o que é a biodiversidade? - ulisboa · população recursos e ambiente ... isto inclui a...
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O que é a biodiversidade?
População Recursos e Ambiente
A biodiversidade
Biodiversidade é a variabilidade entre os organismos vivos de todas as fontes, inter alia, meio terrestre, meio marinho, e outros ecossistemas aquáticos e os complexos ecológicos de que esses organismos fazem parte; isto inclui a diversidade dentro de cada espécie, entre espécies e entre ecossistemas (Nações Unidas 1992: Artigo 2).
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Os diferentes níveis da biodiversidade
Ecossistemas
Espécies
Populações
Genes
Importância dos diferentes níveis da biodiversidade
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Evolução
Selecção estabilizadora Selecção direccional Selecção disruptiva
Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface
Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud
Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation
Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air
Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds
Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish
Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak
Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans
Knot (a sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide
Herring gull is a tireless scavenger
Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates
Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches
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Factores
Temperatura Pluviosidade Área Biodiversidade
regional Riqueza de outros
taxa
Latitude Altitude
Popu
latio
n Si
ze
Low High Temperature
Zone of intolerance
Zone of physiological stress
Optimum range Zone of physiological stress
Zone of intolerance
No organisms
Few organisms
Lower limit of tolerance
Abundance of organisms Few
organisms No
organisms
Upper limit of tolerance
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Cell 3 South
Cold, dry air falls
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 2 South
Cool, dry air falls
Cell 1 South
Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain
Cell 1 North
Cool, dry air falls
Cell 2 North
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 North Cold, dry air falls
Polar cap Arctic tundra
60°
30°
0°
30°
60°
Polar cap
Evergreen coniferous forest
Temperate deciduous forest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
Equator Tropical rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland
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Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)
Temperate grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Tropical savanna, thorn forest
Tropical scrub forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest
Desert
Ice
Mountains (complex zonation)
Semidesert, arid grassland
Tropic of Capricorn
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Mountain Ice and snow
Altitude
Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest
Tropical Forest
Deciduous Forest
Tropical Forest
Deciduous Forest
Coniferous Forest
Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)
Polar ice and snow
Latitude
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Wind
Movement of surface water
Diving birds
Nutrients
Upwelling
Fish
Zooplankton Phytoplankton
Producer to primary consumer
Primary to secondary consumer
Secondary to higher-level consumer
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Fungi
Bacteria
Golden eagle
Prairie dog
Blue stem grass Blue stem grass
Coyote Coyote
Grasshopper Grasshopper
Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper sparrow
Pronghorn antelope Pronghorn antelope
Prairie coneflower Prairie coneflower
Figure 6-24 Page 117
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A distribuição da biodiversidade
Riqueza específica por país corrigida pela área (plantas vasculares e vertebrados terrestres)
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Anfíbios e répteis Pteridófitas
Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora
Biodiversidade
Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora
Análise Canónica Insubstitubilidade
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Transgénicos
Crop
Crossbreeding
Desired trait (color)
Apple Pear
Offspring
Crossbreeding
Best results
New offspring
Desired result
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Phase 1 Make Modified Gene
Identify and extract gene with desired trait
Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait
Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli
Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3)
Insert modified plasmid into E. coli
Grow in tissue culture to make copies
cell gene
DNA
plasmid
E. coli DNA
Genetically modified plasmid
plasmid
Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell
Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier
agrobacterium
Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell
Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle
Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell
A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium)
Plant cell
Nucleus
Host DNA
Foreign DNA