O SISTEMA CONSTITUCIONAL NEOZELANDÊS

passado, presente e futuro

MAORI

Organização político-social das tribos:

• Tribo – IWI• Clã – HAPU• Família - WHANAU

• Sábios – ARIKI• Chefes hereditários dos Clãs – RANGATIRA

MORIORI

• Nunuku’s Law

Percurso Histórico

Abel Tasman 1642

James Cook 1769

Bandeira e Declaração

1833 - James Busby

1834 - Bandeira das Tribos Independentes da Nova Zelândia

1835 – Declaration of Independence

uniformização tribal

regulamentação das relações entre europeus e o povo Maori

ameaça de declaração de soberania francesa

Declaration of Independence of New Zealand

1. We, the hereditary chiefs and heads of the tribes of the Northern parts of New Zealand, being assembled at Waitangi, in the Bay of Islands, on this 28th day of October, 1835, declare the Independence of our country, which is hereby constituted and declared to be an Independent State, under the designation of The United Tribes of New Zealand.

2. All sovereign power and authority within the territories of the United Tribes of New Zealand is hereby declared to reside entirely and exclusively in the hereditary chiefs and heads of tribes in their collective capacity, who also declare that they will not permit any legislative authority separate from themselves in their collective capacity to exist, nor any function of government to be exercised within the said territories, unless by persons appointed by them, and acting under the authority of laws regularly enacted by them in Congress assembled.

3. The hereditary chiefs and heads of tribes agree to meet in Congress at Waitangi in the autumn of each year, for the purpose of framing laws for the dispensation of justice, the preservation of peace and good order, and the regulation of trade; and they cordially invite the Southern tribes to lay aside their private animosities and to consult the safety and welfare of our common country, by joining the Confederation of the United Tribes.

4. They also agree to send a copy of this Declaration to His Majesty, the King of England, to thank him for his acknowledgement of their flag; and in return for the friendship and protection they have shown, and are prepared to show, to such of his subjects as have settled in their country, or resorted to its shores for the purposes of trade, they entreat that he will continue to be the parent of their infant State, and that he will become its Protector from all attempts upon its independence.

Tratado de Waitangi

Capitão William Hobson

6 de Fevereiro de 1840

Mais de 500 assinaturas de chefes Maori

Soberania vs Proteção

“Sovereignty” “Rangatiratanga”

Treaty of Waitangi

Article the first [Article 1]The Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand and the separate and independent Chiefs who have not become members of the Confederation cede to Her Majesty the Queen of England absolutely and without reservation all the rights and powers of Sovereignty which the said Confederation or Individual Chiefs respectively exercise or possess, or may be supposed to exercise or to possess over their respective Territories as the sole sovereigns thereof.

Article the second [Article 2]Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and to the respective families and individuals thereof the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties which they may collectively or individually possess so long as it is their wish and desire to retain the same in their possession; but the Chiefs of the United Tribes and the individual Chiefs yield to Her Majesty the exclusive right of Preemption over such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to alienate at such prices as may be agreed upon between the respective Proprietors and persons appointed by Her Majesty to treat with them in that behalf.

Article the third [Article 3]In consideration thereof Her Majesty the Queen of England extends to the Natives of New Zealand Her royal protection and imparts to them all the Rights and Privileges of British Subjects.

Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand

• 1840

• “Crown colony”

• individualiza a gestão e administração da colónia neozelandesa

• Conselho Executivo• Governador• Secretário Colonial• Procurador-Geral• Tesoureiro

• Conselho Legislativo

New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

An Act to make further Provision for the Government of the New Zealand Islands

• Mecanismos de representação política

• Corporações Municipais

• Duas províncias principais: New Ulster e New Munster

• Conselho Executivo: Assembleia e Vice-governador

• Assembleias bicamerais: Câmara dos Representantes e Conselho Legislativo

• Assembleia Geral

New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

An Act to Grant a Representative Constitution to the Colony of New Zealand

2. The following Provinces are hereby established in New Zealand; namely, Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago; and the limits of such several Provinces shall be fixed by Proclamation by the Governor as soon as conveniently mav be after the Proclamation of this Act in New Zealand.

3. For each of the said Provinces hereby established, and for every Province hereafter to be established, as hereinafter provided, there shall be a Superintendent and a Provincial Council; and the Provincial Council of each of the said Provinces hereby established shall consist of such number of members, not less than nine, as the Governor shall by Proclamation direct and appoint

18. It shall be lawful for the Superintendent of each Province, with the advice and consent of the Provincial Council thereof, to make and ordain all such laws and ordinances (except and subject as hereinafter mentioned) as may be required for the peace, order, and good governmen

32. There shall be within the colony of New Zealand a General Assembly, to consist of the Governor, a Legislative Council, and House of Representatives.

New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

53. It shall be competent to the said General Assembly (except and subject as hereinafter mentioned) to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of New Zealand, provided that no such laws be repugnant to the law of England;

71. And Whereas it may be expedient that the laws, customs, and usages of the aboriginal or native inhabitants of New Zealand, so far as they are not repugnant to the general principles of humanity, should for the present be maintained for the government of themselves, in all their relations to and dealings with each other (…)

73. It shall not be lawful for any person other than her Majesty, her heirs or successors, to purchase, or in anywise acquire or accept, from the aboriginal natives, land of or belonging to, or used or occupied by them in common as tribes or communities, or to accept any release or extinguishment of the rights of such aboriginal natives in any such land as aforesaid;

79. It shall be lawful for her Majesty, by any such letters patent aforesaid, or instructions under her Majesty's Signet and Sign Manual, or signified through one of her Majesty's principal Secretaries of State, to delegate to the Governor any of the powers hereinbefore reserved to her Majesty respecting the removal of Superintendents of Provinces, and the regulation of the sale, letting, disposal, and occupation, of waste lands, the establishment of municipal corporations, and the preservation of aboriginal laws, customs, and usages.

1893 – Lei Eleitoral de 1893

1975 – Treaty of Waitangi Act

“Preamble

Whereas on 6 February 1840 a Treaty was entered into at Waitangi between Her late Majesty Queen Victoria and the Maori people of New Zealand:

And whereas the text of the Treaty in the English language differs from the text of the Treaty in the Maori language:

And whereas it is desirable that a Tribunal be established to make recommendations on claims relating to the practical application of the principles of the Treaty and, for that purpose, to determine its meaning and effect and whether certain matters are inconsistent with those principles.”

Sistema Constitucional Neozelandês

O sistema jurídico neozelandês é derivado do sistema jurídico inglês e tem como fontes principais a Common Law e os Atos Legislativos

O sistema neozelandês é tripartido entre:

Divisão do Exercício de Poder

Chefe de Estado Neozelandês (Rainha Elizabeth II)

Governador – Geral

Função constitucional principal: Convidar o líder do partido maioritário a formar um governo.

Por convenção constitucional, é requerido ao Governador Geral que faça o que o Executivo lhe sugere.

Câmara dos Deputados (sistema unicameral)

120 membros do parlamento (MP’s)

Debater e aprovar a legislação, proporcionar um Governo, supervisionar a administração governamental, representar a população neozelandesa,

Legislativo - Parlamento

Divisão do Exercício de Poder

O Executivo conduz o Governo decidindo sobre as políticas e administrando as leis.

Todas as importantes decisões políticas e propostas legislativas provêm, ou são aprovadas, pelo Gabinete.

O Gabinete também coordena o trabalho dos Ministros.

O Gabinete é presidido pelo Primeiro Ministro.

Cada Ministro de Gabinete é, normalmente, responsável por um ou mais ministérios.

É um corpo não consagrado pela lei.

O seu poder deriva de convenção.

Executivo - Primeiro Ministro, Gabinete, Setor Público

Divisão do Exercício de Poder

A independência do poder judicial é um principio importante da constituição neozelandesa (Constitution Act 1986)

Julgar as disputas entre os litigantes (entre as partes de um processo judicial) nos tribunais

Proferir decisões com autoridade sobre o significado e aplicação da legislação

Desenvolver princípios de direito comum (direito que se desenvolveu ao longo do tempo a partir de decisões dos juízes)

Defender o Estado de direito, a liberdade pessoal e os direitos humanos.

É função dos juízes aplicar a lei a todos os casos que vão para Tribunal

Também desenvolvem a lei ao decidir qual o significado da legislação aprovada pelo Parlamento, interpretando-a

Outra área de trabalho é a revisão judicial, examinando os atos dos órgãos governamentais e administrativos, decidindo se estes agiram de forma justa e dentro dos seus poderes

Judicial - Juízes

Divisão do Exercício de Poder

A Constituição Neozelandesa

A constituição neozelandesa, onde se funda o sistema jurídico, é desenhada através de estatutos, decisões judiciais e regras costumeiras (conhecidas como convenções constitucionais)

As fontes-chave constitucionais são: Constitution Act 1986

New Zealand Bill of Rights 1990

Electoral Act 1993

Tratado de Waitangi

As ordens da Câmara dos Deputados

Legislação do Inglesa e Neozelandesa

Julgamentos dos tribunais

Princípios e convenções constitucionais gerais

New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990

8 Right not to be deprived of lifeNo one shall be deprived of life except on such grounds as are established by law and are consistent with the principles of fundamental justice.

13 Freedom of thought, conscience, and religionEveryone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief, including the right to adopt and to hold opinions without interference.

14 Freedom of expressionEveryone has the right to freedom of expression, including the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and opinions of any kind in any form.

27 Right to justice(1) Every person has the right to the observance of the principles of natural justice by any tribunal or other public authority which has the power to make a determination in respect of that person's rights, obligations, or interests protected or recognised by law.(2) Every person whose rights, obligations, or interests protected or recognised by law have been affected by a determination of any tribunal or other public authority has the right to apply, in accordance with law, for judicial review of that determination.(3) Every person has the right to bring civil proceedings against, and to defend civil proceedings brought by, the Crown, and to have those proceedings heard, according to law, in the same way as civil proceedings between individuals.