBaØaN} Biess EdlnwgeFVIeGayTIRkugPñMeBjman

rUbPaBCa }KuCénTIVbGasIu}. xøwmsarsegçbénsMeNIrenaHk¾)anbgðajBIkþIsgÇwmpgEdrfanwgmankar

eFVIEpnkarEdlRbkbedaysþg;darx<s; bBa©ÚlGtþsBaØaNénRbeTskm<úCaCamYynwgekrþi×eQµaHGnþrCati

61

karRbkYtRbECnenHRtUv)anRKb;RKgrYmKñaedayRkumh‘unBieRKaHeyabl;mYy nigsalaRkugPñMeBjènraCrdæaPi)al.

B½t’mansIþBIkar BiPakSaCaBisþarelIsMeNIrRbkYtRbECgenHmanenA Huybrechts, E. 2004. Boeng Kak: Projet

d‟aménagement urbain. Phnom Penh: Ambassade de France au Cambodge: service de coopération et d‟action

culturelle.

35

edaymankarsßabnaeLIgvijnUvTidæPaBedIm nig[eTACakEnøgkMsanþ edayEsVgrkCeRmIskñúgkarsagsg;

lMenAdæanRbkbedaysþg;dar tamry³karGPivDÆeLIgvij nigkarruHerITItaMg kñúgtMbn;Ek,rbwg.

91> kñúgEx emsa qñaM 2007 sMeNIrEdlQñHkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkKMrUbøg;GnþrCatienaHRtUv)anelIkykeTA

bgðajenAkñúgTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI edaymankarENnaMeGayKitKUrBItRmUvkarkargarrbs;RbCaCntaMglMenA

xusc,ab;enATIenaH pøÚvrfePøIgfñak;GnþrCatifµImYynwgRtUvsagsg; RBmTaMgmanGaKarTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþIfµI

mYynwgRtUvsagsg;pgEdrenAEk,rbwgenaH. bnÞab;BIenaHmkrdæaPi)alk¾)anpþl;GMNacdl;salaRkug

PñMeBjkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagGPivDÆmYy nigbegáIt[manEpnkarmYyedIm,IbBa©ÚlkñúgEpnkaremqñaM 2020

EdlkMBugzitkñúgdMNak;kalénkarerobcM.62

cMnucKnøwHnana kñúgkarQñH)ansMeNIrenHrYman ³63

- eFVIGaTiPaB[bwgenHmantYnaTICasYtébtgénTIRkug nigFanaeGaymantMbn;sYnc,armYysMrab;saFarN³

CnenACMuvijbrievNenaH.

- begáIt[manRbB½n§Twks¥at nigEklm¥pøÚvTwkFmµCatimYyEdltP¢ab;bwgCamYynwgEpñkdéTeToténTIRkug.

- manEpnkarsMrab;karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAsMrab;RKYsarenATIenaHedIm,IbiTtMbn;CMuvijbwgenaH.

- mankarbegáIteLIgnUvkarpSarP¢ab;rvagkarGPivDÆEdl)anesñIeLIgenHCamYynwgkEnøgsMxan;²déTeTogEd

l enACMuvijbrievNTIRbCMuCn ¬dUcCamNÐlkILaGULaMBic pSarFMfµI tMbn;vtþPñM kMBUlGg;EtnTYleKak

nigsßanIyrfePøI¦.

92> k¾b:uEnþ eRkayBIkarRbkaslT§plBIkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkKMrUbøg;GnþrCatisMrab;tMbn;bwgkk;enaH rdæaPi)al

)ansMerceFVIkarGPivDÆtMbn;enaH enAelImUldæanCakarshkarN_CamYynwgGñksagsg;ÉkCnmYyehAfa

Rkumh‘un Shukaku . enAéf¶TI 06 Ex kumÖH qñaM 2007 MPP nig Shukaku )ancuHhtßelxaCYl

kñúgry³eBl 99 qñaM kñúgtémø 79 landuløa shrdæGaemrik elIépÞdI 133 hikta rYmTaMgbwgenaHpg

Edlbc©úb,nñenHkMBugEtRtUv)ancak;dIbMeBj. rdæaPi)alk¾)an ecjGnuRkwtümYyedIm,IEkERbtMbn;enaH[

eTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ.64

enHKWkan;EteFVI[eyIgeXIjc,as;fa raC rdæaPi)ale)aHbg;ecalsMeNIEdlQñH

kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkKMrUbøg;GnþrCati EdleKehAfa {bøg;KuC} ehIycab;yknUvédKUfµIxagelI.

4> nItiviFIvinicä½yeRkamKeRmagenH

62

{KeRmagRkugKuCrbs;GasIu} cuHkñúgkaEstPñMeBjb:usþ_ ¬éf¶TI 09 Ex mIna qñaM 2007¦ nig {kñúgBaküsMdIrbs;BYkeK ³ TsSn

vis½y qñaM 2020} cuHkñúgkaEstPñMeBjb:usþ_ ¬éf¶TI 03 Ex tula qñaM 2008¦ 63

Boeng Kak: Projet d‟aménagement urbain (qñaM 2004) 64

GnuRkwtüelx 108 sG cuHéf¶TI 07 Ex sIha qñaM 2008 sþIBIkarERbkøayTItaMgbwgkk;BIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³

rbs;rdæeGayeTA CaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ.

36

93> enAéf¶TI 31 Ex mIna qñaM 2006 salaRkugPñMeBj)anRbkasfasgáat;RsHcknwgRtUveRCIserIsCatMbn;

kargaredIm,IeFVIkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiTi§tamry³RbB½n§rbs;KeRmag MPP.65

enH)aneFVIeGayRKYsarrs;enA

TIenaHmankþIsgÇwmfakarTamTarrbs;BYkeKnwgRtUveKykeTABicarNa ehIyeBlEdlRkumKeRmag LMAP

cab;epþImeFVIkarenAExdEdlenaHedIm,IRsg;Tinñn½ynigeFVIkarvas;Evg RKYsarenAtMbn;bwgkk;)anesñIsMu[man

karTTYlsÁal;nUvkarTamTarrbs;BYkeKeTAelI dIrbs;BYkeKerog²xøÜn.

94> mYyPaKFMénRKYsarenATIenaH)anbBa¢ak;faBYkKat;manÉksarbBa¢k;BITaMgfñak; x½NÐ sgáat; nigPUmiBI

{siTi§kan;kab;} ¬PaKeRcInkñúgTRmg;CahtßelxaelIlixitepÞrsiTi§¦ b¤faesovePARKYsar nigvik½ybR½tbg;

R)ak;éføePøIgKWCaPsþútagBIkar)anrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enaHcab;BImunqñaM 2001 EdlRsbnwgc,ab;dIFøI. eday

sarEtsßanPaBénkmµsiTi§elIdItMbn;enaHminTan;)ankMNt;kñúgc,ab;k¾eday RKYsarTaMgenaH)anrkSakþIsgÇwm

rbs;BYkeKelIkarbþwgtva:rkb½NÑkmµsiTi§ ehIykñúgkrNITaMgGs; BYkeKxMRbwgkarBarlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK

kñúgnItiviFIvinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP. KeRmagenHRtUv)anp¥ak;dMeNIredayFnaKarBiPBelakenAkñúg 1

ExeRkaymk enAéf¶TI 06 Ex mifuna qñaM 2006 edaysarEtmanbBaðalT§kmµ nigGPi)alkic©kñúgkar

GnuvtþKeRmag.

95> RsbtamnItiviFIrbs;;KeRmag LMAP EpnTIsurieyadIRtUvEtdak;bgðajCUnsaFarN³Cn ¬enAcenøaHéf¶TI 04

Ex mkra dl; éf¶TI 02 Ex kumÖH qñaM 2007¦ kardak;bgðajCUnsaFarN³CnenHbgðajEtBIRBMEdn nig

brievNPUmib:ueNÑaH Edl {KµaneQµaHm©as;} nigminmanEpnTIdILÚnImYy²eLIy EdlenH)anbgá[mankar

)armÖCaxøaMgBIGñkRsuk. RKYsarTaMg enaHniyayfaeBlBYkeKesñI[mankaresIubGegátelIkar TamTarrbs;

BYkeK karesñIsMurbs;BYkeKRtUv)anbdiesF edaymanmUlehtufaBYkeKkMBugrs;enAkñúg {tMbn;GPivDÆ}.

karP½yxøacEdlfaBYkeKnwgminGacmankmµsiTi§ Rsbc,ab;elIdIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK RtUv)anbgðajkan;Et

c,as; enAéf¶TI 06 Ex kumÖH qñaM 2007 enAeBlEdlmankarRbkas fardæaPi)al)ancuHhtßelxa

elIkic¨RBmeRBogCYlCamYyRkumh‘un Shukaku.

96> eRkaybnþicmkkñúgEx kumÖH qñaM 2007 enaH enAkñúgkarCYbRbCMukñúgshKmn_mYy manRbCaCn 300 RKYsar

)anCYbCMu edIm,IbgðajCasaFarN³GMBIkarQWcab;rbs;BYkeK elIkarseRmccitþrbs;salaRkugkñúgkarCYldI

133 hiktaeTA[karGPivDÆEpñkBaniC¢kmµ. sarB½t’man)anraykarN_famanRbFanPUmimñak;)anniyay

fa RKYsarTaMgGs;minRtUvP½ykøay b¤RBYy)armÖGIVTaMgGs;BIeRBaHfa {nwgKµanGñkNamñak;nwgRtUvbgçM[

ecjBItMbn;enaHeTeRBaHrdæaPi)alman eKalneya)ayminbeNþjecjedaybgçMeT.}66

enAéf¶TI 13 Ex

65

esckþIRbkasBItMbn;kargarepJIBIsalaRkugPñMeBjCUneTAGPi)alx½NÐdUneBj elx 83 cuHéf¶TI 31 Ex mIna qñaM 2006. 66

kaEst xaMbUDaedlI éf¶TI 21 Ex kumÖH qñaM 2007 TMB½r 17.

37

mIna qñaM 2007 salaRkugPñMeBj)anecjesckþIEføgkarN_mYy ehIypþl;dMNwgCUnsaFarN³Cn

CaBiessRKYsarEdlenAtMbn;bwgkk; [dwgfakñúgkic¨snüaCYlEdl cuHhtßelxaCamYyRkumh‘un Shukaku

enaH KWnwgKµankarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAdæanrbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;enaHeGayeTATItaMg epSgeRkARkugPñMeBjenaH

eT. enAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_enHEdr salaRkug)anFanaya:gmwugm:at;faKeRmagGPivDÆkñúgtMbn; bwgkk;enH

nwgRtUvGnuvtþeTA)anedaymankarBieRKaHCamYynwgRkumRKYsarrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enaH.67

tarag 1 ³ RBwtiþkarN_tamkalbriecäTenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; Tak;TgnwgKeRmag LMAP

kalbriecäT RBwtiþkarN_ ¼ skmµPaB

Ex sIha qñaM 2005 TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþIpþl;dMNwgdl;GPi)alRkugPñMeBjBIkic©RBmeRBog {CaeKalkarN_} CamYy

Rkumh‘un Shukaku kñúgkarGPivDÆtMbn;bwgkk;

éf¶ 3 mkra 2006 TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþIpþl;dMNwgdl;GPi)alRkugPñMeBjBIkic¨snüa CamYy Rkumh‘un Shukaku

kñúgkarGPivDÆtMbn;bwgkk;

éf¶ 31 mkra 2006 esckIþRbkasdak;RkugPñMeBjCatMbn;kargarsMrab;karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiTi§eRkayKeRmag LMAP

Ex ]sPa 2006 -

Ex mkra 2007

LMAP LRTs )aneFVIkarsÞg;mti nigvinicä½ykñúgtMbn;sgáat;RsHck. RKYsarkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;)anesñI

suMeGaymankarTTYlsÁal;elIkarbwþgTamTarsiTi§elIdILÚrbs;BYkeK

éf¶ 6 mifuna 2006 karp¥akKeRmag

éf¶ 4 mkra-éf¶ 02

kumÖH 2007

karbgðajCasaFarN³BITItaMgcuHbBa¢I EdlbgðajBIRBMuEdn nigbrievNPUminImYy²

¬EtminmaneQµaHm©as;kmµsiTi§¦

éf¶ 5 Ex mkra 2007 karp¥akKeRmagRtUv)anelIkElg- KeRmagbnþkarGnuvtþ

éf¶ 6 Ex mkra 2007 kic©snüaCYltMbn;bwgkk;)ancuHhtßelxarvag MPP nigRkumh‘unGPivDÆÉkCn

éf¶ 13 Ex mIna

2007

esckþIEføgkarN_BIsalaRkugPñMeBjedIm,ICUndMNwgfaRKYsarrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk; nwgminRtUvruHerITI

lMenAdæanrbs;BYkeKeLIy

éf¶ 31 Ex FñÚ 2007 karBnüaeBlbiTKeRmagBI éf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2007 dl; éf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2009

éf¶TI 6 Ex mifuna qñaM

2008

kñúgkMLúgeBlebskkmµeTARtYtBinitütMbn;bwgkk; fñak;RKb;RKgRtUv)anCMrabeday PMO fatMbn;

bwgkk;KWCaRTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæ dUecñHRKYsarrs;enAtMbn;enaHminGacmansiT§TTYl)an

b½NÑkmµsiTi§eT.

éf¶ 24 kkáda 2008 sMbuRtBInaykdæanerobcMEdndIRkugPñMeBjCUn MPP edayerobrab;BIbrievNén {tMbn;GPivDÆ}

Ex sIha qñaM 2008 RKYsarrs;enAkñúg {tMbn;GPivDÆ} RtUv)anTTYlsMBaF[ruHerITIlMenA. sMNg;EdlmanesßrPaB

67

esckþIEføgkarN_rbs;salaRkugPñMeBj cuHéf¶TI 13 Ex mIna qñaM 2007.

38

kmµsiTi§TabbMput ehIyEdlsg;elIeQIenAelIbwg)ancab;epþImerIecjBITIenaH.

Ex sIha qñaM 2008 karcab;epþImlubdIkñúgbwg nigkarGPivDÆtMbn;enaHedayRkumh‘unÉkCn

éf¶ 07 sIha 2008 karEkcMNat;fñak;dIenaHeGayeTACa {dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ}

Ex mkra dl; Ex sIha

qñaM 2009

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnananaMykkarRBYy)armÖBItMbn;bwgkk;enHmkCUnfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar

BiPBelak

éf¶ 24 mkra 2009 karbeNþjecjedaybgçMenAshKmn_dIRkhm

éf¶TI 1-10 Ex emsa

2009

LMAP ERM kñúgRbeTskm<úCa

Ex emsa dl; Ex

sIha qñaM 2009

fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelakBiPakSalT§plénkarsikSa nigkarrkeXIjnana CamYynwg

raCrdæaPi)al

éf¶TI 9 Ex emsa

2009

sMbuRtBIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnanaCUndl; {RkumRbwkSaPi)alrbs;RkumFnaKarBiPBelak}

manP¢ab;CamYynUvesckþIeRBogr)aykarN_sMgat;EdlmanbBa¢IsMNYr EdlrYmmanesckþIeyag

mYyedIm,IesñIsuMeGaymanKN³kmµkaresIubGegát.

éf¶TI 16 Ex kkáda qñaM

2009

FnaKarBiPBelak)anecjesckþIEføgkarN_rYmmYyCamYynwgRKb;édKUGPivDÆn_déTeTot edIm,IsuM

eGaymanbBaÄb;nUvkarbeNþjecjedaybgçMnUvRbCaCnRkIRkkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCnenAkm<úCa

éf¶TI 17 Ex kkáda qñaM

2009

karbeNþjecjshKmn_Rkum 78 edaybgçM

éf¶TI 10 Ex sIha qñaM

2009

esckþIRbkaselIkTI 1 CapøÚvkarbeNþjecjBIlMenAdæan CUneGayRkumRKYsarenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;

kñúgPUmi 2 nig PUmi 4.

éf¶TI 27-28 Ex

sIha qñaM 2009

fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakeFVITsSn³kic©mkRbeTskm<úCaedIm,IBiPakSaBIKeRmag

LMAP rYmmanTaMgkarp¥akKeRmagrYmKñamYypg

éf¶TI 04 Ex kBaØa qñaM

2009

RkumGFikarkic©TTYl)anesckþIesñIsuMeGaymankaresIubGegát.


2009

rdæaPi)al)anlb;ecalminTTYlykkarTUTat;cMNayEdlenAesssl;BI\NTanrbs;KeRmag

LMAP


2009

FnaKarBiPBelakeqøIytbnwgsMbuRténkarlb;ecalenaH Edlfñak;RKb;RKg)anrMlwkdl;rdæaPi)al

BIkatBVkic©rbs;rdæaPi)alEdlenAminTan;)anbMeBjkñúgKeRmagenaHrbs;rdæaPi)al

39

5> karbeNþjecjedaybgçMBItMbn;bwgkk;

97> RKYsarrs;enAtMbn;enaHk¾cab;epþImTTYlsMBaFkñúgkarpøas;bþÚrlMenAdæan nigTTYlykCeRmIs 1 kñúgcMeNam

CeRmIs 3 KW ³

k> R)ak;srubcMnYn 8>500 duløashrdæGaemriksMrab;CasMNgsrubelIRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkeK.

x> pøas;TIlMenAeTA tMbn;dMNak;Rtywg ¬Cag 20 KILÚEm:RtenAeRkARkug nigTIRbCMuCn¦

nigTTYl)anR)ak;cMnYn 500 duløashrdæGaemrik edIm,IcMNayelIkarpøas;TItaMgenH. b¤

K> eFVIkarsagsg;pÞHeLIgvij edayRKYsarTaMgenaHRtUvpøas;eTArs;enAkñúgtMbn;RtBaMgGBa©aj

¬cMgayCag 20 KILÚEm:Rt BIRkugPñMeBjEdr¦ kñúgry³eBl 4 qñaMsin eBlEdlpÞHrbs;BYk

eKRtUv)ansagsg;fµIenAelItMbn;bwgkk;.

98> CeRmIsTI 3 KWnwgeFVIeGayGñkrs;enACan;pÞal;dIeGayeTAkñúgpÞHElVg. CeRmIsenHKWRtUv)anbdiesFTaMg

RsugBIswgRKb;RKYsarTaMgGs; mYyEpñkedaysarEtBYkeKmincg;rs;enAkñúgpÞHElVgelICan;minpÞal;dIeT

eRBaHnwg)at;e)aH»kas sMrab;[BYkeKEdlPaKeRcIneFVIGaCIvkmµtampÞHedIm,IrkSacMnUlsMrab;karrs;enA

RbcaMéf¶rbs;BYkeK. RKYsarTaMgenaHk¾ mankþI)armÖCaxøaMgEdrBIkarpøas;lMenAbeNþaHGasñnry³eBl 4 qñaM

eTAkEnøgEdlGacCH\T§BlCaGviC¢mandl;PaBCit sñitkñúgshKmn_ nigkarrkcMnUlrbs;Kat;. k¾b:uEnþ

mUlehtuEdll¥mYyeTotKWBYkKat;)at;bg;CMenOTaMgRsugeTAelIGñksagsg; Edlfanwgpþl;eGaypÞHfµIelI

tMbn;enHenAeBlEdlBYkKat;cakecjehIyenaH. eyagtamRKYsarmYycMnYn GaCJaFrnana )anxitxMya:g

skmµkñúgkarraraMgmineGayRKYsarTaMgenaHeRCIserIsykCeRmIsTI 3 enHeT. k¾man r)aykarN_pgEdr

faTwkR)ak;BitR)akd Edl)anpþl;CUnk¾manPaBxusKñaBIRKYsarmYyeTARKYsarmYyEdr eBalKWRKYsar

PaKeRcIn)anTTYlTwkR)ak;ticCag 8>500 duløaGaemrikEdl)ansnüaenaH.

99> CeRmIsEdlGaczitezr)ansMrab;RKYsarTaMgenaHKWTTYlyksac;R)ak;srubehIypøas;ecjBIkEnøgenaHeday

cMNaypÞal;xøÜn b¤karTTYlpÞHElVgmYyenAtMbn;lMenAdæanEdleKbþÚr[. CeRmIsTI 1 )aneFVI[mankarxwg

sm,arCaxøaMgedaysarEtTwkR)ak;srubenaHvatictYceBk. PsþútagCaeRcIn)anbBa¢ak;BItémødIenAtMbn;

bwgkk;enH)anekIneLIgdl; 3000 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyEm:Rtkaer EdlbgðajfadIRKYsarEdlmanTMhM 50

Em:RtkaerGacTamTar)antamtémøTIpSarcMnYn ya:gehac 150000 duløaGaemrikEdr edayminKitBItémø

smÖar³déTeToteT ehIydIFMCagenH nwgGacTTYl)anrwtEt eRcInCagenH. kñúgbribTenH 8000 duløa

GaemrikminGacRKb;TijpÞHRsedogKñaenHenAkñúg b¤CitRkugNamYy)aneT. manEtRKYsarTaMgenHRtUvbgçM

citþeTAenAtMbn;q¶aykñúgCnbT EdlPaKeRcInBYkeKminsÁal;GñkNamñak; ehIynwgRtUvcab;epþImksagCIvit

nigkarrs;enArbs;BYkKat;sarCafµI.

40

100> enAkñúgsßanPaBEbbenH vaminKYrPJak;ep¥IleT EdlRKYsarPaKeRcIn)anyl;faBYkeKKµanCeRmIsGIVeRkABI

TTYlykCeRmIsTI 3 edIm,Ipøas;lMenAdæanCabeNþaHGasnñeTAenAtMbn;dMNak;RtywgenaH. mnusSPaK

eRcInniyayfaeKman GarmµN_minGactva:CMTas;xøaMgkøa b¤cUlrYmeFVI)atukmµ)aneT eRBaHfaBYkeKb¤RKYsar

rbs;BYkeKeFVIkarenAkñúgsalaRkugEdr ehIyP½yxøac)at;bg;TaMgkargar nigpÞHsMEbgrbs;BYkeK. RKYsar

TaMgenaHraykarN_mkfa RkumnKr)al nigbuKÁlik Rkumh‘un)anmkeFVIkarrMxandl;BYkeKCabnþbnÞab;edIm,I

[kMlaMgtva:rbs;BYkeKcuHexSay ehIyRKYsarxøHeTotRtUv)an bgçM[ruHerIpÞHrbs;BYkeKedayxøÜnÉg

RBmTaMgyMminQb;.

101> kñúgqñaMenaH sßanPaBkan;EtminmanPaBc,as;las;EfmeTot ehIykarRbkasbeNþjecjcugeRkay)anecj

edaysalaRkugPñMeBjenAEx emsa qñaM 2009. shKmn_k¾)anerobcMÉksarbþwgeTAKN³kmµkarsurieyadI

k¾dUcCadak; eTAtulakarkñúgeBlEtmYyenaHEdredIm,Ip¥akkarbeNþjecjenHrhUtdl;mankarsMerccitþelI

PaBRsbc,ab;rbs;erOgenH. tulakar)anbdiesFminecjlixitbBa¢a edaybBa¢ak;fabBaðaenHvahYsBI

smtßkic©rbs;tulakar ehIyKYrEtRtUv[edaHRsayedayKN³kmµkarsurieyadI.

102> enAéf¶TI 10 Ex sIha qñaM 2009 Cag 150 RKYsarkñúgPUmi2 nig PUmi4 kñúgtMbn;bwgkk;)anTTYl

RbkasCapøÚvkarelIkTI 1 edIm,IeGayBYkeKecjBIlMenAdæan EdleRkaymkkarbeNþjecjenaHk¾)an

eFVIeLIg. mkdl;bc©úb,nñenH cMnYnRKYsarsrubEdlRtUvbeNþjecjBIpÞHsMEbgkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;enaHminman

cMnYnc,as;las;eT eTaHCamanRbPBxøH)a:n;sµan famanBI 950 eTA 1200 RKYsar ehIyxøHeTotfarhUt

dl; 2000 RKYsar ehIyman 2000 RKYsarepSgeTotkMBugzitenAeRkamkarKMramKMEhg. RKYsarCaeRcIn

)anRtUvbgçM[cakecjBIpÞHenAtamCaybwg enAeBlEdlTwkcab;epþIm eLIgkMBs;eRkayBImankarcak;dI

bMeBjbwgenaHedayRkumh‘unsagsg; ¬sUmGanRbGb;elx 3 xageRkamsþIBIkar)armÖBI TwkCMnn;¦.

103> bTsMPasn_CamYynwgGñkenAkEnøgsMrab;pøas;lMenAdæanrYc CamYynwgPsþútagCarUbPaBBIelxTUrs½BÞ enA

elIGaKarCaeRcIn)aneGayeyIgdwgfa RKYsarPaKeRcInEdlerIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK KWBIeRBaHEtpÞHrbs;

BYkeKenAq¶ayBImþúMkEnøgsg;fµI nigedaysarEtsMNg;enATIenaHKµanKuNPaB EdlCalT§plnwgkat;bnßy

R)ak;cMnUlKat;EttictYcRsab;ehIyenaH. CalT§pl BYkeK)anlk;pÞHenaHykR)ak;tamtémøEdlGac

TTYl)an ehIyRtLb;cUlmkTIRkugvij edIm,ICYlpÞHeK b¤rkdITMenrNaedIm,Irs;enA. GñkdéTeTot)anrk

eXIjkEnøgsñak;enAkñúgEpñkdéTeToténTIRkug tamry³karCYyKaMRTEpñk sgÁmkic©BIbgb¥Ún nigGñkCit

xag.

41

rUbPaBTI 2 ³ pÞHlicTwkkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;

42

RbGb;TI 3 > kgVl;énkarCn;lic BIkarcak;bMeBj TMnb;bWgkk;

¬TMnb;bwgkk;CabwgmYyd¾sMxan; kñúgcMenambwgTaMg7CMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj. eyagtam elak m:UlIva:n bwgenHeRbICaGagTwk FmµCati

sMrab;TwkePøóghYskMNt; kñúgGMLúgeBlrdUvmUsug taMgEtBITIRkug RtUv)anrkeXIj kñúgqñaM 1431 edaymhakSRtecA Bjaya:t

eRkayeBlEdlesþcCaeRcInGgÁ )ane)aHbg;ecal RkugGgÁr. TMnb;enHmanmuxgar CaGagsþúk TwkCMnn; nig TwkeRcInhYskMNt;

RtUv)anbgðÚrtamERBkCIk ehAfa ERBk RtLb;eTATenøø. elak ma:nywn )anniyayfa taMgBIBak;kNþalrhUtdl;cugTsSvtSqñaM

1920 TMnb;bwgkk;)ankøayCa RbB½n§d¾CitmYysMrab;EbgEckGagsþúkTwk Tenø. ERBkCIkBImunEdlRtUv)anP¢ab;BITenøsab

sMrab;karbgðÚrTwkCMnn;Edl)anbMeBj nig RtUv)anCMnYseday pøÚvTwk CaeRcIn.

eyagtamRbPBGCa¤FrmYyeGaydwgfa rhUtmkTl;qñaMfµI²enH bwgenHenAEtP¢ab;eTARbB½n§bwg éntMbn;CayRkugnana tam

PaKxageCIg. sMeNIrEdlpþÜcepþImKeRmagsMrab;EpnkaremTIRkugPñMeBjEdlRtUv)anerobcMkñúgqñaM 2005 )anbgçaMg karP¢ab;

tamERBktUcmYy eTAkan;ERBkdéTeTot EdleRbICa GagsþúkTwkCMnn;Ca eTogTat; sMrab;tMbn;CayRkugEb:k xageCIg. KMnitenH

minRtUv)aneKykeTAbBa©ÚlkúñgKeRmageT ehIyERBkCIkEdlmanehIy TMngCaRtUv)anbgçaMgkñúg eBlfµI²enH. eKniyayfa

eBlEdlbwgenHmannaTICa {RbB½n§bgðÚrTwkrbs;RkugPñMeBjEdlmanPaBsµúRKsaµjmYy>>> TMhMénkarTTYlTwk)anKWtictYcCag

tMbn;enaHpÞal;{ Edlmann½yfavaminGacbgðÚrTwkEdleRcInhYsehtuenAkñúgrdUvmUsug EdlmanCaerogral;qñaMenaH)aneT.

ya:gNak¾eday bwgenHpþl;eGaynUvbrisßanFmµCati d¾mantMél nig RsUbTajTwk EdlelIseBlePøógFMkñúgtMbn;)anya:gqab;

RBmTaMgpþl;eGaynUvPaBRss;säat nig RbPBénkarciBa©wmCIvitsMrab;mnusS CaeRcIn.

KeRmagEdl)anerobcMeLIgedayRkumh‘un Shukaku rYmmankarcab;epþImcak;bMeBjdIxSac;BITenøcUleTAkñúgEpñkCaeRcInén

bwgenH Edl)ancab;epþImenAéf¶TI 26 Ex sIha qñaM 2008 eTaHCamankarbwþgtva:BIRKYsarrs;enATIenaHy:agNak¾eday.

eRkayBIenaHmk sarB½t’mankñúgRsukk¾)ancab;epþImpSBVpSayB½t’manBIkrNIènkarl iclg;pÞHsMEbg nigkarQWfáat;rbs;ekµg²

edaymUlehtuBIkarbMBulnana . karcak;dIbMeBjbwgenH)aneFVIeGaypÞHEdlenAsl;BIkarbeNþjecjrMlMenAkñúgTwk nigpÞHdéT

eTotminGacrs;enA)aneT. manr)aykarN_EdrfamanmnusSRtUvqk;ExSePøIgpg.

fIµ²enH CamYynwgkarb:HTgáicénrdUvmUsug manr)aykarN¾BIbBaðaTwkCMnn;kan;EtekIneLIg bgðajfa RbB½n§bgðÜrTwk RtUv)anrgkar

b:HBal;. kñúgèf¶TI 16 Ex sIha qañM 2010 kaEst ExmbUED‘r edlI )anraykarN¾fa ePøòg)anhUreTA kñúgGagTwksMGuy

EdlCaTwkEdlmaneBjedaysMrameBarBas. lMenAd§anEdlkMBugrs;enABIeRkayCBa©aMgeb:tugCMuvij vihar\søam kñúgtMbn;

KWKñanCMerIs bu:Enþ RtUvluyTwkRtwmCgÁúg kñúgtMbn;mYycMnYn.

kare)aHBumÖecjedayGgÁkareRkArd§aPi)alnanakñúgéf¶TI10 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2010 )anniyayfa {rgVas;Twkkñúg tMbn; bwkkk;Edl

esssl;eRkaykarbnþcak;bMeBjedayxSac; )anekIneLIgtaMgBImankarb:HTgáicénrdUvvsSakñúgRbeTskm<úCa eFVIeGayman

karriHKn; kúúñgExsIhafµI²enH. taMgBIéf¶TI 22dl;25 Ex sIha EpñkFM²énPUmiCaeRcIn)anCn;lic ehIyCH\T§iBldl;Cag 1000

RKYsar. GñkRsukRtUvluyTwkdl;RtwmCgÁúg nigcegáH CamYynwgTwkkgVk;eTApÞH xN³EdlmanRKYsarxøHRtUvrkCMrkfµITaMgbgçMeday

sarEtpÞHrbs;BYkKat;minGacenA)anedayTwkCn;lic. shKmn_TaMg enaH)anTamTareGayGaC£aFrp¥akkarcak;bMeBjbwg

ehIyBRgIgTaVrTMnb;bgðÜrTwk. kalBIs)aþh¾mun manePøógticEdl karCn;lick¾fy ehIykMritTwkk¾Tab b:uEnþedIm,IeFVIeGayRbesIr

43

eLIgsMrab;karbgðÚrTwk GaCa£FrGnuBaØateGaycak;bMeBj RtwmknøHéf¶rYcbnþeTAéf¶bnÞab;eTot. GñkRsuk)anraykarN_eTotfa

rbgTVaTMnb;)anbiTkúñgeBlcak;bMeBjedIm,IkarBar xSac;hUreTAeRkAbwg nigsMramsÞHenATaVbgðÚrbNaþleGaykksÞHkarhUr.

ebImanePøogFM enaH TwkCMnn;enAEtekItman.

B½t ’man nig karRsg;BakükúñgRbGb;TI3 KWeyagtamRbPBmYycMnYndYcxageRkam elak m:ulIva:n; 2003én TIRkugExµrTMenIb

e)aHBumÖenA PñMeBj km<úCa e)aHBumÖeday va:n; mUlIva:n; nigér:yM TMB½r 147-151. elak ma:n; yIn 2006 én karpøas;bþÚr brisßan

nig karTamTardI enACMuvijtMbn;bwgkk;kúñgTIRkugPñMeBj sarNaN¾fñak;GnubNÐit enAviTüasßanGasIuénbec©kviTüaén sala brisßan

FnFan nig karGPivD,n¾ RbeTsèf. Eb‘nham nig xadDIs 2008 èn karRbmaNelIkarbgðÚrTwk nigkarCn; lic>

e)aHBumÖecjBI kMlaMgkic©karsiTÞimnusS nig sa<nqøgRBMEdnkm<úCa.

44

CMBUkTI3 ³ rbkKMehIj nigkarviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©

k¦> TidñPaBTUeTA

104> CMBUkenHbgðajGMBIbNþwgtv:ananarbs;GñkesñIsMuTaMgLay rYmCamYynwgkareqøIytbnanarbs;fñak;RKb;RKg

FnaKar RBmTaMgrbkKMehIj nigkarviPaKrbs;GFikarkic©GMBIbBaðaEdlbgá[mankarxYcxatTaMgRsug b¤Epñk

xøHmkBIFnaKarminGnuvtþtameKalneya)ay nignItiviFInanarbs;xøÜn. CMBUkenHRtUv)anerobcMedayEp¥k

tambNþwgtv:arbs;GñkesñIsMusMxan;²cMnYn5 EdlRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam. sRmab;bNþwgtv:anImYy²én

kartv:aTaMg5enH CadMbUg RkumGFikarkic©eFVIkarsegçbGMBIkartv:a nigeqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ehIybnÞab;

mk bgðajGMBIrbkKMehIj nigkarviPaKrbs;xøÜn.

105> kartv:aTI1 KWfa RBwtþikarN_nanaenAtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anCab;Bak;B½n§eTAnwgKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI.

karkMNt;énkarCab;Bak;B½n§KñaenH KWCamYldæansRmab;karesIubGegát nigkarviPaKrbs;GFikarkic©eTAelI

kartv:arbs;GñkesñIsMuepSg²eTot. GFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar)anTTYlsÁal;

rYcmkehIyfa karCab;Tak;TgKñaenHRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogCamYynwgkartv:arbs;GñkesñIsMu.

106> kartv:aTI2 KWfa RbCaBlrdætMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anbdiesFkñúgkarvinicä½yTamTarkmµsiTi§rbs;xøÜn eRkamRkbx½NÐ

énKeRmagerobcMEdndInigrdæ)aldIFøI. GñkesñIsMu)anelIkeLIgfa nItiviFInanaénKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)al

dIFøI minRtUv)anGnuvtþtameT ehtuenH siT§irbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarTamTar[eFVIkaresIubGegát nigvinicä½ydIFøI

rbs;BYkeK [)anRtwmRtUv RtUv)anbdiesF. pÞúyeTAvij RbCaBlrdæelIkeLIgfa dIFøIrbs;xøÜnRtUv)anerobcM

eLIgvij sRmab;lT§PaBGPivDÆn_edayGñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCn EdldkhUt»kasrbs;xøÜnkñúgkartv:aTamTarnUv

siT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn ehIyEdlQandl;karbeNþjBYkeKecjedaybgçMedayKµandMeNIrkar

smrmü.

107> kartv:aTI3 KWfa RbCaBlrdæbwgkk;RtUv)anbgçM[pøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgedayrMelaPeTAelIeKalneya)aynana Edl

)anRBmeRBogsRmab;kartaMgTIlMenACafµIedaysµ½RKcitþ. GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa enAkñúgkarrMelaPeTAnwgkic©

RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_enH Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayénkartaMgTIlMenACafµIminRtUv)aneKarBtameT enA

kñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ehtuenHbNþal[Gnþrayy:agxøaMgdl;RbCaBlrdæEdl)anbeNþjecjBIdIFøIrbs;xøÜn. Gñk

esñIsMuelIkeLIgfa kal³eTs³énkarbeNþjecjEdl)aneFVIeLIg nigsßanPaBnanaénTIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenACa

fµI minsmRsbeTAtamsþg;darEdlkMNt;enAkñúgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenACafµIenaHeT RBm

TaMgelIkeLIgfa BYkeKTTYlrgnUvkarQWcab; nigbnSl;TuknUvhaniP½yFMeFg-PaBGnþrayy:agéRkElg.

108> kartv:aTI4 KWfa kic©dMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøIEdlGnum½tedayKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)al

dIFøI eFVI[cuHexSaydl;siT§irbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarkan;kab;dIFøIrbs;xøÜnEdlmanknøgmk. GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIg

45

fa KeRmagminRtwmEtbraC½ykñúgkareFVI[siT§ikan;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdæCapøÚvkar tamry³karpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§i

kan;kab;dIFøIb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgeFVI[xUcdl;zan³rbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarkan;kab;dIFøIrbs;xøÜnnabc©úb,nñ.

109> cugeRkay ³ GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa minRtwmEtenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾manshKmn_déTepSg

eTotenAkñúgextþeKaledAKeRmagRtUv)anbeNþjecjedaybgçM. GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa TIRbCMuCn TICnbT nig

shKmn_CnCatiedImPaKticepSg²eTotenATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa minmanlT§PaBTTYl)annUvkarpþl;b½NÑ

smÁal; siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI nigb¤ynþkaredaHRsayTMnas;EdlsßiteRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI nig

minTTYl)ansuvtßiPaBcMeBaHsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIrbs;xøÜn eRkamRbB½n§pøÚvkarEdlerobcMedayKeRmagerobcMEdndI

nigrdæ)aldIFøIenaHeT.

x¦> karelIkeLIgfa RBwtþikarN_nanaenAtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anCab;Bak;B½n§nwgKeRmag

1> karelIkeLIgrbs;GñkesñIsMu nigkareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg

110> GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa {shKmn_bwgkk;)annigkMBugTTYlrgnUvplb:HBal;GviC¢manBIKeRmagerobcMEdndI nig

rdæ)aldIFøI} b¤niyaymü:ageTotfa mankarCab;Bak;B½n§edaypÞal; nigpøÚvkarrvagRBwtþikarN_nanaEdlnaM[

mankarbeNþjecjRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk; CamYynwgskmµPaBnanaEdlGnuvtþeRkamRkbx½NÐ

KeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. karBinitüepÞógpÞat;énkarCab;Bak;B½n§enH KWCakarcaM)ac;sRmab;karesIub

Gegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©[kan;EtsIuCeRmAEfmeTot eTAelIPaBGnþrayCak;lak;nanaEdlelIkeLIg ehIy

RtUv)anviPaKenAkñúgCMBUkenH dUcxageRkam.

111> fñak;RKb;RKgenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnelIkeLIgfa {tMbn;vinicä½yRsHckKWCatMbn;EdlKeRmagRtUverobcM

pþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøICaRbB½n§} 68

dUecñHehIy nItiviFInanasRmab;karvinicä½yCaRbB½n§ nigesckþIENnaM

nanasþIBIbrisßan nigsgÁm Edl)anRBmeRBogsRmab;KeRmagerobcMEdndInigrdæ)aldIFøI RtUvEtGnuvtþtam.

2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©

112> RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa mankarminÉkPaBKñamYyrvagfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar nigrdæaPi)alGMBI

PaBCab;Bak;B½n§KñarvagRBwtþikarN_nanaenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; CamYynwgKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI.

TsSn³rbs;rdæaPi)alKWfa karbeNþjecjEdlekItmaneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;minBak;B½n§nwgKeRmagerobcM

EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIeT. dUc)ankt;smÁal;xagelI fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarkt;smÁal;fa tMbn;bwgkk;

KWsßitenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y Edl)anRbkasenAkñúgKeRmag dUcenH RBwtþikarN_nanaEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarpþl;b½NÑ

smÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøIdl;RbCaBlrdæ RtUvCab;Bak;B½n§eTAnwgKeRmag. édKUGPivDÆn_nanaénKeRmagerobcM

EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIÉkPaBCamYyrdæaPi)al ehIyminTTYlsÁal;nUvPaBCab;Bak;B½n§KñarvagKeRmagCamYy

nwgRBwtiþkarN_nana enAtMbn;bwgkk;enaHeT.

113> cMeBaHehtuplenH RkumGFikarkic©)aneFVIkarsikSavaytémøÉkraCüedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;eTAelIsßanPaBenH.

68

kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI22.

46

karsikSavaytémøenHRtUv)anGnuvtþenAbIkRmit. kRmitTI1 KWsMNYrBak;B½n§nwgeKalkarN_c,ab;faetItMbn;bwg

kk;sßitenAkñúgkarkMNt;CaextþeKaledAKeRmag enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ nigÉksarvinicä½y

KeRmag EdlRtUv)anBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñkenH. Epñk{K} nig{X}énCMBUkenH rYmman karsikSavaytémørbs;

RkumGFikarkic© faetInItiviFInanarbs;KeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI)anpþl; b¤GnuBaØatisRmab;karkat;

ecjBIkarvinicä½yCaRbB½n§nUvtMbn;NamYy dUcCatMbn;bwgkk;CaedIm ¬Epñk{K}¦ nigfaetIsuvtßiPaBbrisßan nig

sgÁm-Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayénkartaMgTIlMenAfµIkñúgkrNICak;lak; - RtUv)anGnuvtþtamEdrb¤eT ¬Epñk

{X}¦.

114> karkMNt;tMbn;eKaledAKeRmag ³ RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa eyagtamkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_

nigÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag KeRmagerobcMEdndInigrdæ)aldIFøIRtUv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;GnuvtþenAkñúgextþ Rkug

cMnYn11 Edl)ankMNt;Ca {extþeKaledAKeRmag} rYmTaMgraCFanIPñMeBj EdlGaceFVIkarviesaFnkmµ)an

tamry³kic©RBmeRBogrvagrdæaPi)al nigFnaKar69

. tMbn;bwgkk; KWsßitenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj. elIsBIenH

eTot RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa minmanesckþIbBa¢ak; b¤lkçN³vinicä½yNamYy Edl)anerobcMenAkñúgÉksar

vinicä½yKeRmag b¤enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ kñúgkardkecjtMbn;NamYyBI{extþeKaledAKeRmag

Edl)ankMNt;eLIy. dUcenH CaeKalkarN_ KeRmagerobcMEdndInigrdæ)aldIFøIGacGnuvtþenAkñúgEpñkNamYy

énraCFanIPñMeBj EdlCatMbn;eKaledAsRmab;kmµviFIpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøIenAfñak;Cati dMNak;

kalTI1. Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag)ankMNt;cMNuceKaledAcMnYn198>000k,aldI EdlRtUveFVIGegát nig

vinicä½yenAraCFanIPñMeBjcab;BIqñaM2002dl;qñaM200770

.

115> karRbkasbwgkk;CatMbn;vinicä½y ³ sgáat;RsHckTaMgmUl rYmTaMgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlmanRKYsarcMnYnRbmaN

4>250RKYsar rYmTaMgGñkesñIsMunana RtUv)anRbkasenAéf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM2006 faCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkam

Rkabx½NÐénKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. eyagtamkarRbkaspSBVpSayéntMbn;vinicä½y {RkumRbtibtþi

KeRmagRtUvGnuvtþnItiviFIvinicä½yCaRbB½n§ EdlrYmmankarkMNt;RBMRbTl; karvas;Evg nigkarvinicä½yk,aldI>>>>>

nig RtUvecjb½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI}71

. RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa karRbkaspSBVpSaytMbn;

vinicä½y BMu)anelIkElgtMbn;NamYykñúgsgáat;RsHckecjBIdMeNIrkarvinicä½y EdlRtUvKaMRTedayKeRmageLIy.

116> EpñktamxagelIenH RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa tMbn;bwgkk;KWsßitenAkñúgextþeKaledAKeRmag nig

RtUv)anRbkassRmab;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI ehtuenH skmµPaBnanaEdl

Tak;TgnwgkarBinitüepÞógpat;énkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI nigPaBCam©as;dIFøI skmµPaBnana

69

eyagtamtaragTI6énkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ nigÉksarP¢ab;TI2 dl;]bsm<½n§TI2énÉksarvaytémøKeRmag extþeKaledAKeRmag

Edl)anpþÜcepþImdMbUg KWextþtaEkv PñMeBj éRBEvg kNþal kMBg;s<W RBHsIhnu kMBg;FM kMBg;cam kMBt esomrab nig)at;dMbg. eRkaymk

tMbn;eKaledAKeRmagRtUv)anBRgIkdl;14extþ. 70

Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½rTI43 71

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa raCFanIPñMeBj elx83 éf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM2006.

47

eRkayBIkarRbkaspSBVpSaytMbn;vinicä½yRtUvCab;Bak;B½n§edaypÞal;eTAnwgKeRmag.

TaMgenHRsbCamYynwgCMhrrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg. raCrdæaPi)al nigédKUGPivDÆn_nanaEdlKaMRTKeRmagerobcM

EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI GHGagfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCatMbn;TMnas; dUcenHRtUvdkecjBIdMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑ

smÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøIeRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. bBaðaenHRtUvBiPakSaCabnþenAkñúgEpñkxag

eRkam.

rUbPaBTI3 ³ RkumRkumGFikarkic©CYbCamYyshKmn_EdkTTYlrgnUvplbMHBal;enAtMbn;bwgkk ;

K¦> karelIkeLIgfa RbCaBlrdæbwgkk;)anbdiesFnUvkarvinicä½ydIFøIrbs;xøÜn eRkam

Rkbx½NÐKeRmag

1> karelIkeLIgrbs;GñkesñIsMu nigkareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg

117> sMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic©Ep¥kelIkaryl;eXIjfa tMbn;bwgkk;KWCaEpñkmYyéntMbn;EdlRbkasCatMbn;vinicä½y

sRmab;karcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§ eRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI ehIynItiviFInanaEdlbegáIteLIg

eRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIRtUv)anGnuvtþtam. GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa nItiviFIKeRmagerobcM

EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIminRtUv)anGnuvtþtameT ehtuenHRbCaBlrdæRtUv)anbdiesFsiT§irbs;BYkeKkñúgkarTam

Tar[eFVIkarGegát nigvinic½äyRTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn[)anRtwmRtUv.

118> eyagtamsMeNI {RbCaBlrdæelIkeLIgfa enAeBlBYkeK)anesñIsMu[eFVIkarGegáteTAelIdIFøIrbs;xøÜn sMeNI

rbs;BYkeKRtUv)anbdiesFedaysMGagelIehtuplfa BYkeKrs;enAkñúgtMbn;GPivDÆn_. kic©dMeNIrkarenH

gakecjBInItiviFIc,ab; Edl)anerobcMedayKeRmag nig)anGnum½yedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa72

}.

119> eyagtamsMeNI RbCaBlrdætMbn;bwgkk;CaeRcIn{cat;Tukfa xøÜnCam©as;dI} nigmanÉksarnanaCaeRcIn Edl

72

sMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic© TMB½rTI1.

48

bBa¢ak;fa xøÜn)anrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enHCayUrlg;mkelIy nigb¤RKYsarmYycMnYnbegáItPaBCam©as;tamTmøab;.

y:agehacNas;kñúgcMeNamPaKeRcInénRbCaBlrdærs;enAbwgkk; mankarrMBwgTukmYyfa dMeNIrkarvinicä½y

dIFøICaRbB½n§eRkamRkbx½NÐKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI nwgGacpþl;CapøÚvkarnUvsiT§ikan;kab;ePaK³ b¤

siT§ikan;kab;dIFøItamTmøab;.

120> GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa dMeNIrkarvinicä½ydIFøIEdl)anGnuvtþenAsgáat;RsHck {)ancab;epþImkaregIbeLIgnUvkar

karBar>>>>>>>>>>RbqaMgnwgkarrMelaPbMBaneTAelIRbCaBlrdæ}73

. eyagtamkic©RBmeRBogCYlrvagRkugCamYynwg

GñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCn GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa {y:agehacNas; dMeNIrkarvinicä½ydIFøI)anpþl;nUvkarkMNt; mYy

eTaHRsbc,ab; b¤minRsbc,ab; énzan³¼RbePTrbs;dIEdlCadIrbs;rdæ}74

.

121> GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa {kñúgExkkáda qñaM2008 enAkñúgGMLúgeBlebskkmµRtYtBinitüKeRmagCaRbcaM buKÁlik

FnaKarBiPBelak)ancuHBinitüsgáat;RsHck nig)andwgGMBIbBaðaTak;TgnwgdMeNIrkarvinicä½ydIFøI nigdwgGMBIkar

beNþjRbCaBlrdæecjtMbn;EdlBYkeKrs;enH EdlkMBugeFVIkarrgcaMedaHRsay. COHRE min)andwgGMBIkar

cat;viFankarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak bnÞab;BIebskkmµenH}75

.

122> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKgeTAnwgcMNucxagelI yl;RBmCamYynwgGñkesñIsMu edayelIkeLIgfa

{fñak;RKb;RKg)ansnñidæanfa nItiviFIRtwmRtUvBMuRtUv)anGnuvtþtamenAkñúgkarvinicä½yénsgáat;RsHckeT}76

.

eyagtamkareqøIytbenH mann½yfa RbCaBlrdæéntMbn;bwgkk;minRtUv)anpþl;»kasedIm,IbgðajnUvkartv:a

rbs;xøÜnGMBIsiT§iePaKIelIdIFøIrbs;xøÜn nigminmanPsþútagEdlbgðajfa dMeNIrkarEdlmankarcUlrYmRbkb

edaytmøaPaB RtUv)anGnuvtþkñúgkarkMNt;cMNat;fñak;dIFøIenAkñúgtMbn;enHeLIy. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾kt;smÁal;

eXIjfa dMeNIrkarEdlRtUv)ancab;epþImeRkamRkbx½NÐKeRmagerobcMEdndInigrdæ)aldIFøI CamYynwgkarvinicä½y

tMbn; BMuRtUv)anGnuvtþeBjeljeT ebIeyagtamnItiviFInanaEd)anRBmeRBog}77

.

123> fñak;RKb;RKgelIkeLIgfa {eyagtamB½t’manEdlpþl;edaybuKÁlikRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nig

sMNg; enAExmifuna qñaM2008 enAkñúgPUminanaenACMuvijbwgkk; enAkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;

siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI )ankMNt;EtRBMRbTl;PUmib:ueNÑaH nigmin)ankMNt;RBMRbTl;k,aldInImYy²enaHeT. PaB

Cam©as;enAkñúgtMbn;enHRtUv)ansresrenAkñúgkMNt;RtasurieyadIfa {mindwg}. karcat;cMNat;fñak;EbbenH

CaTUeTA RtUv)aneRbIR)as;cMeBaHdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ Edl)anCYbRbTHenAkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑ

smÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI k¾dUcCaenAeBldImanTMnas;EdlminGacedaHRsay)anenAkRmitmUldæanenAkñúgGMLúg

73

sMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic© TMB½rTI3. 74



kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI21. 77


49

eBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI}78

.

124> fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa RkeLkemIleTAeRkayvij {karRtYtBinitüsuvtßiPaB nigviFankarsgÁmdéTeTot

KYrEtxøaMgkøaCagenH>>>>>> nigTTYlsÁal;fa ebIeyagtamebskkmµsuvtßiPaBfµI²enH enABak;kNþalqñaM2009

kareFVIr)aykarN_RtYtBinitüGMBIbBaðasuvtßiPaBnana KYrRtUv)anEklm¥}79

.

125> enAkñúgkareqøIybtrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anelIkeLIgnUvskmµPaBnana EdlBYkeK)aneRKagedIm,IedaH

RsaysßanPaB. Fñak;RKb;RKgkt;smÁal;fa TMnak;TMngnanarvagFnaKar nigrdæaPi)al RtUv)anxUcxateday

sarkarekIteLIgCMuvijRBwtþikarN_bwgkk; ehIyfa rdæaPi)al)anelIkeLIgCafµIeLIgvijnUvkarminÉkPaBrbs;

xøÜnGMBIkarCab;Bak;B½n§KñarvagKeRmag nigkarbeNþjecjnanaéntMbn;bwgkk;. rdæaPi)al)anlubecalKeRmag

enAéf¶TI07 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 edaysarkarminÉkPaBKñaenH. eTaHbIy:agdUcenHk¾eday Fñak;RKb;RKg

rbs;FnaKar)anKUsbBa¢ak;dl;rdæaPi)alfa katBVkic©rbs;xøÜneRkamkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ enAEt

mandEdl rhUtdl;karTUTat;\NTan)aneFVIeLIgcb;sBVRKb; b:uEnþrdæaPi)alminÉkPaBeTAelIkarGnuvtþ

viFankarEdlesñIeLIgedayFñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar.


¬k¦> RKYsarrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk; - sßanPaBénkartv:aTamTarRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkeK

126> dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgCMBUkxagedIm muneBlmankarbeNþjecj nigkarbUmdIcak;bMeBjnaeBlfµI²knøg

mkenH manRKYsarcMnYnrab;Ban;RKYsarrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;kñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. PaKeRcInénRKYsarTaMgenH

Kitfa BYkeKmankmµsiT§i b¤siT§ikan;kab;eTAelIdITaMgenH RBmTaMgRbkasfaBYkeKmanÉksarbBa¢ak;BIkarTij

dIRBmTaMgvik½ybRtTijdITaMgenHpgEdr. dIRtUv)ankan;kab; epÞrsiT§ nigTTYlmrtk RBmTaMgmankarTTYl

sÁal;RtwmRtUvtamc,ab; nigedayGaC¤aFr nigGñkeRbIR)as;Bak;B½n§ eTaHbICaminTan;manÉksarTTYlsÁal;

edayRbB½n§pøÚvkarrbs;Catik¾eday. RKYsarCaeRcInrs;enAeRkAtMbn;EdlmanKUsbnÞat;kRmitTwkx<s; ehIyxøH

eTotrs;enAtMbn;cenøaHbnÞat;kRmitTwkTab nigx<s; nigxøHeTotrs;enAelIpÞHenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmankRmitbnÞat;

TwkTabénbwg.

127> RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa TidæPaBsMxan;énsßanPaBc,ab;enAtMbn;bwgkk; minmanPaBc,as;las; RBmTaMg

manvivaTeRcIn. mankarGHGagbBa¢ak;famantMbn;RtYtsIuKñaxøHCamYynwgdIsaFarN³ nigÉkCnrbs;rdæenAkñúg

tMbn;xagkñúg nigCMuvijbwgkk; nigRbePTkmµsiT§ixusKñamYycMnYn. bwgenHKWCabwgFmµCati Edl)ankMnt;enA

kñúgmaRtaTI58énrdæFmµnujqñaM1993 faCaRTBüsm,tþirbs;rdæ nigenAkñuúgmaRtaTI15énc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001

78

kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI20. 79


50

faCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . viFanc,ab;Bak;B½n§ ¬Rbkas¦80

bBa¢ak;faRBMRbTl;rbs;bwgRtUv)ankMNt;eday

ExSbnÞat;TwkTabbMputenArdUvR)aMg ehIyminmanc,ab;NamYy Edl)anerobcMeLIgbRmugTukedayELkcMeBaH

bwgeLIy. CalT§pl dIEdlmanTItaMgsßitenAcenøaHrvagbnÞat;TwkTabbMput enArdUvR)aMg nigx<s;bMput

enArdUvvsSa RtUv)ankMNt;faCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ elIkElgEtmankareRbIR)as;CasaFarN³ b¤manRbeyaCn_

dl;saFarN³. Ep¥keTAelIkarkMNt;enH RkumGFikarkic©mankarkt;smÁal;fa ral;RTBsm,tþiEdl)an

sagsg;enAelIssrx<s;putBITwkenAkñúgtMbn;bwgGaccat;TukfasßitenAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ.

128> maRtaTI17énc,ab;PUmi)alEcgfa RTBüsm,tþiEdl)ancat;cMNat;fñak;faCaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ nig

nitibuKÁlsaFarN³ Gaclk;edaHdUr EbgEck b¤k¾epÞrkmµsiT§i)an dUcEdl)ankMNt;edayc,ab;. Ep¥keTAelI

mUldæanenH tMbn;Edl sßitenAcenøaHrvagExSbnÞat;TwkTabnigx<s; GacmansiT§ikñúgkarecjb½NÑsmÁal;

kmµsiT§ipøÚvkareTA[PaKIÉkCn b¤k¾nitibuKÁlsaFarN³)an.

129> mankarEcgxus²KñaenAkñúgc,ab; Edl)anykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIdIBak;B½n§eTAnwgsiT§ipøÚv cMeBaHpøÚvrfePøIg

kat;tamtMbn;bwgkk;. maRtaTI12 énc,abPUmi)alqñaM1992Ecgfa dIbRmugTuksRmab;pøÚvrfePøIg KWCasm,tþi

saFarN³rbs;rdæ. karEcgdUcKñaenH k¾)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrenAkñúgmaRtaTI15énc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 ehIy

RtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúg]bsm<½n§énRbkaselx42 Edl)andak;bBa©ÚldITaMgGs;kñúgcMgay20Em:RtBIG½kSpøÚv

enAkñúgTIRkug TIrYmextþ nigtMbn;TIRbCMuCn81

Casm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ . manPsþútagBIkrNIsikSaCaeRcIn

¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI1RbGb;elx1¦ EdlGC¤aFrGysµ½yyanxøÜnÉg elIkTwkcitþ[kmµkrrbs;xøÜncab;ykdI

enAEk,rpøÚvrfePøIg cab;taMgBIedImqñaM1980 edIm,I[BYkeKGacrs;enAEk,rkEnøgeFVIkargarrbs;eK. PaKeRcIn

énGñkcab;ykdITaMgenH KWCatMNagRbCaBlrdæ nigRKYsar Edl)anesñIeLIgenAkñúgRkumGFikarkic© )anbBa¢ak;

famanb½NÑsmÁal;siT§kan;kab; EdlbBa¢ak;faBYkeKGacmansiT§iTTYlkarBicarNasRmab;karpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;

kmµsiT§)an CaBiesscMeBaHGñkEdl)ankan;kab;dIenaHeRcInCagR)aMqñaM muneBlkarGnum½tc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM

2001.

130> cugbBa©b; tMbn;epSg²eTotenACMuvijbwg RtUv)anraykarN_fa)aneRbIR)as;CasYnc,arsaFarN³ RBmTaMgsYn

stVenAtamcMNucmYycMnYn bnÞab;BIsalaRkug)ankan;kab;tMbn;enHcab;taMgBIqñaM1979mk. sYnc,ar

saFarN³ )ankMNt;enAkñúgc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 faCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ ehtudUcenHral;karcab;ykdI

TaMgenHcat;Tukfaxusc,ab;82

. RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa minmansYnc,arsaFarN³enAesssl;

eToteLIy ehIyminmanPaBc,as;las;faetIRBMRbTl;rbs;vaenATINaeLIy. edayehtufatMbn;TaMgenHmin

mankarvas;Evg nigcuHbBa¢ICasm,tþirbs;rdæenAeLIy ehIyelIsBIenHeTAeTot dITaMgenH)an)at;bg;muxgar

80

Rbkaselx 42 dns>bk cuHéf¶TI10 Exmina 2006 sþIBIkarkMnt; kareFVIEpnTI nigkarcat;cMNat;fñak;dIrdæ . 81

Rbkaselx 42 dns>bk cuHéf¶TI10 Exmina 2006 sþIBIkarkMnt; kareFVIEpnTI nigkarcat;cMNat;fñak;dIrdæ TMB½rTI8 . 82

c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 maRtaTI 15 .

51

eRbIR)as;CasYnc,arsaFarN³Gs;eTAehIy ehtudUecñHtMbn;enHGaccat;TukfaCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ)an.

enAkñúgkrNIenH RbCaBlrdæ nigRKYsarEdlCam©as;)ankan;kab;dITaMgenHRsbeTAtammaRtaenAkñúgc,ab;

PUmi)alqñaM2001 GacmansiT§iTTYl)ankarTamTarrbs;eKsRmab;karBicarNapþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§i)an .

131> TsSn³rbs;RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa EpñkmYycMnYnéntMbn;bwgkk; GacmansiT§iTTYl)ankarBicarNa

pþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§isRmab;kmµsiT§iÉkCn sßiteRkameKalkarN_vinicä½yénKeRmagerobcMEdndI

nigrdæ)aldIFøI. dUc)anbBa¢ak;xagedIm tMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yenAeRkamRkbx½NÐ

KeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøItaMgBIqñaM2006.

¬x¦> karcat;cMNat;fñak;dIeLIgvij nigkic©RBmRBagCYlCamYyGñkGPivDÆÉkCn

132> RkumGFikarkic©)andwgfa kñúgkMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag rdæaPi)al)aneFVIcMNat;fñak;dIeLIgvijnUvtMbn;

CMuvijbwgkk;[eTACadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ rYmTaMgtMbn;Ed;lrs;enAedayRKYsarEdl)antv:a. RkumGFikarkic©

k¾)andwgpgEdrfa RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr k¾mankarerobcMEpnkaredayELk edIm,ICYldIenHeTA[Gñk

GPivDÆn_ÉkCn. RkumGFikarkic©)aneFVIBinitüelITegVITaMgenH enAkñúgRkbx½NÐnanarbs;KeRmagEdl)an

erobcMeLIg edIm,IFana[mankarBicarNaRtwmRtUvelIkarTamTarkmµsiT§BIRKYsarTaMgLay Edlrs;enAelIdI

TaMgenH RsbeTAtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

133> sRmab;eKalbMNgenH karBinitüeLIgvijsegçbelIbribTRkbxNÐKtiyutþinana mansar³sMxan;CaTIbMput.

maRtaTI15énc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 )anerobcMbBa¢IRbePTRTBüsm,tþinana EdlsßitenAeRkamRTBüsm,tþi

saFarN³rbs;rdæ. TaMgenHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRTBüsm,tþiEdlmanRbPBedImBIFmµCati rYmTaMgtMbn;sRmab;kar

eFVInavacrN_ nigtMbn;bENþtTwk nigbwgFmµCatipgpgEdr . edayehtudUcenHbwgFmµCatidUcCabwgkk;

Ep¥ktamniymn½yKWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTaHbICatMbn; CMuvijbwgenAminTan;)ankMNt;enAkñúgc,ab;k¾eday .

Ep¥ktammaRtaTI16 EcgfadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ GackøayCaeKaledAénkarkan;kab; b¤eRbIR)as;beNÑaH

Gasnñ)an eTaHbICamaRtaTI18énGnuRkwtüelx129 )anbBa¢ak;fa karCYldIsaFarN³rbs;rdæminGacman

ry³eBlelIsBI15qñaM)an nigminGaceFVI[xUcxatRTBüsm,tþi b¤k¾pøas;bþÚrmuxgarrbs;va enAkñúgkarpþl;

esvakmµsaFarN³)ank¾eday83

. maRtaTI16 énc,ab;PUmi)alk¾)anEcgpgEdrfa “enAeBlEdlRTBü

sm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ)at;bg;muxgareRbIR)as;sRmab;CaplRbeyaCn_;saFarN³ RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHGac

cat;bBa©ÚlkñúgbBa¢IRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ edayc,ab;sþIBIkarepÞrRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACaRTBü

sm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ”84

.

83

GnuRkwtüelx129sþIBIEbbbT nignitiviFIsRmab;kareFVIcMNat;fñak;RTBsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ

nignitibuKÁlsaFarN³eLIgvij . 84

c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 .

52

134> eTaHCay:agNak¾eday maRtaTI3K énGnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ85

tRmUvfa “cMENkdInImYy²rbs;rdæ

RtUvEtcuHbBa¢IenAkñúgbBa¢IdIFøICadIsaFarN³b¤ÉkCnrbs;rdæ”. maRtaTI13sMedAeTAelIkareFVIcMNat;fñak;dI;eLIg

vijfa“Cakarpøas;bþÚr fananuRkbrbs;dIEdl)ancuHbBa¢ICadIsaFarN³ nigÉkCnrbs;rdærYcehIy”. maRta

TI4énRBHraCRkwtü86

k¾)anEcgpgEdrfa “ karepÞrRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ nignitibuKÁlsaFarN³

GaceFVIeTA)anEtcMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiEdl)ancuHbBa¢ICaRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdærYcehIyEtb;ueNÑaH”. dUc

enH dIGaceFVIcMNat;fñak;eLIgvijBIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ bnÞab;BIdITaMgenHRtUv)ancuHbBa¢I

CadIrbs;rdæenAkñúgbBa¢IdIFøICamunsin “ebImindUecñHeTluHRtaEtRtUv)anpþl;[ edayc,ab;”87

. kareFVIcMNat;

fñak;dIRbePTenHeLIgvij dac;xatRtUvEtGnuelameTAtammaRtaTI16énc,ab;PUmi)alpgEdr. RkumGFikar-

kic© kt;sMKal;eXIjfa eKalbMNgsMxan;énKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI )aneFVIkargarcuHbBa¢IdITaMgenH

pgEdr .

135> eyageTAtamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kñúgGMLúgeBlebskkmµnaExmifuna qñaM2008 FnaKarBiPB

elak)anCRmabCUndMNwgfa salaRkugPñMeBj)anRbkasfa tMbn;bwgkk;KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ ehtudUcenH

RKYsarenAkñúgtMbn;enH RtUv)andkecjBIkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiTi§ edaysarkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§i

minGaceFVIeTA)anenAeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al kñúgkarkarBarÉkCnTamTarkmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;elIdIsaFarN³rbs;

rdæ)an. CagenHeTAeTot Fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa “eKmin)anTTYlPsþútagnanaedIm,IKaMRTdl;sala

RkugkñúgkarGHGagfa tMbn;bwgkk;KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeLIy”88

.

136> Ep¥keTAtamkareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg manEtRBMRbTl;PUmiEtb:ueNÑaHEdl)ankMNt;edayKeRmagerobcM

EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. karpSBVpSayB½t’manCasaFarN³sþIBIlT§plènkareFVIvinicá½ydI bgðajfaPaBCam¨as;

elItMbn;TaMgenaH KWminTan;)andwgenAeLIyenAelIEpnTIsurieyadI EdlerobcMedayKN³kmµakarrdæ)al

eRkamRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; . fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;sMKal;fa B½t’manTaMgenHRKan;Et

CakareFVIcMNat;fñak;dICaTUeTA EdleRbIR)as;sRmab;EtdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigsRmab;dIEdlmaneKaledATMnas;

EdlminGacedaHRsay)anenAnwgmUldæankñúgkMLúgeBldMeNIrkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§iEtb:ueNÑaH89

.

137> dUcEdl)ankt;smÁal;enAkñúgCMBUkTI2énr)aykarN_enH eTaHbICatMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anRbkasfaCadIsaFar

N³rbs;rdæedayrdæaPi)al ehIyCalT§plRbCaBlrdæRtUv)anCRmabCUndMNwgfaBYkeKKµansiT§iEFVIkmµsiT§elI

85

GnuRkwtüelx 118³ GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ cuHéf¶TI7 Extula qñaM2005 . 86

RBHraCRkwtüsþIBI “ eKalkarN_ nigkarpþl;karepÞrRTBsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ nignitibuKÁlsaFarN³beNÑaHGasnñ ” éf¶TI3

ExsIha 2006 .

87 ibid, maRtaTI 14 .

88 kareqøIytbBIGñkRKb;RKg TMB½rTI 19.

89 kareqøIytbrbs;GñkRKb;RKg TMB½rTI 21 .

53

RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHk¾eday k¾b:uEnþEpnkarsRmab;GPivDÆÉkCnelItMbn;bwgkk;)anmandMeNIrkaredayrlUn

taMgBImuneBlEdlmankarRbkastMbn;enH faCatMbn;vinicä½yenAeRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIeTA

eTot. naExsIha qñaM2005 ry³eBl7ExmunkarRbkas tMbn;vinicä½yéntMbn;bwgkk;naExmina qñaM2006

karriyal½yénTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI )anCUndMNwgeTAGPi)alraCFanIPñMeBjfa CaeKalkarN_ rdæaPi)al

ÉkPaB[Rkumh‘uns‘UkaKU eFVIkarGPivDÆenAtMbn;bwgkk;. lixitk¾)aneyageTAelIkarseRmccitþ rbs;rdæa

Pi)al edIm,IbegáItRkumkargar “ eFVIkarsikSasIuCeRmAelIEpnkarem Edl)ansikSaerobcMedayGñkbec©keTs

nig EpnkarGPivDÆrbs;Rkumh‘un” EdlRkumh‘un)aneFVIkarsikSa RBmTaMgtRmUvkarsRmab; “kareFVIskmµPaB

edaHRsaybBaða kan;kab;dIxusc,ab;CabeNþIr² edayEp¥kelIbTBiesaFn_knøgmk” 90

.

rUbPaBTI 4³ xSac;RtUv)aneKbUmdak;kñúgbwgkk;

138> naéf¶TI3 Exmkra qñaM2006 kariyal½yénTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI )anCUndMNwgeTAGPi)alraCFanIPñMeBjfa

rdæaPi)alÉkPaB “[Rkumh‘uns‘UkaKUGPivDÆtMbn;bwgkk;edayrkSaTukèpÞbwg10hikta” nig “[salaRkug

eFVIkarsikSaCamYynwgRkumh‘un RBmTaMgeRbIR)as;bTBiesaFn_knøgmk eFVIkaredaHRsayCabeNþIr²CamYynwg

Gñkkan;kab;dIminRsbc,ab; nigdMeNIrkarbUmdIcak;bMeBjsRmab;eKaledAGPivDÆtMbn;91

. enAéf¶TI30

Exmkra qñaM2007 semþcnaykrdæmRnþI)anGnuBaØati[GPi)alraCFanIPñMeBjcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBog

90

lixitelx1274 s>C>Nrbs;kariyal½yénTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI ecjExsIha qñaM2005 eday]bnaykrdæmRnþI

rdæmRnþITTYlbnÞúkTI sþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI CUneTAÉk]tþmGPi)alraCFanIPñMeBj . 91

lixitelx01 s>C>Nrbs;kariyal½yénTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþIecjéf¶TI3 Exmkra 2006 eday]bnaykrdæmRnþI

rdæmRnþITTYlbnÞúkTI sþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI CUneTAÉk]tþmGPi)alraCFanIPñMeBj .

54

CYlCamYyRkumh‘uns‘UkaKU92

. kic¨snüaCYlry³eBl99qñaMrvagsalaRkugPñMeBj nigRkumh‘unGPivDÆÉkCn

s‘UkaKU )ancuHhtßelxanaèf¶TI6 ExkumÖH qñaM2007 bnÞab;BIkarRbkastMbn;bwgkk;CatMbn;vinicá½yeFVIb½NÑ

smÁal;kmµsiTi§eRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIry³eBlCitmYyqñaMeRkaymk. enAéf¶TI7 ExsIha

qñaM2008 rdæaPi)al)anecjGnuRkwtüEkERbtMbn;enH ¬rYmTaMgbwgpgEdr¦BIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTACadI

ÉkCnrbs;rdæ93

.

139> GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnana EdleFVIkargarBak;B½n§eTAnwgbBaðadIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigGñkKaMRTeTAdl;

Gñktv:aesñIsMu )anecaTsYrBIsuBlPaBénkarepÞrtMbn;bwgkk;BIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæeday

sarmUlehtumYycMnYn. BYkeK)anelIkeLIgfabwgkk;KWCabwgFmµCati Ep¥ktamniymn½yKWCaRTBsm,tþi

saFarN³rbs;rdæ edaysarEtFmµCatiedImrbs;va ehIyedayehtudUcenHminKYrCaeKaledAsRmab;karepÞr

eTACaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot BYkeK)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ

GaceFVIkarcat;cMNat;fñak;eLIgvij)anEtkñúgkrNIEdlva)an)at;bg; nUvkareRbIR)as;CasaFarN³Etb:ueNÑaH

ehIybwgkk;KWCaRbB½n§sþúkTwkePøógFmµCatid¾FMmYykñúgTIRkugPñMeBj EdlminTan;)an)at;bg;lT§PaBeRbIR)as;

sRmab;eKalbMNgsaFarN³enAeLIy94

.

140> RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;eXIjpgEdrfa tamry³karCYltMbn;bwgkk;[eTARkumh‘unGPivDÆÉkCn

nigkarcat;cMNat;fñak; tMbn;enHeLIgvijBIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ[eTACaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ

raCrdæa Pi)al)ankMNt;seRmcRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBfa dIenACMuvijbwg nigbwgxøÜnÉgEtmþg )an)at;bg;pl

RbeyaCn_eRbIR)as;saFarN³ehIyGackøayeTACaeKaledAsRmab;TTYl)ankmµsiT§iRTBsm,tþiÉkCn. tam

ry³karkMNt;dIenH[eTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ BlrdæEdlrs;enA b¤kan;kab;dIenAtMbn;enaH GacBicarNaxøÜnÉg

y:agsmehtuplfamansiT§iTamTar[mankarkarBarRsbc,ab; .

141> RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbCamYynwgFñak;RKb;RKgfa GñktaMgTIlMenAenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFdl;kar

TTYl)andMeNIrkarénkareFVIvinicä½y edIm,ITamTarsiT§ielIRTBsm,tþirbs;BYkeK . Rkum)anrkeXIjfa

GñktaMgTIlMenAenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; )anbBa¢ak;kñúgkþIsgÇwmfa karTamTardIFøIrbs;BYkeK mansiT§iTTYl)an

karKitKUrBicarNaenAeRkamkareFVIb½NÑkmµsiT§CaRbB½n§ ehIyCagenHeTAeTot ral;karTamTardI

TaMgGs;enAkñúgXMu)anTTYlkareFVIvinicä½yRsbCamYynwgnitiviFI nigdMeNIrkarsRmab;kareFVIvinicä½yelI

92

lixitGnuBaØatielx10 s>b>t énraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ecjéf¶TI30 Exmkra 2007 . 93

GnuRkwtüelx 108 s>g sþIBIkarepÞrTItaMgbwgkk;BIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTACaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ cuHéf¶TI7

sIha 2008 . 94

United, BABSEA,COHRE,JRS,2009.P.60,61.

55

karTamTarkan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi dUcEdl)anÉkPaBrvagrdæaPi)al FnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆnana

EdlKaMRTdl;KeRmagRKb;RKg nigEbgEckdI .

¬K¦> karkat;tMbn;bwgkk;ecjbnÞab;BIkarRbkastMbn;vinicä½yenAeRkamKeRmagerobcM

EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI

142> bBaðaBak;B½n§Edl)aneFVIkarBicarNaedayRkumGFikarkic©KW etIkarkat;ecjtMbn;bwgkk;BIKeRmagerobcMEdndI

nigrdæ)aldIFøIkñúgkMLúgeBlénkarGnuvtþKeRmag manPaBsIusgVak;KñaCamYynwgkarerobcMKeRmagnig

kataBVkic©nanaenAeRkamRkbx½NÐKeRmagEdrb¤eT.

143> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa TaMgRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; nigédKUGPivDÆn_man

TsSn³Kitfa dMeNIrkarEdl)anGnuelamenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; min)anbMBaneTAelIkataBVkic©rbs;PaKIxçIenA

eRkamkic©RBmRBag\NTanGPivDÆEdrb¤y:agNa. BYkeK)anKUsbBa¢ak;CUndl;RkumGFikarkic©fa tMbn;bwgkk;

RtUv)ankat;ecjBIdMeNIrkareFVIvinicä½ytMbn; edaysarEtsßanPaBTMnas;dI ehIyedayehtudUcenH kareFVIb½NÑ

smÁal;kmµsiT§i rYmkmµsiT§idIrdæk¾minRtUv)anTTYlkaryl;RBmeLIy. BYkeK)aneFVIkarBnül; edayEp¥kelI

esckþIEføgkarrbs;Éksarvinicä½yKeRmagfa “KeRmagnwgminGacpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIenAtMbn;Edl

TMnas;TMngCaminGacedaHRsay)aneLIy”95

. m:üagvijeTot GñkesñIsMutv:a nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al)an

TamTarfa karkat;ecjtMbn;EdlmanTMnas; b¤minc,as;las; BIkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§ilkçN³CaRbB½n§

)anGnuBaØati[GaC¤aFrextþ Rkug EdlTTYlxusRtUvenAkñúgkareRCIserIstMbn;vinicä½y eRCIserIskat;ecjtMbn;

enHedaylMeGogeTAtamGñkmanGMNac nig GñkvinieyaKbreTs96

.

144> RkumGFikarkic©)anEbgEckkarviPaKelIbBaðaenHCa4EpñkEdlmanTMnak;TMngKña³ nitiviFIénkareFVIvinicä½y

KeRmag viFIsaRsþrbs;KeRmagcMeBaHdIEdlmanTMnas; viFIsaRsþKeRmagcMeBaHkarmktaMgTIlMenAminRsb

c,ab; nigviFI saRsþKeRmagcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ. EpñknimYy²RtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSadUcxageRkam³

nitiviFIénkareFVIvinicä½yKeRmag

145> ÉksarCMnYysµartIsRmab;karGnuvtþKeRmag)anBnül;fa kareFVIvinicä½y {KWCadMeNIrkarbBa©b; nigpøÚvkar Edl

kMNt;BIsiT§iEdlmanRsab;eTAelIcMENkdINamYy edaymineFVI[mankarpøas;bþÚrsiT§iEdlmanRsab; elI

95

PAD, TMB½r 24 . 96

mankarGHGagenAkñúgkarsikSanaeBlfµI²enHfa karkat;ecjtMbn;EdlmanTMnas; b¤minc,as;las;

BIkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§idI lkçN³CaRbB½n§ “)anGnuBaØati[GC¤aFrextþ Rkug EdlTTYlxusRtUvenA

kñúgkareRCIserIstMbn;vinicä½y eRCIserIskat;ecjtMbn;enH eday manPaBlMeGogeTAtamGñkmanGMNac nigGñkvinieyaKbreTs” . “kareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§dIenARbeTskm<úCa³ kareFVI[GsmFm’man karyl;RBm” s<anqgkat;RBM RbTl;RbeTskm<Ca-

karBinitüeLIgvijmYyqñaM2009 Bugalski, N and Pred, D. (2009) .

56

cMENkdIenaH b¤mYyk¾begáIt nUvsiT§ifµIepSgeToteLIy} . kareFVIvinic½äy {k¾CakarkMNt;seRmcpgEdrfaetI

buKÁlNaGacmansiT§iRbtibtþisiT§iTaMgenaH RBmTaMgktþakMNt;TaMgLayEdlsiT§iTaMgenaHmanenAkñúgkar

Gnuvtþc,ab; nigRkbxNÐKtiyutþi EdllT§plénkareFVIkarvinicä½y KWCar)aykarN_dIeBjelj EdlmanPaB

Cak;lak; bBa©b; nigFanar:ab;rgedayrdæ}97

.

146> GnuRkwtüelx46 “sþIBInitiviFIbegáItRkmEpnTIsurieyadI nigkarcuHbBa¢IdI” begáIteLIgnUvnitiviFIKtiyutþi

sRmab;kareFVIb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIlkçN³CaRbB½n§ enAeRkamKeRmageroncMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. maRtaTI2

EdlrYmmanesckþIRbkassþIBIkareFVIvinicä½ytMbn;Ecgfa “GPi)alextþ¼Rkug RtUvEtRbkastMbn; nigRBMRbTl;

CatMbn;sRmab;kareFVIvinicä½y . kareFVIesckþI seRmccitþTaMgLayenAeRkammaRtaenH RtUvEtkMnt;BITItaMg

nigEdnkMNt;tMbn;vinicá½y edayeRbIR)as;EpnTI b¤edaykar BiBN’na b¤edayeRbImeFüa)ayTaMgBIr”98 .

Rkumyl;eXIjfa mankarerobcMpSBVpSaytMbn;vinicä½yeTAtamRBMRbTl;XMu eTaHbICaGnuRkwtüelx46 min

)anbBa¢ak;BIGVImYyEdlCaplvi)akBIkarGnuvtþEbbenHk¾eday .

147> eRkayeBlEdltMbn;NamYyRtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½y GnuRkwtübBa¢ak;BInitiviFIEdlTamTar[RKb;

cMENkdITaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;RtUvEteFVIkarvinicä½y. maRtaTI9 )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa³ mRnþIkMnt;RBMRbTl;dIRtUvEt

TTYlkarENnaMedayGñkRKb;RKg esuIbGegátBinitüBic½yral;RKb;ÉksarEdlman RBmTaMgPsþútagB½t’man

Calayl½kçGkSr nigpÞal;mat;TaMgGs; Tak;TgeTAnwgsiT§iBak;B½n§eTAnwgcMENkdInimYy²enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y

ehIyRtUveFVIkarkt;RtasiT§iéncMENkdInimYy²TaMgenH”99

¬bEnßmkarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;¦ .

148> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa GnuRkwtüelx46 nignitiviFIsRmab;kareFVIvinicä½ytMbn; Edl)anbegáIt

eLIgeRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøImin)andak;bBa©Úll½kçx½NÐsRmab;karkat;ecjcMENknanaén

tMbn;vinicä½yEdl)anRbkaseLIy eRkayeBldMeNIrkar)ancab;epþImCapøÚvkar. karRbECgTamTarNamYy

cMeBaHdIenH RtUvEtedaHRsayenAkñúgdMeNIrkar b¤ mYyk¾bBa¢ÚneTAKN³kmµakarsurieyadICati b¤k¾eTAtulakar

edIm,IeFVIkaredaHRsay ¬eyagmaRta12 nig14 énGnuRkwtüelx 46¦100

. eyageTAtamGñkesñIsMu

97

ÉksarCMnYysµartIGnuvtþKeRmag EpñkTI1³ kareFVIkarvinicá½ytMbn; nigEpñkTI2³ karpSBVpSayB½t’manCasaFarN³ . 98

raCrdæaPi)al elx 46 G>n>k>bk cuHéf¶TI31 Ex]sPa2002 maRtaTI 2 . 99

GnuRkwtüelx 46 sþIBInitiviFIsRmab;karbegáItRkmEpnTIsurieyadI nigkarcuHbBa¢IdI ecjéf¶TI31 Ex]sPa 2009 maRta 9 . 100

kñúgkMLúgeBlénkareFVIGegát ÉksarEtmYyKt;EdlRkumrkeXIjTak;TgeTAnwgkarkat;ecjBItMbn;vinicä½y Tak;Tg

eTAnwgsgáat;Tenø )asak; ecjéf¶TI6 tula 2009 . ÉksarenH KWCaÉksarBIRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;

eTARbFanKN³kmµakarrdæ)al RkugPñMeBj EdlbBa¢ak;BIkarkat;ecjtMbn;cMnYnR)aMBIrtMbn;BIkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§idI

lkçN³CaRbB½n§. mUlehtusMxan;énkarkat;ecj tMbn;TaMgenH KWlkçN³sµúRKsµajsRmab;dMeNIrkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§I

lkçN³CaRbB½n§. kMNt;sMKal;)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa enAtMbn;xøH RbCaBlrdæ)anmkcab;ykdI ehIysg;lMenAdæanbeNþaH

GasnñenAelIdIrdæ ¬RksYgksikmµ tMbn;cMkarmn¦ ehIyenAkEnøgxøHeTot RbCaBlrdæsg;lMenAdæanbeNþaHGasnñenA

elIdIvtþGaramü ehIyenAkEnøgxøHeTotBlrdæcUlmkcab;ykdI ehIyrs;enACan;elI nigCan; eRkam ¬GaKar¦ . Tak;TgeTAnwg

57

Edl)ansmÖasn_edayRkum karTamTarRTBüsm,tþiBIGñkrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk; minEdl)anTTYlkarKitKUr

BicarNaeLIy . bBaðaenHk¾)andwgedayGñkRKb;RKgpgEdr101

.

viFIsaRsþKeRmagcMeBaHdIEdlmanTMnas;

149> manesckþIsMGagBIrenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag cMeBaHsßanPaB EdlminGacecjb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§idI)an

enAeRkamKeRmag. esckþIsMGagTImYy ¬BiPakSaenATIenH¦Bak;B½n§eTAnwgTMnas;dIFøI ehIyesckþIsMGag TIBIr

¬BiPakSaenACMBUkbnÞab;¦ Tak;TgeTAnwg kartaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab; .

150> eyagtamÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag bBaðaénkarekIneLIgnUvTMnas;elIbBaðadIKWCabBaðaKnøwHEdlekIteLIg enA

xN³eBlénkarerobcMesckþIRBagyuT§saRsþsRmab;KeRmag. manmUlehtumYycMnYn “mUlehtucm,gKWPaB

minc,as;las;elIRBMRbTl;dIenA eRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs;GgÁPaBrdæ b¤buKÁlÉkCnxus²Kña”102

. Éksar

vinicä½yKeRmagbkRsayfa dIkMBugRtUv)ankan;kab;enAkñúgédGñkman\T§iBl nigGñkmanGMNac b¤GgÁPaB

nigGñkEdlmanlT§PaBcayfvikaeRkApøÚvkar CaBiessenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBleTscrN_ karkab;

eQI ]sSahkmµ b¤karGPivDÆTIRkug”103

. enAeBlBiBN’naBI “CeRmIsyuT§saRsþ” EdlbBa¢ak;BIkarerobcM

KeRmagEdl)anelIkeLIgedayÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag “karGnuvtþCadMNak;bnþbnÞab;” ¬KeRmag)anRbemIl

emIlfakñúgmYydMNak;kal²RtUvmanry³eBl5qñaM sRmab;kmµviFICatiry³eBl10-15qñaM¦ “karbg;fvika

sRmab;karecjb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§” nig “karKaMRTGgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)aledIm,IGnuvtþskmµPaBTak;Tg

eTAnwgkarcUlrYmBIshKmn_”104

.

151> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa minmanesckþIbBa¢ak;enAkñúgEpñkénÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag b¤ DCA

enHeT enAkñugkarseRmcCayuT§saRsþ edIm,IeCosvagBITMnas;dIFøI . pÞúyeTAvij RkumGFikarkic©)anGan

esckþIepþIm rbs;Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag edIm,IepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIesckþIRtUvkarkñúgkarkat;bnßykRmit

énTMnas;elIbBaðadIFøItamry³dMeNIrkareFVIvinicä½ytMbn; nigkaredaHRsayCemøaH. RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;

sMKal;eXIj pgEdrfa enAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag, DCA b¤k¾ÉksarepSg²eTot minmankar[niymn½y

Bnül;BITMnas; dIFøIeLIy.

152> EpñksþIBI “lT§PaBEdlnaM[manTidæPaBvaTb,divaT” énÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa³karcat;

cMNat;fñak;dI nigkarkMnt;RBMRbTl;rvagEdnsaFarN³ nigÉkCn RBmTaMgsRmab;dIEdlsßitenAkñúgEdn

¬tMbn;BIrkñugcMenamtMbn;TaMgenaH¦ mankarCUndMNwgCalayl½kçGkSr edayrdæaPi)alGnuBaØati[Rkum h‘unTijdIeTAtamtèmø

Edl)anRBmRBagKña . 101

kareqøIytbBIGñkRKb;RKg TMB½r19 . 102

PAD TMB½rTI 5 . 103

PAD TMB½rTI 5 . 104

PAD TMB½rTI 8 .

58

saFarN³tMbn;EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;GgÁPaBrdæepSg²Kña CaTUeTAmankarlM)ak ehIybegáIn[

man vivaTenAkñúgry³eBlxøI . KeRmagnwgminecjb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§idI enAkñúgtMbn;NaEdlmanTMnas;eLIy

rhUtdl; eBlEdlmankarÉkPaBeTAelIl½kçxNÐrbs;dIenH . KeRmagnwgKaMRTdl;dMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;

saFarN³CaRbB½n§ edIm,ICYyeRCamERCg[mankarRBmRBagKñasRmab;karBiPakSa nigFana[mankarbnþ BiPakSa

nigBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigsgÁmsIuvil. mankarrMBwgTukpgEdrfa dImYycMnYn

Edlbc©úb,nñsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;rdæ ¬RbEhl80PaKryénépÞdIsrub¦ nigbþÚreTACaEdnÉkCn.

kareFVIEbbenHnwgedaHElgFnFanrdæ[mankarRKb;RKgdIRbesIrCag Edlbc©úb,nñkMBugbnþenAeRkamkarRtYt

Rtarbs;rdæ105

¬karKUs bBa¢ak;bEnßm¦ .

153> eTaHbICaesckþIEføgkarenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag minmanPaBc,as;las;k¾eday b:uEnþvahak;bIdUcCaman

lkçN³RsbKñaCamYynwgkarerobcMKeRmag nigviFIsaRsþcMeBaHTMnas;dIFøI ehIyCakarBit kareFVIb½NÑsmÁal;

kmµsiT§idIenAeRkamkarKaMRTrbs;KeRmag KWGaRs½yeTAelIPaBeCaKC½yénkaredaHRsayTMnas;. karBicar

NaeTAelIdMeNIrkarkMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagdIsaFarN³ nigÉkCn Canic©kalmin)anRbRBwtþeTAedayrlUnenaH

eT KeRmag)anRbemIlemIlBItRmUvkar[mandMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;CasaFarN³CaRbB½n§pgEdr. KeRmag

dUcEdl)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgkfax½NÐxagelIrMBwgfa dMeNIrkarenHnwgCYysRmYl[mankarRBmRBagrYmKñaCa

FøúgmYykñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþ RBmTaMgkarFana[mankarbnþBiPakSa nigBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGgÁkar

minEmnrdæaPi)al nigsgÁmsIuvil k¾dUcCakardak;bBa©ÚleKaledABRgwgynþkarsRmab;karedaHRsayTMnas;

cUl eTAkñúgEpnkarsmaPaKpgEdr ¬smasPaKTI4¦. CagenHeTAeTot KeRmagk¾dak;bBa©ÚlkarKaMRT

dl;kareFVIcMNat;fñak; nigkarkMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagEdnsaFarN³ nigÉkCnRBmTaMgkarbegáItsmtßPaB

sRmab;karRKb;RKgdIenAkñúgEpnkarsmasPaKpgEdr ¬smasPaKTI5¦. GñkRKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak

mYycMnYn k¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;R)ab;dl;RkumpgEdrfa PasarEdl)ansresrenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag min

manbMNgpþl;nUvmUldæanRKwHsRmab;kardkecjnUvtMbn;EdlmanTMnas; BIkareFVIb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIrbs;

KeRmagenaHeT. tamBit karerobcMKeRmagCaTUeTA nigdMeNIrkarvinicä½ytMbn;EdlmanRsab;)anqøúHbBa©aMg

nUvTsSn³pÞúyKña .

154> eTaHCay:agNak¾eday karbkRsaykfaxNÐsMxan;xagelIenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag CaBiessesckþI

EføgkarTak;TgeTAnwgdIEdlmanTMnas; hak;bIdUcCamankarpøas;bþÚrkñúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. bc©úb,nñ karbk

RsayenH)anykmkBRgwgGnuvtþbEnßm edIm,IseRmceKaledArbs;KeRmagkñúgkarpþl;b½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§i

[)anmYylanb½NÑenaH KWmanny½y:agsamBaØfa KeRmagnwgmineFVIb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idI enAtMbn;EdlTMng

CamanTMnas;ekIteLIgeLIy. TsSn³enH hak;bIdUcCamankaryl;dwgy:agTUlMTUlaydUcKañTaMgrdæaPi)al

édKUGPivDÆ buKÁlikKeRmag nigTIRbwkSa. enAkñúgGgÁRbCMuCamYynwgRkumGFikarkic© manGñkmYycMnYn)an

105

PAD TMB½rTI 24 .

59

bBa¢ak;fa “kareFVIrebobenHvahak;bIdUcCakarebHEpøeQIEdlenATab²CitédEtb:ueNÑaH” . eTaHCay:agNak¾

eday Rkum)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa minmankarkMNt;bBa¢ak;enAkñúgÉksarKeRmagRKwH sþIBIeKalkarN_

sRmab;karkMNt;tMbn;EdlGacmanTMnas; b¤nitiviFIsRmab;karkat;ecjtMbn;TaMgenHBIkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;

kmµsiT§I dIlkçN³CaRbB½n§eLIy .

viFIsa®sþKeRmagsRmab;edaHRsaykartaMglMenAsßanminRsbc,ab;

155> cMNuceyagTIBIrcMeBaHsßanPaBEdlminGacecjkmµsiT§dIFøI KWRtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgRbeyaKEdlmancMNg

eCIg{ GñktaMglMenAsßaneRkApøÜvc,ab;} Edl)ankMNt;GMBIvisa®sþKeRmaenAkñúgsßanPaBénTIkEnøgEdlman{

GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvc,ab; rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkrs;enAminRsbtampøÚvc,ab;}. enAkñúgsßanPaBEbbenH eyag

eTAtamÉksarvinicä½yKeRmagKeRmag nwgminecjkmµsiT§i[cMeBaHTIkEnøgNaEdlminTan;mankic©RBmeRBog

EbgEckdI[eTAGñkEdlrs;enAminRsbc,ab; b¤tamry³kmµviFIkarEckrMElgdI b¤EbgEckdIeLIgvij}106

.

kar eqøIytbrbs;KN³RKbRKg)aneqøIytbfa Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag)aneFVI[manPaBc,as;las;ehIyfa

KeRmag EdlKaMRTdl;dMeNIrkareFVIb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§i nwgminecjb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§i[eTAGñktaMglMenA

b¤Gñkrs; enAminRsbc,ab;enAelIdIrdæ107

.

156> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa esckþIseRmccitþminKaMRTdl;niytkmµénkartaMgTIlMenAsßanminRsbc,ab;

eRkamRkbx½NÐénKeRmag minRtUv)aneFVI[)anseRmceLIy enAkñúgbribTénÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag b¤kic©RBm

eRBog\NTanKeRmag rYmCamYynwgkarkMNt;niymn½yénBakü {GñkTaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab;} kartaMgTIlM

enAminRsbc,ab; b¤{Gñkrs;enAminRsbc,ab;}. BaküTaMgenH k¾hak;dUcCamin[mankMNt;niymn½yCapøÚv

c,ab; nigeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCapgEdr. esckþIRBageKaleya)ayCatisþIBIkarerobcMpÞHsEm,g )aneFVI

[mantRmUvkarsRmab;karbegáIt {nItiviFImYysRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaénkartaMgTIlMenAsßanbeNþaHGasnñenA

elIdIEdlmankarkan;kab;edayminRsbc,ab;enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug nigTIRbCuMCn}. RkumGFikarkic©)anyl;eXIj

fa cMeBaHBaküTaMgenH enAkñúgbribTénÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag KWsMedAeTAelIRbCaBlrdæEdlkMBugkan;kab;dI

saFarN³rbs;rdæ CaGñkEdlminmanlkçN³sm,tþi sRmab;karecj[nUvb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIFøIeRkam

Rkbx½NÐénc,ab;dIFøIqñaM2001. niyaymü:ageTot KeRmagk¾minRtUv)ankMNt;faCakmµviFImYysRmab;eFVI

niytkmµ ¬eFVI[manlkçN³Rsbc,ab;¦énkartaMgTIlMenAsßanenAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeLIy. kmµsiT§i

dIFøIenAkñúgtMbn;EbbenH GacekItmaneLIg ebIsinCardæaPi)al)aneFVIkareRCIserIsBIdMbUgkñúgkarpþl; dIdl;

GñktaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab; ehIy)ancat;viFankarCaCMhan²nanakñúgkareFVI[manPaBRsbc,ab;énkarkan;

kab;rbs;BYkeK. mü:agvijeTot RkumGFikarkic©k¾)anyl;eXIjfaeKalbMNgCacm,grbs;KeRmagKW kñúg

xN³EdlGvtþmanénkareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIFøIc,as;las; KeRmagnwgkMNt;PaBRsbc,ab;énbNþwgtv:ananaGMBI

106

Éksarvinicä½yKeRmagTMB½rTI24 107

Éksarvinicä½yKeRmagTMB½rTI22

60

dIFøI rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaBlrdæ EdlTMngCaGñkkan;kab;dIFøIedayminRsbc,ab; tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½ymYy.

157> eTaHbICaKeRmagmin)anKitKYGMBIkarecjb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIFøI[GñktaMgTIlMenAedayminRsbc,ab;k¾eday

k¾RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfabBaðaTaMgenHminEmnmann½yfa Cakardak;kRmitkMNt;sRmab;GñktaMgTIlMenA

edayminRsbc,ab;eLIy EtvanwgeFVIkarmankarvinicä½yeTAelIbNþwgtv:arbs;BYkeK. RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;

smÁal;fa karbMpøicbMpøajÉksarkMNt;RtadIFøInanaenAkñúgsm½yExµrRkhm nigkarxVHxatRbB½n§muxgarRKb;

RKgdIFøIenAkñúgbNþaqñaMEdlmanPaBRcbUkRcbl;énkarcUlkan;kab;eLIgvijenAPñMeBj )aneFVI[naykdæan

nigTIPñak;garrdænana RBmTaMgbuKÁlnanaxVHnUvkmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIRsbc,ab;. edaysarmUlehtuenH KeRmag

erobcMEdndI nigrdæ)alfIFøIRtUv)anerobcMbegáIteLIg edIm,IKaMRTdl;kareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkareFVI cMNat;fñak;

karerobcMEpnTIdIrdæ edIm,IBRgwgdl;suvtßiPaBénkarkan;kab;dIFøI nigTIpSardIFøI RBmTaMgkarBarkuM[manCemøaH

dIFøI nigedaHRsayCemøaHdIFøI.

158> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjnUvcMNuceyagenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmagénkmµviFI UNCHS/UNDP

nigédKUGPivDÆn_déTeTotkñúgkarpþl;suvtßiPaBénkarkan;kab;dIFøIcMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAedayminRsbc,ab;.

cMNuceyagenHTTYlsÁal;faTaMgFanaKarBiPBelak nigTaMgRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrYbnIykmµ nigsMNg;min

manPaBmaneRbobénkaredaHRsaybBaðaCamYyGñktaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab; nigGñkrs;enAminRsbc,ab;

eLIy. dUcenH vaCakarRbesIrsRmab;KeRmagpþl;karKaMRTdl;RkumGPivDÆn_EdlkMBugeFVIkarkñúgkic©karenH108

.

]bsm<½n§ TI2énÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag d¾)ansresrpgEdrfa bnÞab;BIkarBiPakSaCamYyédKUGPivDÆn_

nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alEdlkMBugGnuvtþKeRmagkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenATIRbCuMCn{109

)anRBmeRBogfa

KeRmagnwgeFVIkarsRmbsRmYly:agCitsñiT§CamYyRkumGPivDÆn_nana EdleFVIkarenAkñúgkmµviFIkartaMgTIlMenA

sßanedayminRsbc,ab;. eTaHbIesckþIEføgkarenHÉksarvincä½yKeRmag [mankarsRmbsRmYly:agCit

sñiT§CamYykmµviFI UNCHS/UNDP kñúgkareFVIkaredaHRsayCamYyGñktaMgTIlMenAsßanedayminRsbc,ab;

nigGñkrs;enAedayminRsbc,ab;k¾eday k¾RkumGFikarkic©minGacTTYl)annUvPsþútagNamYy enAkñúgGMLúg

eBlénkarcuHesuIbGegát EdlbgðajfamankarsRmbsRmYl nigKaMRTRtUv)anpþl;[edayKeRmageTAkmµviFI

UNCHS/ UNDP muneBlEdlKeRmagenHRtUv)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM2004 ehIyk¾minmanPsþútagEdl RtUv

)anTTYlGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrviFIsa®sþsRmab;edaHRsaybBaðakartaMgTIlMenAedayminRsbc,ab;pgEdr bnÞab;BI

eBlenHmk.

viFIsa®sþKeRmagcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ

159> KeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI)andak;bBa©ÚlkarRKb;RKgdIrdæCasmasPaKTI5rbs;KeRmag. smasPaK

enH)anKitKUGMBIkarerobcMnItiviFIedIm,IkMNt;cMNat;fñak;dIFøI erobcMEpnTItamrUbftBIelI EpnTIrUbPaBEdlGac

108

Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½rTI20

109 Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag ]bsm<½n§TI2 TMB½rTI87

61

bBa¢a)an nigkarerobcMsRmab;extþeKaledArbs;KeRmagnImYy²nUvEpnTIcMNat;fñak;dIFøI EdlbgðajGMBIRBM

RbTl;énéRBeQI tMbn;karBar nigdIFøIEdlsßitenAeRkamkareRbIR)as;rbs;ÉkCn saFarN³ nigsm,Tan.

edayehtufa enAkm<úCamandIFøIRbmaN80°sßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs;rdæ edaymin)ankMNt;GMBIRBM

RbTl;rvagkmµsiT§idIFøIsaFarN³ nigÉkCn dUecñHkarRKb;RKgdIrdæKICasmasPaKd¾sMxan;énKeRmagEbgEck

nigRKb;RKgdIFøI. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾mankarrIkceRmIntictYcbMputenAkñúgkarGnuvtþsmasPaKenH.

karGnuvtþsmasPaKenH RtUv)anTTYlkarvaytémøfaminmankareBjcitþ ehIyskmµPaBEdlmin)anGnuvtþ

CaeRcInRtUv)anesñIsuM[lubecalenAkñúgExmkra qñaM2009110

.

160> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn Fñak;RKb;RKg)anTTYlsÁal;fa smasPaKenHRtUv)andak;bEnßmeTAkñúgKeRmag

enAkñúgdMNak;karcugeRkayénkarerobcMénKeRmag ehIyxVHkarerobcMlm¥itebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgsmasPaK

epSgeTotrbs;KeRmag. kareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;fa { cMeBaHkarerobcMKeRmag kal

NaemIlRsalelIbBaða nigPaBmanhanP½yrbs;va enaHnwgeFVI[mankarKitKUrminRtUvcMeBaHPaBsµúKsµaj

nigcriklkçN³neya)ayénkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ} . kareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anbEnßmfa { karxVH

Epnkarlm¥itsRmab;karsRmbsRmYlGnþrRksYg nigGnþrPñak;gar )aneFVI[mannUvcriklkçN³Bhumuxén

rebobvar³RKb;RKgdIrdæ RBmTaMgeFVI[PaBsaMjaMuEpñkbec©keTs nigEpñkneya)aykøayeTACaKuNvbtþirbs;

KeRmag111

.

161> bBaðaGPi)alkic© nigkarlM)akkñúgkareFVI[mankarÉkPaBKñakñúgcMeNamPñak;garrdæaPi)al nigGñkBak;B½n§

epSgeTot elIdMeNIrkarénkareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIFøIRtUv)ankMNt;faCahanP½ycm,génKeRmagerobcMEdndI

nigrdæ)aldIFøI. dUckarkt;smÁal;BIxagelIenAkñúgEpñk { cMNucnanaEdlnwgGacmanbBaðaRbeTIsRbETgKña }

énÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag)anEføgfa { dIEdlRtUveFVIcMNat;fñak; nigkarkMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagkmµsiT§ÉkCn nig

saFarN³ nigsRmab;dIsßitenAkñúgkmµsiT§isaFarN³ tMbn;EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgénGgÁPaBnana

rbs;rdæ)alPi)al CaerOuy²nwgmankarlM)ak }112

. Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag)anpþl;eyabl;fa hanP½yenA

kñúgkarminmankarÉkPaBKñakñúgGMLúgeBlénkareFVIcMMNat;fñak;dI nwgTTYl)aneCaKC½yedaykarKaMRTdl;kic©

dMeNIrkarRbwkSaeyabl; nigCMnYybec©keTsdl;RkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydI kñúgkarksagkarÉkPaBKña

kñúgcMeNamPñak;garrdæaPi)al. kareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;fa { karviPaKkan;Etlm¥itelI

bribTesdækic©neya)ay nwgGackMNt;)annUvTidæPaBEdlmanlkçN³suTidæiniym113

.

162> ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij)ankt;smÁal;eXIjGMBIGvtþmanénkarerobcMEpnTIpøÚvkaréndIrdæ nig)anEføgfa {

110

GnusSarN ¬ebskkmµTI11 eFVIenAExmkra qñaM2009¦ TMB½r12 nig12 111

MR RbeyaKTI68 TMB½r31 112

Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½rTI24 113

MR RbeyaKTI34 TMB½r12

62

enHKWCaRbPBénbBaðacMeBaHGñkTaMgLayNaEdlsßitenAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþjecj BIeRBaH

GvtþmanénEpnTIenH GaCJaFrBak;B½n§nanarbs;RkugGacdkkmµsiT§iecjBIdIcMENkNamYyEdl)aneFVIkar

Gegát nigesñIsuMsRmab;karvinicä½yedayRkumcuHbBa¢IdIFøI ehtudUecñHehIy kmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøInwgsßitenAeRkam

eQµaHdIrdæ}114

. RkumebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij)ankMNt;eXIjGMBIGvtþmanénkarerobcMEpnTIrdæenHfa Cakar

xVHxatd¾sMxan;mYysRmab;KeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI kñúgkareFVI[)aneCaKC½y nigCYykñúgkaredaH

RsayCemøaHdIFøI nigsuvtßiPaBdIFøI.

163> Rkumvaytémø)anyl;RsbCamYykarrkeXIjrbs;ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij Edl)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfakar

xVVHkarerobcMEpnTIdIrdæ)ancUlrYmcMENkeFVI[mankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;dIrdæ ¬saFarN³ nigÉkCn¦ eday

minGnuvtþtamkic©dMeNIrkarvinicä½yrbs;KeRmagEbgEck nigRKb;RKgdIFøI} .

3> rbk;KehIjcMeBaHkarGnuvtþtameKalkarN_

164> karviPaKrbs;GFikarkic© )anepþatykcitþTukdak;eTAelIbBaðafaetIkarRKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar)anGnuvtþtam

nItiviFI nigeKalneya)ayRbtibtþikarrbs;FnaKarBak;B½n§nwgKeRmagenH ehIyebIsinCamin)anGnuvtþrtam

faetIkarminGnuvtþtamEbbenH)ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarniyayecaTRbkan;minl¥enAkñúgsMeNIy:agdUcemþc.

karviPaKRtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrcMNucénkarcUlrYmBak;B½n§rbs;karRKb;RKgKeRmag rYmmankarerobcM kar

vaytémø nigkarRtYtBinitüemIl.

165> karerobcMnigkarvaytémø ³ dUc)ankt;smÁal;rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKar KeRmagerobcMEdndI nig nigrdæ)al

dIFøI ebItamkarerobcMKeRmag KWvamanlkçN³suaMjaMu nigmanmhicäitaFMkñúgkarGnuvtþ EdlmanbMNgedaH

RsayBhubBaðaCabnþbnÞab;KñaenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg nigcat;EcgdIFøI bnÞab;BImankarbMpøicbMpøajenAkñgGMLúg

eBlénrbbExµrRkhm. eKaledArYmrbs;KeRmag KWkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk elIkkm<s;suvtßPaBsgÁm nig

CMrujkic©GPivDÆn_esdækic©. eKalbMNgCak;lak;rbs;KeRmag KWEklMGsuvtßiPaBsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI nigelIkkm<s;

kic©GPivDÆn_énTIpSardIFøIRbkbedayPaBs½kþsiT§. edIm,IeFVI[seRmc)annUveKalbMNgTaMgenH KeRmag)an

dak;bBa©ÚlsmasPaKerobcMbegáIteKalneya)aydI nigRkbx½NÐKtiyutþ KaMRTdl;karGPivDÆsmtßPaBsßab½n

eroncMbegáItRbB½n§cuHbBa¢IdIFøI BRgwgynþkaredaHRsayTMnas; eFVIcMNat;fñak;dIFøIsRmab;karRKb;RKgkareRbI

R)as;dIepSg²Kña nigGnuvtþkarpþl;kmµsiT§idIFøIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§115

.

166> OMS 2>20 sþIBIkarvaytémøKeRmag RbeyaKTI17 )ankMNt;fa { karvaytémø CaFmµtaRtUvdak;bBa©Úl

nUvkarsikSaelIPaBEdlGacdwg)anénlT§PaBEdlGacGnuvtþ)anrbs;KeRmag edIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrnUv):ar:a

EmRtrbs;KeRmag CamYynwgkarkarvinicä½ysþIBIlT§PaBénkarERbRbYlEdlGacekIteLIgecjBI):ar:aEmRt

114

ebskkmµRtYtBin itüedIm,IBRgwgeLIgvij qñaM2009 RbeyaKTI15 TMB½rTI6 115


63

mUldæan} ehIjk¾)anbEnßmfa { sRmab;KeRmagEdlmanhanP½yx<s; RtUveFVIcMNat;fñak;hanP½ytamry³

karviPaKhanP½y. kñúgkrNIcaM)ac; karvaytémøRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlGnusasn_Bak;B½n§eTAnwgviFankarkarBar

EdlRtUvGnuvtþedIm,Ikat;bnßyhanP½y} . xN³mankarkt;smÁal;EbbenHk¾eday k¾karkMNt;visalPaB

nigkarsuICeRmAénkarviPaKhanP½y Canic©karbgðaj CasBaØanUvkarlM)ak;énkarvinicä½y dUcenHKN³kmµar

yl;eXIjfa Fñak;RKb;RKgKeRmagenH min)anepþatkarykcitþTukdak;RKb;RKan;kñúgkaredaHRsayhanP½y

enAkñúgeBlénkarerobcMKeRmag.

167> karviPaKhanP½yEdlmanenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag)andak;BinÞúelIhanP½yTUeTAfaCa {hanP½yx<s;KYr

sm}116

. Ep¥ktamÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag hanP½y { x<s;} CahanP½y EdlGPi)alkic©enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

min GacEklMG)an EdlGacCHplb:HBal;elIlT§PaBrbs;KeRmagkñúgkareFVIseRmc)annUveKalbMNgrbs;

xøÜn. elIsBIenH hanP½y { x<s;KYrsm } KWCahanP½yEdlrdæaPi)alxVHqnÞ³kñúgkarFanafaynþkaredaH

RsayTMnas;RbRBwtþeTA RbkbedayPaBs½kþsiT§ nigyutþiF’m nigEdlGgÁPaBrdæaPi)al nigGñkBak;B½n§epSg

eTotminGacmanlT§PaB eFVI[manPaBÉkPaBKñaelIkic©dMeNIrkarcMNat;fñak;dIFøI.

168> karsikSavaytémøEpñksgÁmEdl)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;KeRmag )anbgðajfaTMnas;dIFøI)anekIneLIg enA

eBlEdltémødIFøIeLIgéfø ehIyCaBiess KWenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBlsRmab;karGPivDÆn_ dUcCadIenA

CitpøÚv dIenACitTIRbCuMCn b¤enACitpSar. karsikSavaytémøk¾bnþkt;smÁal;eXIjfaRbCaBlrdæFmµta CUb

RbTHnUvkarlM)ak kñúgkarkarBarxøÜnÉg[)aneCaKC½y CamYynwgPaKImanGMNac edayeRbIR)as;ynþkaredaH

RsayTMnas;tampøÜvkar.

169> kñúgTsSn³rbs;KN³kmµaryl;eXIjfa karerobcMKeRmag)anTTYlsÁal;bBaðaRbQmTaMgenHkñúglkçN³

CabBaðacRmuHKñamYy EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIFøIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ karedaH

RsayCemøaH karRKb;RKg nigeFVIcMNat;fñak;dIrdæ. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾karerobcMKeRmagmin)aneFVIkar

qøúHbBa©aMg[)anRKb;RKan;elIhanP½ynanaEdlGacekItmaneLIg. bBaðaCak;lak;mYyEdlBak;B½n§eTA nwgbNþwg

tv:a KWhanP½yEdlBak;B½n§eTA nwgbNþwgtv:adICan;KñaEdleFVIeLIgedayPñak;garrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn. dUc)an

kt;smÁal;BIxagelI bBaðaenH)ankt;smÁal;y:agc,as;las;enAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag b:uEnþÉksarmin)an

kMNt;[)anc,as;las;GMBIkic©dMeNIrkarsRmab;edaHRsayhanP½yTaMgenH. pÞúyeTAvij KN³kmµar)anrk

eXIjfakarerobcMKeRmagmin)anbgðajc,as; GMBIGVIEdlKeRmagRtUvmanyuT§®sþ TaMgsRmab;karkMNt;tMbn;

sRmab;erobcMkmµsiT§idIFøICalkçN³RbB½n§ ¬tMbn;EdlRtUveFVIkarvinicä½y¦ nigkaredaHRsaycemøaHdIFøIrvag

GgÁPaBrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCnenAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkic©dMeNIrkarvinicä½y.

116


64

170> bEnßmelIsBIenHeTot xøwmsarénÉksarvinicä½yKeRmagTak;TgnwgdIFøIEdlmanTMnas;117

min)ankMNt;GMBI

l½kçx½NÐ nignItiviFIEdltRmUv[GnuvtþtameLIy EdlCaehtunaM[mankaryl;eXIjxus²Kña kñúgcMeNam

GñkBak;B½n§nana enAkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. CagenHeTAeTot eTaHbICaeKdwgfa RBMuRbTl;dIsaFarN³

rbs;rdæminRtUv)ankMNt;k¾eday k¾karerobcMKeRmag)andkGñktaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab;ecjBIbBa¢IGñk Edl

RtUvTTYl)anbøg;dI. enAeBlTTYl)ankarÉkPaBBIraCrdæaPi)al bBaðananaEdlenAesssl;nwgRtUvedaH

Rsaytamry³kmµviFI UNCHS (UNHABITAT). KN³kmµar)anrkeXIjfa PaBmann½yminc,as;

las;enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagenH KWCaEpñkmYyEdlbgá[manPaBGnþray dUcEdlRkumGñktv:aTamTar

kMBugCYbRbTHnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH. ehtudUecñHehIyKN³kmµarrkeXIjfa eTaHbICahanIP½yEdl

Cab;Bak;B½n§CamYynwgKeRmagRtUv)ankMNt;)anRtwmRtUvk¾eday k¾Fñak;RKb;RKgKeRmagmin)anGnuvtþ

[RsbtamcMNuc 2>20 én OMS sþIGMBIkarsikSavaytémøKeRmag Edl)anbBa¢ak;GMBIkaredaH

RsayhanIP½yTaMgenHeLIy.

171> karRtYtBinitü ³ kñúgGMLúgqñaMdMbUg²énkarGnuvtþKeRmag BIqñaM2002 dl;Bak;kNþalqñaM2005

r)aykarN_RtYtBinitü)anbgðaj[eXIjfa eTaHbICakarGnuvtþKeRmagmanPaByWty:av ehIymanbBaða

mYycMnYn)anekItmaneLIgTak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþsmasPaBCak;lak;nanarbs;KeRmag dUcCakaredaHRsay

TMnas; nigkareFVIEpnTIdIFøIrbs;rdæCaedImk¾eday k¾karvaytémøTUeTAeXIjfaKeRmagenHTTYl)annUvkar

eBjcitþpgEdr. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday bnÞab;BIBak;kNþalqñaM2005mk karGnuvtþsmasPaBnana

rbs;KeRmagEdltRmUv[mansgÁtiPaBCamYyKña EbrCamanPaBminRbRktIeTAvij. bnÞab;mk karGnuvtþ

KeRmagRtUv)anp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñcab;BIExmifuna qñaM2006 dl;ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 edaysarmanbBaða

Tak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþkic©snüaKeRmag. tamlT§plén {karBinitüTUeTAelIsßanPaBKeRmag} ¬ehAfa kar

BinitüTUeTA¦ EdlCaEpñkmYyénebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI9 ¬éf¶TI30 Ex]sPa dl;éf¶TI8 mifuna qñaM

2007¦ )aneFVIkar bBa¢ak;y:agc,as;GMBIbBaðananaEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarGnuvtþKeRmag.

172> karBinitüTUeTA )aneFVIkarkt;smÁal;eXIjfa enAeBlEdlfñak;dwknaMKeRmagepþatkarykcitþTuk dak;

xøaMgeBkelIcMNucEpñk nigsmasPaBsMxan;²rbs;KeRmagEdl)ankMNt;enaH nwgnaM[mankarxVHcenøaH

kñúgkarRKb;RKgRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBelIkarTTYlyk nigedaHRsaybBaðaEdl)ankMNt;tamlMdab;lMeday

enAkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. karBinitüTUeTAk¾)aneFVIkarsgát;F¶n;elIkarGnuvtþKeRmagerobcMEdndI

nigrdæ)aldIFøIEdlCaRbB½n§cRmuH nigsµúKsµajmYy EdlRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;RtUvEt {eFVI[anRbsiT§iPaBxag

Rbtibtþikar ehIyEpñkTaMgGs;enaHRtUvEtCaEpñksMxan; }118

. lT§plsRmab;karRKb;RKgdIFøIrbs;rdæ

117

Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½r 24

118 {karBinitüTUeTAelIsßanPaBKeRmag} ]bsm<½n§TI7 énkarBinitüKeRmag nigebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI9rbs;m©as;CMnYycRmuH

¬30 ]sPa dl; 8 mifuna qñaM2007¦

65

Tak;TgnwgkaredaHRsayTMnas;RtUv)aneKrkeXIjfa {manPaBmineBjcitþ} nig {manPaBmineBjcitþ

xøH²}. karedaHRsayTMnas;enAmanPaBxVHcenøaH BiesskrNITMnas;EdlmanPaBsµúKsµaj nigman

PaKIBak;B½n§eRcIncUlrYm nigkrNITMnas;EdlCab;Bak;B½n§ CamYyrdæ b¤ {GñkmanGMNac}.

173> karRtYtBinitüTUeTAk¾)ankMNt;pgEdr GMBItRmUvkarsRmab;edaHRsaybBaðananaeRkamkarGnuvtþKeRmag

erobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI dUcCa {bBaðabBa¢Ibøg;dIFøIEdlminTan;)anEbgEck PaBKµanvDÆnPaBenA

kñúgtMbn;TIRbCMuCn karerobcMrcnasm<½n§Epñksßab½neLIgvijrbs;RksYgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;

PaByWty:avkan;EtxøaMgeLIgkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI kRmitTMnas;FM²ekIteLIgmuneBlmkdl;KN³kmµaFikar

edaHRsayTMnas;dIFøI nigbBaðaBak;B½n§nwgkRmitsmRsbEpñkGPi)alkic©l¥} CaedIm. elIsBIenHeTot kar

RtYtBinitüTUeTAk¾)ankt;smÁal;eXIjpgEdrfa KeRmagRtUvEteFVIkaredaHRsay[)any:agskmµelIkar

sikSaGMBITinñn½yedImEpñkesdækic-sgÁmkic© karsikSaGMBIplb:HBal;bnÞab;BIGnuvtþ nigkarsikSatamdan

RtYtBinitüepSg²eTot RBmTaMgTTYlnUveyabl;RtLb;BIsgÁmsIuvil Edlnwgpþl;B½t’mansMxan;²sRmab;Ca

mUldæanrbs;fñak;dwknaMkñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmc ehIyEdlCaPaBrIkceRmInrbs;KeRmag nigkmµviFI. eTaHbI

CamanGnusasn_TaMgenHk¾eday k¾karGnuvtþKeRmagRtUv)anbnþ ehIykalbriecäTbBa©b;KeRmagk¾RtUv)an

BnüaeBlpgEdr.

174> eTaHCay:agNak¾eday muneBlmankMNt;smÁal;xagelI kalBIExkumÖ³ qñaM2006 man {karRtYtBinitü

edayÉkraCümYyGMBIbBaðaKNenyüPaB nigtmøaPaB} ¬ehAfa karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü¦ rbs;

KeRmag eday)aneFVIkarkt;smÁal;GMBIbBaðaTak;TgnwgkarerobcMbøg;dI nigKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)al

dIFøI. Ep¥ktamlT§plénkarBinitüedayÉkraCüenH y:agehayNas;manRKYsarcMnYnmYy PaKR)aM

¬19>6°¦ enAkñúgtMbn;TaMg13 Edl)ancuHsikSa)anTTYlplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manBIdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI

CaRbB½n§ EdlCaTUeTAbBaðaenHekIteLIgtamry³karbdiesFkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIEdl)ansagsg;TIlMenA

b¤)aneRbIR)as;}119

. edayEp¥ktamlT§plénkareFVIsmÖasn_ tamRKYsarsRmab;karRtYtBinitüedayÉk

raCüenH bgðaj[eXIjfa {RkumkMNt;RBMudIrbs;KeRmagk¾)aneFVIkarbdiesFkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI[RbCaBl

rdæ enAeBlmanbNþwgCMTas; b¤enAeBlEdl mankarkan;kab;elIdIFøIrbs;rdæ}120

.

175> karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCük¾)aneFVIkMNt;smÁal;pgEdr GMBIkarpþl;B½t’manminRKb;RKan;dl;RKYsarRbCa

BlrdæGMBIdMeNIrkar nignItiviFIénkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§enH. eyagtamlT§plénkarRtYtBinitüeday

ÉkraCübgðaj[eXIjfa {GñkTTYlplEdl)anesñIeLIg min)andwgB½t’manTak;Tgnwg {GñkNaCaGñkeFVI?

eFVIGVI? eFVIenAkEnøgNa? eFVIeBlNa? ehtuGVI)anCaeKeFVI? eKeFVIy:agdUcemþc? eFVIsRmab;GñkNa? RBm

119

{karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCüGMBIbBaðaKNenyüPaB nigtmøaPaBenAkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§/ RbB½n§ nignItiviFIrbs;KeRmag

RKb;RKgrdæ)al nigdIFøI ¬LMAP¦/ tMbn;manTMnas;/ Declan O‟lerary ExkumÖ³ qñaM2006/ TMB½r ii}

120 karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü TMB½r 14

66

TaMgbBaðaepSg²eTotTak;TgnwgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§enH}121

. CagenHeTot karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü

k¾)anbgðajbEnßmeTotfa RKYsarRbCaBlrdæk¾min)anTTYlB½t’manRKb;RKan;GMBI {bBaðasMxan;Tak;Tgnwg

sMNgTUTat;¼karRBmeRBogenAeBlEdldIrbs;BYkeKEdlesñI sMucuHbBa¢IenHmanTMnas;CamYyrdæ}122

. kar

sikSaedayÉkraCü)anelIkeLIgfa B½t’manGMBIsiT§irbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarTTYl)annUvsMNgTUTat; dUc

Edl)anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúgÉksarsuvtßiPaBsgÁm EdlTTYl)ankarRBmeRBogedayraCrdæaPi)al nigEdl

RtUvGnuvtþkñúgKeRmagenH min)anerobcM[)ansmRsbeLIy123

.

176> bnÞab;BItMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yrbs;KeRmagkalBIExmIna qñaM2006 KeRmag)an

RbtibtþikarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBsRmab;ry³eBlbYnqñaM. karGnuvtþKeRmagkñúgry³eBlEvgd¾smRsb

enH KWCakarGnuvtþsakl,gkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag nigkarerobcMnItiviFIGnuvtþ RBmTaMgCakarGnuvtþ

sakl,g CaBiesselIkaredaHRsaybBaðaEdlraMgsÞH nighanIP½ynana. cMNucTI 10>05 én OP )an

bgðajfa karRtYtBinitüKeRmagKb,IeFVIkarkMNt;bBaðaEdlnwgekItmaneLIgenA kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag

nigpþl;CaGnusasn_dl;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarrkviFIsa®sþ edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH} nig {pþl;Gnusasn_

edIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrkarerobcMKeRmagebIGaceFVI)an[smRsb eTAnwgkarvivtþn_rbs;KeRmag b¤tamkal³

eTs³énkarpøas;bþÚr} RBmTaMg {kMNt;GMBIhaniP½ycm,g² edIm,IFana[mannirnþrPaBKeRmag nigpþl;

Gnusasn_GMBIyuT§sa®sþsmRsbsRmab;RKb;RKghanIP½y nigviFankarnanasRmab;sRmab;raCrdæaPi)al

EdlCaGñkTTYlR)ak;km©IBIFnaKarBiPBelak}.

177> KN³kmµarrkeXIjfa karRKb;RKgrbs;fñak;dwknaMKeRmagkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMenH )anemIlrMlgnUvbBaða

sMxan;² EdlCabNþwgtv:aCalkçN³ÉkCnEdl)aneFVIkarvinicä½yeTAelIdIFøIEdlrdæ)anGHGag faCadIrbs;

rdæ. Rkumebskkmµyl;eXIjfa PaBbraC½ykñúgkarRKb;RKgenH )ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarbegáIt[

manRBwtþikarN_nanaEdlekIteLIgkñúgdMbn;bwgkk; RBmTaMgnaM[manPaBGnþraynana EdlGñktv:akMBug

CYbRbTHnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgelIbBaðacm,g²TaMgenH min)aneqøIytbeTAnwg

karTamTarkñúgcMNuc 13>05én OP/BP.

178> sgáat;RsHck RtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½y kñúgGMLúgeBlp¥akKeRmagCabeNþaHGasnñ. bnÞab;BI

cab;epþImGnuvtþeLIgvijkalBIExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 ebskkmµRtYtBinitü)aneFVIeLIgenAtMbn;bwgkk; ¬sgáat;

RsHck¦ enAkñúgExmifuna qñaM2008. enAkñúgeBlebskmµRtYtBinitüenH kariyal½yRKb;RKgKeRmag

)anCMrabeTAFnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆn_nanafa bwgkk; KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ dUecñHRbCaBlrdæ

minmansiT§iTTYl)anbøg;dIeLIy. KN³kmµar)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa fñak;dwknaM KeRmagmin)andwgGMBI

121

karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü TMB½r 16

122 karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü TMB½r 16

123 karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü TMB½r iii

67

tMbn;vinicä½yeLIy eTaHbICatMbn;enaHsßitenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjk¾eday. KN³kmµark¾)anrkeXIjpg Edrfa

fñak;dwknaMRKb;RKgKeRmagmin)anelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðaNamYy CamYynwgGaCJaFrrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBInItiviFI

edaHRsayTMnas;EdlekItmaneLIgkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlmanRbCaBlrdæBak;B½n§eRcInCa4000RKYsarenaH

eLIy ehIyk¾min)anelIkeLIgBIbBaðaénkarGnuvtþ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayénsgsMNgTUTat;Edr.

179> ry³eBlRbEhl06Ex bnÞab;ebskkmµRtYtBinitüenH enAkñúgExmkra qñaM2009 kgnKr)alRbdab;

edayGavuF)anbeNþjRbCaBlrdæRbmaN400RKYsary:agéRBépSecjBIshKmn_dIRkhm. enARtg;cMNuc

enH GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnana)ancab;epþImBiPakSaCamYyfñak;dwknaMFnaKarBiPBelak nig)anelIkeLIgBI

bBaðananaTak;TgnwgkarKMrambeNþjRbCaBlrdæenAtamshKmn_epSg²eTot dUcCashKmn_RkumTI78

dUcEdl)aneXIjtamlMdab;lMedayénRBwtþikarenAkñúgCMBUkTI2énr)aykarN_enH. FnaKarBiPBelak RtUv

kareBlevlaRbmaNCit04qñaM bnÞab;BImankarRbkasfa sgáat;RsHck KWCatMbn;vinicä½yedIm,IkMNt;

[R)akdGMBIPaBGnþraynana EdlRbCaBlrdæ)anTTYl nigPaBCak;EsþgénsßanPaBenaH.

180> RkumebskkmµrkeXIjfa fñak;dwknaMKeRmagmin)ancat;viFankarkñúgkarpSBVpSayB½t’man enAeBlEdl

manbBaðaekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlCabBaðadMbUgEdlRtUvykcitþTukdak; ehIykarRtYt Binitürbs;

fñak;dwknaMenAkñúgbBaðaenH minmansgÁtiPaBCamYynwgkarTamTarRtg;cMNuc 13>05 én OP/BP.

181> cab;taMgBIedImqñaM2009 enAeBlEdlmankarpSBVpSayB½t’manTak;TgnwgkaresñIsMunanaGaceFVIeLIg )an

dl;RkumGFikarkic© FnaKarBiPBelak)anBüayamy:agykcitþTukdak;kñúgkarCMruj[rdæaPi)al eFVIkarBinitü

emIleLIgvijelIkrNITMnas;dIFøIenAtMbn;bwgkk;. kñúgGMLúgExmkra nigkumÖ³ qñaM2009 Rkumkargar)an

CMruj[mankic©RbCMuBiPakSaCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIkarRBYy)armÖrbs;BYkeKTak;

TgnwgKeRmag. fñak;dwknaMelIkeLIgfa enAeBlEdlR)akdfa {manPaB c,as;las;kñúgkarBenøÓnnUvdMeNIr

karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæ}enaHnwgman{RbtikmµTan;eBlevla}. fñak;dwknaMcat;viFankarCaeRcInedIm,I eqøIytb

eTAnwgbBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIg. edayeyagtamkar eqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kñúgcMMeNamcMNat;kar

TaMgenH {fñak;RKb;RKg)anCYbCaeRcIndgCamYyfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;raCrdæaPi)al ehIyk¾)anepJIr

lixitCaeRcInpgEdreTAraCrdæaPi)al edayesñIsMu[mankarbg¥ak;CabeNþaHGasnñkñúgkarbeNþjRbCa

BlrdæenH}124

.

182> cab;BIéf¶TI30 ExmIna dl;éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM2009 fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ÚnRkumebskkmµRtYtBinitü

sRmab;KeRmag. r)aykarN_sþIBI ERM )anGMBavnavmþgeTot edIm,I[mankarp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñ kñúgkar

beNþjRbCaBlrdæ. FnaKarBIPBelakk¾)anQanmuxkñúgkarerobcM nwgecjpSaynUvesckþIRbkas

B½t’manCasaFarN³CamYynwgm¨as;CMnYycMnYn10epSgeTot kalBIèf¶TI16 Exkkàda qñaM2009. eday

eyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg esckþIRbkasB½t’manenH bnÞab;mkk¾)anTTYlnUvkarKaMRTBIsMNak;GgÁkarmin

124

kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;dwknaM TMB½r24

68

EmnrdæaPi)alCati GnþrCatiCag60GgÁkarpgEdr. FnaKarBiPBelak k¾)anbegáItRkumebskkmµedIm,I

suvtßiPaBenAkñúgGMLúgéf¶TI3 dl;TI5 ExsIha qñaM2009 RBmTaMgmanTsSn kic©enAraCFanIPñMeBj

BIsMNak;GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn; cab;BIéf¶TI27 dl;28 ExsIha edIm,ICYbCamYym®nþICan;x<s;rbs;

raCrdæaPi)al km<úCa125

.

183> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjGMBIkarRKb;RKgbc©úb,nñrbs;fñak;dwknaMKeRmagfa bBaðaEdlelIkeLIgtamkaresñIsMu)an

GnuvtþtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarGMBIkarRKb;RKgKeRmagcMNuc13>05énOP/BP. eTaHbICay:agNa

k¾eday k¾RkumGFikarkic©ÉkPaBCamYykartémørbs;Gñktv:afa {vaCaPsþútagEdlfacMMNat;karrbs;KN³RKb;

RKgFnaKarBiPBelakmanPaByWty:aveBk kñúgkarTb;sáat;PaBGnþrayEdl)anekItmanrYcmkehIy}.

X> GHGagfa RbCaCnrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)aneKpøas;TIlMenA edayrMelaPelI

eKalneya)ayEdl)anRBmeRBogsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ

1> karGHGagrbs;GñkesñIsuM nigkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg

184> GñkesñIsuMGHGagfa ¬RtwmEx kBaØa qñaM 2009¦ {RbCaCnCag 900 RKYsar enAbwgkk; RtUv)ane)assMGat

BItMbn;enH edayBuM)anvinicä½yRtwmRtUveTAelIsiTi§dIFøIrbs;BYkeKeLIy . edayKµankarkarBarEpñkc,ab;Na

mYy RKYsarTaMgenH)anTTYlsMNgminRKb;RKan;eRkamlkçxNÐénkarbgçitbgçM}126

. eyagtamsMeNI

enAéf¶TI 10 Ex sIha qña M 2009 RbCaCnCag 160 RKYsar enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anCUndMNwg

GMBIkarbeNþjecjelIkTImYy . BYkeKRtUv)anpþl;CeRmIsmYykñúgcMeNamCeRmIssMNgcMnYnbIEdRtUv

TTYlykkñúgry³ eBlmYys)þah_ ³

R)ak;srubcMnYn 8>500 duløarGaemrik

lMenAdæanmYyxñgenAkñúgtMbn;taMgTIlMenAeLIgvijcm¶ayRbEhl 20 KILÚEm:ERtBItMbn;bwgkk; ¬dMNak;

RTywg¦ b¤

lMenAdæanenAnwgkEnøgkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlnwgtRmUv[mankarerITIlMenAbeNþaHGasnñry³eBlbYnqñaMrg;caM

karbBa©b;rYcral;pÞHfµIenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ¬karpþl;CUnenH rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarerITIlMenAbeNþaHGasnñeTAkan;

tMbn;mYyepSgeTot Edlmancm¶ayRbEhl 20 KILÚEm:RtBIkNþalRkugpgEdr - RtBaMgGBa©aj¦ .

125

kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;dwknaM TMB½r25 126

sMeNIsuMGFikarkic© TMB½rTI 5

69

185> GñkesñIsuMkt;smÁal;fa kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ (DCA) )anRbemIlemIlBIlT§PaB

Edlfa karbeNþjecjGacRbRBwtþeTAenAeRkamKeRmag ehIyCalT§pl )anGnuBaØat[mankarGnuvtþ

eKalkarN_ ENnaMEpñkbrisßan nigsgÁmEdlrYmbBa©ÚlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij

(RPF) . GñkesñIsuM)anbBa¢ak;fa edayrMelaPelIkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ Rkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkar taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;eLIy edaybNþal[

mankarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHRbCaCn EdlRtUvbeNþjecjBItMbn;enaH . GñkesñIsuMGHGagfa kal³eTs³én

karbeNþjecj nigsßanPaBénkEnøgtaMgTIlM enAeLIgvij min)anbMeBjtambTdæan EdlmanEcgenAkñúg

eKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkartaMg TIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ .

186> kñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKg)anGHGagfa kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ tRmUv[

mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij enAkñúgehtukarN_ énkarbeNþjecj

BIdIrbs;rdæeRkamsmasFatuKeRmag EdlEcgGMBIkarpþl;kmµsiTi§CalkçN³RbB½n§ nigdac;edayduM127

.

fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa smasFatupþl;kmµsiTi§énKeRmag edaysarkarkMhitEpñkhirBaØvtßú sßab½n bec©kviTüa

nigsmtßPaBmnusS RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IGnuvtþtamlMdab;lMeday enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yEdl)aneRCIserIs

muneK rYcbnÞab;mk bnþeTAkan;TItaMgdéTeTotenAeBlTItaMgdMbUg RtUv)anbBa©b;rYcral;. fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;

bEnßmeTotfa Rkbx½NÐ eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RtUvGnuvtþtamlMdab;lMedaydUcKña .

dUecñH fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak; fava {RtUv)anbegáIteLIgy:agc,as;las; b:uEnþedayRbeyal} fanwgmantMbn;

EdlKeRmagminmanPaBskmµ nigfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijnwgminGnuvtþ

eLIy128

.

187> Tak;TgCak;lak;eTAnwgtMbn;bwgkk; fñak;RKb;RKgyl;RsbCamYyGñkesñIsuMfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI

kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHkarpøas;TIlMenAEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck . dUcman

bBa¢ak;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vij nwgRtUvGnuvtþenAkñúgkrNIénkarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæedaysarskmµPaBKeRmag ehIyEpnkarskmµPaB

taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Cak;lak;enAnwgkEnøg KYrRtUv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;karBinitüeLIgvij nigkarÉkPaB

BIFnaKarBiPBelak . fñak;RKb;RKgyl;RsbCamYyGñkesñIsuMfa eTaHbICaminTan;manPaBc,as;las;fa

etItMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anRbKl;kmµsiTi§CUnrdæb¤y:agNak¾eday kic©RBmeRBogCYlEdlrdæaPi)alpþl;[Gñk

GPivDÆn_ÉkCneTAelIdIenaHkñúgqñaM 2007 begáIt)anCakarkMNt;tamRBwtþn½yfa dIenHKWCadIrbs;rdæ .

tamTsSn³rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ³ {karRcanecalkarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vij cMeBaHkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yénKeRmag edaysardMeNIrkarvinicä½yhak;dUcCaminRtUv)an

127

vtßúbMNg nigsßanPaBénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RtUv)anerobrab; nigviPaKkñúgEpñkxageRkam . 128

kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kfax½NÐ 32

70

GnuvtþtamrhUtdl;TIbBa©b; ehIyBuMmankmµsiTi§pøÚvkarNamYyRtUv)anecjkñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ KWpÞúyeTAnwg

eKalbMNgEdlenABIeRkaykarGPivDÆrbs;Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij dUcmanEcg

enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ129

.

188> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgsMedAdl;eKalCMhrrbs;rdæaPi)al EdlGHGagfa tMbn;bwgkk;min

EmnCakgVl;rbs;KeRmageT edaysardIbwgkk;minRtUv)anpþl;kmµsiTi§CUnrdæeday LMAP . eTaHbICafñak;

RKb;RKgCMTas;eTAnwgkarGHGagenH edaysarehtuplEdlkt;smÁal;enAkñúgkfaxNÐmunk¾eday xøÜnk¾TTYl

sÁal;fa {kgVHPaBCak;lak;enAkñúgÉksarKeRmag nigGvtþmanénkic©BiPakSalm¥itGMBIkic©RbwgERbgrbs;

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij eTaHCakñúgGMLúgénkarerobcMkþI b¤karGnuvtþk¾kþI Gac

cUlrYmcMENkcMeBaHkaryl;dwgrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBIkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn}130

. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anbBa¢ak;fa rhUt

dl;RBwtþikarN_bwgkk;)anekIteLIg TaMgfñak;RKb;RKg TaMgRksYgerobcMEdndImin)anBicarNafa eTaHbICa

dMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§minmanPaBeBjeljk¾eday viFankarnanaGaceFVIeLIgenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y EdlGac

GMBavnav[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .

189> fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa RbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anrgsm<aFeGayerITIlMenA nigfa BuMmandMeNIr

karBieRKaHeyabl; b¤crcaRKb;RKan;GMBIkarerITIlMenAeLIy . Tak;TgeTAnwgsMNgEdlpþl;CUnRbCaCn fñak;

RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa ³ {kBa©b;Edl)anesñIeLIghak;dUcCaminsmmUleTAnwgGVIEdlRbCaCnRtUvTTYl)an Rbsin

ebIRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)anGnuvtþ}131

. eTaHbICay:agNakþI

fñak;RKb;RKg kt;smÁal;fa

edaysarnItiviFIEdlkMNt;enAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRtUv )anGnuvtþ

karvaytèmøCak;lak;GMBIPaByutþiFm’ nigPaBRKb;RKan;ènkBab;Edlpþl;[ minGaceFVIeLIg)aneT.

190> kareqøIytbk¾erobrab;lm¥itpgEdrGMBIkic©RbwgERbgfµI²BIsMNak;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkic©BiPakSa

CamYyrdæaPi)alGMBIbBaðaénkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug . kic©BiPakSaenH rYmman karpa¥kkarbeNþj

ecjedayrg;caMeKalneya)ayCatisþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigkarEklm¥ lkçxNÐénkEnøgtaMgTIlMenA

eLIgvij. CaBiess fñak;RKb;RKg)anpþl;karKaMRTrbs;xøÜn edIm,IEklm¥lkçxNÐ rs;enA nigCIvPaBrbs;

RbCaCnmkBItMbn;bwgkk; EdleRCIserIstaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAtMbn;eRkATIRkug PñMeBj .

2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic© nigKMehIjGMBIPaBGnuelam

129

kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kfax½NÐ 51 130

TMB½rTI 52 131

TMB½rTI 79

71

191> karRKbdNþb;énRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ³ eyagtam PAD {xN³eBl

EdlKaµnkarbeNþjecj kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ b¤karTTYldI minRtUv)anrMBwgTukCamunenA

eRkamKeRmageTenaH Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aymYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IkarBarRbCaCn EdlGacTTYl

rgplb:HBal;GviC¢manBIRbPBEdlGacekItmancMnYnbI}132

. Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA

eLIgvijEdlRtUvKña kMNt;sßanPaBcMnYnbIenAeBlRbCaCnGacTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviC¢man ehIyRkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijnwgGnuvtþ edaytRmUv[mankarerobcMEpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vijCak;lak;enAnwgkEnøg ³

1> karbeNþjecjBIdIrdæcMeBaHbuKÁlTaMgLayNaEdlkan;kab;dIenaHmunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001

¬kalbriecäTénkarGnum½tc,ab;PUmi)alfµI¦ bnÞab;BIkarpþl;kmµsiTi§cMeBaHdIenaHkñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ .

2> karbeNþjecjBIdIrdæ ¬RtUv)anpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ¦ cMeBaHbuKÁlTaMgLayNa ¬Edlkan;kab;

dIenaHmunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001¦ edaysartRmUvkarkñúgkareRbIdIenaHsRmab;kargarsIuvilenA

eRkamKeRmag .

3> karBRgIkcMNIpøÚvedayrdæ Edlb:HBal;CaGviC¢mancMeBaHsiTi§kan;kab;dI .

192> karBinitüeLIgvijelIÉksarerobcMKeRmag)anbgðajfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vij edImeLIyRtUv)anerobcMeLIg edIm,IGnuvtþEtkñúgkrNIénkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijrbs;RbCaCnEdl

rs;enAelIdI EdlnwgRtUv)ansagsg;GaKarkariyal½y b¤kargarsIuvilepSgeTotEdlpþl;hirBaØb,Tan

edayKeRmag ¬]TahrN_ sßanPaBTIBIrxagelI¦ . RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa kic©BiPakSa épÞkñúgkñúg

cMeNambuKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak GMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anéneKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij

edayminsµ½RKcitþ enAkñúgKeRmagrdæ)aldIFøI )annaMRkumkargarKeRmag eGayBRgIkvisalPaBén

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij edIm,IRKbdNþb;RbCaCnEdlkan;kab;dIsaFarN³ nig

EdlnwgRtUvbeNþjecj edaysarkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIenaHCUnrdæ . buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelakmYycMnYn

)ankt;smÁal;fa eTaHbICaeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedaymin

sµ½RKcitþ nwgminRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgkrNIvivaTdIFøIrvagPaKIÉkCnk¾eday k¾eKalneya)ayenHnwgGnuvtþ

cMeBaHTMnas; EdlBak;B½n§PaKIÉkCnEdlrs;enAelIdIrdæ .

193> kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anbBa¢ak;fa karbEnßmenHcMeBaHkic©BiPakSaEdlqøúHbBa©aMgedayRkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak enAkñúgbribTénkarerobcMeKalneya-

)ayfµIsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ (OP 4>12) nigfa KeRmagRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

132

PAD TMB½rTI 20

72

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWCaRkbx½NÐsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijdMbUgeKbg¥s;enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak

edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgGPiRkmenH eBalKW eKalneya)ayenHnwgGnuvtþcMeBaHkarpøas;TIlMenArbs;RbCaCnEdlrs;

enAelIdIEdlRtUv)ankMNt;faCadIrdæ nigRtUv)anpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½y .

194> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa esckIþseRmckñúgkarerobcM Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij

manPaBGnuelameTAtambTb,BaØtiþéneKalneya)ayEdlBak;B½n§ - OD 4>30 . RkumGFikarkic©ekat

sresrIrfñak;RKb;RKgEdl)anBRgIky:agTUlMTUlaycMeBaHsßanPaBCaeRcIn EdleKalneya)ayKYrnwgGnuvtþ

edayqøúHbBa©aMgkarKitfµI²enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak naeBlenaH Tak;TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþy:agRtwmRtUv

nUvkarkarBarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak . 195> eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA eLIg

vij xVHkarBnül;smRsbGMBIrebob nigeBlevlaEdlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayenHnwgRtUv )anbegáIteLIg.

BuMmansßanPaBNamYykñúgcMeNamsßanPaBTaMgbIEdlbegáIteLIg RtUv)anGmedayGtßbTBnül;eLIy. xN³

Edlkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆmanPaBc,as;las; nigP¢ab;katBVkic©enAkñúgbTb,BaØtiþrbs;

va Tak;TgeTAnwgkatBVkic©rbs;Gñkx©IR)ak;kñúgkarGnuvtþKeRmag RsbtameKalkarN_ENnaMEpñkbrisßan nig

sgÁm rYmman Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij kgVHPaBc,as;las;GMBIkarGnuvtþCak;

EsþgénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij manPaBKYr[kt;smÁal;CaBiess EdlbNþal

[manPaBminR)akdRbCa nigkarminRBmeRBogKñaGMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anrbs;va . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij hak;dUcCaRtUv)anerobcMeLIgCadMbUgsRmab;EtsßanPaBTIBIrb:ueNÑaH ¬kar

beNþjecjkñúgkrNIkargarsIuvilEdlpþl;hirBaØb,TanedayKeRmag¦ cMENkÉsßanPaBTImYy nigTIbIRtUv

)anbBa©Úl enAkñúgdMNak;kaleRkay²énkarerobcMKeRmag nigedayKµankarBicarNaeBjelj edayFnaKar

BiPBelak b¤rdæaPi)alkm<úCa GMBI\T§iBlCak;EsþgénsßanPaBTaMgenHeLIy .

196> Tak;TgeTAnwgsßanPaBTImYy EdlCasßanPaBGnuvtþy:agCak;lak;cMeBaHRBwtþikarN_enAbwgkk; mansmasFatu

CaeRcInEdlnwgtRmUv[mankarENnaMbEnßm edIm,I[FnaKarBiPBelak nigbuKÁlikrdæaPi)alTTYlxusRtUv

cMeBaHkarGnuvtþ nigkarRKb;RKgKeRmag nigédKUGPivDÆn_ edIm,IkMNt;PaBGacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKal

neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgkrNICak;Esþg .

197> rebobEdlRtUvyl;dwgGMBI {karpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ} ? RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa bTb,BaØtiþienH

EdlRtUv)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgsßanPaBTImYyénÉksarRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nig

RtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúg PAD minRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgGtßbTBak;B½n§énkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;

karGPivDÆeLIy . kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆEcgfa ³

73

>>>Gñkx©IR)ak;RtUvcat;viFankarTaMgenHtamkarcaM)ac; edIm,IFanafa ³ (i) Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI

kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)anGnuvtþKYrCaTIeBjcitþcMeBaHsmaKm rYmTaMg enAkñúgkarGnuvtþkargar

sIuvilTaMgLayNaenAeRkamEpñk x¬k¦ énKeRmag b¤enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énkarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæ b¤

karBRgIkcMNIpøÚveRkamEpñk K¬x¦ nig ¬K¦ énKeRmag>>> [karsgát;F¶n;RtUv)anbEnßm]133

.

198> dUcmankt;smÁal;xagelI kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ EdlCaÉksarP¢ab;katBVkic©pøÚv c,ab;

sRmab;KeRmag minrYmbBa©Úlr)aykarN_GMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvijTak;TgeTAnwg {karpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ} . RkumGFikarkic©min)andwgfaetIPaBxus

KñabnþicbnþÜcenH KWCaectna b¤CakaremIlrMlgenaHeT b:uEnþvacg¥úlbgðajGMBIPaBxusKñarvag kic©RBm

eRBogsþIBI\NTan sRmab;karGPivDÆ nigRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .

rdæaPi)alsMedAdl;kareRbI BaküénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigkt;smÁal;fa

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijminRtUv)anGnuvtþeLIy edaysarBuMmankarpþl;kmµ

siT§IkñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæenAkñúgtMbn; bwgkk; .

199> xN³Edl PAD )anRbemIlemIly:agc,as;fa karvinicä½ydIk¾rYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarTamTarTak;TgnwgdIrdæ PAD

sgÁt;F¶n;fa vaRtUvkarry³eBlyUr muneBldIrdæTaMgGs;RtUv)ancat;cMNat;fñak; nigpþl;kmµsiTi§RtwmRtUv .

dUecñH dMeNIrkarvinicä½yrbs; LMAP nwgbBa¢ak;GHGagfaetIdINamYyKWCadIrdæ EdlGacbNþal[mankar

beNþjecj b:uEnþkñúgRKb;krNITaMgGs;minTMngCabBa©b;dMeNIrkarGMBI {karpþl;kmµsiT§ikñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ} .

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa BuMmaneKalkarN_ENnaMBak;B½n§NamYyenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkar

taMgTIlMenAeLIgvijTak;TgeTAnwgsßanPaBenHeLIy . dUc)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;

RKb;RKg BuMman{esckIþseRmcEdlmantmøaPaB Ep¥kelIlkçN³vinicä½ nigGacBinitüeLIgvij)an GMBIfaetIdI

manTMnas;KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæb¤y:agNaenaHeT}134

.

200> etIfirevlasuBlPaBsRmab;karGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij manry³eBl

b:unµan ? karpþl;kmµsiTi§cMeBaHdIFøIkñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæminsuT§EtnaMmknUvkarbeNþjecjPøam²cMeBaHRbCaCnBIdI

enaHeLIy . rdæGacseRmccitþpþl;dIxøH b¤TaMgGs;sRmab;kmµviFItaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijeRkApøÚvkar b¤GacBnüar

eBlkarbeNþjecjsRmab;ry³eBlminkMNt;mYy . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij

minpþl;eKalkarN_ENnaMNamYyGMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)an niglkçxNÐtRmUvrbs;xøÜneLIy ebIBicarNaGMBI

133

kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ kfax½NÐ III (1) éntarag]bsm<½n§ 4 134


74

esNarIy:UepSgenH . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKUsbBa¢ak;fa sMNg kartaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvij nigkarsþarnItism,TaeLIgvijRtUvEtbBa©b;rYcral; muneBlFnaKarBiPBelakGacecjkar

ÉkPaBcMeBaHkic©snüasRmab;kargarsIuvil b:uEnþ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijmin)an

KUsbBa¢ak;GMBIlkçxNÐtRmUvRsedogKñaNamYy enAkñúgkrNIEdlkarbeNþjecjekItmaneLIg BIeRBaHdIRtUv

)anpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij BuMmanPaBc,as;las;

GMBIfaetIeBlNa kñúgGMLúgdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§ EpnkartMagTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrRtUv)anerobcMeLIg nigdak;

CUnFnaKarBiPBelakedIm,IGnum½teLIy .

201> etIRtUvkMNt;faetIGñkNamansiTi§Rsbc,ab;cMeBaHkarkarBarRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vijy:agdUcemþc? sßanPaBTImYysnµtfa dITMnas;KWCadIRsbc,ab;rbs;rdæ EdlRbEhlCanwgRtUvkMNt;

tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½ydI . RbkarenHbgáb;n½yfa RbCaCnEdlTamTarsiTi§kan;kab;RtUv)anbdiesFsiTi§

TaMgenH nigGacRtUv)anbeNþjecjedayRsbc,ab; . esÞIrEtc,as;Nas;fa RbCaCnEdlBak;B½n§ man

RbvtþitaMgTIlMenAxus²Kña . GñkxøHcab;epþImtaMgTIlMenAmunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001 ehIyGñkxøHcab;

epþImtaMgTIlMenAeRkayenH . sßanPaBTImYyhak;dUcCabgáb;n½yfa manEtRbCaCnEdlGacbBa¢ak;GMBIkar

kan;kab;dImunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001 b:ueNÑaHnwgmansiTi§TTYl)ankarkarBarenAeRkamRkbx½NÐeKal-

neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday BuMmankarENnaMNamYyenAkñúgRkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijGMBIfaetIRtUvkMNt;PaBmansiTi§y:agdUcemþceLIy . CagenHeTA

eTot karRKbdNþb;rbs;kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ manPaBTUlMTUlayCagRkbx½NÐeKal

neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Rtg;fa kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆmintRmUv[buKÁl

TaMgLaycaM)ac;RtUvEtkan;kab;dIrdæmunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001 edIm,ITTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_ enAeRkam

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenaHeT .

202> etIGacmanCeRmIsepSgeRkABIkarbeNþjecjb¤eT? RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa sßanPaBTImYy tamBit

eTAhak;dUcCaTak;TgeTAnwg {GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar} eBalKWRbCaCnEdlRtUv)ankMNt;fa BuMmansiTi§

Rsbc,ab;cMeBaHdIEdlBYkeKkan;kab; edaysarBYkeKkan;kab;dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . bTBiesaFn_CaGnþrCati

sMedAdl;yuT§saRsþCeRmIsepSg² edIm,IedaHRsaykartaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar EdlkarerITIlMenAKWCayuT§-

saRsþmYy . BuMmankareyagenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij cMeBaHlT§PaBén

CeRmIsepSgeTot ]TahrN_ karGPivDÆ nigkarEbgEckdIenAnwgkEnøg . eTaHbICa PAD KUsbBa¢ak;GMBI

GPiRkmEdlÉkPaBCamYyrdæaPi)al {kñúgkrNIGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar rYmTaMgGñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;}

75

k¾eday135

k¾BuMmankareyagenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij cMeBaHGPiRkmenH

nigrebobEdlvaTak;TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþsßanPaBTImYyeLIy .

203> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa manPaBmnÞilCaeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgrebobEdlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrRtUv)anbegáIteLIg nigGnuvtþ . RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karerobcM

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij mankarxVHxatbTb,BaØtiþEdlrMBwgTukenAkñúg OD

4>30 Tak;TgeTAnwg {eKalkarN_eFVIEpnkar karerobcMsßab½n niglkçN³vinicä½yénkarerobcMbøg;} .

204> karBicarNaGMBIbBaðataMgTIlMenAeLIgvijkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag

eLIy . dUecñH karesIubGegák¾)anepþatpgEdreTAelIehtuplEdlGacmansRmab;bBaðaenH . eK)anerobcM

CaÉksary:ageRcInfa TMnas;dIFøIrvagrdæ nigRbCaCn mankarekIneLIgcab;taMgBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990

¬sUmemIlkic©BiPakSabEnßmenAkñúgEpñk g xageRkam¦ . edaysarehtuplenH eKrMBwgfa bBaðaénkartaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ nigkarGnuvtþEdlGaceFVIeLIgcMeBaHRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvij nwgtRmUv[mankarBicarNaBIRkumkargarrbs; LMAP k¾dUcCafñak;RKb;RKg kñúgGMLúgeBl

CaeRcInqñaMénkarGnuvtþKeRmag .

205> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa bBaðananaTak;TgeTAnwgdIrdæ nigkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RtUv)anedaHRsay

Cacm,g enAkñúgkic©BiPakSakñúgGMLúgebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTImYy nigTIBIr ¬Ex ]sPa nigEx tula qñaM

2002¦ . kñúgGMLúgebskkmµelIkTImYy FnaKarBiPBelak)anelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðalT§PaB énkartaMgTIlM

enAeLIgvij eFVIeLIgenAkñúgTItaMgsRmab;GaKarEdl)anesñIeLIgsRmab;RksYgRKb;RKgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ

135

kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆTTYlsÁal;fa {TaMgFnaKarBiPBelak TaMgRksYgerobcMEdndI BuMman]tþm

PaBeRbobeFob kñúgkaredaHRsayGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar nigGñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;eLIy . CakarRbesIrCagsRmab;

KeRmagkñúgkarKaMRTRkumkargarGPivDÆn_ Edlbc©úb,nñkMBugeFVIkarenAtammUldæan} . kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;kar

GPivDÆ)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa {kic©RBmeRBogRtUv)an eFVIeLIgCamYyRksYg (MLMUPC) GMBIGPiRkmEdlRtUveRbIR)as;enAkñúgkrNIGñk

taMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar rYmTaMg GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; . KeRmag ³ ¬k¦ nwgecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§dI RbsinebImankic©RBmeRBog

edayrdæaPi)alkñúgkarpþl;dI EdlRtUvcuHbBa¢ICUnGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar . ¬x¦ nwgsRmbsRmYlkarpþl;esva nigkarpþl;

kmµsiTi§dI enAeBlsalaRkugkMBugeFVIkarCamYyRkumGPivDÆn_ edIm,Ipþl;dICUnGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkA pøÚvkar tamry³ kmµviFIEck

rMElkdI nig¼b¤kmµviFIerITIlMenA Ep¥kelIeKalkarN_ UNCHS nig ¬K¦ nwgminecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§ RbsinebIBuMmankic©RBmeRBog

kñúgkarEbgEckdIdl;GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar b¤tamry³karEckrMElkdI nig¼b¤kmµviFIerITIlMenA . KeRmagenH )anbegáItnItiviFI

sRmab;RtYtBintü nigBieRKaHeyabl; edIm,IFanafa lkçxNÐxagelIRtUv)anÉkPaB muneBlpþl;esvacuHbBa¢I nigpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøI}

. ¬PAD TMB½rTI 20¦

76

nigsMNg; (MLMUPC) ehIyÉksarCMnYysµartIKUsbBa¢ak;fa rdæaPi)alnwgeFVICMerOnRbCaCnEdlrs;enA

TIenaH nigdak;r)aykarN_CUnFnaKarBiPBelakRtwmEx kBaØa qñaM 2002 . RkumGFikarkic©BuM)anrkeXIj

ÉksareyagNamYy GMBIr)aykarN_enHeLIy enAkñúgkMNt;RtaRtYtBinitübnþbnÞab; .

206> ebskkmµelIkTIBIr sgát;F¶n;eTAelItRmUvkarkñúgkarkMNt;GaTiPaBkargareKalneya)ayTak;TgeTAnwgkar

RKb;RKgdIrbs;rdæ . elxaFikardæanénRkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøI (CLP) nwgepþateTAelIvis½yeKal-

neya)aycMnYnR)aM EdlkñúgenaHrYmman (i) karecjkmµsiTi§dIsRmab;cieBa©ImpøÚvføl; nigpøÚvTwk nig (ii) karcuH

bBa¢IdIrdæ EdlBak;B½n§edaypÞal;sRmab;karbkRsaysßanPaBRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vij . kgVl;nana CaBiess kgVk;Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;kmµsiT§icMNIpøÚv køayCaRbCanbTmYyenAkñúgGMLúg

ebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTIbIpgEdr . ÉksarCMnYysµartITIbIkt;smÁal;fa ebskkmµenH)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa

eKalkarN_ENnaMEpñksgÁm nigbrisßanEdl)anÉkPaB karBarsiTi§rbs;buKÁlTaMgLayNaEdlkan;kab;dI

tamcieBa©ImpøÚv muneBlrdæaPi)alecjbTbBa¢asþIBIcMNIpøÚv . edaykt;smÁal;bBaðaenHmþgeTotenAkñúgÉksar

CMnYysµartITIbYnBIEx mkra qñaM 2004 fñak;RKb;RKg)anbEnßmfa eKalneya)aysþIBIkarkarpþl;kmµsiT§I

cMeBaHcieBa©Imfñl; nwgRtUvbegáIteLIg nigGnum½tedayRkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøI nigfa eKalneya)ay

enH RBmTaMgesckIþRBagsaracrmYy nwgRtUvdak;CUnnaykrdæm®nþIRtwméf¶TI 30 Ex ]sPa qñaM 2004 .

ebskkmµelIkTIR)aM ¬ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtþikñúgEx tula qñaM 2004¦ )anraykarN_fa

knøgmkBuMmankarpþl;kmµsiTi§NamYycMeBaHkarBRgIkcMNIpøÚveLIy ehIysaracrenHkMBugsßiteRkamkarerobcM

b:uEnþminTan;)anbBa©b;enAeLIyeT .

207> CaEpñkmYyénkarerobcMebskkmµBinitüeLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtiþkñúgEx tula qñaM 2004 kRmgsMNYrmYy

sþIBIkarkarBarRtUv)anbegáIteLIg. kareqøIytbrbs;rdæaPi)aleTAnwgsMNYrnanamanPaBc,as;las; .

ÉksarenHKUsbBa¢ak;fa {rdæaPi)alminTan;)ankMNt;eKalkarN_ENnaMsRmab;karRKb;RKgdIrdæenAeLIyeT}

nigfa {LMAP BuMmanGaNtiþGnuvtþkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþeLIy . bc©úb,nñ LMAP cUlrYm

EtenAkñúgkarpþl;kmµsiTi§edaysµ½RKcitþb:ueNÑaH . kñúgkrNImanCemøaHekIteLIgrvagPaKINamYy karpþl;

kmµsiT§iminRtUv)aneFVIeLIgeLIy rhUtTal;EtmandMeNaHRsaycMeBaHbBaðaenaH} . rdæaPi)alk¾Rbkan;CMhr

c,as;las;fa {LMAP BuMmansiTi§ecjsMNgkñúgTRmg;NamYyEdlbNþalmkBIkarerITIlMenArbs;RbCaCn

ecjBIcieBa©ImpøÚveLIy . manEtRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßúb:ueNÑaHEdlmanyutþaFikareFVIkarelIbBaðaTaMg

enH} .

208> karBinitüeLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtþi)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa BuMmanplb:HBal;GviC¢manEpñksgÁménKeRmageLIy

ehIyk¾BuMmankarBicarNaNamYy RtUv)aneFVIeLIgsRmab;KeRmagEdlGaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;brisßanEdr .

77

r)aykarN_enHk¾rMlwkdl;rdæaPi)aledaypÞal;fa {Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij

RKb;RKgelIral;karykdI EdlbNþal[b:HBal;dl;RbCaCn>>>}136

. enAkñúgÉksarCMnYysµartIeRkay² eK

kt;smÁal;fa esckIþRBagGnuRkwtsRmab;karcuHbBa¢IpøÚvfñl; nigdIEdlenACab;pøÚvfñl; )anBnüareBl . bBaða

ènkarkarBar nigcieBa¨ImpøÚv RtUv)anrYmbBa¨ÚlKñaenAkñúgGVIEdlRtUv)anBN’nafaCa {karBinitüeLIgvijeday

ÉkraCüelIc,ab;Tak;TgnwgdIFøI} . mkRtwmebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI 9 mankarrIkceRmIntictYceTAelIkar

sikSaedayÉkraCüelIdMeNaHRsayeRkApøÚvkarGMBIkareRbIR)as;dI .

209> kñúgGMLúgebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTIR)aMbYn kñúgEx mifuna qñaM 2007 ÉksarCMnYysµartIraykarN_fa

{KeRmagminTan;)anTTYl nigminrMBwgTukGMBIkartv:aNamYycMeBaHkarbeNþjecj kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij

edayminsµ½RKcitþ b¤kareFVIlT§kmµdI EdlCalT§plénkarpþl;kmµsiTi§eLIy} . ÉksarCMnYysµartI)anbnþKUs

bBa¢ak;fa {dUcEdlRtUv)anerobcM manEtdIKµanTMnas;b:ueNÑaHnwgRtUv)anecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§CUn cMENkÉdIepSg²

eTot nwgRtUvedaHRsayCadMbUgedayPaKIBak;B½n§ nig¼b¤tamry³sßab½nBak;B½n§ muneBlb½NÑkmµsiTi§RtUv)an

ecjCUn} . eyagtamÉksarCMnYysµartI eTaHbICaminmankarTTYl)ankartv:aNamYyk¾eday k¾Rkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ RtUv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;KeRmagEdlpþl;

eKalkarN_ENnaMnanasRmab;buKÁlEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmag {RbsinebIRtUv)antRmUv} . BuMman

esckIþlm¥itbEnßmGMBIfaetIeBlNaRbkarenHekIteLIgenaHeT eBalKWkarpþl;karBinitücMeBaHsßanPaBnana

énRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij . ÉksarCMnYysµartI)anraykarN_CafµImþgeTotGMBI

PaBGnuelamtameKalkarN_ENnaMEpñkbrisßan nigsgÁménKeRmag .

210> r)aykarN_RtYtBinitüsRmab;KeRmag min)anraykarN_GMBIkardak;bBa©ÚlGñkCMnajEpñkkarBar eTAkñúg

ebskkmµNamYykñúgcMeNamebskkmµRtYtBinitüTaMgenHeLIy elIkElgEtebskkmµelIkTImYykñúgEx

]sPa qñaM 2002 . karelIkeLIgbnÞab;EtmþgKt;GMBIkardak;bBa©ÚlkarBinitüeLIgvijelIkarkarBar rYmTaMg

GñkCMnajEpñkkarBar KWeFVIeLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlerobcMebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI 10 nigTI 11 . dUcman

bgðajenAkñúgbBa¢IeQµaHGñkcUlrYmsRmab;ebskkmµ GñkCMnajEdlRtUv)ankMNt;fa nwgcUlrYmenAkñúgebskkmµ

RtYtBinitüelIkTI 10 nigTI 11 TIbBa©b;EbrCamin)ancUlrYmenAkñúgebskkmµenaHeTAvij .

211> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karykcitþTukdak;rbs;fñak;RKb;RkgcMeBaHplvi)akEpñksgÁménkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dI

rYmTaMgkarbeNþjecjEdlGacekItman BuMmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§eT nigTTYlrgkgVHkarykcitþTukdak;BI

sMNak;GñkCMnajEpñkkarBarsgÁm . vaKWCakþIkgVl;EdlebskkmµRtYtBinitüCaeRcIn)ansnñidæanfa BuMman

sßanPaBNamYyEdltRmUv[mankarGnuvtþkarkarBarEpñksgÁm nigbrisßaneLIy rYmTaMg Rkbx½NÐ

136

ÉksarCMnYysµartITI 6 ]bsm<½n§ X karkarBarEpñksgÁm éf¶TI 27 Ex kBaØa - éf¶TI 11 Ex tula qñaM 2004

78

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RbsinebIKµankarRtYtBinitüy:agl¥itl¥n;GMBIbBaðaeTenaH .

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjPsþútagenAkñúgkMNt;RtaRtYtBinitüEdlfñak;RKb;RKg enAkñúg»kasCaeRcIn )anelIk

bBaðaGMBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæEdlGacBak;B½n§ sRmab;karGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA

eLIgvij . RkumGFikarkic©)anekatsresIrFnaKarBiPBelak Edl)antamdanbBaðaeKalneya)ayd¾Bi)ak

enH enAkñúgbribTkm<úCa EdlmanPaBresIbEpñkneya)ay nigsµúKsµaj . b:uEnþ kartamdanbBaðaTaMgenH

minmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;eT nigrYmcMENkbgá[manbBaðaTaMgLayenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . RbkarenHminman

PaBGnuelamCamYybTb,BaØtiþén OP/BP 13>05 sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmageLIy . eTaHbICa

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa GñkCMnajEpñkdIFøIepSg²Kñay:agehacNas;cMnYn 17 rUb )aneFVIdMeNIrmk

RbeTskm<úCa CaEpñkénebskkmµRtYtBinitüepSg²rbs;KeRmagk¾eday k¾bBaðaTaMgenHminEdlRtUv)anedaH

RsayeLIy.

212> PaBGacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;.

Tak;TgeTAnwgbBaðafaetIsßanPaBenAtMbn;bwgkk;sßitenAeRkamsßanPaBmYy b¤eRcIn EdlkMNt;edaysßanPaB

enAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijb¤y:agNa RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa Ep¥kelI

karGegátxagelIkarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæRtUv)aneFVIeLIg nigfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA

eLIgvij KYrRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . CagenHeTAeTot RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa Rkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijBuM)anbgðajPaBxusKñaGMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anrbs;va rvagdIÉkCn

rbs;rdæ nigdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ dUecñHehIy Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KYrRtYv)an

GnuvtþenAeRkamKeRmag LMAP edayminKitGMBIlkçN³pøÚvc,ab;éndIrdæEdlmanTMnas;eLIy .

213> RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;fa sßanPaBTIbI EdlmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvij k¾hak;dUcCaGnuvtþpgEdr . karGPivDÆkalBIeBlfµI² nigEpnkarsRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; )an

bgðajfa cMNIpøÚvEdlmanRsab;sRmab;pøÚvrfePøIgkat;tamtMbn;enH nwgRtUvBRgIk nigfa pøÚvfñl;EdlmanRsab;

k¾nwgRtUv)anBRgIkpgEdr .

214> RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa karbkRsayrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRtUv)anbegáIteLIg

enAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;eLIy edaysardIenHminRtUv)anpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ . dUc)ankt;smÁal;

xagedImenAkñúgCMBUkenH fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa dMeNIrkarvinicä½yeBjeljminRtUv)anGnuvtþsRmab;

tMbn;bwgkk;eLIy ehIyfa LMAP k¾min)ancUlrYmedaypÞal;enAkñúgkarecjb½NÑkmµsiT§iNamYyCUnrdæ b¤

TIPñak;garsaFarN³NamYysRmab;dIenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;Edr. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RkumGFikarkic© yl;

79

RsbCamYyfñak;RKb;RKg nigGñkesñIsuMfa edaysarrdæaPi)alcat;viFankarpøÚvkar edIm,IeFVIniytkmµ Epñknana

éntMbn;bwgkk;CaRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæ karkMNt;dIenaHCadIrbs;rdæ)anekIteLIg enAkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg .

dUecñH Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrRtUv)anGnuvtþ ehIyEpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vijsRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; KYrRtUv)anerobcMeLIg[)anTan;eBlevla munkarbeNþjecj EdlbNþalmkBI

skmµPaBKeRmagEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþ .

215> vahak;dUcCamanPaBc,as;las;BIkarBinitüeLIgvijelIr)aykarN_RtYtBinitüfa RBwtþikarN_TaMgLayEdl

)anlatRtdagenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;cab;taMgBIqñaM 2007 minRtUv)anFnaKarBiPBelakemIleXIjfaCabraC½y

d¾F¶n;F¶rénKeRmag rhUtdl;eBly:agyUreRkaymk enAcugqñaM 2008 nigedImqñaM 2009 enAeBlGgÁkar

minEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk)ancab;epþImelIkeLIgGMBIkgVl;rbs;BYkeKCamYybuKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak ehIy

karbeNþjecjcMeBaHshKmn_epSg²eTotenATIRkugPñMeBjkMBugekItmaneLIg . fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;enA

kñúgkareqøIytbfa kñúgEx mifuna qñaM 2008 ebskkmµBhum©as;CMnYy rYmTaMg buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak)an

eFVITsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;bwgkk; nigRtUv)anCUndMNwgedaybuKÁlikKeRmagfa enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RbCaCnBuM

)anTTYlb½NÑkmµsiT§ieLIy BIeRBaHdIenaHKWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . fñak;RKb;RKg)anbEnßmeTotfa eTaHbI

B½t’manGMBIkarCYldIeTA[GñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCnRtUv)aneKdwgB¤k¾eday {BuMmanGñkNamñak; eTaHCamkBIFnaKar

BiPBelak b¤édKUGPivDÆn_kþI )anrkeXIjTMnak;TMngrvagkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþEdlGac

ekItmaneLIg nigKeRmagenAeBlenaHeLIy}137

.

216> Tal;Etkñúgry³eBlQandl;karbgðajsMeNIsuMGFikarkic© eTIbFnaKarBiPBelakyl; nigTTYlsÁal;fa

karbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;manCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgskmµPaBGnuvtþn_rbs; LMAP nigfa Rkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nwgRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHkarpøas;TIlMenArbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;bwg

kk; . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday enAeBlFnaKarBiPBelakelIkykerOgenHdak;CUnrdæaPi)al nig)anesñIkar

p¥akrYmKñacMeBaHkarebIkR)ak; rdæaPi)al)anlubecalsmtulüén\NTanEdlminTan;ebIkenAéf¶TI 07 Ex

kBaØa qñaM 2009 .

217> RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa braC½yrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarFana[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKal-

neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij BuMGnuelamtam OD 4>30 nig OP/BP 13>05 sþIBIkarRtYtBinitü

KeRmag .

137


80

218> dMeNIrkarénkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ ³ dUc)ankt;smÁal;xagelI Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWCaRkbx½NÐmYyEdlbgðajGMBIeKalkarN_ nignItiviFIEdlRtUvGnuvtþtam edIm,I

pþl;sMNg nigCYyRbCaCnEdlGacRtUv)anpøas;TIlMenAeRkamKeRmagenH edaymaneKalbMNgFanafa

BYkeKGacEklm¥ b¤y:agehacNas;sþarCIvPaBrs;enArbs;xøÜn)an . enAkñúgsßanPaBEdlRkbx½NÐeKal-

neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)anbegáIteLIg EpnkarskmµPaBsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijCak;

lak;enAnwgkEnøg (RAP) nwgRtUvEterobcMeLIg . eyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA

eLIgvij EpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijGacCaEpnkarmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug GaRs½yelIcMnYnRbCaCnEdlrgpl

b:HBal; EdlmancMnYnticCag b¤eRcInCag 200 .

219> Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij bgðajGMBIeKalkarN_sRmab;dMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkar

skmµPaBtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigsRmab;karGnuvtþkarbeNþjecj nigkarerITIlMenA . eKalkarN_sMxan;²

kñúgcMeNameKalkarN_TaMgenH KW ³

karBieRKaHeyabl;kñúgTRmg;Cakic©RbCuMfñak;PUmi muneBldMeNIrkarvinicä½ycab;epþIm edIm,IkMNt;plb:HBal;

GviC¢manF¶n;F¶rEpñksgÁmEdlGacmanBIskmµPaBpþl;kmµsiT§idI .

karGegátCamUldæanmYyEdlRKbdNþb;RKb;RKYsarTaMgGs; EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; nwgRtUveFVIeLIg .

RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag (PAP) cUlrYmenARKb;dMNak;kalepSg²énkareFVI

Epnkar nigkarGnuvtþ .

RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag nwgRtUv)anCUndMNwgRtwmRtUvGMBIbTb,BaØtiþénRkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAÉkic©RbCuMsaFarN³nana .

karerobcMkalviPaKsRmab;sMNg nigkarsþarnItism,Ta EdlRtUvbBa©b;rYcral;CaTIeBjcitþ muneBl

FnaKarBiPBelakpþl;karyl;RBm .

eRkayBIkarpþl;sMNg RbCaCnnImYy²EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag RtUvcuHhtßelxaelI

lixitTTYlyk .

RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag manlT§PaBTTYl)annItiviFIbNþwgsarTukçkñúgmUldæan

eday\tKitéfø .

220> edIm,IeRtomyfaPaBénkarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij eK)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa

smtßPaBEpñksßab½nnwgRtUvEtGPivDÆenAkñúgKeRmag tamry³ ³

karbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlikKeRmagGMBIbBaðataMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .

81

karbegáItRkumkargarBiessenAfñak;kNþal nigfñak;extþ edIm,IENnaM nigBinitütamdanskmµPaBtaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvij .

karFanafa bBaðataMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWCaEpñkmYyénkarBinitütamdanKeRmagCaeTogTat; .

220> RkumGFikarkic©)andwgGMBIkarBitEdlfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijminEdl

RtUv)anbegáIteLIgCapøÚvkarenAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;enaHeT dUecñHehIy fñak;RKb;RKgKeRmagmin)ancUlrYm

enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþeLIy . eTaHbICay:agNak¾edayRkum

GFikarkic©BuM)anrkeXIjPasþútagNamYyénkic©RbwgERbgrbs;KeRmag edIm,IbegáItsmtßPaBEpñksßab½n TUeTA

kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaénkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij dUcmanbgðajxagelIeLIy kñúgkrNIEdlRkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijnwgRtUv)anbegáIteLIg . fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)ankt;smÁal;GMBI

{Gvtþmany:agc,as; énkic©BiPakSalm¥itGMBIkarseRmc)anenARkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA

eLIgvij kñúgGMLúgeBlerobcM b¤kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþn_}138

.

221> dUcmanBN’naenAkñúgCMBUkTI 2 RkumGFikarkic© enAkñúgGMLúgkarcuHTsSnkic©tammUldæanrbs;xøÜn )anTTYl

skçIPaBCaeRcInBIRbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag edayerobrab;GMBIdMeNIrkarénkartaMg

TIlMenAeLIgvij EdlminbMeBjtambTdæanrMBwgTukenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg

vij b¤qøúHbBa©aMgGMBIbTdæanEdlTTYlsÁal;y:agTUlMTUlayCaGnþrCatieLIy ¬dUcCa bTdæanEdlmanEcgenA

kñúglixitubkrN_sþIBIsiT§imnusSEdlBak;B½n§¦ . BuMmandMeNIrkarEbbBieRKaHeyabl; nigEbbcUlrYmeLIy

kargarsIuvil)ancab;epþImCayUrya mundMeNIrkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)anGnuvtþKYrCaTIeBjcitþ ehIy

RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag TTYlrgnUvsm<aFkñúgkarcakecjBIpÞHsEm,grbs;BYkeK

edayKµansiTi§TTYl)annItiviFIbNþwgsarTukçNamYyeLIy .

222> PaBmansiTi§Edlpþl;CUnRbCaCnEdlRtUv)anpøas;TIlMenABItMbn;bwgkk;³ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij CaTUeTA bgðajGMBIGñkNamansiTi§TTYl)ansMNg . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay

sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij rYmbBa©ÚlRbCaCnEdl)at;bg;dI nigrcnasm<½n§lMenAdæan RbCaCnEdl)at;bg;dI

ksikmµ Gñkrs;enAEdl)anCYlpÞH b¤dI nigRbCaCnEdl)at;bg;GaCIvkmµ . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkar

taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij)ankMNt;RbePTepSg²eToténsMNg Ep¥kelIRbePTénkar)at;b;g; .

223> Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijk¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa sMNgnwgRtUv)anpþl;CUn tamtémø

pøas;bþÚr EdlRtUv)ankMNt;faCa {cMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRKb;RKan;kñúgkarpøas;bþÚrRTBüsm,tiþEdl)at;bg; nig

témømuxrbr . enAkñúgkarvaytémøenH karrMls;éførcnasm<½n§ nigRTBüsm,tiþ minKYrRtUv)anBicarNa .

138


82

sRmab;kar)at;bg;EdlminGacvaytémø b¤TUTat;sMNgy:aggayRsYlCaTwkR)ak; karBüayamnanaRtUv)an

eFVIeLIgedIm,IbegáItlT§PaBTTYl)anFnFan nig»kasrkcMNUlsmmUl nigEdlGacTTYlyk)anEpñk

vb,Fm’} . eyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij enAeBlEdlc,ab;kñúgRsukmin

GacbMeBjtambTdæanénsMNgtamtémøpøas;bþÚrRKb;cMnYn sMNgRtUv)anbMeBjbEnßmedayviFankarbEnßm

EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbMeBjtambTdæanéntémøpøas;bþÚr .

225> edayELk sMNgEdlRtUvpþl;CUn rYmman ³

sMNgtamtémøpøas;bþÚrsRmab;pÞHsEm,g nigrcnasm<½n§EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;déTeTot edayminkat;

bnßyéførMls; b¤smÖar³Edl)aneRsacRsg;sRmab;pÞHsEm,g nigrcnasm<½n§déTeToteLIy .

sRmab;dIksikmµ sMNgCadI sRmab;dIEdlmansmtßPaBplitsmmUl .

karpøas;bþÚrTItaMg¼dIlMenAdæanEdlmanTMhMsmmUl EdlGacTTYlyk)ancMeBaHRbCaCnEdlTTYlpl

b:HBal; .

karepÞr nigR)ak;]btßmÖsRmab;karrs;ran RbsinebIsmRsb .

226> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij kñúgcMeNameKal

karN_ nigvtßúbMNgrbs;va erobrab;GMBIsiTi§kñúgkarsþarmeFüa)ayciBa©wmCIvit b:uEnþBuM)anpþl;B½t’manlm¥it

GMBICeRmIsrkcMNUl EdlGacmancMeBaHRbCaCn EdlRtUv)anpøas;TIlMenAeLIy . kñúgkrNIEdlehdæa

rcnasm<½n§shKmn_ dUcCa salaeron eragcRk RbPBTwk pøÚvfñl; RbB½n§lU b¤bNþajpÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnI TTYl

rgkarxUcxat KeRmagRtUvFanafa karxUcxatTaMgenHnwgRtUvsþar nigCYsCuleLIgvijtamkrNInImYy²

edayshKmn_BuMr:ab;rgelIcMNayeLIy eyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .

227> RkumGFikarkic©)ancuHTsSnkic©TIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EdlRbCaCnxøHmkBItMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anerITIlM

enA . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)aneXIjfa sßanPaBTItaMgmanbTdæanTabCagy:ageRcIn eRbobeTAnwgeKal-

neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak . eTaHbICamansalaeron

mnÞIreBTü GKÁisnI nigTwkk¾eday k¾mankart¥ÚjEt¥rGMBIlT§PaBTTYl)anesvaTaMgenHpgEdr . eTaHbICa

y:aNakþI kart¥ÚjEt¥rcm,gKWfa TIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAq¶ayeBkBIRbPBrkcMNUlmunrbs;BYkeK

nigBuMman»kas rkcMNUlepSgRKb;RKan;enAÉ b¤Ek,rTIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij . pSarmYypþl;nUvesva

nig meFüa)ayciBa©wm CIvitCamUldæan bu:EnþcMNUl CaTUeTA mancMnYnTabCagxøaMg edaysarRbCaCnPaK

eRcInRtUvbgçMcitþcMNayeBlevlay:ageRcIn nigFnFanxSt;exSayeTAelIkareFVIdMeNIreTAkan;kEnøgeFVIkar

enATIRkug .

83

228> RbCaCnCaeRcInk¾)ant¥ÜjEt¥rGMBIKuNPaB nigbøg;lMenAdæanEdlpþl;[ . edaysarvaCapÞHElVg BYkeKmin

GacBRgIkcMehogpÞH)aneLIy ehIyedaysarpÞHTaMgenHBuMmanRKwHrwgmaM eKminGacsg;bEnßmCan;TIBIr)an

enaHeT . CacugeRkay RbCaCnCaeRcInminRtUv)anpþl;[nUvkmµsiTi§eBjeljcMeBaHpÞHfµIrbs;BYkeKeLIy

ehIyRbCaCnxøHminR)akdGMBIfaetIBYkeKkan;kab;siTi§sñak;enARbePTGVIeLIy . RkumGFikarkic©RtUv)anCUn

dMNwgfa RKYsarCaeRcIn)ancakecjBITIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ehIy)anRtLb;mkkan;TIRkugPñMeBjvij

edIm,IsþarCIvPaBrbs;xøÜn ehIypÞHCaeRcInxñgEdlmandak;pøak {sRmab;lk;} nigelxTUrs½BÞ KWCaskçIPaB

énkgVHRbCa RbiyPaBéntMbn;rbs;RKYsarEdltaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .

229> PsþútagénerOgr:avxøI²)anbgðajfa témølk;eLIgvijénpÞHElVgenAkñúgtMbn;taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij kñúg

krNIxøH TabRtwm 6000 duløarGaemrik . témøenHTabCag 8>000 duløarGaemrik EdlRtUv)anpþl;

CUncMeBaHRbCaCnTaMgLayEdlTTYlyksMNg ehIysMNgenHeTotesat KWmantémøTabCagTIpSar

y:agxøaMgenAkñúgkNþalRkugPñMeBj EdldIRtUv)anraykarN_famantémøx<s;rhUtdl; 3>000 duløar

GaemrikkñúgmYyEm:Rtkaer: . RbkarenHqøúHbBa©aMgGMBItémøTIpSarRbEhl 150>000 duløarGaemrik sRmab;

dIEdlmanTMhM 50 Em:Rtkaer:enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . PaBxusKñaenHCYyBnül;GMBIkRmitEdlRbCaCnman

GarmµN_fa BYkeKRtUv)ane)akR)as;cMeBaHsiTi§rbs;xøÜn .

230> CeRmIsTIbIEdlpþl;CUnedayGñkGPivDÆn_ KWkarTTYlykpÞHfµIenAnwgkEnøgEdlmanRbePTRsedogeTAnwg

pÞHElVgenAkEnøgGPivDÆn_eLIgvijmYyeTot EdleKsÁal;fa burIkILa . eTaHbICay:aNak¾eday

RbCaCnenA tMbn;bwgkk;)anbdiesFCeRmIsenH mYyEpñk edaysarBYkeKmincUlcitþbøg;burIkILa b:uEnþPaK

eRcIn edaysarBYkeKcaM)ac;RtUverIecjry³eBlbYnqñaMeTArs;enApÞHCYl edaycMNaypÞal;xøÜn nigminTuk

citþGñkGPivDÆn_kñúgkareKarBtamkarsnüarbs;BYkeK eRkayBIputry³eBlenaH .

rUbPaBTI 5 ³ kEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij dMNak;RTywg cm¶ayRbEhl 20 KILÚEm:RtBITIRkugPñMeBj

84

231> fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfa eTaHbICaxøÜnminGacQandl;karsnñidæanGMBIPaB

RKb;RKan;énkBa©b;Ed;lpþl;edayrdæaPi)alk¾eday k¾RbCaCndUcCaTTYl)anticCag RbsinebIsineKGnuvtþ

Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)andwgkñúgGMLúgebskkmµfa

RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;mYycMnYnyl;RBmTTYlykTwkR)ak;srub nigcakecjBITItaMg . BuMman

ynþkartamdanBYkeK RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeLIy . RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj GHGagfa BYk

eKminTaMg)anTTYlPaBman siTi§eBjeljrbs;xøÜnpg .

232> karxUcxatEdlRbCaCnTTYlrgedaysarkarbeNþjecj nigkarpøas;TIlMenAeRkaymk EdlminbMeBj

tambTdæan EdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWmanPaBc,as;las;

cMeBaHRkumGFikarkic©. RkumGFikarkic©BuM)anrkeXIjkMNt;RtaNamYyfa fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak

)anelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðaenHCamYyrdæaPi)al b¤buKÁlikKeRmageLIy rhUtdl;qñaM 2009 enAeBlsßanPaB

manPaBF¶n;F¶rEdlminGacCYsCul)an . RkumGFikarkic©)andwgfa manRbCaCnCag 6800 RKYsar

EdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj pøas;TIlMenA b¤sßiteRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgextþnanaén

KeRmag .

233> CaTUeTA RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarKYr)anrkeXIjbBaðaF¶n;F¶r EdlCYbRbTHeday

RbCaCnenAtMbn;bwgkk;)anqab;CagenH nigBicarNaGMBIviFankarsmRsb . karxkxanmin)aneFVIEbbenH

min)anGnuelamtameKalneya)aysþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmagrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakeLIy .

234> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij CaTUeTA manPaB

Gnuelamtam OD 4.30 . b:uEnþ mankgVHkarENnaMGMBIskmµPaBsþarnItism,TaeLIgvij nigskmµPaB

sþarcMNUl EdleyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KYrRtUv)anBnül;

lm¥itenAkñúgEpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .

235> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa dMeNIrkarénkarGnuvtþkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; kRmiténsMNg nig

bTdæanénTIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minGnuvtþtameKalkarN_EdlmanEcgedayRkbx½NÐ

eKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigbTb,BaØtiþBak;B½n§én OD 4.30 .

g> GHGagfa dMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§EdlGnum½tedayKeRmag

eFVI[Tn;exSaydl;siTi§ kan;kab;dIEdlmanBImun

1> karGHGagrbs;GñkesñIsuM nigkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg

85

236> GñkesñIsuMGHGagfa {karENnaMGMBIdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICalkçN³RbB½n§ enAfñak;kNþal nigCapøÚvkar eRkam

LMAP )aneFVI[Tn;exSaycMeBaHkarTTYlsÁal;RbB½n§kan;kab;dICaRbéBNIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . eday

sarRbCaCnenAtMbn;bwgkk; minGacepÞrsiTi§CaRbéBNIrbs;xøÜneTACab½NÑkmµsiTi§dIpøÚvkareRkam LAMP

KeRmag minRtwmEtbraC½ykñúgkareFVI[manlkçN³pøÚvkarcMeBaHkarkan;kab;dIrbs;BYkeKb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ

EfmTaMgeFVI[Gn;fydl;sßanPaBkan;kab;dIEdlmanBImuneTotpg} .

237> CaPsþútagbEnßmeTot GñkesñIsuMkt;smÁal;fa {eyagtammaRta 248 énc,ab;PUmi)alkm<úCa qñaM 2001

rhUtTal;EttMbn;NamYyRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edayEpnTIlibiRkmsurieyadI ehIysiTi§elIkmµsiTi§RtUv)anFana

enaHBuMmanTegVINamYyEdlraraMgGclnRTBürbs;Gñkkan;kab;Rsbc,ab; RtUv)anGnuBaØateLIy . maRta

248 pþl;nUvkarkarBarsiTi§kan;kab;dIRsbc,ab;cMeBaHRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;TaMgLayNa Edlmin

Tan;RKbdNþb;edayEpnTIlibiRkm . dMeNIrkarvinicä½yEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck rYmTaMg

karbegáItEpnTIlibiRkmsurieyadI )anCMrujdl;karelIkkm<s;karkarBar Edlpþl;edaymaRta 248

RbqaMgeTAnwgkar b:HBal;dl;RbCaCn rYmTaMg tamry³karbeNþjecj} .

238> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa {vaminmanPaBR)akdRbCaGMBIfaetIBakü {siTi§Ca

RbéBN} kMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agdUcemþc} . eyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg lkçN³BiessKnøwHmYyénc,ab;

PUmi)al qñaM 2001 bgðajfa siTi§kan;kab;RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faGacpøas;bþÚreTACab½NÑkmµsiTi§pøÚvkar)an

RbsinebIlkçxNÐmYycMnYnRtUv)anbMeBj . fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;fa karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiTi§ KYrEtBRgwg

siTi§kan;kab; EdlGacTTYlsÁal;)aneRkamc,ab;PUmi)al . b:uEnþfñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa {siTi§EdlmanBI

munGacRtUv)aneFVI[b:HBal;edaydMeNIrkarEdlmanPaBxVHcenøaH EdlGacemIleXIjc,as;enAkñúgkrNI

énkarvinicä½ycMeBaHsgáat;RsHck rYmTaMg GvtþmanénesckIþseRmccitþEdlmantmøaPaB Ep¥kelIlkçN³

vinicä½y nigGacBinitüeLIgvij)an GMBIfaetIdITMnas; KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæb¤y:agNa} . fñak;RKb;RKg)an

kt;smÁal;fa Gñkkan;kab;yUrGEgVg EdlKµansiTi§kan;kab;mansuBlPaBenAeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al RbEhlCa

minGacTTYl)annUvb½NÑkmµsiTi§eLIy RbsinebIdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§snñidæanfa BYkeKminmansiTi§EdlGac

TTYlsÁal;Rsbc,ab;eTAelIdIEdlBYkeKkMBugkan;kab; RbsinebIdIenaHRtUv)ankMNt;faCadIrdæ . fñak;RKb;

RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij {RtUv)anerobcMeLIg kñúgcMeNam

Rkbx½NÐepSgeTot edIm,IGnuvtþcMeBaHRbCaCnEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecjedaysardIRtUv)an {pþl;kmµsiTi§kñúg

namrbs;rdæ} .

86

239> fñak;RKb;RKgminyl;RsbCamYyGñkesñIsuMEdlfa karerobcMEpnTIlIbiRkmsurieyadI )aneFVI[RbCaCnenA

tMbn;bwgkk;kan;EtmanPaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarbeNþjecj . fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜn {bk

RsaykarkarBarEdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta 248 faenAEtmanPaBsmRsb rhUtTal;EtEpnTIlibiRkm

surieyadI RtUv)anbBa©b;rYcral; eyagtamdMeNIrkarEdl)ankMNt; EdlBak;B½n§nwg kñúgcMeNam RbkarepSg

eTot karbgðajCasaFarN³nUvEpnTIEdl)anesñIeLIg karvinicä½yeBjeljeTAelIsiTi§»kas sRmab;kar

beBa©jeyabl; siTi§TTYl)andMeNaHRsaycMeBaHTMnas; nigkarseRmccugeRkayGMBIkmµsiTi§} . eTaH

Cay:agNak¾ edayeyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg enAkñúgkrNIBiessenH {vamanPaBxVHcenøaHFMduMenAkñúgdMeNIr

karEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþ} .

240> fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜn {min)andwgGMBIPsþútagEdlfa rdæaPi)alBwgEp¥kelIkarelIkkm<s;kar

karBar enAkñúgmaRta 248 CamUldæansRmab;esckIþseRmccitþ b¤viFankarrbs;xøÜnTak;TgeTAnwgtMbn;bwgkk;

eLIy} . eTaHCay:agNa fñak;RKb;RKg)ansarPaBfa RbkarEdlkarbegáItEpnTIminRtUv)anGmeday

dMeNIrkarvinicä½y eBjelj {)aneFVI[RbCaCnEdlGacmansiTi§kan;kab;caj;eRbob} .


241> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa karGHGagrbs;GñkesñIsuMEdlRtUv)ankMNt;mineBjelj GacRtUv)an

eKyl;CakarecaTRbkan;fa nItiviFIpøÚvkarEdlkMBugRtUv)anGnum½tsRmab;karpþl;kmµsiTi§dI CalkçN³RbB½n§

enAeRkam LMAP eFVI[cuHexSaydl;siTi§manBImunEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal; . karyl;dwgkan;EtTUlMTUlay

GMBIkarGHGagenH KWfa RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlTamTarsiTi§manBImun Ep¥kelIRbB½n§kan;kab;CaRbéBNI b¤eRkA

pøÚvkarepSgeTot CaBiess RbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH min)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIKeRmag tamrebob

EdlRtUv)anRbemIl emIlBIdMbUgeLIy edaysarBYkeK RtUv)anpat;ecjBIdMeNIrkarenH b¤manPaBxVHcenøaH

cMeBaHviFIGnuvtþdMeNIrkar .

242> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIkarTamTarenH KWEp¥kelIeKalkarN_cMnYnbI ³ siTi§EdlmanBImunRtUv

)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgnItiviFIrbs; LMAP, LMAP )anpþl;karFanakarkan;kab;sRmab;RbCaCnCaeRcIn

nigsiTi§ EdlmanBImunsßitenAeRkamsm<aFGs;ry³eBly:agyUr .

243> siTi§EdlmanBImunRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgnItiviFIrbs; LMAP . dMeNIrvinicä½yrbs; LMAP Edlman

EcgenAkñúgesovePAENnaMGMBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIrbs; LMAP RtUv)anbegáIteLIgQrelImUldæanénc,ab;

PUmi)al qñaM 2001 . esovePAENnaMGMBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIbgðajGMBIdMeNIrkarénkarkMNt;karTamTarcMeBaHdI

87

TaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y rYmTaMg dIsaFarN³ nigdIÉkCn . enAkñúgÉksarEckcaysRmab;kic©RbCuM

fñak;PUmi eK)anbBa¢ak;fa {CemøaHdIFøIekItmanCajwkjab;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa edaysarmUlehtuCaeRcIn .

CemøaHsMxan;² kñúgcMeNamCemøaHTaMgenH KWPaBminR)akdRbCaGMBIRBMRbTl;dIEdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtRta

rbs;sßab½nrdæepSg² nigbuKÁlÉkCn}139

. m®nþIvinicä½yRtUvekaHRbCuMnItibuKÁl nigrUbv½nþbuKÁl Edlmanpl

RbeyaCn_enAkñúgdIvinicä½y edIm,Ibnül;GMBImUldæanc,ab;sRmab;bNþwgTamTarkarkan;kab; .

244> karekaHRbCuMenH rYmman karBnül;GMBIPaBxusKñarvagdIsaFarN³ nigÉkCn Edl {CabBaðaTak;TgnwgdI

CaCagm©as;dI}140

. esovePAENnaMenHKUsbBa¢ak;GMBImaRta 15 énc,ab;PUmi)al EdlkMNt;y:agTUlM

TUlaycMeBaHdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ xN³EdlTTYlsÁal;fa maRtaenH {EtÉg BuMmanPaBRKb;RKan;sRmab;[

eKdwgfaetIRTBüsm,tiþCak;lak;GVIxøHRtUv)ankMNt;CaRTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . ]TarhN_ etIRcaMg

TenøEdlGaceFVInavacrN_)anbBa©b;enARtg;Na ? etIRKb;tMbn;EdlmanedImeQI suT§EtCa {éRBeQI}

ehtudUecñH CaRTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæb¤y:agNa ? bBaðaTaMgenHsuT§EttRmUv[manc,ab; nig¼b¤

bTbBa¢aGMBIkarkMNt; nigkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæ . esovePAENnaMenHnwgRtUv)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaB

enAeBlbTb,BaØtiþc,ab;TaMgenHRtUv)anGnum½trYcPøam . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday lkçN³vinicä½ymYycMnYn

kñúgcMeNamlkçN³ vinicä½yTaMgenHEdlbegáIteLIgenAkñúgmaRta 15 énc,ab;PUmi)al manPaBc,as;las;

nigGnuBaØat[mankarvinicä½yedaypÞal;eTAelIlkçN³ {saFarN³} éndI . RTBüsm,tiþEdleFVIRKb;RKg

edayrdæ nigGclnRTBümYycMnYn Cajwkjab; GacRtUv)anvinicä½yedaypÞal;famanlkçN³

{saFarN³}}141

.

245> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa nItiviFIvinicä½ypøÚvkarrbs; LMAP TTYlsÁal;siTi§EdlmanBImun dUcman

EcgenAkñúgc,ab;km<úCa . b:uEnþ RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal; dUcmanbgðajenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;

RKb;RKgpgEdrfa GacmankrNIén {PaBxVHcenøaHFMduM} enAkñúgkarGnuvtþdMeNIrkar LMAP ¬sUmemIlxag

eRkam¦ EdlCabBaðaTak;TgnwgTMnYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRtYtBinitürbs;FnaKarBiPBelak .

246> Tak;TgnwgkarGHGagrbs;GñkesñIsuMEdlfa karbegáItEpnTIlibiRkmsurieyadIenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck )an

elIkkm<s;karkarBar Edlmanpþl;CUnenAkñúgmaRta 248 énc,ab;PUmi)al RkumGFikarkic© )anyl;RsbCa

mYyfñak;RKb;RKgfa BuMmanPsþútagNamYyRtUv)anTTYl EdlbBa¢ak;fa rdæaPi)alkMBugBwgEp¥kelIkar

elIkm<s;karkarBarenAkñúgmaRta 248 CamUldæansRmab;esckIþseRmccitþ nigviFankarrbs;xøÜn Tak;Tg

139

esovePAENnaMGMBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIrbs; LMAP TMB½rTI 1 140

Ibid TMB½rTI 90 141

Ibid TMB½rTI 91

88

nwgtMbn;bwgkk;eLIy . b:uEnþ RkumGFikarkic©k¾yl;RsbCamYy fñak;RKb;RKgpgEdrfa karbegáItEpnTI

edayKµandMeNIrkar vinicä½yRtwmRtUv)aneFVI[RbCnCn EdlGacmansiTi§kan;kab;dImanPaBcaj;eRbob .

247> LMAP )anpþl;karFanakarkan;kab;dIsRmab;RbCaCnCaeRcIn . eKalbMNgmYyEdlRtUv)anbBa¢ak;én

KeRmag KWkarpþl;sMNgcMeBaHkgVHPaBc,as;las; nigkarFanafycuH Edlpþl;edayRbB½n§kan;kab;dIeRkA

pøÚvkar tamry³karpþl; RbsinebIGac b½NÑkmµsiTi§cuHbBa¢IEdlnwgRtUvFanaedayrdæ dUcmanEcgenAkñúg

maRta 1 énc,ab;PUmi)al qñaM 2001 . PAD )anerobrab;lm¥itGMBITMnak;TMngbeNþaHGasnñrvagkar

pþl;kmµsiTi§ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edaykt;smÁal;fa ³ {GñkTTYlplEdlrMBwgTuk suT§EtRkIRk nig

gayrgeRKaH cMeBaHkarbeNþjecjBIdIEdlBYkeKrs;enA nigeFVIksikmµ . karpþl;[BYkeKnUvb½NÑ

kmµsiTi§EdlmankarFana nwgCYykat;bnßyy:agxøaMgcMeBaHhaniP½yénkar)at;bg;dIEdlBYkeKRbQmna

eBlbc©úb,nñ}142

.

248> RtwmqñaM 2009 LMAP )ancuHbBa¢I nigpþl;kmµsiTi§cMeBaHdICag 1/1 lank,aldI . RkumGFikarkic©

)ankt;smÁal;fa KeRmag)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_y:agc,as;dl;RbCaCnCag 1 lanRKYsar nigTTYlsÁal;

smiT§pld¾sMxan;enHrbs; LMAP . k¾manPsþútagpgEdr faGñkTTYlplPaKeRcIn cat;Tukb½NÑ

kmµsiTi§fµI faCaCMhanmYyeq<aHeTAmux . karGegáteTAelItMNagRbCaCncMnYn 1>236 RKYsar enAkñúgtMbn;

vinicä½y EdlRtUv)anRbkascMnYn 19 kEnøg enAkñúgextþeKaledAcMnYn 11 Edl)aneFVIeLIg cab;BIEx vicäika

qñaM 2005 dl;Ex mkra qñaM 2006 )anrkeXIjfa {RKYsarPaKeRcIn ¬83°¦ Edl)anTTYlb½NÑkmµsiTi§

)anbBa¢ak;fa BYkeKmankarsb,ay citþCagEdl)anTTYlb½NÑkmµsiTi§ RBmTaMgmanGarmµN_kan;Etman

suvtßiPaB}143

.

249> siTi§EdlmanBImunsßiteRkamsm<aFGs;ry³eBly:agyUr. RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa kRmitén

karTTYlsÁal;RbB½n§kan;kab;dI ¬nigkarkab;karb;EdlBak;B½n§¦ CaRbéBNI xusEbøkKñay:agxøaMgkñúgcMeNam

tMbn;nana . eTaHCay:agNak¾edayRbB½n§TaMgenHhak;dUcCaRtUv)aneFVI[Tn;exSaytameBlevla.

250> krNItMbn;bwgkk; )anbgðajfa RbCaCnCaeRcIncat;TukxøÜnÉgCam©as;dI nigkan;kab;ÉksarEdlbBa¢ak;GMBI

kmµsiTi§ . BYkeKsMedAdl;Éksar nigkic©RBmeRBog EdlcuHhtßelxaedayRbFanPUmi b¤ecAsgáat; Edl

bBa¢ak;GMBIkarTijdI b¤karTUTat;R)ak; . dUcmankt;smÁal;enAkñúgCMBUkTI 2 dIRtUv)ankan;kab; epÞr nig

sñgbnþ tamry³RbB½n§kan;kab;dImYycMnYnGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM ehIyRbB½n§TaMgenH)anTTYlPaBRsb

c,ab; nigkarTTYlsÁal;EpñksgÁmmYykRmitBIsMNak;GaCJaFrBak;B½n§ nigGñkeRbIR)as; eTaHbICaxVHRbB½n§pøÚv

142

; PAD TMB½rTI 10 143

karBinitüeLIgvijedayÉkraCüelItmøaPaB nigKNenüPaB Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2006 TMB½rTI 11

89

karfñak;CatiénkarecjÉksar . karsikSamYyrbs; LMAP EdleFVIeLIgkñúgqñaM 2007 Edl)anGegát

elIRbCaCnrs;enAkñúgRkug nigCayRkugcMnYn 1663 RKYsar enATIRkugPñMeBj )anbgðajfa RKYsar

TaMgLay {BwgEp¥keTAelI TRmg;ÉksarepSg²CaeRcIn . dUcenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTEdr RKYsarTaMgenHhak;

dUcCa cUlcitþBwgEp¥kelIÉksar eRkApøÚvkar>>> RbkarenH rYmman ÉksarGegátdIFøI ¬50/2°¦ nigbgáan;

édsRmab;kareRbIR)as;CalixitbBa¢ak; ¬22/8°¦ esµInwgdIsrubcMnYn 73° EdlTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar b:uEnþ

BuMmanÉksarRsbc,ab;}144

.

251> karsikSa)anbgðajfa manRKYsarEt 5/4° b:ueNÑaH)anraykarN_famanlixitbBa¢ak;pøÚvkar . RKYsarkñúg

cMnYnd¾tictYcenH EdlmanÉksareBleljGMBIkarkan;kab;dIrbs;BYkeK qøúHbBa©aMgGMBIkRmittictYc Edl

kariyal½ysurieyadIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa GaccuHbBa¢IdIFøI ehIyBitNas;KWCaehtuplcm,gsRmab;kar

begáItKeRmag LMAP edIm,IvaytémøCapøÚvkar tamry³karvinicä½y kRmitEdlsiTi§TaMgenHeFVI[Gñkkan;

kab;dImansiTi§TTYl)ankarpþl;kmµsiTi§dI .

252> enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT karsikSananabgðajfa RbEhlBIrPaKbIénbNþwgTamTardIÉkCn minGacRtUv)anKaMRT

edayÉksarRbePTNamYyeLIy . karsikSaCamUldæanGMBItMbn;CnbT EdleFVIeLIgkñúgqñaM 2004

sRmab; LMAP145

)anrkeXIjfa RbEhl 62/7° éndIksikmµEdlRKbdNþb;enAkñúgtMbn;Gegát

minEdlmankarcuH bBa¢IÉksarRbePTNamYyeLIy . kñúgcMeNamdIEdl)ancuHbBa¢IÉksar 61/6°

manbgáan;édsRmab;kareRbIR)as;CalixitbBa¢ak; cMENkÉ 14/9° eTot manÉksaresIubGegátkar

GegátdI . manEt 8/1° b:ueNÑaH manlixitbBa¢ak;kmµsiTi§dI b¤b½NÑkmµsiTi§Cak;Esþg . 6/3° eTot

Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkareRbIR)as;Éksar RbePTepSg²eTot . kareRbIR)as;ÉksareRkApøÚvkar mansgÁtiPaB

cMeBaHkarkan;kab;dIRKb;TMhMTaMgGs; .

253> kñúgkarvaytémøPsþútagEdlman vaCakarRbtükSEdlfa man]TahrN_CaeRcIn EdlkñúgenaH GñkPUmi nig

RbCaCnRkIRktamTIRkugEdlrs;enAeRkamTRmg;kan;kab;dICalkçN³RbéBNIEbbruraN b¤TRmg;Bak;B½n§

epSg² RtUv)andkhUtdIrbs;xøÜnedaybuKÁl Rkum b¤GgÁPaBmanGMNac EdlCajwkjab;mankareRbIGM

144

KeRmagGegátCamUldæanénkmµviFIpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøIkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN_cugeRkay ³ dMNak;kalTIRkug II ¬esckIþRBag¦

viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) edayshkarCamYyRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; (MLMUPC)

Ballard, B and Runsinarith, P. PñMeBj km<úCa Ex sIha qñaM 2007 TMB½rTI 49 145

kmµviFIpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøIkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN_cugeRkayénKeRmagGegátCamUldæan ³ dMNak;kalCnbT I ¬esckIþRBag¦

viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) edayshkarCamYyRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; (MLMUPC)

Ballard, B and Sovannarith, S. PñMeBj km<úCa Ex kkáda qñaM 2004 TMB½rTI ix-x

90

eBIhigSa b¤karKMrameRbIGMeBIhigSa nigfa Tmøab;Gnuvtþn_TaMgenH)anrIkraldal TaMgkñúgtMbn;CnbT

TaMgkñúgtMbn;TIRkug Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy . GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alCMnYyEpñkc,ab;km<úCa146

mYy)anGHGagfa BYkeKkMBugedaHRsayerOgkþIsrubcMnYn50 krNI tagnam[RbCaCncMnYn 9>603 RKYsar

EdltMNag[RbCaCn cMnYn 49>936 nak; enAkñúgry³eBl 8 ExdMbUgénqñaM 2001 EtmYyKt;147

.

k¾manr)aykarN_CaeRcIn pgEdrEdlkt;RtaGMBIkrNIénkarbeNþjecjcMeBaHGñkPUmi nigRbCaCn Edl

PaKeRcIn enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug edayBuMTTYl)andMeNIrkarsmRsb cab;taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM 1990 mkTl;

eBlbc©úb,nñ ¬sUmemIlEpñk c énCMBUkenH¦ .

254> Psþútag)anbgðajfa bBaðaenHekIteLIgedaysarsm<aFekIneLIgeTAelIdIsRmab;kareRbIR)as;Epñkksikmµ

BaNiC¢kmµ niglMenAdæan CaBiess enAtMbn;TIRkug nigCayRkug EdlkMeNInRbCaCnmanel,Ónqab;rh½s .

eyagtamkarGegátCamUldæansRmab;tMbn;TIRkug {témødI)anekIneLIg eTaHbICa CaTUeTA BuMmanb½NÑ

kmµsiTi§dIk¾eday} . karGegátenH)anelIkeLIgGMBITIPñak;garGclnRTBümYyEdl)anbBa¢ak;fa {kñúg

GMLúgry³eBl BIqñaM 2000 dl; 2007 témødI)anekIneLIgerogral;qñaM>>> tMbn;mYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamtMbn;

EdlmankarRbkYt RbECg nwgGacrkR)ak;cMeNjCag )anekIneLIgrhUtdl; 30 - 80°}148

. enAkñúg

bribTenHehIy Edl karRbkYtRbECgdIFøI)annaMmknUvkarbeNþjecjd¾raldal .

255> r)aykarN_mYyEdlerobcMeLIgedayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYyRkum EdleFVIkareTAelIbBaðakan;kab;dI

)ankt;smÁal;fa {karcab;ykdI nigkarbeNþjecjedaybgçM kMBugrYmcMENkeFVI[PaBKµandIFøIekIneLIg

vismPaBkñúgkarkan;kab;dI nigRKYsarRkIRkTTYlrgkarpøas;TIlMenAeTAkan;tMbn;EdlKµanlkçxNÐrs;

enARKb;RKan;}149

. manPsþútagCaeRcInfa Pñak;garrdæaPi)alfñak;kNþal nigfñak;mUldæan)anbdiesFmin

TTYlsÁal;siTi§kan;kab;dIrbs;RbCaCnCaeRcIn CaBiess enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug EdlmanÉksarbBa¢ak;fa

karkan;kab;dI rbs;BYkeKRsbeTAtambTb,BaØtiþénc,ab;PUmi)al qñaM 2001 nigfa BYkeKGacmankar

GHGagrwgmaMcMeBaH kmµsiTi§dIeyagtamkarvinicä½y .

146

CMnYyEpñkc,ab;énkm<úCa (LAC) begáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1995 KWCaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al CMnYyEpñkc,ab;km<úCa .

CMnYyEpñkc,ab;énkm<úCa {sßanPaBénkrNIbNþwgdIFøIFM² ³ srubkrNIbNþwgdIFøITUeTAsRmab;ry³eBlR)aMbIExdMbUg qñaM 2001 {

Ex tula qñaM 2001 . 147

KitRtwméf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2001 CMnYyEpñkc,ab;énkm<úCa )anbnþ b¤bBa©b;rYcral;nUvkrNIbNþwgdIFøIFM²cMnYn 58 krNI

tagnam[RbCaCn cMnYn 47>148 nak; rYmTaMg GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alcMnYn 2 EdlrYmKñaBak;B½n§eTAnwgdIcMnYn 18>640

hicta . 148

KeRmagGegátCamUldæanénkmµviFIpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøIkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN_cugeRkay ³ dMNak;kalTIRkug II TMB½rTI 61 . 149

KeRmagGegátCamUldæanénkmµviFIpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøIkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN_cugeRkay ³ dMNak;kalTIRkug II TMB½rTI 17 .

91

256> Ep¥ktamPsþútagxagelI RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa kRmiténkarFanaEdlpþl;edayRbB½n§kan;kab;dI

tamEbbburaN CaRbéBNI b¤eRkApøÚvkarepSg²eTot CaBiessenAtMbn;TIRkug )anfycuHy:agxøaMg

cab;taMgBIedIm TsvtSqñaM 1990 . sßanPaBenHRtUv)aneKdwgB¤CaTUeTA muneBlKeRmagRtUv)anbegáIteLIg

ehIy RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa PAD TTYlsÁal;y:agc,as;las;cMeBaHbBaðenH RBmTaMgbBaða

RbQmEdlBak;B½n§ . eTaHbICay:agNakþI dUcmanerobrab;lm¥itbEnßmxageRkam RkumGFikarkic©)anrk

eXIjcMNucexSaysMxan;²enA kñúgkarbegáIt nigGnuvtþKeRmagTak;TgeTAnwgviFankar kñúgkarkarBar

RkumRkIRk nigRkumgayrgeRKaH EdlBwgEp¥keTAelIsiTi§kan;kab;dICaRbéBNI b¤ eRkApøÚvkarepSgeTot .

rUbPaBTI 6 ³ pÞHEdlRKbdNþb;edayPk;kñúgGMLúgkarcak;bMeBjbwgkk;naeBlfµI² . rUbPaBpþl;CUneday BABSEA

3> KMehIjGMBIPaBGnuelam

257> KMehIjrbs; RkumGFikarkic©GMBIPaBGnuelam RtUv)anerobcMCaBIrEpñk EpñkTImYy epþateTAelIdMNak;kal

erobcM nigvaytémø ehIyEpñkTIBIr epþateTAelIkarRtYtBinitü .

258> karerobcM nigkarvaytémø ³ RkumGFikarkic©)anBinitüemIlcMNucexSaycMnYnBIrénkarerobcMKeRmag

EdlGac rYmcMENkCaskþanuBlcMeBaHkareFVI[sßanPaBrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaHkan;Etman

lkçN³F¶n;F¶r enAkñúgtMbn; LMAP dUcCa PaBminR)akdRbCaGMBIrebobedaHRsay tMbn;EdlmanbNþwg

TamTardICemøaHrvag rdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn nigrebobEdlkartaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar RtUv)anedaHRsayenA

kñúgkarerobcMKeRmag .

259> rebobEdl {dITMnas;} RtUv)anedaHRsayenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag . eTaHbICadIRbEhl 80° RtUv)an):an;

sµanfaCadIrbs;rdæk¾eday PAD TTYlsÁal;fa {rdæhak;dUcCamindwgGMBIbrimaN TItaMg nigRBMRbTl;dIEdl

sßiteRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;xøÜneLIy . Cakarc,as;las; dICaeRcInminRtUv)aneFVIGegátKUsEpnTI b¤pþl;

92

kmµsiTi§eLIy}150

. PAD )ankt;smÁal;GMBIPaBxusKñarvagdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ

nig)an bgðajfa dIÉkCnrbs;rdæGacRtUv)anlk; nig

{RtUv)anraykarN_Cajwkjab;fa)anlk;edayRksYgnana nig TIPñak;garbs;rdæCalkçN³Biess

edayR)ak;cMNUlmin)anbgVilcUlrtnaKarsRmab;plRbeyaCn_ saFarN³eLIy}151

. PAD

sMedAdl;cMnYnRbCaCnKµandIEdlekIneLIgedaysarkarlk;edaybgçM b¤kar lk;edaysarTal;Rck

nigcMnYnd¾x<s;énTMnas;dIFøI .

260> PAD k¾)ankt;smÁal;fa {mankarelIkeLIgfa Pñak;garrdæ dUcCa eyaFa nigbuKÁlEdlBak;B½n§nwg

neya)ay )andkhUtdIrbs;RbCaCn EdlkMBugRtUv)ansRmYl edaysarkgVHkarTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkarnUv

siTi§elIdITaMgenaH}152

¬mankarbBa¢ak;bEnßm¦. tamBit enAeBlerobcM nigvaytémøKeRmag manPsþútag

sn§wksn§ab;GMBI karKMramkMEhgbeNþjecj b¤karerITIlMenAedaybgçMcMeBaHRbCaCn . PAD k¾sMedAdl;

cMnYnd¾x<s;énCemøaH dIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa edaysarmUlehtuCaeRcIn nigkt;smÁal;fa mUlehtucm,gén

CemøaHTaMgenH {KWPaBminR)akdRbCaGMBIRBMRbTl;dIEdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;sßab½nrdæepSg² nig

buKÁlÉkCn}153

.

261> eTaHbICaKeRmagRtUv)anerobcMeLIgenAkñúgbribTenHk¾eday k¾ PAD )anrYmbBa©ÚlesckIþeyagminc,as;

las; nigeFVI[Pan;RcLMcMeBaH {dIenAkñúgtMbn;EdlTMnas;TMngCaekItmaneLIg} nig)anbBa¢ak;fa KeRmag

enHnwgminpþl;kmµsiTi§dl;dITaMgenHeT luHRtaEtkic©RBmeRBogRtUv)anseRmcsþIBIsßanPaBéndIenaH .

eTaHbICakarTTYlsÁal;karlM)akkñúgkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI nigkMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagdIsaFarN³

nigÉkCnk¾eday karerobcMKeRmag)anrMBwgfa TidæPaBTMnas;d¾sMxan;énKeRmagnwgRtUv)anedaHRsaytam

ry³karBieRKaHeyabl;CasaFarN³ . dUcmanBiPakSalm¥itenAkñúgEpñk x énCMBUkenH enAkñúgGMLúgeBl

GnuvtþKeRmag r)aykarN_ PAD enH kñúgry³eBlGnuvtþKeRmag)anbkRsaykñúgkarpat;ecjdITMnas; .

bBaðaenHmanlkçN³kan;Et F¶n;F¶renAeBldITMnas;RtUv)anGHGagCadIrdæ nigkMNt;lkçN³CadICemøaH

ehIyRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;enaHRtUv )anbdiesFnUv»kaskñúgkarTamTarsiTi§kan;kab;rbs;xøÜn edaysarkar

pat;ecjdIenHBIdMeNIrkarvinicä½yenAeRkamKeRmag .

150

PAD TMB½rTI 4 151

PAD TMB½rTI 4 152

PAD TMB½rTI 5 153

PAD TMB½rTI 5

93

262> enAkñúgbriyakasEdlBuMmankarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dIFøI nigBuMmankareFVIEpnTI edIm,IkMNt;RBMEdnénRbePT

dIepSg² CaBiess rvagdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ karerobcMKeRmagenH)anQandl;kar

kMNt;dI tamTMenIgcitþ ehIytamRBwtþn½yCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . CalT§pl RbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIdITaMg

enHRtUv)anRbkasfa CaGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar¼GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; nigRtUv)anpat;ecjBIdMeNIr

karpþl;kmµsiTi§eRkamKeRmag .

263> RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa cMNucxVHxatenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag)annaMeTArkkarpat;ecjtamTMenIgcitþ

cMeBaHdIBIdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§ nigfa RbkarenH)anbdiesFRbCaCn CaBiess RbCaCnRkIRk nigRbCaCn

gayrgeRKaH nUv»kaskñúgkarTamTar nigeFVI[manlkçN³pøÚvkarcMeBaHsiTi§EdlmanBImunrbs;BYkeK

tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkam LMAP .

264> rebobEdl {kartaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar} RtUv)anedaHRsayenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag . karerobcMKeRmag

)anpat;GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar¼GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;ecjBIdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§eRkamKeRmag luH

RtaEtrdæaPi)alyl;RBmGnuBaØat[dIenaHTTYl)ankarcuHbBa¢IcMeBaHGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar . PAD

)ankt;smÁal;fa KeRmagnwgminecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§CUneLIy RbsinebIBuMmankic©RBmeRBogedIm,IEbgEckdICUn

GñktaMg TIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar b¤tamry³kmµviFIEbgEckdI nig¼b¤kmµviFIerITIlMenA . dUcmanBiPakSalm¥itenA

kñúgEpñk x énCMBUkenH karpþl;karFanacMeBaHkarkan;kab;dl;GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; KWCakmµviFIrbs;

UNCHS/ UNDP, DfID nig Cities Alliance . kic©RbwgERbgTaMgenHsßiteRkamdMeNIrkarenAkñúg

qñaMdMbUg²énKeRmag b:uEnþRtUv)anbBaÄb;kñúgqñaM 2004 ehIyminRtUv)anCMnYsvijeLIy . CalT§pldUcRtUv

)anTTYlsÁal; edayfñak;RKb;RKg {sRmab;ry³eBl 5 qñaM cugeRkay BuMmankmµviFINamYy edIm,IeFVI

niytkmµkarkan;kab;dI enAkñúgtMbn;taMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar tamrebobNamYyEdlnwgGnuBaØat[BYkeK

TTYl)ankarpþl;kmµsiTi§enAeRkamKeRmageLIy} .

265> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKg)anxkxankñúgkarTTYlsÁal;fa Bakü dUcCa {GñktaMgTIlMenAxus

c,ab;} nig {tMbn;taMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar} manlkçN³lem¥óg luHRtaEtRtUv)ankMNt;BitR)akd tamry³

dMeNIrkarvinicä½y . eKKYrkt;smÁal;fa enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsepSgeTot BaküTaMgenH Cajwk

jab; tMNag[RkumCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaHbMput Tak;TgeTAnwgkarRbQmcMeBaHkarbeNþjecj nig

TRmg; epSgeToténkarrMelaPbMBan . PaBxVHcenøaHTaMgenHenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag eFVI[fñak;

RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelakmankarlM)akkñúgkarseRmcvtßúbMNgEdl)ankMNt;énKeRmag Tak;TgeTAnwg

karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarpþl;karFanacMeBaHkarkan;kab;dIsRmab;RbCaCnRkIRk ehtudUecñHehIy

PaBxVHcenøaHTaMg enHminGnuelamtam OMS 2.20 eLIy .

94

266> karRtYtBinitü ³ RkumGFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;fa vtßúbMNgcm,génKeRmag KWkarkarBarRkumCngayrgeRKaH

xN³eBlENnaMGMBIRbB½n§ {TMenIb} EdlmantmøaPaBénkarRKb;RKg nigkarkan;kab;dI . smasFatu

sMxan;² EdlRtUv)anENnaMenAkñúgKeRmag edIm,IKaMRTRbCaCngayrgeRKaH KWkarBRgwgkaryl;dwgCa

saFarN³ nigkarpþl;lT§PaBTTYl)anCMnYyEpñkc,ab; nigynþkaredaHRsayvivaTsRmab;CnRkIRk .

RsedogKñaenHEdr karKaMRTeRkamKeRmagcMeBaHkarEklm¥karRKb;RKgdIrdæ ¬smasFatuTI 5¦ RtUv)anemIl

eXIjfa CameFüa)ayd¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarvinicä½ybNþwgTamTarrvagrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn . dUcRtUv)anTTYl

sÁal;enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg smasFatuTaMgenHminRtUv)anGnuvtþtamkarrMBwgTukeLIy .

267> karKaMRTBiesssRmab;RbCaCnRkIRk . smasFaturgénkaryl;dwgCasaFarN³ nigkarcUlrYmrbs;;

shKmn_ (PACP) mansar³sMxan;y:agxøaMgkñúgkarCUndMNwg nigeFVI[saFarNCnkm<úCacUlrYmenA

kñúgdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢I nigdMeNIrkarvinicä½y . eTaHbICamankarBüayameRcInelIkeRcInsark¾eday k¾KeRmag

enHBuM)ancuHkic©snüaCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al[KaMRTkarGnuvtþkmµviFIyl;dwgCasaFarN³ nigkar

cUlrYmrbs;shKmn_eLIy eTaHbICaeKTTYlsÁal;fa kareRCIserIsGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al mansar³

sMxan;Casarv½nþ sRmab;Eklm¥RbsiT§PaBéndMeNIrkar PACP . fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;PaBxVHcenøaH

énkarerobcMKeRmag kñúgkarrMBwg[rdæaPi)alcuHkic©snüaCamYyGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil nigkt;smÁal;fa GgÁkar

minEmnrdæaPi)almincg;cUlrYmenAkñúgkic©snüaCamYyRksYg nigfa BuMmandMeNaHRsayEdlman

RbsiT§PaBNamYyRtUv)anrkeXIjeLIy .

268> KeRmagenHmin)ancuHkic©snüaCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al edIm,Ipþl;CMnYyEpñkc,ab;dl;CngayrgeRKaH

eRkamynþkaredaHRsayvivaTeLIy . eyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg RksYgminTTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkarpþl;kic©

snüa edIm,IBRgIk LMAP eRkayBIKeRmagsakl,gmYyCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk . fñak;

RKb;RKg TTYlsÁal;fa {CeRmIsepSg²eRkABIkareRCIserIsGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al edayeRbIR)as;FnFan

\NTan KYrRtUv)anBicarNaenAdMNak;kalGnuvtþn_} .

269> karRKb;RKgdIrdæ. dUcKñaenHEdr EpñksRmab;RKb;RKgdIFøI KW)anGnuvtþxøH²Etb:ueNÑaH. TnÞwmnwgeBlEdl

rdæaPi)al )anbegáItRkbx½NÐc,ab;Eklm¥mYysRmab;kMNt;dIFøI karGnuvtþrbs;xøÜnmanPaBrIkcMerInyWtxøaMg

nighak;dUcCaminGnuvtþ CaRbB½n§dUcGVIEdl)anEcgenAkñúgKeRmageBlEdleKtak;EtgdMbUg. rhUtmkdl;

eBlEdlfñak;RKb;RKgerobcMÉksareqøIytbenH Kµanextþ Rsuk b¤XMu NamYy manEpnTIkMNt;dIFøIEdl

bgðajBIRBMuRbTl; nigRbePTdIenAeRkamkareRbIR)as;CasaFarN³. ehtudUcenH KN³RKb;RKg)ancat;

Tukfa EpñkenH mankareBjcitþbnþicbnþÜcbMputsRmab;KeRmagenH. KN³RKb;RKg )ankMNt;fa {kartak;

95

EtgKeRmag )a:n;sµanminRKb;RKan;sRmab;FatuénPaBsµúRKsµaj nigbBaðaneya)ay cMeBaHkarRKb;RKg

dIrdæ}.154

270> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa min)anGnuvtþnUvviFankarTaMgGs;Edl)antak;EtgCak;lak;sRmab;KaMRTdl;Gñk

RkIRk nigGñkEdlgayrgeRKaH dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgEpnkarKeRmageT. RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa

KN³RKb;RKgmin)antam[Cab;lab;cMeBaHkarebþCJacitþGnuvtþKeRmag edIm,IBRgwgkaryl;dwgdl;

saFarN³Cn nigshKmn_cUlrYm FanakarBarpøÚvc,ab;dl;RbCaCnEdlRbQmnwghaniP½yénkar

beNþjecj nigmin)anpþl;[)anRKb;RKan;cMeBaHkarTTYl)anynþkaredaHRsayvivaT. TaMgenHmin

)anGnuelameTAnwgeKalkarN_ OP/BP 13>05. RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karxVHxatkarKaMRTcMeBaH

GñkRkIRkTaMgenH KWedaysarkarGnuvtþmin)anRKb;RCugeRCay nig min)anRKb;RKan;cMeBaH EpñkmYycMnYnén

KeRmag Edlvabgá[BYkKat;gayrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarTamTardIrbs;BYkeK. fñak;RKb;RKg)anGHGagenAkñúg

ÉksareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfa skmµPaBTaMgenHmansar³sMxan;edIm,IGnuvtþKeRmagTaMgRsug RtUv)anBnüa

eBl b¤min)anGnuvtþrhUtmkdl;eBlEdl\NTanenHRtUvbiT.

c> mankarbþwgtva:fashKmn_epSg²eTotenAextþEdlKeRmagenHRKbdNþb;

k¾mankarbeNþj ecjedaybgçMEdr.

1> karTamTarbs;Gñkdak;sMeNIr nigkareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg

271> Gñkdak;sMeNIr)anTamTafa {bwgkk; minEmnCaerOgdak;edayELkeT. enAtambNþaTIRbCMuCnnana

enACnbT nigshKmn_CnCatiedImenATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCak¾minGacTTYl)ankmµsiTi§dIFøI nig¼b¤minTTYl

)anynþkaredaHRsayvivaTeRkamKeRmag LMAP ehIyGñkTaMgenaHminGackarBarsiTi§elIdIFøIeRkamRbB½n§

pøÚvkarmYyEdlEcgedayKeRmag LMAP. shKmn_mYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamshKmn_TaMgenH mankarekIn

eLIgkrNIkmµsiTi§minmansuvtßPaB nigkarbeNþj ecjedaybgçM}.

272> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn KN³RKb;RKg)anTTYlsÁal;fa {GsuvtßPaBkmµsiTi§elIdIFøIenAbnþCabBaðacMbg

enAkm<úCa} ehIykarekIneLIgtémødInaeBlfµI²knøgeTAenH)annaMeTArkkardak;KMnab {CaBiesseTAelI

shKmn_gayrgeRKaHnanaEdlkMBugEtrs;enAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ}.155

Fñak;RKb;RKg)anEpøgfa Kwfa

{eBlenH)andwgfatMbn;mYycMnYn Edl)anRbkasCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag EdlRKYsarTaMgenaHrs;enA

154

kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI 31. 155

kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI 50.

96

RtUv)anbeNþjecj b¤KMrambeNþjecj}. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)ankt;smÁal;Edrfa {enAmankarKMrambnþeTot

cMeBaHkaredaHdUrdI nigkarbeNþgecjcMeBaHshKmn_ EdlgayrgeRKaH}.156

273> fñak;RKb;RKg)andak;ecjnUvskmµPaBmYycMnYnedIm,IedaHRsaykarRBYy)armµN_TaMgenH eday)ankt;

smÁal;fa {RbFanKeRmagkMBugEtRbmUlB½t’manedIm,IkMNt;krNIEdlGacekItmaneLIgcMeBaHshmn_

EdlRbEhlCaRtUv)an eKbeNþjecjBItMbn;vinicä½yedayminmankarGnuvtþ[)anRtwmRtUvtamGVIEdlman

EcgenAkñúg RPF}. KN³RKb;RKg)anEføgfa {rhUtdl;Ex tula qñaM 2009 man8krNI RtUv)ankMNt;

manPUmicMnYn 10 ¬b¤EpñkxøH énPUmi¦}. bEnßmBIelIenH fñak;RKb;RKg)anGHGagfa cab;taMgBIExemsa qñaM

2009 mankaresñIsMumþgehIymþgeTot suM[rdæaPi)aldak;ecjnUvkarp¥ak;CabeNþaHGasnñcMeBaHkar

beNþjecjedaybgçMTaMgenA {TIRkugPñMeBj nigenAtMbn;epSg²eTot}.


274> karbeNþjecjedaybgçMenAkm<úCa. karbeNþjecjedaybgçMKWCabBaðamYyd¾FMTak;TgeTAnwgkarrMelaP

siTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa Edlb:HBal;dl;RKYsarrab;Ban;enATUTaMgRbeTs TaMgenAtMbn;TIRkug nigenACnbT

CaBiessRbCaCn Edlrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRk. mankarkt;Rtaya:geRcInkñúgÉksarrbs;GgÁkarminEmn

rdæaPi)alTak;TgeTAnwgbBaðaenH.157

KeRmagGPivDÆn_)anTTYlCalT§plnUvkarCMelos CaBiessenA

tMbn;TIRkug nigtMbn;CayRkug. eyagtamr)aykarN_vaytémøPaBRkIRkenAqñaM 2006 rbs;FnaKar

BiPBelak )anraykarN_fa enAcenøaH qñaM 1998 nig qñaM 2003 sala Rkug)anbeNþjRbCaCn

11000 RKYsaredaybgçM PaKeRcInKWRKYsarRkIRkenATIRkugEdlrs;enAkñúgb¤CittMbn;kNþalTIRkug. 158

eyagtamGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati)an[dwgfa RbCaCnkm<úCaRbmaN 150000 nak;enATUTaMg

RbeTs RtUv)aneKdwgfars;enAkñúghaniP½yénkarbeNþjecj.159

156

kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI 26 kzax½NÐTI 61. 157

Ca]TahrN_ sUmemIl Rights Razed³ karbeNþjecjedaybgçMenAkm<úCa edayGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCatiqñaM

2008. Losing Ground rbs;KN³kmµkarskmµPaBsiTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2009. Untitled rbs;GgÁkar BABSEA

nig JRS qñaM 2009. 158

RbeTskm<úCa³ etIGackat;bnßy)anBak;kNþaleTenAqñaM 2015? karvaytémøPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa FnaKarBiPBelak

PñMeBj Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2006 TMB½rTI 48 ¬Gg;eKøs¦. 159

Rights Razed³ karbeNþjecjedaybgçMenAkm<úCa edayGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCatiqñaM 2008 TMB½rTI 7 ¬Gg;eKøs¦.

97

275> enAqñaM 1992 km<úCa)ancuHsc¨ab½nsnþisBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§esdækic¨ sgÁm nigvb,Fm’160

EdlbegáItecj

CasiTi§elIlMenAdæansmrmü.161

KN³kmµkartamdankarGnuvtþGnusBaØaenH )anbeBa©jkarRBYy)armµN_

cMeBaHkarbeNþjecjedaybgçM nigbgçM[TTYlykEdlvamineqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarénsnÞisBaØasiTi§

mnusSGnþrCatienH.162

276> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa karbeNþjecjedaybgçM vaminEmnCaerOgfµIenAkm<úCaeT ehIydUcGVIEdl

ÉksarvaytémøPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCaEdleroberogeLIgedayFnaKarBiPBelak )ansresrfa

erOgenHva)anekIteLIgenAPñMeBjmuneBlEdlKeRmagenHerobcMmkemøH. edaysarEtKeRmag)an

bBa©ÚlkartaMgTIlMenA enAkñúgTIRkugFM² edayrYm TaMgTIRkugPñMeBj EdlCaTIkEnøgmYykñúgcMeNamextþ

epSg²Edldak;enAkñúgKeRmag enHCakarRbQmeTAnwghaniP½y x<s;sRmab;FnaKarBiPBelak.

RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa karerobcMKeRmag enHmin)anedaHRsaybBaðad¾sMxan; nighaniP½y

elIekriþeQµaHenH[)anRKb;RKan;enaHeT .

277> karGnuvtþKeRmag nigkarepÞógpÞat;eTAnwg RPF. mankarRBYy)armµN_mYycMnYn RtUv)anelIkeLIg

kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP Tak;TineTAnwgmmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaBkñúgRbB½n§nignItiviFIcuH

bBa¢IdIFøIlkçN³CaRbB½n§ cab;taMgBIedImqñaM 2005. CalT§pl mankarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijCaÉkraCmYy

RtUv)aneFVIeLIgrvag Exviciäka qñaM 2005 nigExmkra qñaM 2006 edaykMNt;elIextþTaMg11EdlKeRmag

enHRKbdNþb; nig)anGnuvtþ.163

eyagtamesckþIsegçbrbs;va ÉksarBinitüemIleLIgvijenH )ankMNt;

nigbBa¢ÚlviFisa®sþcUlrYmedayeRbIR)as;karsmÖasn_CamYynwgRKYsar Edl)anTTYlpl edaybBa©ÚlCa

mYynwgkarrkeXIjnana Edl)anmkBIkarBiPakSaCaRkumminpøÚvkarerobcMedayGñkPUmi nigGñkpþl;dMNwg

160

GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§esdækic¨ sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ (ICESCR) KWsn§isBaØaBhuPaKImYyEdlGnum½tedaysPaGgÁkar

shRbCaCatikalBIéf¶TI 16 ExFñÚ qñaM 1966 ehIycab;epþImcUlCaFrmancab;taMgBIéf¶TI 3 Ex mkra qñaM 1976. GnusBaØaenH

KWtRmUv[PaKIcuHhtßelxIeFVI kareq<aHeTArkkarTTYl)ansiTi§esdækic¨ sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ (ESCR) sRmab;buKÁlmñak;²

edayrYmTaMg siTi§elIBlkmµ nigsiTi§elIsuxPaB Gb;rM nigkarrs;enARbkbeTAedaysþg;darsmrmü. GnusBaØaenH

KWCaEpñkmYyénc,ab;siTi§ mnusSGnþrCati RsbCamYynwgesckþIRbkasCa sklsþIBIsiTi§mnusS (UDHR)

nigGnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§CaCnsIuvil nigneya)ay ICCPR. 161

maRtaTI11én ICESCR 162

KN³kmµkarsiTi§esdækic¨ sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ . kMNt;smÁal;TUeTATI4³ siTi§TTYl)anlMenAdæansmrmü ¬maRtaTI 11

énGnusBaØa¦ sm½yRbCMuTI6 éf¶TI 13 ExFñÚ qñaM 1991 kzax½NÐTI 18 ¬Gg;eKøs¦. 163

karBinitüemIleLIgvijénbBaðatmøaPaB nigkarTTYlxusRtUv ExkumÖ³qñaM 2006

98

sMxan;² edIm,IbBa¢ak; nigbgðajB½t’manbEnßmelIbTBiesaFn_enAmUldæan CamYynwgdMeNIrkarcuH bBa¢ IdIFøI

lkçN³CaRbB½n§.

278> CarYm tMNagRKYsarcMnYn 1236 nak;)ancUlrYmkñúgkareFVIbTsmÖasn_enH ehIyRkumBiPakSaminpøÚvkar

RtUv)anerobcMeFVIeLIgenAPUmicMnYn 53 EdlRbkasCatMbn;vinicä½ykñúgextþTaMg 11. ÉksarBinitüemIl

eLIgvij)ankt;smÁal; dUcenH³ minmanB½t’mansþIBIsiTi§EdlGac nigsiTi§TTYl)an kñúgkarTamTarelI

RTBüsm,tiþ ¬CaBiessRTBüsm,tiþrdæ¦ tamry³karTamTarykrbs;rdæRtUv)anpþl;[enaHeT ehIykarxVH

cenøaHenH vahak;dUcCaelcecjnUvplb:HBal;CaxøaMg ya:gehacNas;RbmaNCa 1PaK5 ¬19/6

PaKry¦ énRKYsarTaMgGs; KWrkeXIjEbbenHenAkñúgRsuk RbkasCa tMbn;vinicä½ycMnYn 13164

kñúg

cMeNam 19 Edl)aneTATsSnkic©. ¬manEcgenAkñúgc,ab;edIm¦.

279> eyagtamkarBinitüemIleLIgvijedayÉkraC BMumanehtuplCaÉksarcMeBaHkarbdiesFelIkmµsiTi§

b¤karcuH bBa¢IenHRtUv)anpþl;CUndl;emRKYsarnigRKYsar. elIsBIenHeTAeTotÉksarBinitüemIleLIgvij

enH )anelIkeLIgfa karminbgðaj[c,as;énkarrkSaTukdIrbs;rdæ KW)anelIkeLIgfavanwgmanplb:HBal;

d¾xøaMgmYydl;eKaledA nigeKalbMNgrbs;KeRmag LMAP. dUcEdl)anEcgxagelI ÉksarBinitüemIl

eLIgvijenH )anraykarN_fa 20 PaKry énshKmn_Edl)anRbwkSamanGarmµN_faBYkeK {)at;}

dIrbs;BYkeKmYycMnYnedaysarrdæ)anTamTarfadIenaHCadIrbs;rdæ. dUcEdlkñúgkrNIbwgkk; ÉksarBinitü

emIleLIgvij)ankt;smÁal;GMBIehtukarenHfaCakEnøgEdlRbCaCnRtUv)aneKR)ab;fa BYkKat;kMBugEtrs;

enAelItMbn;dImanCemøaH KWmann½yfa {dIrdæ} . elIsBIenHeTAeTot r)aykarN_enaH)ankt;smÁal;fa

minmanB½t’manRtUv)aneKpþl;CUndl;RKYsarTak;TineTAnwgsiTi§GacTTYl)ansMNgsRmab;karb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r

dUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúgÉksarkargarsgÁmEdl)andak;enAkñúgKeRmag LMAP.

280> eTaHbICamankarrkeXIjd¾Cak;lak;énRkumRtYtBinitü nigkarrkeXIjmþgehIymþgeTot kñúgr)aykarN_

BinitüemIlKeRmagrbs;KN³RKb;RKg EdlbgðajGMBIPaBminRKb;RKan;énynþkaredaHRsayCMelaH

CaBiessenAeBlEdlPaKIBak;B½n§enaHCaGñkmanGMNackþI FnaKarBiPBelakminmanviFankarKnøWH

NamYyedIm,IedaHRsayplb:HBal;minl¥TaMgenaHeT. eyagtamkarrkeXIjrbs;RkumRtYtBinitü

minmanr)aykarN_RtYtBinitüKeRmag )ansresr]b,tiþehtuNamYyEdlepÞógpÞat;eTAnwg RPF. Rkum

164

ÉksarBinitüemIleLIgvijenH)ancuHPñMeBj ¬x½NÐTYleKak¦ extþkNþal ¬RsukkNþalsÞwg¦ extþkMBt; ¬RsukkMBg;Rtac

GgÁrC½y¦ extþkMBg;s<W ¬RsuksMerag¦ extþéRBEvg ¬Rsuk)aPñM RsukéRBEvg¦ RkugRBHsIhnu ¬x½NÐmitþPaB¦ extþesomrab

¬Rsukesomrab¦ extþtaEkv ¬RsuksMerag nigRsuk)aTI¦ extþkMBg;FM ¬RsuksnÞúk¦ extþkMBg;cam ¬Rsuk)aFay¦.

99

GFikarkic©kt;smÁal;faeKalneya)ay RPF minRtUv)aneKGnuvtþkñúgGMLúg eBlénkarGnuvtþKeRmageT

edayBicarNaeTAelIvisalPaBRKbdNþb;rbs;vacMeBaHdIrdæ.

281> skmµPaBfµI²rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg. eyagtamRbPBepSg² karbeNþjecjedaybgçM)aneLIgdl;kMBUl

enAqñaM 2009 enAeBlEdlmanTItaMgcMnYn 26 kEnøg manRbCaCncMnYn 27000 nak; RtUv)aneKbeNþj

ecjedaybgçM. enA Exmkra qñaM 2009 m®nþIÉkeTsÉkraCrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatimñak;)anehAkar

beNþjecjedaybgçMenAkm<úCafaCa {pñÚrkb;siTi§mnusS} ehIy)anesñIrsMu[mankarsg;dl;GñkEdl)anbg;

pÞHsMEbg nigpþl;CeRmIsCapÞHsMEbg.165

382> éf¶TI 16 Exkkáda qñaM 2009 bnÞab;BIebskkmµBinitüemIleLIgvijsRmab;karelIkkm<s;KeRmag

rkeXIjfa ehtukarN_enAbwgkk;manBak;B½n§nwgKeRmag LMAP fñak;RKb;RKg nigm©as;CMnYy9eTot )an

ecjesckþIEføgkarN_CasaFarN³mYy esñIrsMu[bBaÄb;karbeNþjecjRbCaCnRkIRkenATIRkugenARbeTs

km<úCa . manGgÁkarCati nigGnþrCati Cag 60 )an saTrcMeBaHesckþIRbkasenH.

383> fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak )anCMrabeTARkumGFikarrkic©fa enAExFñÚqñaM 2009 fñak;RKb;RKg)aneFVIkar

RsavRCavenAtamTItaMgedIm,IEsVgyl;fa etImankarRtYtKñarvagr)aykarN_karbeNþjecjEdleFVIeLIg

edayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al ehIysarB½t’man nigkarcuHbBa¢IdIlkçN³CaRbB½n§enAtMbn;EdlRKbdNþb;

edayKeRmag LMAP. RkumRtYtBinitürkeXIjfa bEnßmBIelIkarbeNþjecjenAtMbn;bwgkk;Edlva

b:HBal;dl;RbCaCnRbmaN 4250 RKYsar enAmanPUmicMnYn 20 eTot EdlRtUv)aneKRbkasCatMbn;

vinic½äy b:uEnþRbCaCnenAPUmiTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKbgçM[ecj b¤TTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg[cakecj. PUmiTaMg

20 enH manRbCaCnRbmaN 2600 RKYsar. RkumRtYtBinitüenHk¾)anrk eXIjfa KeRmagmin)an

biTRbkasCasaFarN³nUvkrNIcMnYnBak;kNþalelIkrNI 23 ehIyesÞIrEtRKb;krNITaMgGs; min)an

qøgkat;nItiviFIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIlkçNHCaRbB½n§eT. eyagtamkarRtYtBinitüenH )an[dwgfa enAeBlEdl

mankarbeNþjmYycMnYnekIteLIgelIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIdIrdæ EdlGHGagedayrdæaPi)aleKalneya-

)ay RPF min)anGnuvtþ ehIyesÞIrEtRKb;krNITaMgGs;Edlb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnBYkKat;min)anTTYl

sMNg b¤TTYl)ansMNgEdr b:uEnþmineqøIytbeTAnwgeKalneya)ay O.D 4.30 rbs;Fnakar

BiPBelaksþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAedaysµ½RKcitþ.

165

karbeNþjecjedaybgçM)anbnSl;TukRbCaCnramBan;nak;KñapÞHsMEbgRCkenAkm<úCa

enHebItamkarbriyayrbs;GñkÉkeTs GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdldkRsgecjBImNÐlB½t’manGgÁkarshRbCaCati èf¶TI 30

Ex mkra qñaM 2009. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29723&Cr=housing&Cr1=human+rights

100

285> minmankartamdan nigvaytémø[)anRKb;RKan;. DCA )anTamTarfaRbB½n§tamdan nigvaytémømYy

RtUvEtbegáIteLIgsRmab;KeRmagtaMgBIéf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM2002 . karRtYtBinitüemIlelIr)aykarN_

RtYtBinitüKeRmag)anbgðajfa RbB½n§tamdannigvaytémøminRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgeT rhUtdl;qñaM

2007. kñúgGMLúgeBlBinitüemIleLIgvijenABak;kNþalGaNtiþénKeRmag cab;BIéf¶TI27 ExkBaØa

dl;éf¶TI 11 Extula qñaM 2004 RbFanKeRmag)ankt;Rta nUvkarTamTar[begáItRbB½n§tamdannig

vaytémøCaRbB½n§nigrwgmaMmYysRmab;KeRmag LMAP [)ancb;rYcral;enAéf¶TI 31 Exmkra qñaM 2005 .

eRkaymkeTotmanebskkmµRtYtBinitücMnYnBIr KWmYyenAExmifuna nigmYyeTotenAExviciäka qñaM 2005

)ankt;RtadEdlfa minmanskmµPaBbegáItCaRbB½n§tamdannigvaytémøeT.

286> edaymankartamBinitüemIlelIkarTamTarenH eKalkarN_tamdannigkarvaytémømYy RtUv)anGnum½t

edayKeRmag LMAP enAExFñÚ qñaM2006 . ebskkmµRtYtBinitüKeRmagEdleFVIeLIgcab;BIéf¶TI 30

Ex]sPa dl;éf¶TI 8 Ex mifuna qñaM 2007 )anraykarN_fa KeRmag)ancab;epþImGnuvtþtamRbB½n§tamdan

nigvaytémøEdlmankarEktRmUvenH. EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vaminmaneBlevlaRKb;RKan;sRmab;

GnuvtþnUvGVIEdl)anknøghYs cab;taMgBIkarGnum½ténRbB½n§edIm,IvaytémøRbsiTi§PaBrbs;vaeT. dUcEdl

)anTTYlsÁal;edayKN³RKb;RKgfa ehtukarN_enAkNþalTIRkugPñMeBj enAtMbn;Rbkasvinic½äyEdlTak;

TinnwgmnusScMnYnCag 4000 RKYsar )anTajcMNab;Garmµrbs;BYkxøÜneday éfdnükñúgGMLúgeBlman

ebskkmµRtYtBinitKeRmagkalBIExmifuna qñaM 2008. karBinitümYycMeBaHr)aykarN_ ebskkmµ)an

bgðajfa minmanRbB½n§tamdannigvaytémøsRmab;KeRmagrhUtdl;qñaM 2007. RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIj

fa edaymankarxVHcenøaHRbB½n§tamdannigvaytémød¾rwgmaMmYysRmab;KeRmag fñak;RKb;RKgmin)andwg

GMBIbBaðad¾FM Edl)anekIteLIgcMeBaHKeRmag. karenHvamin)anRbtibtiþtameKalneya)ay OP/BP

13.05 eT.

101

CMBUk 4 ³ emeron nigbBaðaEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§

287> karesIubGegátenH)anbgðajGMBIbBaðaEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§énPaBBak;B½n§Edlkan;EteRcIneLIgeTAnwg

Rbtibtþikarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak. CMBUkenHBiPakSaGMBIbBaðaRbePTenHcMnYn3EdlRkumGFikarkic©cat;

Tukfa mansar³sMxan;CaBiess³ karRKb;RKghaniP½y karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIEdlCaviFIsaRsþynþkarEtmYy

nig bBaðaRbQménKeRmagRKb;RKgdI nigrdæ)al. eyIgsgÇwmfa karBiPakSaenH Gacpþl;nUvemeronCaeRcIn

Edl GacCYyBRgwgkarGnuvtþtameKalneya)aynaeBlGnaKt nigRbsiT§iPaBénkarGPivDÆCarYm.

288> karRKb;RKghaniP½y. karbegáItKeRmagdMbUg )anRbemIremIldl;yuT§saRsþcMruHmYy rYmbBa©ÚlTaMg

smasFatuCaeRcIn TaMgedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgbBaðaénkarKaMRTdl;CnRkIRk nigCngayrgeRKaH enAkñúgdMeNIr

karvinicä½ypg nigedIm,IbegáIntmøaPaB niglT§PaBBüakrN_TukkñúgkarkMNt;dIrbs;rdææpg. PAD )anTTYl

sÁal;famanhaniP½yx<s;b¤eRcInTak;TgeTAnwgkarsnµt;CaeRcIn Edl)ancat;Tukfa manlkçN³sMxan;cMeBaH

karseRmc)annUvTisedAEdl)ankMNt;Tuk. Ca]TahrN_ PAD )anbBa¢ak;fa manhaniP½yeRcInEdl

rdæaPi)al nwgxVHkarebþCJacitþkñúgkarFanafa ynþkardMeNaHRsayCMelaHdMeNIrkareTARbkbedayRbsiT§ipl

nigRtwmRtUv ehIycat;TukfaCaviFankarkat;bnßyhaniP½ymYyEdl {KeRmagenHnwgRtUvedIrfyeRkayvij

RbsinebI xVHkarebþCJacitþcMeBaHdMeNIrkaredaHRsayCMelaHd¾RtwmRtUvmYy}.

289> dUcEdl)anraykarN_enAkñúgCMBUk3 smasFatusMxan;²TaMgGs;ényuT§saRsþrbs;KeRmag EdlmaneKal

bMNgedIm,Ikat;bnßyhaniP½yenH RtUv)anBnüaeBlenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ )anGnuvtþedayEpñk b¤min)ancab;

epþIm. k¾b:uEnþ KeRmagEdlmankarelIkTwkcitþd¾skmµBIfñak;RKb;RKg )ancab;epþImbegáInkic©RbwgERbgedIm,I

seRmceKaledAnanaTak;TgeTAnwgkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i. kargarenHrYmman karbgðaj[dwgGMBIR)ak;Ex

sRmab;;buKÁlikEp¥kelIkarRbtibtþikargar. edayBicarNaelIdMeNIrkarbc©úb,nñ enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak

edIm,I bgðaj[dwgGMBIviFIsaRsþEbøkeKsRmab;;karpþl;R)ak;km©IsRmab;;karvinieyaKEp¥kelIkarvaytémø

haniP½y bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP KWCaemeronEdlmansar³sMxan;.

290> TImYy karerobcM LMAP RtUv)anKaMRTedaykarvaytémø ¬KWkarvaytémøsgÁm¦ elIesdækic©neya)ay

énkarRKb;RKgdIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwghaniP½yEdl)anBak;B½n§.

k¾b:uEnþ karyl;eXIjeRkayBIGVIEdl)anekIteLIg bgðajPsþútagfa KµanPaBCam©as;eBjeljeT enAkñúg

cMeNamPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgLayénviFIsaRsþcMruHenH EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg. GVIEdlemIleXIjfasmehtupl

enAelIRkdas lT§plTTYl)anmindUecñaHeT.

102

291> RkumGFikarkic©eCOfa FnaKarBiPBelakmantYnaTIGPivDÆd¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarpþl;hirBaØb,TanelIRbtibtþikar

EdlmanhaniP½yx<s; k¾b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP bgðajGMBIeRKaHfñak;énkareqøIytbeTAnwghaniP½y

nana tamry³karbegáItKeRmagmYyEdlmanlkçN³sµúRKsµajxøaMg. RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfasmas-

Fatu fµI²RtUv)andak;bEnßmkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkarerobcM eday)at;bg;nUvPaBc,as;las;GMBIrebobEdlEpñk

epSg² RtUv)ansnµt;fa manTMnak;TMngKñay:agl¥ nigKµankarBicarNaRtwmRtUvelIlT§PaBrbs;viFIsaRsþ

TaMgGs;.

292> TIBIr karRtYtBinitüemIlrbs; LMAP min)anBicarNaRKb;RKan;elIhaniP½ynanaEdlBak;B½n§enaHeT

RkumGFikarkic© dUcEdl)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgCMBUkxagedIm )anrkeXIjfa GñkCMnajxagsgÁmminRtUv)andak;

bBa©Úl eTAkñúgebskmµRtYtBinitüenaHeT eTaHbICamankþIkgVl;)anelIkeLIgenAkñúg PAD Tak;TgeTAnwgkar

karBarplRbeyaCn_CnRkIRk nigCngayrgeRKaHkþI. sBaØaRBmanBIGñksegátkarN_ÉkraCüCaeRcIn hak;dUc

CaminRtUv)anykmkBicarNaeT. kmµviFIsRmab;;karRtYtBinitüemIlplb:HBal;)ancab;epþImyWty:avNas;

CamYynwgkarsikSaCamUldæanenAkñúgTIRkugEdl)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM2007 KW5qñaMeRkayKeRmag)ancab;

epþIm. RkumGFikarkic¨minGacrkeXIjnUvÉksarkt;Rtarbs;fñak;RKb;RKgEdl)aneFVIkarts‘UmtielIkaryWt

y:avkñúgdMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ienaHeT edayrgcaMTal;EtmankarBRgIksmasFatudéT²EdlkMBugEtman

karGPivDÆyWt.

293> RkumGFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;fa ktþaCaeRcIneRkABIkarRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)anbgá[manPaBminesµIKña

enAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH k¾b:uEnþ bBaðaenHmin)anBnül; b¤eFVIyutiþkmµGMBIkgVHxatCak;Esþgrbs;yuT§saRsþRKb;RKg

haniP½yd¾rwgmaMsRmab;;KeRmagenHeT. CamYynwgyuT§saRsþEdlmanRsab;EbbenH BIkarcab;;epþImén

RbtibtþikarenH karlM)akbnÞab;rbs;KeRmag GacTMngCamantictYc.

294> karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idICaviFIsaRsþynþkarEtmYy. LMAP RsbKñamYynwgKeRmag RKb;RKgdIEdlmanRsab;

déT²eTotCaeRcIn RtUv)aneFVIyutþikmµ TaMgCameFüa)ayedIm,ICMrujkMeNInesdækic©pg nigTaMgedIm,Ikat;bnßy

PaBRkIRkpg tamry³karEklm¥snþisuxénkarkan;kab;dIFIøsRmab;;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH.

emeron nanaTTYl)anBI LMAP nigkaresIubGegátEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgdIFøIdéT²eTot bgðajfa karpþl;b½NÑ

kmµsiT§idI xøÜnÉgminGacRtUv)aneKrMBwgfa TTYlsÁal;TisedAénneya)aysgÁm nigesdækic©epSg²Kña enAkñúg

bribTenHeT. ebIBicarNaeTAelIÉkeTsrbs;RkumCMnaj va)anbgðajc,as;GMBIRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgtMbn;nana

EdlkarRbkYtRbECgdeNþImykdIFøImankRmitTab ehIykEnøgEdlCMelaHmankRmit k¾b:uEnþ KñaRbsiT§iPaB

ehIyenAkñúgkal³eTs³xøH vapÞúyBIGtßRbeyaCn_ nigenAkEnøgEdlskmµPaBenH GacbNþal[mankarekg

Rbv½Ba©GtßRbeyaCn_.

103

295> RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa PaBmann½yminc,as;las;EbbenHenAkñúgrcnabTKeRmag niglT§pl RtUv)an

elIkeLIgenAkñúgkarsikSaÉkraCü nigkarRtYtBinitürbs;buKÁlikmYycMnYn raykarN_EtBIrbIqñaMb:ueNÑaH

eRkay eBlKeRmag)ancab;epþIm. sBaØaénkarRBmanTaMgenH TMngCaminRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;xøaMgeT

rhUtTal;EtbBaða BKL køayCabBaðabnÞan;. eRkABIkarRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijelIemeronTaMgenHEdl)an

ekIteLIg KeRmagenH)ansMedAeTArkcMnucEtmYykan;EteRcIneLIg²eq<aHeTArkviFIsaRsþynþkarEtmYyEdl

vas;EvgPaBeCaKC½yTak;TgeTAnwgb½NÑkmµsiT§imYycMnYnEdl)anpþl;[. RbsiT§iPaBénviFIsaRsþenH

Tak;TgeTAnwgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk TisedATIBIr minEdlRtUv)aneKeFVIkaresIubGegáthµt;ct;enaHeT.

EmeronRbtibtþimYyKWfa karRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtþiGacRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlkarRtYtBinitü

emIlhµt;ct;elITisedAnig rcnabTrbs;KeRmag .

296> k¾b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP minKYrraraMgFnaKarBiPBelakmin[eFVIRbtibtþikarenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkugenaHeT

eTaHbICabTBiesaFn_enHpþl;Caeyabl;fa eKcaM)ac;RtUvykcitþTukdak;bEnßm[)aneRcInkñúgkarbegáItKeRmag

nigkmµviFInanaEdleqøIytbeTAnwgbribTkñúgRsukkIþ. bTBiesaFn_enHGnuvtþn ¾CaBiesscMeBaHKeRmagnana

EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarEklMGRbsiT§iPaB nigsmFm’ènTIpSardI nigTIpSarlMenAdæan enAkñúgtMbn;eFVInK

rUbnIykmµqab;rh½y.

297> bBaðaRbQmrbs;KeRmagRKb;RKgdI nigrdæ)al. edaysarEtRkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;;pgEdrenAkñúg

r)aykarN_rbs;xøÜnnaeBlfµI²sþIGMBIRbeTs)a:Nam:a KWKeRmagrdæ)aldIFøI karesIubGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©

elIKeRmagTaMgBIrenH)anKUsbBa¢ak;haniP½yCaeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgKeRmagRKb;RKgdI nigrdæ)al Edlbgðaj

fa KeRmagdIFøImanlkçN³sµúRKsµaj nigBi)akGnuvtþ[manRbsiT§iPaB ehIyCajwkjab; KWEtgEtmanPaB

cRmUgcRmas;Epñkneya)ay. karcUlrYmBak;B½n§kñúgeBlGnaKtenAkñúgKeRmagTaMgenH nwgTTYl)an

GtßRbeyaCn_ BIkarKaMRTEpñkbec©keTsEdlRtUv)anBRgwg karvaytémøelIhaniP½yRbtibtþikarEdlman

lkçN³CaRbB½n§ kan;EteRcIneLIg nighaniP½yénlkçN³esdækic©neya)ay nigkarEbgEckbuKÁlikEdl)an

bNþúHbNþalRKb;RKan; nigFnFan.

104

]bsm<½n§ 1 ³ taraglT§pl

bBaða kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg lT§plrkeXIjedayRkumGFikarkic©

karRbkasTamTar

EdlRBwtþikarN_enA

kñúg BKL RtUv)an

dak;bBa¢ÚnCabnþ

bnÞab; eTAkan;

LMAP

tamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa

{tMbn;vinicä½yRsHckKWCatMbn;mYyEdlKeRmag

enH kMBugGnuvtþkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIEdlman

lkçN³CaRbB½n§} ehIynItiviFInanasRmab;;kar

eFVIvinicä½yEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enH nigeKal

karN_ENnaMEpñkbrisßan nigsgÁmEdl)anÉk

PaBsRmab;; LMAP nwgykmkGnuvtþ.

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa tMbn; BKL

sßitenAkñúgextþEdlRKbdNþb;edayKeRma

gmYy ehIyRtUv)an RbkastMbn;vinicä½y

eRkam LMAP dUecñH skmµPaBnanaEdl

Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkar bBa¢ak;GMBIsiT§ikan;kab;

dI nigPaBCam©as; bnÞab;BIkarCUndMNwg

GMBIkareFVItMbn;vinicä½y manTMnak;TMngpÞal;

eTAnwgKeRmagenH. enH RsbKñaeTAnwg

eKalCMhrrbs;fñak; RKb;RKg.

karRbkasTamTar

EdlGñktaMgTIlMenA

enA BKL )an

bdiesF kar

eFVIvinicä½yelIkar

TamTarRTBüsm,tþi

rbs;xøÜneRkam

LMAP.

fñak;RKb;RKgRBmeRBogCamYyGñkesñIsMueday

)anbBa¢ak;fa {fñak;RKb;RKg)ansnñidæanfa nIti

viFIRtwmRtUvnana minRtUv)anGnuvtþtamenAkñúg

kareFVIvinicä½ykñúgtMbn;XMuRsHckenaHeT}.

eyagtamkareqøIytb)an[dwgfa GñktaMgTIlM

enAkñúgtMbn; BKL minRtUv)anpþl;»kas[

edIm,I bgðajnUvkarTamTarPaBCam©as;dIrbs;

BYkxøÜneT ehIyKµanPsþútagEdlmankarcUlrYm

manlkçN³tmøaPaBminRtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,I

kMNt;kareFVIcMNat;fñak;enAkñúgenaHeT. fñak;

RKb;RKg k¾)ankt;smáal;;pgEdrfa {dMeNIrkar

Edl)ancab;epþImeRkam LMAP Ca mYynwgkar

eFVItMbn;vinicä½y minRtUv)anbMeBj eTAtamnIti

viFIEdl)anRBmeRBogenaHeT}.

fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa {eyagtamB½t’manpþl;

[edaybuKÁlikrbs; MLMUPC enAkñúg

Exmifuna qñaM2008 )an[dwgfa enAkñúgPUmiCa

vaCaTsSn³rbs;RkumGFikarkic©Edlfa

EpñkCaeRcInéntMbn; BKLGacsmnwg

eFVIkarBicarNakñúgkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§I

sRmab;PaBCam©as;ÉkCneRkamnItiviFIén

kareFVItMbn;vinicä½yrbs; LMAP.

RkumGFikarkic©RBmRBagCamYyfñak;RKb;R

Kgfa GñktaMgTIlMenAenAkñúgtMbn; BKL

RtUv)an bdiesFn_minpþl;lT§PaB[

TTYl)annUv dMeNIrkareFVIkarvinicä½ysm

RsbmYysRmab;;TamTarnUvRTBüsm,tþirb

s;xøÜnenaHeT. RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa

GñktaMgTIlMenA enAkñúgtMbn;BKLRtUv)an

eFVIyutiþkmµeday rMBwgfakarRbkas

TamTarrbs;BYkeKedIm,IykdIenaHKWsmnw

gBicarNaeRkamkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idI

EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ehIyeRkABIenH

fakarRbkasTamTardIFøI TaMgGs;enA kñúg

XMunwgRtUv)aneFVIkarvinicä½yGnuelameTA

105

eRcInenA CuMvijtMbn; BKL manEtRBMRbTl;PUmi

b:ueNÑaH RtUv)ankMNt;kñúgkMLúgeBléndMeNIr

karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§

ehIyKµan karkMNt;RBMRbTl;edayEpñk

sRmab;buKÁlenaHeT. PaBCam©as;enAkñúgtMbn;

enHRtUv)aneK yl;fa nwgmanbgðajenAelI

Éksarkt;RtasUrieyadIfa {mindwg}. enHTMng

CakareFVIcMNat;fñak;mYy EdlCaTUeTARtUv)an

eRbIR)as;enAeBl EdldIsaFarN³rbs;rdæRtUv

)aneqøIytbkñúg kMLúgeBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑ

kmµsiT§i RBmTaMgenAeBlEdldIenaHsßitenA

eRkamCMelaHmYyEdl minGacedaHRsay)an

kñúgkMLúgeBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ienAÉ

fñak;mUldæan}.

fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa enAkñúgGtItkal

{karRtYtBinitüemIlelIviFankarkarBarsuvtßi

PaB nigviFankarsgÁmdéT²eTotKYrEtman

lkçN³rwgmaM>>> ehIyTTYlsÁal;fa kar

raykarN_GMBIkarRtYtBinitüsþIGMBIbBaðakarBar

rhUtdl;ebskmµkarBarfµIbMputenAkñúgBak;

kNþalqñaM 2009 GacRtUv)anEklm¥}.

enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)an

segçbpgEdrfaBYkeKmanEpnkarcat;viFankar

edIm,IEklm¥sßankarN_enH. fñak;RKb;RKg kt;

smÁal;fa TMnak;TMngrvagFnaKarBiPBelak

nigrdæaPi)alRtUv)anxUcxat edaysarEtkar

GPivDÆenACMuvijRBwtþikarN_ BKL ehIyEdl

rdæaPi)al)anbBa¢ak;mþgehIymþgeTotGMBIkar

tamnItiviFInana nigdMeNIr karnanasRmab;;

eFVIkarvinicä½yelIkarTamTar RTBüsm,tþi

edaymankaryl;RBmrvag rdæaPi)al

FnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆn¾nana

EdlKaMRTdl; LMAP.

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;;fa GnuRkitü

elx 46 nignItiviFIeFVIvinicä½yEdl)an

begáIteLIg eRkamLMAPmin)andak;

bBa©Úl x EcgsRmab;dkecjEpñknanaén

tMbn;vinicä½yEdl)anRbkasehIyenaHeT

dUecñHdMeNIr karenH)ancab;epþImeLIg

edayRsbc,ab;. RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;

smÁal;;pgEdrfa KµanÉksareyagenAkñúg

ÉksarKeRmag sMxan;² cMeBaHeKal-

karN_nanasRmab; kMNt; {tMbn;Edl

manCMelaH} b¤nItiviFI faetIRtUvdkecjnUv

tMbn;EbbenHecjBI karpþl;b½NÑkmµ

siT§iEdlmanlkçN³Ca RbB½n§y:agdUc

emþc.

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal; fa karseRmc

citþ minKaMRTniy½tkmµénkartaMgTIlMenA

eRkA pøÚvkareRkamKeRmagenH minRsbKña

Ca mYynwg ¬enAkñúgPADb¤kic©RBmRBag

\NTanGPivDÆn¾¦ karkMNt;niymn½yCa

pøÚvkarénBakü {GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚv

kar} {kartaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar} b¤

{GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;}. RkumGñk

CMnajyl;eXIjfa TisedAsMxan;rbs;

106

minÉkPaBrbs;xøÜnCamYynwgTMnak;TMngrvag

KeRmagenH nigkarbeNþjecjnUvtMbn;

BKL. rdæaPi)al)anlubecalnUvKeRmag enH

kalBI éf¶TI07 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 EdlCa

lT§plénkarminÉkPaBenH. eTaHbICafñak;

RKb;RKg rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak)ancg¥úl

bgðajeTArdæaPi)alfa katBVkic©rbs;xøÜneRkam

kic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn¾enH enAEtbnþ

rhUtdl;karbg;R)ak;eBjeljén\NTanenH

kþI k¾rdæaPi)al )anbnþminyl;RBmelIkar

GnuvtþskmµPaB Edl)anesñIeLIgedayfñak;

RKb;RKgrbs;Fna KarBiPBelakenaHEdr.

KeRmag KW ¬edayKµanRBMRbTl;EbgEck

cMNat;fñak;dIc,as;las;¦ edIm,IkMNt;

nItüanukUlPaBénkarTamTardIenaH rYm

bBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaCnEdlBIdMbUgemIleTA

hak;dUcCakMBugkan;kab;dIFøIedayxus

c,ab; tamry³dMeNIrkareFVIkarvinicä½y.

eTaHbICakarbBa¢ak;enAkñúgPADedIm,I

sRmbsRmYly:agCitsñiT§CamYykmµviFI

rbs; UNCHS/UNDPEdlRKb;RKg

Gñk taMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar nigGñktaMg

TIlMenA xusc,ab; RkumGFikarkic©Kµan

lT§PaBTTYl )annUvPsþútagkñúgkMLúg

eBleFVIkaresIub Gegátrbs;xøÜneT Edl

kic©sRmbsRmYl EbbenH b¤karKaMRT

EbbenHRtUv)anpþl; edayKeRmag dl;

kmµviFI UNCHS/UNDP munnwg

KeRmag enHRtUv)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM

2004. ehIyk¾KµanPsþútagpgEdr GMBI

karpøas;bþÚrviFIsaRsþTak;TgeTAnwgkartaMg

TIlMenAxusc,ab;eRkaykalbriecäTenH.

RkumGFikarkic©RBmRBagCamYylT§pl

rbs;ERM'sfakgVHxaténkarkMNt;Epn

TI dIrdæ)annaM[mankarkMNt;BitR)akd

éndI rdæ ¬saFarN³ nigÉkCn¦ edaymin

)an GnuvtþnUvdMeNIreFVIvinicä½yrbs;

LMAP.

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa rcnabTén

KeRmag manlkçN³minc,as;las;faetI

107

KeRmag nwgmanyuT§saRsþGVI TaMgTak;Tg

eTAnwgkarkMNt;yktMbn;nanasRmab;;kar

pþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIEdlmanlkçN³Ca

RbB½n§ ¬KW tMbn;vinicä½y¦ ehIyedaHRsay

CMelaHnanarvagsßab½nrbs;rdæ nigbuKÁl

ÉkCnnanakñúg kMLúgdMeNIrkareFVIkar

vinicä½y.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa PaBminc,as;

las;TaMgenHenAkñúgrcnabTKeRmag

edayEpñk )anbNþal[manplb:HBal;

EdlGñkesñIsMukMBugEtCYbRbTH. Ca

lT§plRkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa eTaHbI

CahaniP½ynanaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwg

KeRmag RtUv)ankMNt;rkeXIjy:agRtwm

RtUvk¾eday k¾fñak;RKb;RKgmin)anGnuvtþ

tamOMS2.20sþIGMBIkarvaytémøKeRma

g Tak;TgeTAnwgkaredaHRsayhaniP½y

TaMgenHEdr.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karRtYtBinitü

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgelIKeRmagenHsRmab;r

y³eBleRcInqñaM)anemIlrMlgbBaðasMxan;é

nkareFVIvinicä½yelIkarTamTarykdICa

lkçN³ÉkCnEdlrdæ)anRbkasyk.

karbraC½yrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgenH tam

TsSn³rbs;RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa

)ancUlrYmcMENk[manRBwtþikarN_enAkñúg

tMbn; BKLnigeFVI[mankarxUcxatEdl

GñkesñIsMukMBugCYbRbTH. karRtYtBinitü

108

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgelIbBaðasMxan;enHmin

)aneqøIytbeTAnwgt®mUvkarrbs;

OP/BP 13.05. enaHeT.

RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;

RKgxkxanmin)ancat;viFankarN_elI

B½t’manenAeBlEdlbBaðananaEdlkMBug

ekItmaneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;BKLRtUv)aneK

cab;GarmµN_CaelIdMbUg ehIyrkeXIjfa

karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgbBaða

enHminRsbKñaCamYynwgt®mUvkarrbs;

OP/BP 13.05 enaHeT.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karRtYtBinitü

emIlKeRmagnaeBlfµI²rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg

elIbBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIgtamkaresñIsMu

RsbKñaCamYynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;

FnaKarBiPBelaksþIGMBIkarRtYtBinitü

KeRmag OP/BP 13.05.

k¾b:uEnþ RkumGFikarkic©RBmRBagCamYynwg

karvaytémørbs;GñkesñIsMufa {vaKWCaPsþú

tagEdlbgðajfa cMNat;viFankarEdl

eFVIeLIgedayfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar

BiPBelak KWmanlkçN³yWteBkkñúgkar

Tb;sáat;plb:HBal;EdlkMBugekIteLIg

kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ}.

karRbkasTamTar

EdlGñktaMgTIlMenA

enAkñúgBKLRtUv)an

tamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg bBa¢ak;GH

Gagfa DCA )anTamTar[Gnuvtþ RPF

enAkñúg

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karseRmccitþ

edIm,IerobcMRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMg

TIlMenAsaCafµI RsbKñaCamYynwg x Ecg

109

eK[bþÚrTItaMgeday

bgçMtameKalneya

)ayEdl)anRBm

RBagsRmab;;kartaMg

TI lMenAeLIgvij

edaybgçM.

RBwtþikarN_énkarbeNþjecjBIdIrbs;rdæeRkam

EpñkénKeRmagenHEdl)anpþl;[sRmab;karpþ

l;b½NÑkmµsiT§iEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nig

mineTogTat;. fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa kar

pþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ielIEpñkrbs;KeRmag eday

sar EtbBaðakMhitEpñkhirBaØvtßú sßab½n

bec©keTs nigsmtßPaBFnFanmnusS®tUv )an

begáIteLIgedIm,I GnuvtþtamlMdab;lMedayenA

kñúgtMbn;vinicä½y Edl)aneRCIserIselIkdMbUg

ehIybnÞab;mk bnþeTATItaMgdéTeTot enA

eBlEdlTItaMgcas; RtUv)anbBa©b;. fñak;RKb;

RKgbEnßmfa karGnuvtþ RPF RtUv)aneKsnµt;

faedIrtamlMdab;énRBwtþikarN_dUcKña. dUecñH

fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa {vaRtUv)aneKBicarNa

y:agc,as;las;nighµt;ct;} EdlKeRmagenaH

minmanskmµPaB ehIy Edl RPF min)an

ykmkGnuvtþ.

Tak;TgeTAnwgtMbn; BKL CaBiess fñak;RKb;

RKgRBmRBagCamYyGñkesñIsMuTaMgLayfaRkb

xNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrEt

RtUv)anGnuvtþsRmab;karbþÚrTItaMgEdl)anekIt

eLIgenAkñúgXMuRsHck. dUcEdl)ankMNt;

c,as;las;enAkñúg DCA RPF RtUvEt)an

GnuvtþenAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énkarbeNþjecjBIdI

rdæEdlCalT§plénskmµPaBrbs;KeRmag

ehIy EpnkarskmµPaBtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij

Cak;lak; sRmab;tMbn;mYy KYrEtRtUv)anerobcM

eLIgsRmab;[FnaKarBiPBelakRtYtBinitü

emIleLIgvij nigGnum½t. fñak;RKb;RKg

éneKalneya)ayEdlGacGnuvtþ)an KW

OD4.30. RkumGFikarkic©pþl;eyabl;

dl; fñak;RKb;RKg[BRgIkTMhMénsßan

karN_ EdleKalneya)ayenHnwgGnuvtþ

qøúH bBa©aMg[eXIjGMBIkarKitKUrfµIenAkñúg

FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgeBlenaH EdlTak;

TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþd¾RtwmRtUvénviFankar

karBarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak. Rkum

GFikarkic©rkeXIjfa manPaBminc,as;

las;CaeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgrebobEdl

RkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAsa

CafµIRtUv)ancab;epþIm nigRtUv)anGnuvtþ

y:agNaenaH. RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa

karbegáItRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTI

lMenAsaCafµI mancMnucxVHxatEcgCa eRcIn

EdlrMBwgfamanenAkñúg OD4.30

EdlTak;TgeTAnwg {eKalkarN_eFVIEpn

kar karerobcMsßab½n niglkçniþk³énkar

begáIt}.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfakarcab;GarmµN_

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgcMeBaHplvi)aksgÁmén

karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idI rYmTaMgkarbeNþj

ecjEdlmanlkçN³skþanuBl KWKµan

lkçN³CaRbB½n§enaHeT ehIyTTYlrgpl

b:HBal;BIkarxVHxaténkarcab;GarmµN_BI

GñkCMnajkarBarsuvtßiPaBsgÁm. vaKWCa

bBaðaénkþI)armÖmYyEdlebskmµRtYtBinitü

CaeRcIn)ansnñidæanfa KµansßankarN_Edl

TamTar[GnuvtþviFankarkarBarsgÁm

110

ÉkPaBCa mYynwgGñkesñIsMunanafa eTaHbICa

vaminTan;manlkçN³ c,as;las;enAeLIyfa

etItMbn; BKL RtUv)anpþl;kmµsiT§ieTA[rdækþI

k¾kic©snüaCYlenaHEdlrdæaPi)al)an pþl;eTA

[GñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCnmYyenA elIdIenaHenAkñúg

qñaM 2007 bgðajGMBIkarseRmc citþd¾Bit

R)akd EdldIenaHKWCadIrbs;rdæ. tamTsSn³

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ³ {edIm,IdkecjnUv kar

Gnuvtþ RPF cMeBaHkarbeNþjecjenAkñúg

tMbn;vinicä½yKeRmag edaysardMeNIrkarvinic½äy

TMngCaminRtUv)anGnuvtþtamsRmab;eFVIkarsnñi

dæanrbs;xøÜn nigKµanb½NÑkmµsiT§ipøÚvkarRtUv

)anpþl;[kñúgnamCardæ vanwgpÞúyeTAnwgeKal

bMNg EdlsßitenAeRkamkarGnuvtþ RPF

dUcEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúg DCA}.

tamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg KWsMedAeTA

elIeKalCMhrrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlGHGagfa

tMbn; BKL minEmnCakþIkgVl;rbs;KeRmageT

eRBaHdI BKL minRtUv)anpþl;kmµsiT§ieTA[rdæ

tamry³ LMAP eT. enAeBlEdlfñak;RKb;

RKgCMTas;eTAnwgkarGHGagenHsRmab;ehtup

lCaeRcInEdl)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgkfax½NÐxa

g edIm fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa

{kgVHxatPaBCak;lak;enAkñúgÉksarKeRmag

nigkarKµankic©BiPakSalMGitGMBITMhMrbs; RPF

TaMgkñúgkMLúgeBlbegáItKeRmag b¤TaMgkñúg

eBlGnuvtþ GaceFVI[rdæaPi)alyl;dwgGMBI

katBVkic©rbs;xøÜn}. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anbBa¢ak;

pgEdrfa rhUtTal;EtRBwtþikarN_ BKL )an

nigbrisßanenaHeT rYmTaMg RPFpgEdr

Edl TMngCaKµankarRtYtBinitüedayhµt;

ct;elIbBaðaenH. RkumGFikarkic©rk

eXIjPsþútag enAkñúgÉksarkt;Rta

RtYtBinitüfafñak;RKb; RKgenAkñúgkal³

eTs³CaeRcIn )anelIk bBaðananaTak;Tg

eTAnwgkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ EdlBak;B½n§Ca

skþanuBleTAnwgkarGnuvtþ RPF.

RkumGFikarkic©pþl;eyabl;[FnaKar

BiPBelakbnþbBaðaeKalneya)ayd¾

lM)akenHenAkñúgbribTénRbeTskm<úCa

EdlmanlkçN³resIbEpñkneya)ay nig

sµúRKsµaj. k¾b:uEnþ kartamdanelIbBaða

TaMgenH manlkçN³minRKb;RKan; ehIy

)anbNþal[manbBaðaCaeRcInenAkñúg

tMbn; BKL. bBaðaenHminRsbCamYy

nwg x Ecgnanarbs; OP/BP13.05

sþIGMBI karRtYtBinitüKeRmagenaHeT.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfakarbraC½yrbs;

fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarFanadl;karGnuvtþ

RkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAsa

CafµI minRsbKñaCamYynwg OD4.30eT

nig CamYy OP/BP13.05 sþIGMBIkar

RtYtBinitüKeRmageT.

CarYmRkumGFikarkic©emIleXIjfafñak;RKb;

RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakKYrEtrk[

eXIjnUvbBaðaF¶n;F¶rnanaEdlRbCaBlrdæ

enAkñúgtMbn;BKL)anCYbRbTHenAkñúg

111

ekIteLIgTaMgfñak;RKb;RKg nigTaMgRksYgEdndI

min)anBicarNafa RbsinebIdMeNIrkarénkar

pþl;b½NÑkmµsiTi§min)anbBa©b;skmµPaBnana

GacekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½ymYyEdlGac

esñIsMu[mankarGnuvtþ RPF.

fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;faRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;

BKL)anTTYlrgnUvKMnab[bþÚrTItaMg nigfa

KµankarBieRKaHeyabl;RKb;RKan; b¤dMeNIrkar

crcaBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarbþÚrTItaMgenHeT. Tak;

TgeTAnwgsMNgEdl)anpþl;eTA[RbCaCn

fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa {vaemIleTATMngCa

fa kBa©b;Edl)anesñIeLIgenaH vaminesµIeTAnwg

GVIEdlRbCaCn)anTTYlBIkarGnuvtþrbs; RPF

enaHeT}. fñak;RKb;RKgkt;smÁal;facab;taMgBI

nItiviFI)anEcgenAkñúg RPF minRtUv)anGnuvtþ

kar vaytémøCak;lak;mYyelIPaBRtwmRtUv

nigPaBsmlµménkBa©b;sMNgEdl)anpþl;

[minGac RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenaHeT.

kareqøIytbenHk¾)anlMGitpgEdrGMBIkic©Rbwg

ERbgrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkic©

BiPakSapøas;bþÚreyabl;CamYyrdæaPi)alsþIGMBI

bBaðabeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug. kareqøIy

tbenHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkaresñIsMu[mankarp¥ak

elIkarbeNþjecjrg;caMrhUtTal;EtmaneKal

neya)aytaMgTIlMenAsaCafµIfñak;Cati nigkar

EklMGlkçxNÐéntMbn;taMgTIlMenAsaCafµI.

CaBiessfñak;RKb;RKg)anpþl;enAkarKaMRT

rbs;xøÜnedIm,IEklMGlkçxNÐrs;enA nigCIvPaB

dMNak;kaledImdMbUg nigKYrBicarNaGMBI

viFankarEdlsmrmü. karxkxanmin

)aneFVIdUecñH KWminGnuelameTAtameKal

neya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksþIGMBI

karRtYtBinitüKeRmagenaHeT.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa RPF CaTUeTA

GnuelameTAtam OD4.30. k¾b:uEnþ man

kgVHxatGMBIkarENnaMcMeBaHkarsþareLIg

vijnigskmµPaBsþarR)ak;cMNUleLIgvij

EdleyageTAtam RPF KYrEtRtUv)an

lMGitenAkñúgEpnkartaMgTIlMenAsaCafµI.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa dMeNIrénkar

GnuvtþkarbeNþjenAkñúgtMbn; BKL

kRmiténkarTUTat;sMNg nigbTdæan

éntMbn;taMgTIlMenAsaCafµI minRsbeTA

tameKal karN_Edl)andak;ecjeday

RPF nig Bak;B½n§eTAnwgxEcgnanarbs;

OD4.30 enaHeT.

112

rs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk;Edl

)aneRCIserIstaMgTIlMenAsaCafµIenAkñúgtMbn;

eRkAraCFanIPñMeBj.

karRbkasTamTar

EdldMeNIrpþl;b½NÑ

kmµsiT§iGnum½teday

KeRmag

eFVI[cuHexSay

siT§ikan;kab;dIEdl

manBImunmk

tamkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa

{vamanlkçN³minR)akdRbCafaetIBakü

'siT§iCaRbéBNI ' kMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;}.

eyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg)an[dwgfa lkçN³

sMxan;énc,ab;dIFøIqñaM2001bgðajfasiT§iénPaB

Cam©as;RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;fa Gacpøas;bþÚr)an

eTACab½NÑkmµsiT§ipøÚvkar RbsinebIeqøIytbeTA

nwglkçxNÐBitR)akd. fñak;RKb;RKgkt;

smÁal;;fa karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§iKYrEtBRgwg

siT§iPaBCa m©as;EdlmankarTTYlsÁal;eRkam

c,ab;PUmi)al. k¾b:uEnþ fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa

{siT§iEdl manmkBImunGacRtUv)ansRmb

sRmYleday dMeNIrmYyCamYynwgcMnucxVHxa

nanaEdlCa PsþútagenAkñúgkrNIénkar

eFVIvinicä½yenAkñúgXMuRsHck rYmTaMgkarKµankar

seRmccitþEdlmantmøaPaB Ep¥kelIlkçnþik³

nigGacRtYtBinitü emIleLIgvij)an faetIdI

Edlminc,as;las; enaHKWCadIsaFarN³rbs;

rdæb¤y:agNa.}

RkumGFikarkic©kk;smÁal;fa KeRmag

)anpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_y:agBitR)akddl;

RkumRKYsarRbEhl1lanRKYsar nig

TTYlsÁal;smiT§ipld¾sMxan;enHrbs;

LMAP.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa cMnucexSayén

karbegáItKeRmag enH)annaM[mankarmin

dak;bBa©ÚldI edaybMBanelIdMeNIrkarpþl;

b½NÑkmµsiT§i ehIyfadMeNIrkarenH)an

bdiesFGñktaMgTIlMenACaBiessRbCaCn

RkIRk nigRbCaCngayrgeRKaH »kaskñúg

karTamTar nigeFVI[siT§iEdlmanBImunmk

rbs;BYkeKkøayeTACapøÚvkar tamry³

dMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkamLMAP.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfafñak;RKb;RKgxk

xanmin)anTTYlsÁal;Baküfa 'GñktaMgTI

lMenAxusc,ab;' nig 'kartaMgTIlMenAeRkA

pøÚvkar' manlkçN³stüanum½trhUtTal;

EtRtUv)ankMNt;Cak;lak; tamry³dMeNIr

énkareFVIvinicä½y.

kMhusénkarbegáItKeRmag TaMgenH)an

eFVI[mankarlM)aksRmab;;fñak;RKb;RKg

rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgkarseRmc)an

TisedAKeRmag Edl)ankMNt;Tak;TgeTA

113

nwgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarpþl;

snþisuxkñúgkarkan;kab;dIFøIsRmab;RbCaCn

RkIRk nigminGnuvtþtam OMS2.20

enaHeT.

RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfaminmanviFan

karTaMgGs; RtUv)anbegIáteLIgy:ag

Cak;lak; edIm,IKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRk

nigRbCaCn gayrgeRKaHRtUv)anGnuvtþ

eTAtamEpnkarenaHeT. RkumGFikar

kic©rkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)an

BinitütamdanemIl RKb;RKan;elIkar

ebþCaJcitþrbs;KeRmagkñúg karBRgwgkar

yl;dwgCasaFarN³ nigkar cUlrYmrbs;

shKmn_enaHeT EdlFana dl;karkarBar

pøÚvc,ab;dl;GñktaMgTIlMenA Edl)an

RbQmeTAnwghaniP½yénkarbeNþj

ecj nigpþl;lT§PaBRKb;RKan; dl;

ynþkaredaHRsayCMelaH. bBaðaenH min

GnuelameTAtam OP/BP13.05 enaH

eT.

karRbkasTamTar

EdlshKmn_déT

eTotenAkñúgextþEd

lRKb;dNþb;eday

KeRmag kMBug CYb

RbTHkarbeNþj

ecjedaybgçM.

enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgTTYl

sÁal;fa {GsnþisuxénsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIbnþCa

bBaðasMxan;mYyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa} nigfakar

ekIneLIgfµI²éntémødI)annaM[mankareKob

sgát;ekIneLIg {CaBiesselIshKmn_gayrg

eRKaHEdlkMBugrs;enAelIdIEdlcat;TukfaCadI

saFarN³rbs;rdæ}. fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa

xøÜn {\LÚvenHdwgGMBItMbn;déTeTotEdl)an

Rbkaskarvinicä½yeRkamKeRmagenHEdlRKYsar

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa karbeNþj

ecjedaybgçMminEmnCaerOgfµIeTenAkñúg

RbeTskm<úCa ehIydUcEdl)ankt;

smÁal; enAkñúgkarvaytémøGMBIPaBRkIRk

rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakenAkñúgRbeTs

km<úCa )ankMBug bnþeFVIenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj

cab;taMgBImunerobcMKeRmagenH.

EdaysarEtKeRmag enH)andak;bBa©Úl

nUvkartaMgTIlMenAkñúg TIRkugsMxan;²

114

nanaRtUv)aneKbeNþjecj b¤RtUv)aneKKMram

kMEhgbeNþjecj}. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)ankt;

smÁal;;pgEdrfa {enAmankarKMramkMEhgCa

bnþelIkarpøas;bþÚrm©as;dI nigkarbeNþjecj

sRmab;shKmn_gayrgeRKaH}.

fñak;RKb;RKgsegçbGMBIviFankarnanakñúgkar

edaHRsaykþIkgVl;TaMgenH edaykt;smÁal;fa

{RkumkargarkMBugEtRbmUlB½t’manedIm,IeFVIGtþ

sBaØaNkmµkrNIskþanuBldéT²eTotrbs;

shKmn_nanaEdlGacnwgRtUv)aneKbeNþj

BItMbn;vinicä½yedayKµankarGnuvtþ RPF Rtwm

RtUv}. fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa {rhUtmkdl;

éf¶TI 29 Extula qñaM2009 krNIskþanuBl

cMnYn8krNIRtUv)anrkeXIj rYmmanTaMgPUmi

cMnYn10 ¬b¤EpñkCaeRcInkñúgcMeNamenaH¦}.

eRkABIenHfñak;RKb;RKgGHGagfa cab;taMgBIEx

emsaqñaM2009mk xøÜn)anGMBavnavmþgehIy

mþgeTot[rdæaPi)alp¥akkarbeNþjecjeday

bgçM {enAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj nigtMbn;déT

eTot}.

rYmTaMgraCFanIPñMeBj kñúg cMeNamextþ

EdlRKb;dNþb;edayKeRmag bBaða

enHKWCahaniP½yCak;lak;EdlTak; TgeTA

nwgekrþ×eQµaHrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa rcnabT

KeRmag min)aneqøIytbRKb;RKan;

eTAnwgbBaðasMxan;enH nighaniP½yEdl

Tak;TgeTAnwg ekrþ×eQµaHenHeT.

eTaHbICamanlT§plc,as;las;énkar

RtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijÉkraCü niglT§

pldUcKñaenAkñúgr)aykarN_RtYtBinitü

rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgEdlbgðajGMBIPaBmin

RKb;RKan;énynþkaredaHRsayCMelaHenaH

kþI CaBiessenAeBlEdlmanPaKIEdl

manGMNacEdl)ancUlrYm k¾fñak;RKb;RKg

rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakmin)ancat;viFan

karrwgmaMedIm,IedaHRsayplb:HBal;

GviC¢manTaMgenHEdr. karRtYtBinitüemIl

eLIgvijelIr)aykarN_RtYtBinitübgðaj

faKµanRbB½n§RtYtBinitü nigvaytémø

sRmab; KeRmagenHrhUtdl;qñaM2007.

RkumGñk CMnajrkeXIjfa edaysar

EtkgVHxaténRbB½n§RtYtBinitü nigvay

témørwgmaMsRmab; KeRmagenH fñak;dwknaM

rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak min)andwgGMBI

bBaðaCak;lak;nanaEdl ekItecjBIKeRmag

enHeT. krNIenHmin )anGnuelam

eTAtam OP/BP13.05 eT.

115

RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa eTaHbICaman

ÉksarCaeRcInbgðajfa RKYsarCak;lak;

mYycMnYnRtUv)anTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviC¢

mank¾eday k¾eKmin)andwgGMBITMhMénpl

b:HBal;GviC¢manelIRKYsarnanaEdlkMBug

rs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yenaHEdr. Rkum

GFikarkic©mankþI)armÖy:agxøaMgGMBIcMnYn

mnusS d¾eRcInEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj

edaybgçM bþÚrTItaMgedaybgçM b¤sßitenA

eRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþj

ecjenAkñúg tMbn;KeRmag .

116

]bsm<½n§ 2³ CIvRbvtiþ

RkumsmaCikGFikarkic©

elak rU:ebItU ELntun (Roberto Lenton) ¬CnCatiGasg;Tin¦RtUv)anEtgtaMgCasmaCikRkumGFikarkic©enA

ExkBaØa qñaM 2007 ehIy)ankøayeTACaRbFanRkumGFikarkic©enAExviciäkaqñaM 2009. elakTTYl)ansBaØab½Rt

visVksIuvilBIsaklviTüal½y Buenos Aires nigsBaØab½RtbNÐitBIviTüasßanbec©keTs m:asaCusest

(Massachusetts). edaysar elakmanCMnajxagFnFanTwk nigkarGPivDÆRbkbedaynirnþrPaB CamYynwg

bTBiesaFn_GnþrCati 30 qñaM elIvis½yenH elakRtUv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFanRkumRbwkSashRbtibtiþkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk

nigGnam½y ehIyCasmaCikRkumRbwkSanaykén CMnYyEpñkTwkGaemrik (WaterAid America) bnÞab;eTotelak

TTYltMENgCaRbFanKN³kmµkarbec©keTsénPaB CaédKUTwkskl (Global Water Partnership) rhUtdl;

ExkkádaqñaM 2009 . elak ELntun CashniBn§esovePAmYy mancMNgeCIgfa Applied Water Resources

Systems ¬karGnuvtþeTAtamRbB½n§FnFanTwk¦ ehIyelakk¾CashniBn§ esovePAEdlmancMNgeCIgfa

“Integrated Water Resources Management in Practices,” ¬smahrNkmµkar RKb;RKgFnFan

TwkeTAkñúgkarRbtibtiþ¦ elakk¾dwknaMRkumniBn§esovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa health, Dignity and

Development: What will it Take? ¬suxPaB esckþIéføfñÚ nigkarGPivDÆ³ etIeRCIserIsykmYyNa?¦ ehIy

r)aykarN_cugeRkayénRkumkargarKeRmagshsvtSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati sþIBITwknigGnam½y KWelakk¾Ca

shRbFanEdr. munenaH elak ELntun CanaykEpñkfamBl nigbrisßanRbkbedaynirnþrPaB rbs;kmµviFI

GPivDÆn_GgÁkar shRbCaCati (UNDP) enATIRkug jÚy:k ehIyCaGKÁnaykviTüasßanRKb;RKgTwkGnþrCati

enARbeTsesrILaMgka nigm®nþIkmµviFIenAkñúgkmµviFIPaBRkIRknigFnFanenACnbTénmUlniFi Ford EdlmanTItaMg

enARkugjÚedlI nigTIRkugjÚy:k . elak)anbMerIkarCasa®sþacarüCMnYyenAEpñkkic©karGnþrCati nigsaFarN³

enAsaklviTüal½ykULÚmbU nigCaCMnYykar sa®sþacarü EpñkvisVkrsIuvil nigbrisßanenAviTüasßan MIT .

elak GhV eCIv (Alf Jerve) ¬CnCatiN+ev¦ )anEtgtaMgCaRkumkargarGFikarrkic©enAExviciäkarqñaM 2008 . elak

eCIv )anBaMnaM[RkumGFikarkic©nUvbTBiesaFn_kargarCit3TsvtSr_elIEpñkGPivDÆn_. karTTYl)ankarGb;rMxagnrviTU

sgÁm elak)ancUlrYmya:gTUlMTUlaykñúgskmµPaBGPivDÆn_ edayrYmTaMgkarsikSaRsavRCavRbkbedaysIuCMerA

enAtMbn; GaRhVik nigGasIu. kñgcMeNamkargarEdlelakTTYlbnÞúk KWelak)aneFVIkarCit 3 qñaM enARbeTs

tan;saejó CamYy nwgPñak;garN+evsRmab;kic©shRbtibtiþkaredIm,IGPivDÆn_ mantYnaTICaGñksRmbsRmYlkmµviFI

GPivDÆn_CnbT. BIqñaM 1993 dl; qñaM 1995 elakTTYlbnÞúksRmab;edaHRsaybBaðakarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nig

karsßareLIgvijenAkñúgKeRmag mYyenARbeTs bg;køaeds enAeBlenaHelakTTYl)ankargarBIFnaKarBiPBelak.

enAqñaM 1995 elak)ankøay eTACaCMnYykarnayk ehIyk¾)anbMerIkargarCanaykenAqñaM 2005 nig 2006

enAviTüasßan Christian Michelsen enARbeTsN+ev viTüasßanenHTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCatielIkarsikSaRsavRCav

117

EpñkGPivDÆn_ ehIyenATIenaH elak)ancMNayTaMgkMlaMgkay nigCMnaj edIm,IsikSaRsavRCavnigviPaKelIEpñkCa

eRcInénbBaðaeKalneya)ay nigkmµviFI Edlb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. kñúgry³eBlb:unµan

qñaMenaH elak)ancUlrYmya:geRcInCamYynwgKN³ kmµkarvaytémøedayÉkraC edayPñak;garGPivDÆn_eTVPaKI nig

BhuPaKI ehIyelakk¾CasmaCikmñak;énRkumCMnajkar (Roster of Experts) sRmab;kargarGFikarkic©enAFnakar

GPivDÆn_GasIu . elakTTYl)ansBaØab½RtGnubNÐitEpñk nrviTüasgÁmBIsaklviTüal½yebIEhÁn ehIyelak

TTYlbriBaØab½RtEpñkviTüasa®sþbrisßannigCIvviTüa. esovePArbs; elakKWepþateTAelIkarGPivDÆCnbT vimCÄkar

karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ehIyenAeBlfµI²enHKWeTAelIPaBCam©as;elI kic©shRbtibtiþkarCMnYysRmab;karGPivDÆ.

elakRsI eGmI va:taNaeb (Eimi Watanabe) ¬CnCatiCb:un¦ )anEtgtaMgCasmaCikRkumGFikarkic©enAéf¶TI 1

Ex viciäka qñaM 2009 . qøgtambTBiesaFn_kargar elakRsI va:taNaeb )anbgðajBIkarebþCJacitþedIm,Iyk mk

GnuvtþnUvkarviPaK k¾dUcCayuT§sa®sþcUlrYmedIm,IbegáItCakmµviFIGPivDÆn_mYyeLIg ehIymankMNt;Rtad¾rwgmaMmYy

cMeBaHkarshkarkargarCamYynwgGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil rdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarGPivDÆn_nana. edayTTYl)ankarGb;rM

EpñksgÁmsa®sþ elakRsI)ancUlrYmya:gTUlMTUlayenAkñúgvis½ysMxan;² TaMgenAkRmitKeRmag nigkRmiteKaln-

eya)ay edayrYmman karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk GPi)alkic© eynD½r suxPaB nigGaharrUbtmÖkumar GPivDÆn_

smtßPaB brisßan nigGenþaRbevsþn_GnþrCati. elakRsI va:taNeb TTYlsBaØab½RtGnubNÐit nigbNÐit BIsala

esdækic©TIRkugLúgd¾ nig )anTTYlbriBaØab½RtEpñksgÁmBIsalkviTüal½yRKisÞinGnþrCatienATIRkugtUküÚ. BIqñaM 1998

dl; qñaM 2001 elak RsI)anbMerIkarCaCMnYkarGKÁelxaFikar nigCanaykkariyal½yEpñkeKalneya)ay

GPivDÆn_énkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNDP) . muneBlenaH elakRsI KWCaGñksRmbsRmYlGgÁkar

shRbCaCati nigCatMNag UNDP RbcaM RbeTsbg;køaeds ehIyCatMNagGgÁkar UNICEF RbcaMRb

eTs\NÐa. naeBlfµI²enH elakRsI)anbMerIkargarCa smaCikmñak; kñgKN³kmµkarpþl;eyabl;yuT§sa®sþ nig

svnkmµ énkariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatisRmab;esvaKeRmag. elakRsI va:taNaeb naMmk[RkumGFikarkic©nUv

bTBiesaFn_rbs;Kat;Cag 30 qñaM kñúgvis½yGPivDÆn_.

---

TIRbwkSaCMnaj

elak eCIRhVI Epn (Geoffrey Payne) KWCaTIRbwkSaEpñkxagGPivDÆn_pÞHsMEbg nigTIRkug edaybTBiesaFn_

ry³eBl 4 TsvtSmkehIyenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. elak)anbMerIkargarCaTIRbwkSa karRsavRCav nig

karbNþúHbNþalenAesÞI RKb;EpñkénBiPBelaksRmab;Pñak;garGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn nigbeRgónedaypÞal;cMeBaHkRmit

eRkay]tþm nigkmµviFIbNþúH bNþalÉkeTsenAsßab½nGb;rMnaMmuxeKenARbeTsGg;eKøs nigenAbNþaRbeTskMBug

GPivDÆn_mYycMnYneTot.

118

elak eCIRhVI (Geoffrey Payne) )anbegáIt GPA (www.gpa.rog.uk) enAqñaM 1995 ehIy)ane)aH

BumÖÉksarTak;Tin eTAnwgpÞHsMEbg eKalneya)aydIFøI siTi§elIkmµsiTi§ Rkbx½NÐc,ab;nana nigPaBCaédKUrvag

saFarN³nigÉkCn. elak KWCaRkumRbwkSaPi)almUlniFisMNg;GaKar nigpÞHsgÁmkic© nigCaGñkRbwkSaxageRkAdl;

RkumRbwkSaRbeTsGg;eKøs nigCashesvinénraCasil,³sgÁm nigraCasgÁmGasIu. elakCasmaCikbegáItbNþaj

GPivDÆn_eRkayeRKaHmhnþray (DFDN: www.developmentfromdisasters.net) ehIyk¾CasmaCikén RIBA

shKmn_cMeNHdwgsRmab;karGPivDÆ nigCMnYyseRgÁaHeRKaHmhnþrayénRkumÉkeTs. ÉkeTsrbs;elakeCIRhVI

rYmman kmµsiTi§dIFøIenAtMbn;TIRkug nigsiTi§elIkmµsiTi§ eKalneya)aypÞHsMEbg nigEpnkarKeRmag eKalkarN_

bTdæanc,ab;sRmab;karGPivDÆtMbn;TIRkug nigkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigksagsmtßPaB. RbFanbTsñÚlén

kargarrbs;elakKWTak;TgeTAnwgksagsmtßPaBenA mUldæan edIm,IelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆsgÁm nigesdækic© nigkat;

bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;RbCaCnenATIRkug.

CamYynwgkarshkarN_CamYyGñkRsavRCavenAmUldæan elak eCIRhVI )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavelIbBaðakmµsiTi§dIFøI

enARbeTsmYycMnYn edayrYmTaMgRbeTskm<úCa edaymankarBinitüemIl mYyeFVIeLIgenAcenøaHqñaM 2003 nig

2004. karRsavRCavenHepþatelIEtTIRkugPñMeBj nigmankarsÞg;mtiya:gTUlMTUlay nigmankrNIsikSamYycMnYn

ehIy)anbBa©b;edayeFVIsikçasalamYy nigr)aykarN_kMNt;CeRmIseKalneya)ay mYycMnYnsRmab;karpøas;bþÚr

nana.

http://www.developmentfromdisasters.net/