ျ�မနမာျ�ပညမ ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကညျ�ျငျ ေအမရကနသမၼတႀက� အဘာ�မာ� တျ႕၏ ပ�တြျ သတငျ�စာရငျ�လငျ�ပြျ - ၂၀၁၄- ခ၊ ျ�ျဝငဘာလ ၁၄-ရက

ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကည၏ ေျနအမရနနက5န ၊ ျ�မနမာ

ေျန႕လည ၁၂- နာရ ၃၅ မနစ (ျ�မနမာစေျတာျ:န)

ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကည။ ။ လႀက�မငျ�တျ႕ ေျစာငျေျနရတာ ကမ ေျတာငျ�ပနပါတယေျနာျ။ သမၼတႀက� အ ဘာ�မာ�က ကမအမမာ ထပႀကဆျဧညျ:ရတာေျရာ ရငတ5ျ႕အာ�လျ�န႕ ေျတြတ႕ရတာေျရာဟာ ကမအတြတက အရမျ�က ဝ

မျ�သာၾကညျ�ျ�စရာျ�ဖစပါတယ ဆျတာေျလ� ေျျ�ပာရငျ�န႕ စလကၾ ကေရအာင။ … ကေမျ�ပာခငတာေျလ�ေကတာ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5န႕ အမ�သာ�ဒမျေကရစအဖြျ႕ခပ အၾကာ�မာ ဒါမမဟတလ

… ညျ� ကမန႕ အၾကာ�လညျ� ျ�ဖစ:ငျ�ဖစမာေျပါ ေျနာျ တငျ�မာမႈေျလ�ေျတြတ ရေျနတယလ 5႕ ေျျ�ပာေျနၾကတ … … သေျတြတ ရပါတယ ဒေျတာ ကမ ရငျ�ရငျ�ပ ေျျ�ပာပါေရစ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5န႕ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညက ဒမေကရစ

ေအရ�အတြတက တျကပြျဝငေျနၾကသေျတြတအၾကာ� မတေျတြဆရငျ�ျ�ခာ အ�ဖစ တညရေျနမႈဟာ အတြလန:5ငမာပါတယ။ အခနန႕အမ ကမတျ႕ေတတြတ မတညတအ�မငမ� ရေျကာငျ�ရ�ျျငေျပမ ကမတျ႕ရ႕ မတေျတြဆရငျ�ျ�ခာေအနအထာ�

ကေျတာ ဘယလ 5မ ထချကလ ာစရာ ေအၾကာငျ� လျ�ဝ မရပါဘ�။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ကမေအနန႕ လျ�ဝဥျ ယျၾကညထာ�တာက ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5ဟာ ဒမေကရစ အတြသနငကT�ေျျ�ပာငျ�ေျ

… ရ�န႕ ပတသ က လာသမအာ�လျ�က ဆကလ ကၿပ� ေအထာကအ ကျ�ပေျနမယ ၿပ�ေျတာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညမာ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတရ႕ဆ�ၵ အတငျ� ျ�ပညျဝတ ဒမေကရစ ရရလာမယဆ 5ျရင ဒလျ ရရေျအာင ေျဆာငရြငZကေျပ�ခၾကတ မတေျတြဆမာ�ၾကာ�မာ

ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5ဟာ ပထမတနျ�စာ�ေျတြတထကပလ႕ ကမတျ႕ ေျျ�ပာ�ျငပါလမျမယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5န႕ ျ�မနမာဒမေကရစေအရ� ေျဆာငရြငZကေျနသေျတြတၾကာ�မာ ျ�ပနာရေျနၿပရယ

… … လ႕ မစျ�ရနမၾကပါန႕ ဒလ မထငၾကပါန႕ ကမတျ႕အာ�လျ� တညတ တနဖ5�ထာ�မႈေျတြတ ရၾကပါတယ။ ကမ တျ႕အာ�လျ� တညတ နယာေမတြတေအပ� ယျၾကညၾကပါတယ။ ကမတျ႕ ေျရာက:ငတ ပနျ�တျငက5 ေျရာကZဖ႕ မတည

တ လမျ�ေျတြတရတယဆ 5တာ တခါေတလ ေျတြတ�မေျကာငျ� ေျတြတ�မ�ျနငၾေကပမလညျ� ဒ ကြျျ�ပာ�မႈေျတြတဟာ ဒမေကရ စ႐�ရာရ႕ အစတအ ပငျ�ေျတြတပါပ။ ဒမေကရစက ျ�ပညသTေျတြတက မတညတအ�မငေျတြတ ရၾကဖ႕ ြခငျျ�ပသလျ ဒမေက

ရစဟာ ဒလအ�မငေျတြတအတြတက ေအျ�ဖရရဖ႕ ေျစစပေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ေအျ�ဖရာရာမာ အ�မင မတညမႈေျတြတန႕ ကမတေ႕ တြတကပါ တာဝနZေျစလျကပါတယ။

ရငတ5ျေ႕တြတ အာ�လျ� ဒ�ျျငငက ႀကဆေျနပါတယဆ 5ျတာ ခစာ�မၾေကစခငပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ပမလ႕ သာယာလပလာမ ယျ ေျန႕ရကေျတြတ က ေျမာျလငျေျစာငျစာ�ေျနၾကရာမာလညျ� ကမတျ႕န႕အတ အာ�လျ� ပ�ေျပါငျ�ပါဝင:စာ�ၾ

… ေကစလပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ တခနတညျ�မာပ ေအကာငျ�ျ�မငရြငနျ�ျ�ခငျ�ကလညျ� သတေျပ�လပါတယ ဘာလ႕လ ဆျေျတာ ဒါဟာ ကယနျaာကယ အာ�ေရကနပ တငျ�တငရြမသာ�ေျစ�ျျငလ5႕ပါပ။

… …ကမတျ႕ ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လမႈေျတြတ ေျရ႕ဆကေျနပါတယ ခလတက နနသငျ�ေျလ�ေျတြတန႕လ႕ပ ဆျၾကပါစ႕ ဒါေျပမ ဒ ခလတက နနသငျ�ေျတြတ ဟာ ကမၻာတဝမျ�လျ�က ကမတ႕ မတေျေတြဆတြတရ႕ နာ�လညမႈ၊ အကအညေျတြတ န႕အတ ကမတျ႕ စတပ5ငျ�ျ�ဖတမႈန႕အတ ေျစစပေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ� ညႇျ�ျႈငျ� ေအျ�ဖရာၾကဖ႕ပါပ။ ဒေျတာ မတည

မႈေျတြတန႕ အခကျအခေျတြတေအပ� ကမတေ႕တြတ ပျႀက�ခ႕ေမနၾကပါစ႕န႕လာ�။ ဒါေျပမ တခနထ မာပ ျ�ျငျ�ဆအပမ ကက မၻာထမာလညျ� သာယာမနျ�ေျမာေမနၾကပါန႕စ႕လာ�။

ကမတျ႕ လအပေျနတာေကတာ ေအကာငျ�ျ�မငျဝါဒန႕ အဆ�ျ�မငဝါဒအၾကာ� သငနျတငျေျလာကပတတ ေမျ�ခတခပါ။ ကမတ႕ဟာ ဘာေျတြတ ျ�ဖစ:သလဆတ ေအနအထာ�က ေျလလာ႐ႈျ�မငဖ5ျ႕လပါတယ။ တချန ျတညျ�မာပ ကမတျ႕ လခ

ငတာက ရရရမယလ 5ျ႕လညျ� ယျၾကညေျနရပါမယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျေျတာ ဒါဟာ ကမတ႕ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတ လခငေျန တာမ႕ပါ။ ေျနာကဆ ျ�မာ တျငျ�ျ�ပညဟာ ဘယအ ခါမာ ဘယက 5 ဘယလ 5 တြသာ�ေျနသလ၊ ဘယေျတာလ၊ ဘယလ မျ�ေျၾကာငျ�

န႕လဆျတာ ဆျ�ျ�ဖတZမာက ျ�မနမာျ�ပညသTေျတြတပါ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ကမတ႕�ျျငငရ႕ ေအျ�ခေအနအတြတက တာဝနZမႈေျတြတ အာ�လျ�က လက:ပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ တခနတညျ�မာပ

ကမတ႕မတေျေတြဆတြတရ႕ အကအည ေအထာကျအပကလညျ� ႀကဆျလကပါတယ။ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယZင။

ေအမရကနသမၼတႀက� အျဘာ�မာ�။ ။ “ ” က အာ�လျ�ပ မဂၤလာေျန႕လညခငျ�ပါခငဗ။ မဂၤလာပါ ။ ရနနကနနက5 ေတခါကျ�ပနZ တ အတြတကZယ ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကညန႕ ေျတြတ႕ဆျြခငနျထပZတအတြတကZယ သပဝမျ�သာပါတယ။ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕အာ�လျ�

သၾကတအတျငျ� ျ�ျစေျပါငျ� မာ�ြစာ သအခေပအ�ျာင:ရတာက ၾက႕ၾက႕ခရငဆ5ျင:တာ ဒအမထ မာပါ - ေျမာျလငျ:ကက 5 ဘယေျတာမ မြစန႕လႊတ၊ တြလတလ ပၿပ� ဒမေကရစတြထနျ�ကာ�တ ျ�မနမာ�ျျငငျ�ဖစေျအာင တညေျဆာကဖ5ျ႕ သ႕ရ႕ ရညသ

နပ5ငျ�ျ�ဖတ:ေကက နလညျ� ဘယေျတာမ ေျတြသဖည မတြသာ�ခပါဘ�။ ေျဒ�စ - ခငဗာ�ဟာ ဒ�ျငငက ပေျကာငျ�တ လမျ�ေျၾ

ကာငျ�ေျပ�က ေျရာကေျအာင ကညခပါၿပ။ ခငဗာ�ရ႕ မတေျတြဆစတ ေအပေ�ရာ ေကနာေျတယာကထ သာမက ဒပဂၢ လေျ တြတအာ�လျ�ကပါ အမတခါ�ြဖငျ ဧညျ:ခတ ဧညျဝတေျကမႈကပါ ေျက�ဇ�တင ပါတယ။

ေကနာျ ပထမဆျ� သမငျျ�ဝင အလညအပတ:ရ�အ�ဖစ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညက5 လာတနျ�က ဒ�ျျငငဟာ ဒမေကရစက စတငဥ�တည ေျလာကလ မျ�ကာစပ ရပါေျသ�တယ။ ၿပ�ခတ ျ�ျစျ�ျစအတြတငျ�မာေျတာ ေအရ�ပါတ ေအျ�ပာငျ�အလေျတြတ ျ�ပလပ:ၾ

ကပါတယ။ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�က စၿပ� တ�တကေျနပါၿပ။ ျ�ျျငငေျရ�အကဥျ�သာ�ေျတြတ လႊတေျပ�ခပါတယ။ သတငျ�စာ န႕ မဒယာေျတြတ ပမာ�လာပါတယ။ စစတေပကန ေကလ�စစသာ�ေျတြတက ျ�ပနလႊတေျပ�ခပါတယ။ ဒါေျတြတအာ�လျ�ဟာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပ

ညသTေျတြတအတြတက ပေျကာငျ�တ အြခငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတက လမျ�ြဖငျေျပ�လျကတ ေအရ�ပါလတ ေအျ�ပာငျ�အလေျတြတပါပ။

တခနတညျ�မာပ ေျဒေ�အာငစ5ၾကည ခေျလ�တင ေျျ�ပာတြသာ�သလျ ဘယေျလာက ခက:ၾကမျ�တမျ�တအလပေျတြတ ဆကလ 5ပဖ5ျ႕ ကနေျေနသ�လဆျတာ ထငZာ�လတအ�ပင ခက:တေျငရြရ�ျ�ခယမႈေျတြတကလညျ� ေျရ႕မာ အမာ�အ�ပာ� ေျစာ

ငနျႀကေျနပါတယ။ ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျရ� လပငနျ�စဥaာ ဘယလ 5ၾကညfျၾကညျ မၿပ�ဆျ�ေျသ�သလ ဘယလ 5နညျ� န႕မ ေျနာကေျၾကာငျ�ျ�ပနမလညျZဘ� ဆျတာေကတာ ထငZာ�လပါတယ။ အမာ�စေအနန႕ဆျရင တျ�တကမႈဟာ

လျေျလာကေျအာင မ�မနေျသ�သလ လျလျေျလာကေျလာက ကယျ�ပန႕မႈလညျ� မရေလသ�ပါဘ�။ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတ ဟာ ကယနျအမမာကယျ လျျ�ချေျ�ြျ�ေျတြထ�ြစာ ေျန�ျျငဖ5ျ႕ လၿပ� အာဏာပငေျတြတရ႕ စတထ ငတ5ငျ� ေျ�ျာကယ ကမႈေျတြတ မ

ရရဘ ဘာလနပလ5ပ အ�ပစေျပ�မခရတ သေျတြတလညျ� မရရပါဘ�။ ျ�ပညျသTေျတြတက သတျ႕ အပမကေျတြတ ေအကာငအထ ညေျဖာျဖ5ျ႕ လပပ5ငရြင:ငျေျတြတ အပျ�ျငျ�ရပါမယ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ျ�မနမာျ�ပညဟာ ေျနာကျ�ျစဆ5ျရင ေအရ�ႀက�တ ျ�ပညျ�

ကတြuတျေျငရြရ�ေျကာကပြျကကငျ�ပဖျ႕ တ�ဖညျ�ျ�ဖညျ� ခဥျ�နငျ�ဝငေျရာကလ ာၿပမ႕ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညသTအာ�လျ� တျ ငျ�ျ�ပညအနာဂတက 5 ပျေျဖာျZာမာ ပါဝငေျဆာငရြငZကခြက:ငျZ�ျျငေျရ� ေျသခာေျစဖ႕ ေျေသရ�ရငေျရ�တမ ေအရ�ႀက�ပါတ

ယ။ ျ�ပညသT႕လႊတေျတာျ ကယစာ�လယတ ဥ�န႕ တရာ�ဥေပဒစ�မ�ေျရ�ေျကာျမတ ဥက႒ေအနန႕ ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကညဟာ ျ�မ

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စပနျ�တျင ဆ ဥ�တညမျ�တကေျနဖျ႕ လအပတ အဓက ျ�ျငငေျရ�န႕ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ� ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လမႈေျတြတက ေအ ကာငအထညေျဖာျျ�ခငျ�မာ ျ�ပငျ�ထနႀက�မာ�လတ ျ�ျျငငေျရ�ယျၾကညခကZရမာျ�ဖစသလျ ရညသနပ5ငျ�ျ�ဖတမႈလညျ� န

ညျ�လေ႕တာ မရပါဘ�။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညရ႕ မတေျတြဆေအနန႕ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ဟာ ကနZေျေနသ�တ စနေျခ�မႈေျတြတ ရ႕ အတျငျ�အတာက မမတမသန ရငျ�ရငျ�လငျ�လငျ� ေျစာငfျၾကညျေျနၿပ� ရလာတ ေျအာငျ�မငမႈေအပ�မာလ

ညျ� ေျကနပျ�ျစသမျေျနလ႕ မ�ဖစေျသ�ဘ�ဆျတာကလညျ� သနာ�လညထာ�ရပါမယ။ ဒေျန႕ ေျဒ�စန႕ ေကနာျaာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညရ႕ ဒမေကရစအက�ေအျ�ပာငျ�မာ ေအမရကနျ�ပညျေျထာငစ5က ဘယလ 5 တြလယက T ေျခာေျြမေ႕အာင အာ�ျ�ဖညျ ကညေျဆာငရြငZကေျပ��ျျငမလ ဆျတာန႕ ပတသ ကလ 5႕ ကယက ယျ�ပန႕�ပန႕ ေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ခၾ

ကပါတယ။ တရာ�ဥေပဒစ�မ�မႈ ပမ လအပေျေနသ�တာေျတြတ၊ တြလတျလ ပတရာ�မတၿပ� အာ�လျ�ပါဝငျ�ျျငမယျ ေျငရြရ�ေျ ကာကပေြျတြတ၊ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညက5 အရပသာ�အစ�ရစစစစ တရပ ျ�ဖစလာဖ႕ဥ�တညေျငရြရ႕လာ�ေျစမယျ ေအျ�ခခဥေပဒ ျ�ပငဆငေျရ�

က ဆကလ က ေျဆာငရြငZကZမာေျတြတက ေျျ�ပာဆျ ေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ခၾက ပါတယ။ အမ�သာ�ရနငၾကာ�ေျစေျရ�က ျ�မႇငနျတငဖ5ျ႕န႕ ျ�မနမာ�ျျငငရ႕ မာ�ျ�ပာ�စျလငလတ တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ�ေျတြတအၾကာ� လ

မ�ေျရ�တငျ�မာမႈေျတြတက ဖယZာ�ဖ႕ကစေzတြတမာ ေကနာျတ5႕ ဘယလ 5 အတတ အလနပလ5ပျ�ျျငၾကမယဆ 5ျတာက ေျ တြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ခပါတယ။ အထ�သ�ဖငျ ရခငျ�ပညနယက ဆ�ဝါ�လတ အၾကမျ�ဖကမႈေျတြတ အတြတက ေျရရညခၿပ� ထေျရာကတ

ေအျ�ဖက ရာဖ႕လအပေျၾကာငျ�က ေကနာျ အထ�ျ�ပ ေျျ�ပာဆျခပါတယျ။ လမ�ေျရ� ဘာသာေျရ�ခြျျ�ခာ�မႈေျ တြတက အဆျ�သတၿပ� ပမ ေျကာငျ�ြမနနတ လျျ�ချမႈန႕ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ� အြခငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတရရဖျ႕၊ ျ�ျျငငသာ�အာ�လျ�က

အကာအတြကယေျပ�ဖျ႕န႕ ပမႀက�ျ�မတျတ နာ�လညမႈန႕ သညျ�ခမႈေျတြတ ျ�မႇငနျတငေျပ�ၾကဖ႕ နညျ�လမျ�ေအျ� ေဖတြတပါ။ ဒ လပတ တျငျ�ျ�ပညရ႕ အနာဂတအ တြတက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ အတတ ေမဝရႈျ�မငၾကတ ရညမနျ�ခကက 5 ေအကာငအထညေျ

ဖာျဖ5႕ရာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညသTအာ�လျ�အတြတက လ႕အြခငေျအရ�ကာတြကယေျပ�မႈေျတြတက အာ�ျ�ဖညျေျဆာငရြငZကေျပ�ျ�ခငျ� ဟာ မရမ�ဖစလ 5အပတ ေျျ�ခလမျ�တရပျ�ဖစပါတယ။

ေျနာကဆ ျ�အႀကမ ေကနာျ ဒေျနရာမာ ရပ:တနျ�က ျ�မနမာျ�ပညသTေျတြတက ေကနာျ ကတတခ ေျပ�ခပါတယ - အဒါေက တာ ျ�ပျ�ပင ေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျရ�က ဥ�တညေျနတ တျ�တကမႈေျတြတ ေျတြတ႕ရရင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ျ�ျျငငေျတြတၾကာ� ဆ

ကျ�ြျယမႈေျတြတဟာ ပမချငျ�မြစာ တ�တကလ ာမာ ျ�ဖစၿပ� ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5ဟာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညရ႕ ေျအာငျ�မငမႈက ေျသခာချငမာေျအာင လပေျပ��ျျငသမ အာ�လျ�က ေျဆာငရြငZကေျပ� တြသာ�ပါမယ။ ၿပ�ခတ ျ�ျစျ�ျစအတြတငျ� ဒကတကဝ

တန႕ပတသ ကလ 5႕ ေျကာငျ�ေျကာငျ�ြမငရြနမန ေျဆာငရြငZကျ�ျျင:တယလ 5႕ ေကနာျ ယဆ ပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ အနာဂတမာလညျ� စဥဆကမျပတ ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျရ�ေျတြတန႕ လျကဖကေျလာျ|မယျ မတေျတြဆရငျ�ျ�ခာဆကဆ ေျရ� ေျတြတန႕ ပႀ

က�ျ�မငနျတ ေအထာကအ ပေျတြတ ျ�ဖစလာေျစဖျ႕ စတပ5ငျ�ျ�ဖတထ ာ�ေျၾကာငျ� ေကနာျ ထပထပၿပ� ေျျ�ပာခငပါတယ။ အစ�ရန႕သာ မဟတဘ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညသTေျတြတန႕ တျက႐ကအ လနပလနပၾကဖျ႕ ေကနာျတ5႕ စတပ5ငျ�ျ�ဖတထ ာ�ပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာ

ငျ ဒေျန႕ ေျ�ျာငျ�ပငျ�ကရင ျ�မနမာအရပဘကလTမႈအဖြဖ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတက ကယစာ�လယေျတြတရယ၊ မမကျယက 5ျေျရာ အနာဂတမ�ဆကေျတြတအတြတက ကပါ ပႀက�ျ�မငနျတ အြခငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတ ဖနတ�ေျပ�ဖျ႕ လပက5ငေျနၾကတ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညန႕

ေအရေ႕တာငအာရ တြခfငလျ�က လငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငေျတြတရယန႕ပါ ေကနာျစကာ�ေျျ�ပာဖျ႕ စတေျစာေျနပါတယ။ ျ�ျျ ငငတဝမျ�လျ�န႕ ေျဒသတဝမျ�လျ�က ျ�ပညသTေျတြတအတြတက ေျရရညတညတၿပ� အဓပၸာယZတ ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျ

ရ�ေျတြတ ေအသအခာျ�ဖစေျစဖ႕ ဒ အသစအသစေျသာ အသေျတြတဟာ အထ�ေအရ�ပါလာလမျမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ … ဒေျတာ ေျဒ�စေျရ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕က ဒေျန႕ ႀကဆျလက:တအတြတက ထပၿပ� ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယ။ စတဓါကခြတ:နနအာ� လႈျေ႕

ဆာျမႈန႕ စတပ5ငျ�ျ�ဖတမႈေျတြတအတြတက ခငဗာ�က ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ဆကၿပ� ေျလ�စာ�ေျနမာပါ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ခငဗာ�ဟာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပ

ညသTေျတြတက ကယစာ�ျ�ပၿပ� ျ�ပငျ�ျ�ပငျ�ထနထန ေျရ႕ေကနရပမယနျသT၊ ဒမေကရစရ႕ အနာဂတ ဆကျ�ဖစေျနဥ�မယဆ 5ျတာ ေကနာျသေျနပါတယ။ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5ရ႕ ချငျ�မသငရြနစမျ�တ လကတ ေြျဖာျျ�ဖစလာမယ ဆတာလညျ� ေကနာျ

သေျနပါတယ။ ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယ။ ေျမ�ြခနျ�ေျတြတမာ� ရပါသလာ�

ေျဒေ�အာငဆန�ျစ5ၾကည။ ။ ဘယသ T ေစျ�ပာမာလ သမၼတႀက�အဘာ�မာ�။ ။ ေကနာျပ ေစပ�လကပါ မယ။ ခရစzတ ပါဆနစေျရ။

ေျမ�ြခနျ�။ ။ တြလတလ ငရြပစာေျျ�ပာဆျထတေျဝြခငနျက5 ဖ�ျပ:ပျ�ခယထ ာ�ၿပ� ဆငဆာေျတြတလပေျနတ ရာဇဝငZညႀက�ေျတြတရတ ျ�ျငငေအျ�မာကအ မာ�က သမၼတႀက� ခရ�တြထက:ဖ�ေျပါငျ�မာ�ပါၿပ။ ေမန႕ေကတာ သမၼတရ က သတငျ�ေျထာ

ကေျတြတ ေမကနပလညျ� သတျ႕ကယသ Tတျ႕ ျ�ပနအျျပနစတင႐ျပလ႕ ေျျ�ပာခငပျရတာလညျ� စတဝငစာ�စရာပါ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ သမၼတႀက� ခရ�ေတလာကမာ ဒေျဒသထက ေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငေျတြတန႕ ဒလစတထ ာ�မ�ေျတြတက ေျကာျလႊျာ�ဖျ႕လျအပ:

က ဘယေျလာကအ ထရမယလ 5႕ ထငျ�မငမေျနပါလမျ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ သတျ႕ကေျရာ ဘာေျတြတမာ� ေျျ�ပာမာလ။ ဥပမာေအန … … န႕ ဆျၾကပါစျ႕ ေကနာျက ေျမ�ေျကာငျ�ေျမ�မပါမယ ေျရေ႕နခပ ဂငနရယ အရစ ဟလဒါ က သ႕လကထ ကမာ ဘယသ

တငျ�သမာ�မ သ႕အလပသTလပတာေျၾကာငျေျတာ ေျထာငမေကစရဘ� လ႕ ေျျ�ပာပါတယ။ ဒေျတာ ေကနာျက တရာ�စြျ ဆမႈတခ ေျပါကၾ ကာ�မႈမာ သ႕သတငျ�ရငျ�ျ�မစက 5 ေမဖာျထ5တလ 5႕ တရာ�အစြျခေျနရတ ဂမျ�စZ5ကဆ န အမႈန႕ပတသ ကၿပ�

ေျမ�ပါတယ။ ဒအမႈန႕ပတသ ကၿပ� သ�သန႕ ေျျ�ပာေျနတာမာ�လာ� .. ဒါဟာ သမၼတႀက�ရ႕ ရပတညခကမာ�လာ�လ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ

… ၿပ�ေျတာ ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကညက5လညျ� အြခငျZရင ေျမ�ပါေရစ ခငဗာ�တ႕ တငျ�ျ�ပညမာ တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ�ေျတြတ ေအပ� က�တြလနေျနတ အၾကမျ�ဖကမႈေျတြတန႕ ပတသ ကလ 5ျ႕ ဘယေျလာကအ ထမာ� စ�ရမပTပနမႈ ရပါသလ။ အထ�သ�ဖငျ ႐

ဟငဂာလမ�ေျေတြတပါ ျ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒါက ထတေျဖာျေျျ�ပာၾကာ�ဖ႕ ခငဗာ�ရ႕ တာဝနလ5႕ ဘယလ 5မာ� ယျၾကညပါသလ။ ေျက�ဇ� အထ�ပါ။

သမၼတႀက�အဘာ�မာ�။ ။ သတငျ�တြလတလ ငရြပ:ငျ ျ�ပနာဟာPRESIDENT OBAMA:  The issue of press freedom is a constant concern in my interactions with the Chinese government.  It’s an issue that I’ve raised with the President here in Burma.  I’m pretty blunt and pretty frank about the fact that societies that repress journalists ultimately oppress people as well, and that if you want a society that is free and vibrant and successful, part of that formula is the free flow of information, of ideas, and that requires a free press.  That is part of our tradition.As I explained to President Xi in China, it’s in our DNA.  We believe in the primacy individuals being able to pursue their dreams, endowed with certain inalienable rights.  And we believe that when governments censor or control information, that ultimately that undermines not only the society, but it leads to eventual encroachments on individual rights as well.I can't comment, Christi, on any particular pending case, as you know -- that's sort of an iron-clad rule -- or any particular prosecution.  I can read back to you what Attorney General Holder has said, which is no journalist is going to go to jail for doing their job.  And I don't think you're suggesting that there's -- that the two cases are comparable.  But I recognize that in our own society we have to constantly balance the need for certain national security issues to remain secret with journalists pursuing leads wherever they can. And the good news is, is that we've got courts and we've got a First Amendment.   And we got a whole bunch of tools to ensure that that balance is properly debated and adjudicated. But I think that when I am traveling, it is important as the President of the United States to not just talk about our interests, but also to talk about our values.  Sometimes it has an impact; sometimes it doesn't.  Although I was impressed that Mark Landler got an answer to his question from President Xi.   It might not have been the one he was expecting, but he did end up taking the question.  So you just keep on chipping away and seeing if we can make progress.Q  (Off-mic.)PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Hold on a second, Christi.  Don't try to segue into a second question. DAW AUNG SAN SUI KYI:  I think I better take over (inaudible) my time as well.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  There you go.

DAW AUNG SAN SUI KYI:  The National League for Democracy always has been against violence of any kind, either on the racial grounds, or religious grounds, or ideological grounds.  We do not believe that violence really results in (inaudible).Our struggle for democracy has been carried out with a strong grasp on the principle of nonviolence.  And also, we believe in the rule of law.  So if you ask how do we propose to resolve all of these problems of violence between communities, between different ethnic groups, we've got to start with rule of law.  People have to feel secure before they can start talking to one another.  We cannot achieve harmony without security.  People who feel threatened are not going to sit down and sort out their problems.So I would like to recommend, as the chair of the Rule of Law and Tranquility Committee -- don't forget that tranquility is also included -- that the government should look to rule of law.  It is the duty of the government to make all our people feel secure, and it is the duty of our people to learn to live in harmony with one another.If we want democracy, we have to be prepared to live by the principles of democracy.  We have to dare to live according to the principles of democracy.  I think we'll get there, but it will take us some time.  But we will remain fully committed to the principle of nonviolence.Q  Mr. President, I'd like to know about the Myanmar reforms.  You've been talking with the President and parliament speakers, and also you're going to talk with the civil societies group, and then youth.   So my question to you is that:  Have you got any specific agreement with the Myanmar government or President Thein Sein about Myanmar reforms such as constitutional change, and peace negotiation, peace process, and also 2015 general election?And also to Daw Aung San Sui Kyi, you've got a one-hour discussion with the President, and at the current (inaudible), as you said, it’s a bumpy situation.  So if you didn't make amendment, or you didn't change constitution, the NLD and you, yourself, is going to be very difficult after 2015 elections.  So have you talked about those issues with the President?  Or the President talk to you about U.S. support for you?  Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Well, the issue of making sure that reforms and the transition is fully realized was the main topic of our conversation and the main topic of my conversation with the President last night.As I indicated before, there are signs of progress.  We shouldn't deny that Burma today is not the same as Burma five years ago.  But the process is still incomplete.  And I was very specific with the President in terms of how we will measure whether or not the transition has been fully realized. Number one, we expect elections to take place on time.  We do not want to see delays, because it's time for the voice of the people of Burma to be heard in a fair, free, transparent election.Number two, I indicated to the President that the constitution amendment process needs to reflect inclusion rather than exclusion, that there are certain provisions in the Burmese constitution that objectively don't make much sense.  Ultimately, what changes are made are up to the people of Burma.  But, for example, I don't understand a provision that would bar somebody from running for President because of who their children are.  That doesn't make much sense to me.Number three, we are very much in favor of the peace process, and I encourage the President to move forward in the negotiations.  He expressed some optimism about the ability to bring a deal to a conclusion.  But as Daw Suu has indicated, you have to be skeptical until it's actually done. Number four, I indicated that we are paying attention to how religious minorities are treated in this country.  Now, I recognize the complexities of the situation in Rakhine state.  On the other hand, consistent with what Daw Suu just said, I am a firm believer that any legitimate government has to be based on rule of law and a recognition that all people are equal under the law.   And discrimination against the Rohingya or any other religious minority I think does not express the kind of country that Burma over the long term wants to be.  And I know of no successful democracy in which sectarian or religious divisions are allowed to fester, or the people of different faiths are treated as second-class citizens.  Ultimately, that is destabilizing to a democracy.And finally, I expressed to the President the need to continue to make additional progress on basic issues of freedom and personal security, that journalists can't be jailed simply because they were critical of the government; that arbitrary arrests or individuals being in some fashion abused by government with impunity rather than being respected and treated in accordance with law, that that's a test of whether or not a society is moving towards a genuine democratic process.

And the President yesterday acknowledged that some progress has been made, and there was more to do.  And our position will be to continue to measure what's happening on the ground, to consult with a wide range of groups here in Burma.  We will strengthen our relationship where we see progress.  Where we dn see progress.  Where we don’t see progress, then we will continue to express our concerns, and we will not be able to fully realize the kind of bilateral relationship that we want to have with Burma, the Burmese government, until we’ve seen some of these reforms completed.DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  You asked whether (inaudible) NLD to win the elections if the amendments to the constitution are not pushed through.  I think it’s too early to ask this question.  We’ve just spent one afternoon debating the question of constitutional amendment.  I think perhaps some of you may have heard that proportional representation is not going to be instituted.So when we started defending (inaudible) against proportional representation, there were many who said to us, you are a very small minority in the legislature; how can you hope to win this case?  It’s not a matter of wanting to win a case, it’s a matter of standing up for what you believe in, for what you believe is necessary for the future of our country.Now we are asking for a constitutional amendment not because we’re trying to win a case, but because we think that certain amendments are necessary if this country is to be a truly functioning democracy in line with the will of the people.  Because of that, we will persist in our efforts to have the constitution amended in the right way and within the framework of the law.  I’ve always put great emphasis on this because I want peace and tranquility in our country.  I want our people to learn to live under the rule of law, and to support and uphold the importance of the rule of law. So with regard to the constitution, we know that the people support our wish to amend it in certain ways, and we are prepared to negotiate with those who do not wish to amend the constitution.   I think that’s what democracy is all about.  We need a culture of negotiated compromise as the foundation for our democratic union.So we would like to -- it’s not just a matter of debating the case in parliament and winning Brownie points or Boy Scout points, or whatever they’re called.  But it’s just a case of standing up for what we think our country needs.  And we would like to talk to those who disagree with us.  That, again, is what democracy is about.  You talk to those who disagree with you; you don’t beat them down.  You exchange views.  And you come to a compromise, a settlement that would be best for the country.I’ve always said that dialogues and debates are not aimed at achieving victory for one particular party or the other, but victory for our people as a whole.  Whatever we decide on should be seen as a victory for our nation, for the kind of democratic union that we have been trying to build up for decades.So please don’t worry about whether or not we will win the elections in 2015.  Of course, any party wants to win the elections.  I’m sure the President will tell you that.  (Laughter.)  But winning is not everything -- it’s how you win.  I’d rather lose than win in the wrong way.  And that is the way I want our party and our people to approach the problems that we have to tackle -- that we want to win in the right way.  We want to bring the changes of the constitution about in the right way. We want to build up a strong foundation for national reconciliation, which means reconciliation not just between the different ethnic groups and between different religious groups, but between different ideas -- for example, between the idea of military supremacy and the idea of civilian authority over the military, which is the foundation of democracy.So we want to exchange views and to come to an understanding with all those who at this moment do not yet agree with us.  And we are confident that we can come to such a settlement, come to such an agreement because, after all, I do believe that what all of us want is what is best for the country as a whole -- not just for particular individuals or groups or organizations. So while I tell you that you need not worry about what affects amendment or non-amendment to the constitution might have on the elections, I might as well ask you to vote for us when we do get there.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Pete Maer.Q  Mr. President, it seems the stage is set for even more confrontations between you and Republicans when you get home, if that’s possible.  We’re told that you’re soon going to sign the immigration reform executive order.  To what extent are you concerned about a Republican backlash from an action of that magnitude?And on two other issues, I’m wondering what your take is on the plan to pass a bill to build the Keystone pipeline that’s in the works now, before the State Department’s review process is over.  And

Senator McConnell is angry over the climate deal that you had made with China.  How does all of this square with your post-election assessment that people want to, as you put it, get stuff done?And if I may also pose a question to you, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.   Thank you for hosting all of us here from the White House media corps.  As the President mentioned of the constitutional barring of you running in your country’s election, what do you think the impact will be from the President’s statement that was made here today on his strong opposition to that constitutional wording?  And what impact do you think it will have on the government here?  And is there anything more that you’d like to see him do?  Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Pete, the day after the election I said that there are going to be areas of agreement between me and Republicans, and there are going to be areas of disagreement.   There are going to be actions I take they don’t like, and there are going to be bills they pass that I don’t like.And I think, moving forward, that’s exactly what’s going to happen.  You’ve mentioned areas where we disagree.  I believe that America is a nation of immigrants.  Everybody agrees that the system is broken.  There has been ample opportunity for Congress to pass a bipartisan immigration bill that would strengthen our borders, improve the legal immigration system, lift millions of people out of the shadows so they are paying taxes and getting right by the law.  It passed out of the Senate.  I gave the House over a year to go ahead and at least give a vote to the Senate bilaterally; they failed to do so.   And I indicated to Speaker Boehner several months ago that if, in fact, Congress failed to act, I would use all the lawful authority that I possess to try to make the system work better.  And that’s going to happen.  That’s going to happen before the end of the year.But what I’ve also said to them -- and I said this during the lunch with the Speaker and Leader McConnell -- is that I am always interested in negotiating a legislative solution to the immigration problem, and that the minute they pass a bill that I can sign that fixes our immigration system, then any executive actions I take are replaced.So they have the ability to fix the system.  What they don’t have the ability to do is to expect me to stand by with a broken system in perpetuity.  And I would advise that if, in fact, they want to take a different approach, rather than devote a lot of time trying to constrain my lawful actions as the Chief Executive of the U.S. government in charge of our enforcing our immigration laws, that they spend some time passing a bill and engaging with all the stakeholders, the immigrant rights groups, the law enforcement groups, the evangelicals, the business community, all of whom have said this is something that needs to be done, is way overdue.  And we’ve been talking about it for 10 years now, and it’s been consistently stalled.So with respect to Keystone, I’ve been clear in the past, Pete, my position hasn’t changed, that this is a process that is supposed to be followed.  Right now you have a case pending in Nebraska, where the pipeline would run through, in which a state court judge has questioned the plan.  And until we know what the route is, it’s very hard to finish that evaluation.  And I don’t think we should short-circuit that process.I have also noted that, as policy matter, my government believes that we should judge this pipeline based on whether or not it accelerates climate change or whether it helps the American people with their energy costs and their gas prices.  And I have to constantly push back against this idea that somehow the Keystone pipeline is either this massive jobs bill for the United States, or is somehow lowering gas prices.Understand what this project is.  It is providing the ability of Canada to pump their oil, send it through our land, down to the Gulf, where it will be sold everywhere else.  That doesn't have an impact on U.S. gas prices.  You know what does have an impact on U.S. gas prices is the incredible boom in U.S. oil production and natural gas production that's taken place under my administration. And if my Republican friends really want to focus on what's good for the American people in terms of job creation and lower energy costs, we should be engaging in a conversation about what are we doing to produce even more homegrown energy.  I'm happy to have that conversation.With respect to the climate change deal, I have been very clear that I have responsibilities as President not just to current generations, but to future generations.  The science is indisputable.  The planet is getting warm, and it is getting warmer in part because of man-made activity. And the release of carbon gases -- carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere can have a potentially devastating effect that will cost our country, could devastate communities, could increase the impact of natural disasters, and will have an impact worldwide that is destabilizing and

could affect our national security.  That's not my opinion, by the way, that is the opinion of our Joint Chiefs of Staff, that climate change is a direct national security threat.Now the argument that I've received in the past has been either denial of the science or, alternatively, there's no point in us doing something about it despite us being one of the two largest emitters in the world, because if we do something and China doesn't do anything, we'll just put ourselves at a competitive disadvantage, we'll lose jobs to China, and the problem won't be solved anyway.I'm not going deny the science, but I took seriously the notion that we want all countries to participate in solving a global problem.  And so I engaged with China over a lengthy set of negotiations.  And by all independent accounts, for the first time, we got China to make a very serious commitment to constrain its greenhouse gases.  Why would anybody be against that?  That sounds like the right thing to do to me.  So that's a response to those specific ideas. But let me reiterate what I said at the top.  The fact that I disagree or Republicans disagree with me on a certain set of issues doesn't exclude us working together on a whole range of issues where we do agree.  They're interested in tax reform -- so am I.  Let's get to work.  They're interested in promoting trade that will create jobs and opportunity for U.S. workers and U.S. businesses -- all over it.  It's part of what this Asia trip has been all about.They're interested in rebuilding our roads, our bridges, our ports, our airports, putting people back to work, making sure we're competitive -- I'm game.  So the one thing that I think is going to be important for us to have a successful partnership over the next couple of years is not making disagreements on a single issue suddenly a deal-breaker on every issue.  Democracy can never work that way because there are always going to be some differences.   And when there are differences you can't elevate those differences above the commonalities.I'm sorry that was a long answer, but it was a lot of questions.Do you want to --DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  I'm sorry the President can't get away from all those.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  I know.  But before Daw Suu responds to the point about the constitutional amendment, I just want to emphasize, ultimately it's up to the people of Burma to make a decision about all these provisions.I expressed an objective view that some of current provisions don't seem to have much grounding in common sense or precedent when you look at other constitutions around the world, and seem more focused on advantaging or disadvantaging certain players.  And one of the basic concepts of a constitution is that it creates a level playing field for all people, and then so I use that as an example not because I think my voice is the one that's most relevant in terms of the constitutional amendment process, but ultimately it's up to the people of Burma.Q  (Off-mic.)PRESIDENT OBAMA:  I did?  It doesn't make much sense to me.DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  I believe democracy should stand up for that principle. PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Absolutely.DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  Well, I've always said that it's somewhat flattering to have a constitution written with me in mind.  But it shouldn't be done that way.  That's not how a democratic constitution should be written.  And we object to that clause not because -- not because it debars me from the presidency as such, but because it is against the principle of democracy and also unconstitutional.  The constitution says that all citizens should be treated as equals, and this is discrimination on the grounds of my children, my children's spouses, et cetera, et cetera. Now, this is not acceptable.  And our people are firmly behind us in our desire to change this clause.  And if President Obama said anything about the necessity to change a clause like that, they will love him very much for it.  (Laughter.)  So he will be very popular among our people.And as he said, in the end, it is up to our people to shape the destiny of our country, including the way the constitution is going to be rewritten.  And I think the majority of our people understand that this constitution cannot stand as it is if we want to make the full transition to democracy; 59(f), as you know, debars anybody who is children of -- the spouses of the children belong to -- are citizens of another country.

And according to the law -- and I think the President will know the law better than I do because I'm not a lawyer -- according to the law, anybody who is over the age of 18, or whatever legal adult age may be in his or her country, is responsible for himself or herself.  Nobody else is responsible for that person. So from that point of view also, you cannot penalize anybody for what his or her adult children do.  From that point of view, it's illegal, it's against all norms of justice.  And from the point of view of democracy, it is not right to discriminate against one particular citizen.  You wouldn't like to be discriminated against, would you?So I think our people support the idea of amending this clause because -- not particularly because they want me to be president, perhaps because they do.  But I don't think it is so much because of that, but because they realize that this is unfair, unjust and undemocratic.Q  Thank you.  I would like to ask the question to Mr. President.  The question is, have you discussed about the very situation in Myanmar (inaudible)?  Because more journalists and politicians have been arrested, particularly (inaudible) under the present administration.  (Inaudible) how he responds to this (inaudible)?  Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  I didn't bring up specific cases with him.  I brought up a basic principle that I stated earlier, which is that a free press is a foundation for any democracy. We rely on journalists to explain and describe the actions of our government.  If the government controls the journalists, then it's very difficult for citizens to hold that government accountable.  It's a fairly straightforward proposition.  And I recognize that there is a transition process that's taking place, that there is a more robust debate today than there was the last time I visited.  But to go back to what we said earlier, we can't be complacent.  And we, as a government, are going to be troubled when we hear reports of journalists being imprisoned, being killed, being intimidated, or being censored.And when we engage with this government -- or any government -- and we have evidence that that's taking place, then we're going to raise it. Thank you very much.END1:10 P.M. MMT

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ျ�ျစျ�ျငင အလငယေျတြတက ေျဝ႕ယမျ�ႀကဆျေျနတ ျ�မငရြငကငျ�ေျေတြတၾကာငျ ေအလ�အနက ခစာ�ခရပါတယ။ မယျ�ျျငေျလာကေျအာင အမခနျ� မာ�ျ�ပာ�တ ကြျျ�ပာ�စျလငမႈေျတြတန႕ ယ ဥေျက�မႈေျတြတ၊ ၿပ�ေျတာ ကြျျ�ပာ�တ ယျၾကညမႈန႕ လ႕အဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတၾကာ�က

ဘာသာေျပါငျ�စတညရေျနမႈေျတြတဟာ ဒေျန႕ ေကနာနျက5 စတအ ာ�ထကသ fနလာေျစခပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ေျခတေျပ� ျ�မနမာ ျ�ျငငရ႕ ဇာတျ�ဖစZာ အတြတငျ�ဝန႐ျ�က တြသာ�ေျရာကလ ညပကခြတ:ငျZခနမာေျတာ ဒေျ

န႕ တခါထပၿပ� စတအ ာ�တကျ�တြက လာရျပနပါတယ။ ဒမေကရစရ႕ ပျစ၊ ျ�မနမာေျတြတြျ၊ တ႐တေျတြတ အ�ၵေယတြတ၊ ဗဒၶဘာသာဝငေျတြတ၊ မဆလငေျတြတ၊ ဟ�ၵဘာသာဝငေျတြတန႕ ခရစယာနေျတြတ ၿငမျ�

ခမျ�ြစာ အတယဥတေြျနထငေျနလျကၾ ကတာ - ယဥေျက�မႈအစျအလငန႕ ယျၾကညမႈအစျအလင ကြျျ�ပာ�စျလငၿပ� သညျ�ခြခငfျလႊတမႈေျတြတန႕ မယျ�ျငေျလာကစရာ အမခနျ�ျ�ပယဂတခပါပ။ ဒါ

ဟာ ဒ�ျျငငရ႕ ကြျျ�ပာ�စျလငမႈေျတြတ ျ�တြကယဝ�ခငျ�န႕ ဒေျဒသရ႕ အလာ�အလာေျကာငျ� ျ�ဖစေျၾကာငျ� ေျလ�နကသ မေျြမ႕တ ျ�ပယဂပါ။

ေကနာျ ေဥရာပေကန အာဖရကထ၊ ေျတာေငအမရက ေကန ေအရေ႕တာငအာရထ ကမၻာအ�ျ႕ ခရ�ဆ န႕တအခါတျငျ� အ�ျစၿခကမဆျ�အရာေျတြတထမာ ခငဗာ�တျ႕လ လငယ ေျယာကျာ�ေျလ� မနျ�

ေကလ�ေျတြတန႕ ေျတြတ႕ဆျရတာလညျ� တခ အပါအဝငပါပ။ ညလာခခနျ�မႀက�ထေျရာကေျနရ တာထက ပေျပာျဖ5ေ႕ကာငျ�ပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာပၿပ�လညျ� ေအရ�ပါပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလ

ဆျရင ခငဗာ�တ႕ဟာ ဒတျငျ�ျ�ပညန႕ ဒေျဒသရ႕ အနာဂတက 5 ေျဖာျေျဆာငမယျ လငယေျခါ ငျ�ေျဆာငေျတြတမျ႕ ပါပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေကနာျမန႕ြခနျ�က တျတျပ ေျျ�ပာပါမယ။ ဘာေျၾ

ကာငfျလဆျေျတာ ခငဗာ�တ႕ရ႕ ေျမ�ြခနျ�ေျတြတ၊ ေသဘာထာ� မတ:ကေျတြတက တတျ�ျငသမ မာ�မာ� လျခငလ5ျ႕ပါ။

ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5 သမၼတေအနန႕ ေအမရကနန႕ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရအၾကာ� ေျပါငျ�စ ညျ�မႈ ပမျေျလ�နကေျေစရ� က ဥ�စာ�ေျပ�ကစzတရပအျျဖစ သတမတပါတယ။ အထ�သ�ဖငျ ေအ

ရေ႕တာငအာရ လငယေျတြတန႕ပါ။ ဘာျ�ဖစလ5ျ႕ ေကနာျ ဒလ လပZသလ ဆျရင ေကနာျZ႕ ငယဘ ဝ အခ နနတခ႕က ေအရေ႕တာာငအာရ - အငဒ5ျန�ရာ�မာ ကငရြနန: ရ တာေျၾကာငျ ဆျတာထက ပပါေျသ�တယ။ ဒါ အ�ပင ေကနာျ ဒါက အထ� တြတယၿငေျနမၿပ� ေအရေ႕တာငအာရအတြတက၊ ဒေျဒသအတြတက အထ�

ခစာ�ခကတ ခ ရေျနမပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျ ဒါက ဘာေျၾကာငျ အဓက လပZသလဆျရင အာဆ ယ ၁၀- ျ�ျင င ဟာ ကမၻာလဥ�ေျရရ႕ ဆယပျတပျေျလာက ေျနထငZာေျဒသ ျ�ဖစေျနပါတယ။

ေအရေ႕တာငအာရ လဥ�ေျရရ႕ သျ�ပျ ျ�ျစပျ ေျလာကa ာ အသက ၃၅- ျ�ျစေျအာက အငရြရယေျတြတ ပါ။ ဒေျတာ ဒေျဒသဟာ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ� တ�တကေျနၿပ� ဒမျေကရစ တြထနျ�ကာ�လာေျနတ ေျဒသ၊

သမဒၵရာႀက�ေျတြတန႕ ကတြuနျ�ေျတြတ၊ ေျတာနကႀ က�ေျတြတန႕ ၿမ႕ႀက�ျ�ပႀက�ေျတြတ၊ လမ� ဘာသာအစျန႕ ယျၾကညမႈအစျ အပါအဝင အာ�ေျကာငျ�တ စျလငကြျျ�ပာ�မႈေျတြတ ရေျန

တေျဒသ ျ�ဖစတာန႕အည ၂၁- ရာစက ပျတြသငျ�ေျပ�မယျ ေျဒသ ျ�ဖစလ5ျ႕ပါပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျပ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရ လငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငမာ�ဗဟာအဖြျ႕က စတငဖြျ႕စညျျ�ေျပ�ခ

တာပါပ။ ေအမရကနန႕ ေျနာကမ �ဆကသ စ ေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငမာ�အၾကာ� ဆကဆ ေျရ�က အစ�ရနေ႕ရာ လ မႈအဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတန႕မာ၊ ပညာေျရ�န႕ ြစန႕ဥ�တတြထငမႈေျတြတမာပါ ပၿပ� ေျလ�နက ေျစ

ဖျ႕ပါ။ ခငဗာ�တျ႕လျ လငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာင ၁၀, ၀၀၀ �� ေျလာကa ာဒ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရ လငယေျခါ … ငျ�ေျဆာငေျတြသ�သစမာ�အဖြျ႕ တြကနနယကကထက ဝငေျရာကလ ာၾကၿပ�ပါၿပ စနေျခ�မႈေျတြတက

… ေျျ�ဖရငျ�ဖျ႕ ေျဆာငရြငZကေျနၾကပါၿပ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒ လႈပZာ�တကျ�ေတြကနတ ေျဒသရ႕ အြခ ငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတကလညျ� ျ�ျစဥ��ျစဘက ေျလ�စာ�ြစာ ပ�ေျပါငျ�ေျဆာငရြငZကလ 5စတေျတြတန႕ ဆပက5င

ထာ�မ ေျနၾကပါၿပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဒ�ျေစအစာပငျ�က ေမလ�ရာ�မာ ဒလ ေျတြတ႕ဆျပြျတခ ေက နာျ လပ:ပါေျသ�တယ။ ဒေျနေ႕တာ ခငဗာ�တျ႕န႕အတ ေျနာကထ ပေျျ�ခလမျ�ေျတြတ ေကနာျ ဆ

ကလ ကေျလာကလ မျ�ခငပါတယ။ တြလန: တ ေျျ�ခာကျ�ျစန�ပါ�က ဒရာထ�က ေကနာျ ရယၿပ�တအခါတနျ�က ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာ

ငစ5ဟာ လကသ �ဆပေျတြတ ေျျ�ဖခလျက:ငတ ဘယျ�ျျငငကမဆျ လကက မျ�ႀကဆမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျေျျ� ပာခပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဆယစ5�ျစေျပါငျ�မာ�ြစာ အာဏာရင စနစန႕ အပ:နပလာၿပ�တေျနာက ဒမာ

သသာထငZာ�တ တျ�တကမႈေျတြတ ျ�ျစနညျ�နညျ�ေျလ�အတြတငျ�မာတင ျ�ဖစလာခတာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ စ တငျ�မငေျတြတေ႕နရပါၿပ။ တခါတနျ�က ကမၻာႀက�က တငျ�တငျ�ကပကပ တခါ�ပတထ ာ�ခဖ�တ

ျ�မနမာျ�ပညမာ ေျဒသတြတငျ�န႕ ကမၻာအတြတငျ� သပါဝင အသျ�ေျတာျ:�ျျငဖ5ျ႕ က႑န႕ ပတသ ကၿ ပ� ေျမာျလငျ:က ေျရာငျ�ခညေျတြတ ပသမျ�လာေျနပါၿပ။

ဒါေျပမ တ�တကမႈခရ�ဟာ တညတညျ�န႕ ၿပ�ေျအာငေျလာကလ 5ျ႕ မရဘ�ဆျတာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ သ ပါတယ။ ေျနာကျ�ပနဆြျမႈ ေျတြတ၊ အတေအယာငအစပ�မႈေျတြတန႕ တခါေတလ ေျနာကေျၾကာ

ငျ�ျ�ပနလညျမႈေျေတြတတာင ရေျနပါတယ။ ဒါဟာ ၂၃၈- ျ�ျစ သကတ မျ�ရတ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေအမရကနသ မျငျ�မာလညျ� အမနျ�ဖစ:ပါတယ။ ဒမာ တြလန: တ ျ�ျစျ�ျစ၊ သျ��ျစအတြတငျ�ေျလာကမာ လာျ�ဖ

စေျနပါတယ။ တ�တကမႈတခ႕ကလညျ� ေကနာျတ5ျေ႕တြတ႕ရၿပ� ဒတ�တကမႈေျတြတကလညျ� ေက နာျတ5ျ႕ အသအမတျ�ပသငျပါတယ။

ျ�ျျငငေျရ�အကဥျ�သာ�ေျတြတ ျ�ပနလႊတေျပ�ၿပ� ျ�ျျငငေျရ�စကာ�ဝျငျ�ေျတြတမာ ျ�ပညသTလထ ပ ၿပ�ပါဝငလာၾေကပမလညျ�၊ လႊတေျတာျ ေျပ�တြထနျ�လာၿပ� အရပသာ�လမႈအဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျ

… တြတ ကယျ�ပန႕လာေျပမလညျ� ဒါေျတြတအာ�လျ�ျ�ဖစေျေနသာျ ျ�ငာ�လညျ� တခ႕�ပျ�ပ ငေျျ�ပာငျ�လမႈေျတြတဟာ လအေပသလာက လငလငျ�မနျ�မန ျ�ဖစမလာေျသ�ဘ� ဆျတာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕

သပါတယ။ စာနယဇငျ�သမာ�ေျတြတက တျက:5ကမႈေျတြတန႕ တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ�လနညျ�စေျတြတ ေအ ပ� တျက:5ကမႈေျတြတ ရေျနဆ ပါပ။ ရချငျ�ပညျနယက လသာ�ခငျ�စာနာေျထာကထ ာ�မႈ ေအျ�ခေအေန

တြတန႕ ခြျျ�ခာ�ဖ�ျပ:ေျနရတ လနညျ�စေျတြတ ေအပ� ျ�ပမ ဆကဆ ေျနပျေျတြတန႕ ပတသ ကလ 5ျ႕ ေအ မရကနက ေအလ�အနက စ�ရမပTပနေျနဆပါ။

ဒအလညအပတ:ရ�မာ သမၼတႀက�ဥ�သနျ�စနန႕ရယ၊ ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကညန႕ရယ ေကနာျ သ� သန႕စ ေျတြတ႕ဆျခသလ လႊတေျတာျက5ယစာ�လယေျတြတန႕ အရပသာ�လမႈအဖြျ႕အစညျ� ေျခါ

ငျ�ေျဆာငေျတြတန႕လညျ� ေျတြတ႕ဆျခပါတယ။ ေျနာကၿပ� လ႕အြခငေျအရ�န႕ တြလတျလငရြပ:ငျေျ တြတက ေျလ�စာ�မႈရေျၾကာငျ� အာမခ�ျျငမယျ၊ ဒတျငျ�ျ�ပညက ျ�ပညသTေျတြတဟာ ေျဒသတြတငျ�

န႕ ကမၻာမာပါ ေျနရာမနနက5 ေအရာကလ မျ��ျျငေျစမယျ အဓက�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျရ�ေျတြတ ေအပ� ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ခၾကပါတယ။ ဒါ အ�ပင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတၾကာ� ေျ�ျာင

…ဖြျ႕မႈေျတြတ ပမေျလ�နကေျစဖျ႕ရာအတြတက ၿငမျ�ခမျ�ေျရ� တပဖြျေ႕တြတ ဒက ျ�မနမာျ�ပ ညက5 လာပါမယ ဆျတာ ေကနာျ ဂဏယ Tြစာ ေျၾက�ငာလကပါတယ။ ဒက ျ�မနမာလငယေျတြတ န႕ ေအမ

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ဘ�။ သမငျ�ဟာ ေျဘ�တျက တြသာ��ျငသလ တခါတရမာ ေျနာကျ�ပနေျတာင တြသာ�တတပါတယ။ ျ�ျ စေျပါငျ�မာ�ြစာ ပဋပကေ�တြတ ျ�ဖစလာၾကၿပ�မ ယျၾကညမႈတညေျဆာကၾ ကရျခငျ�ဟာ အခနယTရ

ပါတယ။ ၾကမျ�ၾကတမႈေျတြတရ႕ အမာငရြရတေျတြတက လစလရႈထာ��ျျငၾကဖျ႕ သတေျတြတလပါတ ယ။ တြလတလ ပမႈန႕ ဒမေကရစရ႕ အသ�အြပငျေျတြတက ထနျ�သမျ�ထာ�ဖျ႕ဆျတာ ချငျ�မတ သ

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ပ ဒ ႐နျ�ကနမႈ တျကပေြျတြတက ဥ�ေျဆာင:ၾကတာ လငယေျတြတပါ။ အခနေျပါငျ�မာ�ြစာယၿပ� တ�ဖညျ�ျ�ဖညျ�ခငျ�န႕ ေျသခာျ�ပညျစျတ ေအမရကနက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ရ႕ ျ�ပညေျထာငစ5ဆကေျ

ရာကZေျအာင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ကေျမာငျ��ျငရြငတနျ�အာ�ေျပ�ခၾကသေျတြတပါပ။ က အခ ျ�မနမာဆျ႐�တခရတယလ 5ျ႕ ေကနာျ နာ�လညထာ�ပါတယ။ ဒါက ေကနာျ မနမနနကနကနကန ေျျ�ပာ�ျျ

“ ” … … ငေျအာင ႀက�စာ� ရမာေျပါ ။ ငတမသတျင က လနပၾကပါဥ� မနZ႕လာ�? … “တကျ�ျျင” ဖာ�ေျရာက (ၾသဘာသမာ�)

… … ဒေျတာ ျ�မနျမာလမတတတ ေအမရကနေျတြတအတြတက ေကနာfျလ5ျေျပါ (ရယသ မာ�) … ဒစကာ�က “ေျရငပZနငလညျ� ေျအာကေျျ�ခသျ�ပငက5 ေျရာကတ အထငပ၊ ေအပ�တကZနငလညျ� ထပဖာ�အထတက၊

” ဇြျေမလာန႕ လ႕ ဆျလပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒ�ျျငငန႕ ဒေျဒသက လငယေျတြတက တကျ�ျျငဖာ�ေျရာကေျအာင ကညဖျ႕ ေအမရ

ကနျ�ျျငငက အချငအမာ ဆျ�ျ�ဖတထ ာ�ပါတယ။ ဒ�ျျငငက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ယျၾကညပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾ ကာငျ ျ�ျစအနညျ�ငယအ တြတငျ� ေကနာျ ျ�ျစႀကမတ5ျငတ5ျင ေအရာကလ ာချ�ခငျ�ျ�ဖစပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾ

ကာငfျလဆျေျတာ ဒမေကရစအဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတ ျ�မနျ�မနဆနကနဆနကနတျ႕�ပနျ�ျင တာဝန:�ျျငမယျ၊ ျ�ျျငငေျရ� တကျ�တြကလႈပZာ�သေျတြတ တြလတလ ပျ�ျငမယျ၊ တရာ�မတတ ေျငရြရ�ေျကာကပေြျတြတ ရမ

ယျ၊ သတငျ�သမာ�ေျတြတ အမနနတရာ�က လျကလ ရာေျြဖ�ျျငမယျ၊ တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ�လနညျ�စေျတြတ ေအၾကာကတ ရာ�မရဘ ေျနထျငျ�ျျငမယျ အနာဂတက 5 ေကနာျတ5႕ ျ�မငေျတြတေ႕နရလ႕ပါ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဒ�ျျငငေအပ�မာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ယျမကခြတစာ ပျအပထာ�ပါတယ။ ဒါတငမက ဒေျဒသေအပ� လညျ� ယျမကခြတစာ ပျအပထာ�ပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျရင ဒမာရေျနတ စနေျခ�မႈေျတြတအာ� လျ�က စတပါလကပါန႕ အတတတြက လာေျရာက ေျျ�ဖရငျ�ၾကမယျ ျ�ျျငငစျ၊ ဘာသာစျ၊ လမ�

စျ လငယေျတြတ က ေကနာျတ5႕ ေျတြတ႕�မငေျနရလ႕ပါ။ သဘာဝပတဝနျ�ကင ကာတြကယေျရ�ေျ တြတ၊ လ႕အြခငေျအရ�ေျတြတ၊ ပညာေျရ�တ�တကေျအာင ေျဆာငရြငZကမႈေျတြတ၊ ဆငျ�ရမေြျတမႈ တျ

ကဖကေျရ�ေျတြတ၊ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�၊ အစ�ရအဖြျ႕အတြတငျ� န႕ လမႈအဖြျ႕အစညျ� အတြတငျ�မာပါ အ မ�သမ�ေျတြတရ႕ အခနျ�က႑ ပမျ�မႇငနျတငေျရ� အာ�ေျပ�မႈေျတြတ၊ သဘာေဝဘ�ဒဏေျတြတန႕ ရင

ဆျငZတအခါ ႐နျ�ျ�ပနျ�ျျ�ထ�ျငမႈ တ�တကလ ာေျရ�ေျတြတ၊ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ� တ�တကမႈ အရနနအဟနျ�မႇ … ငနျတငေျရ�ေျတြတ ဒါေျတြတမာ လငယေျတြတ ပမၿပ� ခငဗာ�တျ႕ ေျျ�ခရာနငျ��ျနငလာၾကဖျ႕၊ ေျ

ကာငျ�ေျကာငျ�ြမငရြနမန ပညာတတလ ာၾကဖ႕န႕ အြခငျျအလမျ�ေျတြတ ရရလာၾကဖ႕ပါပ။ ဒေျဒသရ႕ စျလငကြျျ�ပာ�မႈက ေျြပ႕ဖကထ ာ�ၾကတ လငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငေျတြတက အာ�နညျ�ခ

ကလ 5႕ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ မ�မင႐ျမက အငအာ�တရနပလ5႕ ျ�မငပါတယ။ ဒါ အ�ပင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ဟာ တဥ�ခငျ�စ ကြျျ�ပာ�ျ�ခာ�နာ�မႈေျတြတ ရၿပ� ႐�ရာအစဥအလာ မ�စျ န႕ လ႕အဖြျ႕အစညျ� မ�စျေကနလာၾ

ကတာေျတာငမ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ အလပအတတ ပ�ေျပါငျ�လနပၾကမယဆ 5ျရင ပၿပ� အငအာ� ေျတာငနျတငျ�လာ မယ ဆျတာ သတျ႕သျ�မငေျသဘာေျပါကၾ ကတယလ 5႕လညျ� ရႈျ�မငပါတယ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဒေျဒသ - ခငဗာ�တျေ႕ဒသရ႕ အနာဂတက 5ျ အာဏာရငေျတြတ ဒါမမဟတ စစတပေျတြတ က အဆျ�အ�ဖတ ေျပ�မာ မဟတဘ ြစန႕ဥ�တတြထfငလ5ပငနျ�ရငေျတြတ၊ တတြထနငသTေျတြတ၊ အပမကZငေျတြတ န႕ လ႕အဖြျ႕အစညျ�အတြတငျ�မာ အလနပလ5ပေျန ၾကတ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတကသာ အဆျ�အ�ဖတေျ

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ထက မဆ လ႕အဖြျ႕အစညျ�ကျ ပျတြသငျ�ဖျ႕ ပၿပ� ႀက�မာ�တ အလာ�အလာေျကာငျ�ေျ တြတ ရေျနပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျရင ခငဗာ�တျ႕မာ ေျနရာတျငျ�က ဗဟသေတတြတက ရ

ယ�ျျငတ ြစမျ�အာ�ေျတြတန႕ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ မဘဘ�တြဘာ�ေျတြတထကပ5ၿပ� အသပညာန႕ ေအတြတ႕အၾ ကျေျတြတ ရၾကလျ႕ပါပ။ ခဆျ ဗဟသေတတြတန႕ ေအတြတ႕အၾကျေျတြတက ဒေျဒသ တဝမျ�

လျ�န႕ ကမၻာတဝမျ�လျ�က တ�ခာ�လငယေျတြတန႕ ေမဝဖလယၾ ကဖ႕ ခငဗာ�တျ႕မာ အြခငေျအရ� ရေျနပါၿပ။ တြလန: တ ျ�ျစငါ�ဆယက ဒါမမဟတ အ�ျစျ�ျစဆယကဆ ဒါမ� မရခပါဘ�။ လမငျ�ဥ�က သ႕ြစမျ�အငက5 အသျ�ခၿပ� သ႕ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညသTေျတြတရ႕ ဇာတလ မျ�ေျတြတက ေျျ�ပာျ�

ပခပါတယ။ သဟာ ေအမရကန ျ�ပညေျထာငစ5က ဂကတ စဘာဂေျကာလပမာ ပညာသငၾကာ�ခပါတယ။ ေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျနမႈေအၾကာငျ� Facebook ေကန ၾကညျZငျ� တ�ဖညျ�ျ�ဖညျ� ေသဘာေျပါ

ကလ ာရာေကန အမျ�ပနဖ5ျ႕ ေျစေျဆာျမႈေျတြတ ရလာခၿပ� ျ�မနမာလယသ မာ�ေျတြတရ႕ ခက:ၾကမျ�တ မျ� ကေျခလတ ဘေဝတြတေအၾကာငျ� ဆရ သတငျ�ဇာတလ မျ�တပနဒက5 ဖနတ�ခပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ

“ ေကနာျ ျ�ျျငငဟာ ကာလၾကာျ�မငြျစာ တခါ�ပတထ ာ�ခပါတယ။ ဆကေျျ�ပာစရာ ဇာတလ မျ�ေျတြတ ” အမာ�ႀက� ကနေျနပါေျသ�တယ လျ႕ သက ေျျ�ပာခပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ခငဗာ�တ႕လင

ယေျတြတ ဒဇာတလ မျ�ေျတြတက ေျျ�ပာျ�ပြခငျ ရလာပါၿပ။ အရပဘက လမႈ အဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတန႕ မနနကကနမတတ တရာ�စရငမႈစနစေျတြတ၊ ၿပ�ေျတာ သတငျ�တြလတလ ငရြပ:ငျ ေျတြတန႕ ပဂၢလက စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�

လပငနျ�ႀက�ေျတြတ လ ဒမေကရစ အပ:ပေျရ�အတြတက အတြလေနအရ�ပါတ အဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတက တ�တကေျအာင လပျ�ျျငတ ြစမျ�ရညေျတြတ ခငဗာ�တ႕မာ ရေျနပါတယ။ အဒါေျတြတက ဒမာ အ

မာ�ႀက� တညေျဆာကZဥ�မာပါ။

ဒလ�ျျငငမ�ေျတြတမာ ခငဗာ�တျေ႕တြတ အဒလနညျ�န႕ ပါဝငၾကဖ႕ သပက 5ေအရ�ႀက�ပါတယ။ ခငဗာ� တျ႕က ေကနာျ ဥပမာတခ ျ�ပပါ မယ။ ႐ငယfနလT�ဝစ မဒရစ ဟာ ဂာနယသ တငျ�ေျထာေကတ ယာက ျ�ဖစလာ

ဖ႕ အပမကေျတြတ ရပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ သခစတဖလစပ5ငျ�ျငငမာ တျငရြငဖနျ�မနနတ5ျငျ�ႀက�ေျၾကာငျ အပကအ စ�ပျေျတြတၾကာ� မတတ တZပေျနမခနမာေျတာ သ႕�ျျငငသာ�ျ�ပညသTေျတြတအတြတက ျ�ပနလညတ

ညေျဆာကေျရ�လပငနျ�ေျတြတမာ တတပတအာ� ပါဝငပါေျတာတယ။ ဒေျန႕ ဆျရင သပ�တြျတညေျ ထာငျ: တ အဖြျ႕ဟာ ေျေနရာငျ�ခညစြည�မျ�အငသျ� အမမ5�ျ�ပာ�ေျတြတက လေျနမႈအဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျ

တြတ ျ�ပနလည ထေျထာငဖ5ျ႕န႕ တျ�တကဖ5ျ႕အတြတက ထတလ 5ပေျပ�ေျနပါၿပ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ သ႕အရ ေညအတြသ�ေျတြတက ဖြျ႕ၿဖ�ဆ ျ�ျျငငေျတြတက လပငနျ�ထေျထာငလ5သ လငယေျတြတက သတျ႕ ျ�ျငင

ေျတြတမာ ေျျ�ပာဆျၾကဖ႕၊ သတျ႕�ပညသTေျတြတက ကညၾကဖ႕၊ ကမၻာၾကညျ ၾကညျျ� မငၾကၿပ� ေျဒသတြတငျ�မာ လႈပZာ�ၾကဖျ႕ အာ�ေျပ�ျ�မႇငနျတငZာမာ အသျ�ခလစတ ရေျနပါတယ။

လသာ�ေျတြတရ႕ ဂေဏသ ရသက�ာဆျတာ အလျ�စျဆ�ၵရညမနျ�ခကသ ကသ ကသ ာမက လ႕အြခငေျအရ�တ ခလညျ� ျ�ဖစတယဆ5ျတာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕အာ�လျ� သတတရရေျေနစဖျ႕ ခငဗာ�တျ႕မာ ြစမျ�အာ�ေျ

တြတ ရပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေျေဝဝ�ျဟာ သ႕လငယဘ ဝရ႕ ခနစျ�ျစတာကာလက သတျငေျေတြတနာကမာ ျ�ျျငငေျ

“ ” ရ� အကဥျ�သာ�အ�ဖစ ကငရြနန: ရပါတယ။ ဒါက သ႕ရ႕ ဘဝတကသလ လ႕ သက ေျခ�ပါတယ။ “ ဒေျနေ႕တာ သမဟာ ကမတ႕ ရညစြညရယ:ကတ ခထအတြတက အမာ�ႀက�ြစန႕လႊတ:ရပါတယ - အဒါက

” ဘာအတြတကလ ဆျေျတာ ဒမေကရစအတြတကပါ လျ႕ ေျျ�တြက�ေျၾကာျZငျ� ဒလ ခက:က:ခ ရယခရတ “ ” ဘြဘ႕ က ခ�ျတရာ�န႕ ဇြျသတေျတြတ အတြတက ေျထာကပေျပ�ဖ႕ သျ�စေြျနပါတယ။

အမနျ�တရာ�ေျတြတက ေျကာျလႊျာ�ဖျ႕န႕ ခငဗာ�တျ႕�ျျငငက ႀက�စ�ေျနတာ ဖ�ျပ: ပ:ယမႈေျတြတမ ဟတဘ တြလတလ ပမႈေျတြတ ေအသအခာရဖ႕၊ ေအၾကာကတ ရာ�ေျတြတ ထက ေျမာျလငျ:ကေျတြတ ေျသခာရေျ စဖျ႕ အြခငျေျကာငျ�ေျတြတ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ ပငဆ5ျင ေျနပါတယ။ ခငဗာ�တ႕�ျငငေျတြတက သငရြစငကြျျ� ပာ�တ လမျ�ေျပေ�ရာကေျအာင ခမတျ�ျျငတ ြစမျ�ပကာ�ေျတြတ ခငဗာ�တ႕ ပငဆ5ျငပါတယ။

ေအမရကနျ�ျျငငဟာ ဒါေျတြတ အာ�လျ�မာ ခငဗာ�တ႕ရ႕ လကတ ေြျဖာျ ျ�ဖစလ5ျပါတယ။ ခငဗာ�တ႕ အနာဂတက 5 ခငဗာ�တ႕ ပျေျဖာျျ�ျငဖ5ျ႕ ေကနာျတ5႕က တတျ�ျျငတ ဘယနညျ�လမျ�န႕မဆျ ကညခ

ငပါတယ။ ကမၻာႀက�က ေျျ�ပာငျ�လဖျ႕ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ လျအပတ ကရယာတနဆာပလာေျတြတ၊ အဆ ကအ တြသယေျတြတန႕ ရငျ�ျ�မစေျတြတရရေျစခငပါတယ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ လပျ�ျျငတ နညျ�လမျ�တခေအနန႕ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရ လငယေျခါ ငျ�ေျဆာငမာ� ဗဟာအဖြျ႕ဝင က႑ က သသသာသာ တ�ခ႕မယဆ 5ျတာ ေကနာျျ အခ ေျၾက�ငာပါ

တယ။ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရ လငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာင ၅၀၀- က ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5က ျ�ျစစဥ ေျ ခ�ယမယျ ေမဝဖလယေျရ�အစအစဥတခပါ။ ဒအဖြျ႕ဝငေျတြတဟာ သတ႕ရ႕ ပညာရငအဆငျ ေျခါ

ငျ�ေျဆာငမႈြစမျ�ရညေျတြတက အာ�ျ�ဖညျဖ5ျ႕၊ ေတယာကန႕ေတယာက တြကနနယကက:တဆ ကဖ5ျ႕၊ ေအ တြတ႕အၾကျေျတြတန႕ ေအတြတ�အ�မငေျတြတ ေမဝဖလယၾ ကဖ႕န႕ ၿပ�တအခါ အမျ�ပနလာၾကၿပ� ခ

ငဗာ�တျ႕ ေျဒသန႕ ကမၻာႀက�က ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လဖျ႕ ဥ�ေျဆာငၾကရာမာ ပမျေျကာငျ� ြမငရြနစာ ျ�ပငဆငထာ�ၿပ�သာ�သေျတြတအ�ဖစ အြခငေျအရ�ေျတြတ ရရလာၾကပါမယ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျမ5႕ ဒအဖြျ႕ဝငတခ႕ဟာ ြစန႕ဥ�တတြထငမႈေျတြတ၊ သဘာဝပတဝနျ�ကငဆ5ျငZာ ဥ�ေျဆာင မႈေျတြတ၊ အရပသာ� လမႈဝနျ�ကငဆ5ျငZာန႕ လ႕အြခငေျအရ�ဆျငZာ ကစေzတြတလ ျ�ပသနာေျတြတန႔ ပ

တသ ကလ 5႕ ေအမရကန က ေအကာငျ�ဆျ� တကသလေျတြတမာ သငၾကာ�ေျပ�မယျ ငါ�ပတၾ ကာသငတနျ� ေကန အက�အ�မတေျတြတ ရရလာမာ ျ�ဖစပါတယ။ ကနတ သေျတြတကလညျ� ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာင

စတလႊျာ� ျ�ပညနယအ စ�ရ႕ ေျဒသဆျငZာ အစ�ရအဖြျေ႕တြတအ�ပင အစ�ရမဟတတ အဖြျ႕အစညျ� (NGO) ေျတြတမာ ပညာရငအဆငျ အဖြျ႕ဝငေျတြတန႕ အတတတြက အလနပလ5ငရြပ:ငျ ရရပါမယ။ ဒါန႕

စကာ�မစပ ေျျ�ပာရရင ဒ အစအစေဥကန ခငဗာ�တ႕ထက တခေ႕တြတဟာ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ အခနေျတြတ အသျ�ေခနချက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတကလညျ� ခငဗာ�တျ႕ဆက ေျလလာသငယT

ြခငျ ရမယနျအြခငေျအရ�က အက�ရြစာ ဆပက5ငျ�ျျငမယ လျ႕ ေကနာျေျမာျလငျပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာ ငျ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ကခညျ�ပ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ဆက ေျလလာသငယTရမာေျတာ မဟ5တပါဘ�။

ၿပ�ေျတာ သတျေ႕တြတ အ�မငသစ ေအတြတ႕အၾကျသစေျတြတန႕ အမျ�ပနလာၾကတအခါ ေကနာျ တျ႕ သ႐ျ�ေျတြတန႕ ေအမရကန ျ�ပညေျထာငစ5 အ�ပညျ�ပညဆ5ျငZာ ဖြျ႕ၿဖ�တ�တကမႈ ေျအဂငစ

(USAID) အဖြျေ႕တြတက ခငဗာ�တ႕ အပမကေျတြတ ေအကာငအထညေျပ�လာေျအာင ကညဖျ႕ ကယထ လ

ကေျရာက ဆကသြကသ ယၿပ� ေအထာကအ ပေျတြတ၊ အရငျ�အ�မစေျတြတ ေျပ�အပဥ�မာပါ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေအမရကနaာ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရ လငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငမာ� ဗဟာ ထပသ�အစညျ�ေအဝ� က ဒေျဒသမာ

ျ�ျစစဥကငျ�ေပပ�တြသာ�ပါမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျ ဒေျန႕ ဂဏယ Tြစာ ေျၾကညာလျကပါတယ။ အဖြျ႕ဝငေျတြတ က သတ႕ ေျအာငျ�မငမႈေျတြတ တဥ�န႕တဥ� ဖလကခြယ:ငျZရေျစဖ႕န႕ ပမျေျအာငျ�မငၿပ�ေျျ�မာ

ကေျအာင သတျ႕ရ႕ တြကနနယကကက5 အာ�ျ�ဖညျေျစ�ျျငရြင:ငျေျတြတလညျ� ေျပ�အငရြပသာ�ပါမယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ တခေ႕တြတဟာ ဒအြခငေျအရ�က အက�ရြစာ အသျ�ခၾကလမျမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျေျမာျလ

ငျပါတယ။ ခငဗာ�တ႕ အမာ�အ�ပာ�ဟာ ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကညန႕ ဥ�မငျ�က�ျျငတ5ျ႕လျပ တကျ� တြကလႈပZာ�တ ေျကာငျ�သာ�လငယေျတြတဆက ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျရ�က လကဆ ငနျကမျ� သယေျ

… ဆာငရြငသာ�ၾကလမျမယ တညၿငမဖြျ႕ၿဖ�ျ�တြကယဝတ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရမာ ေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငမာ�ေအန န႕ ခငဗာ�တ႕ရ႕ ေျနရာမနနက5 ရယ�ျနငၾကမယလ 5ျ႕ ေကနာျ ေျမာျလငနျထာ�ပါတယ။ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ ဒလျ ေျ

ဆာငရြငZကေျနတာန႕အမ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5ထက ပေျကာငျ�တ မတေျတြဆန႕ လကတ ေြျဖာျ မရလာ�ျျငဘT�လျ႕လညျ� ေကနာျက ကတေျပ�လျကပါတယ။

” ဒေျတာ ေျက�ဇ�အထ�တငပါတယ။ “ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယ ။ (ျ�မနမာလေျျ�ပာ) အခ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ ေျမ� ြခနျ�ေျတြတ ေကနာျ ေျျ�ဖၾကာ�လပါတယ။ (ၾသဘာသမာ�)

… ၿပ�ေျတာ ခငဗာ�တ႕ စတမရရငေျပါ ေျလ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညက နညျ�နညျ�ပေျတာ ေကနာျ ကတအ ကႌေျ … လ� ခတြuတထ ာ�လက ပါေရစ (ရယသ မာ�)

ေအရေ႕တာငအာရလငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငမာ�ဗဟာအဖြျ႕�ျငျ ေျတြတ႕ဆျပြျ တြတင သမၼတႀက� အျဘာ�မာ� ျ�ျငျ လငယမာ� ေအမ�ေအျ�ဖ (၁)

ျ�ျဝငဘာလ ၁၄- ရက၊ ၂၀၁၄-ခ�ျစ

ရနနကနနတကသလရနနက5နၿမ႕

… … … အေျက ရသငနျတအတျငျ�ပ ေကနာျမာေျတာ မျကက ႐ဖနျ�ရပါတယ ၿပ�ေျတာ ပရတေျ တြတထလညျ� မျကက ႐ျဖနျ� ေျတြတ ရမယ ထငပါတယ။ ၾသေစၾတ�လက ခရ�မဆက:င ေကနာျ ေျ မ�ြခနျ�ေျတြတ ေကနာျ ေျျ�ဖ�ျျငသမ ေျျ�ဖတြသာ�ပါ မယ။ …ေျကာငျ�ၿပ . … …ဘယသ T အရငစခငလ ေျဟာဒက လငယေျလ�

ေျမ�။ ။ ေကနာျက ေျကာျမ�ဝငျ� ( ဟထငသည။ မသဘြက) ပါ။ ရချငျ�ပညနယ၊ စစေျတြတတကသလမာ အ ဂၤလပစာအဓကန႕ သငၾကာ�ေျနတ တတယ�ျစ ေျကာငျ�သာ� တဥ�ျ�ဖစပါတယ။ သမၼတႀက� အ

သတြထကန႕ဆျရငေျတာ ရခငနျ�(Rakhine) ျ�ပညနယေျပါ ။

… သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ကပ အသတြထက တျ�တကေျအာင ႀက�စာ�ေျနတနျ�ပါ (ရယသ မာ�)

ေျမ�။ ။ ေကနာျေျဒသမာ လမ�ေျရ�န႕ လမ�စ ခြျျ�ခာ�မႈတခ႕ အဓက ၾကျေျတြတေ႕နရပါတ … ယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ သမၼတႀက�က ေကနာျေျျ�ဖဆျေျစလတေျမ�ြခနျ�ေကတာ ေကနာျ

တျ႕မ�ဆကေျတြတက ခ�ျတရာ�န႕ ယဥေျက�မႈကြျျ�ပာ�ျ�ခငျ�ေအပ� ေျလ�စာ�မႈေျတြတ ျ�မႇ ငနျတငေျရ� ပညာေျပ�ရာမာ၊ အထ�သ�ဖငျ ကြျျ�ပာ�တ လမ�စေျတြတၾကာ� အြစနျ�ေျရာကမႈေျတြတ

က အၿပ�တျငေျခမႈနျ�ရာမာ ေကနာေျအနန႕ တတပတအာ� ဘယလ 5ျ ပါဝငေျဆာငရြငZကျ�ျျငပါမလ

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ သပေျကာငျ�တ ေျမ�ြခနျ�ပါပ။ အရမျ�ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယ။ အရပဘကအဖြျ႕အ စညျ�တခ႕န႕ ေကနာျ ေျတြတ႕ြခငျ ရခပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒေျန႕ ေျစာေျစာပျငျ�ကလညျ�

သတငျ�စာရငျ�လငျ�ပြျတခ လပ:ပါတယ။ ေမန႕က လႊတေျတာျဥက႒ - ဥက႒�ျစဥ�လျ� အပါ အဝင လႊတေျတာျက5ယစာ�လယမာ�န႕ ေျတြတ႕ြခငျZခသလ ေျဒေ�အာငဆနျ�စၾကည န႕လညျ�

ေျတြတ႕ြခငျ ရခၿပ� သမၼတႀက�န႕လညျ� ေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ခပါတယ။ သတ႕အာ�လျ�က ေကနာျဒ … “ လေျျ�ပာခပါတယ ဘာသာေျရ� လမ�ေျရ� က ေအျ�ခခၿပ� ျ�ပညသTေျတြတေအပ� ခြျျ�ခာ�ဆ

” ကဆ မႈေျတြတရေျနလကန႕ ေျအာငျ�မငေျနတတျငျ�ျ�ပညဆ5ျတာ ဥပမာ ျ�ပစရာ မရပါဘ� ။ အခလ ကZမာ ေအရ႕အလယပ5ငျ�ေျဒသက ၾကညျမယဆ 5ျရင ဆ�ရ�ယာ�လေျနရာမ�မာ ဘာသာေျရ�ကြျျ� ပာ�မႈ ေအပ� အမာ�ႀက� ေအျ�ခခထာ�တ ပရမျ�ပတာအျျ�တြကမႈေျတြတ ျ�ဖစေျပေ�နပါတယ။

ဒါေျတာင သတျ႕ အာ�လျ�ဟာ မဆလငေျတြတပါ။ ရ�ယာ�န႕ တြဆနနေျတြတ ေတယာကန႕ေတယာက ေခနၾကတာပါ။ ေျျ�မာကအ ငယာလနက5 ၾကညျမယ ဆျရနငလညျ� ကကသ လစေျတြတန႕ ပ႐တကစတငျေျ

တြတ ဆယစ5�ျစေျပါငျ�မာ�ြစာ တက:5ကေျနခၾကၿပ� အခမ ၿငမျ�ခမျ�ေျရ� စ,ရတာပါ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ကမၻာမႈျ�ပထာ�တ ဒကမၻာႀက�မာ ကြျျ�ပာ�တ ယျၾကညက5�တြကယမႈေျတြတ၊ ယ

ဥေျက�မႈေျတြတန႕ လမ�စေျတြတ ရေျနၾကတ လေျတြတဟာ ေတယာကန႕ေတယာက ဆျေျတြတ႕ဆ … ကဆ ၾကရမာ မလြျပါဘ� ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျေျတာ ဘယသ Tမ ငရြရာေကလ� တငရြရာထမာပ ေျနေမ

နၾေကတာပါဘ�။ လေျတြတဟာ ေအတြတ�အ�မငသစေျတြတန႕ သတငျ�အခကအ လကေျတြတက ေျနရာ အ�ျျ႕အ�ပာ� ေကန တသမတတ ညျ� ရယေျနၾကၿပ� သတျ႕န႕မတကြျျ�ပာ�တသေျတြတန႕လ

ညျ� ေျတြတ႕ဆျဆကဆ ေျနၾကပါတယ။ လသာ�အာ�လျ�ဟာ တနျ�တညမရၿပ� လသာ�အာ�လျ� ဟာ ေျလ�စာ�ထျကတ ယ၊ လသာ�အာ�လျ�ဟာ ဥေပဒအရာမာ တနျ�တညမမႈရတယ၊ လသာ�အာ�

လျ�ဟာ သတျ႕တျငျ�ျ�ပညရ႕ဘဝမာ ပါဝငေျဆာငရြငZကျ�ျျငတယ၊ လသာ�အာ�လျ�ဟာ ဖ�ျပ: ပျ�ခ ယျ�ခငျ�က စ�ရြျ႕ထတလ နေ႕နစရာမလဘ သတျ႕ရ႕အ�မငေျတြတက ေျဖာျထ5တျ�ျျငရြင:ငျZတယ

ဆျတ ေအျ�ခခ နယာမက လျကနာဖျ႕ဆျတာဟာ ဘယတ 5ျငျ�ျ�ပညအတြတကမဆျ အတြလေနအရ�ႀက�လ ပါတယ။ ဒါ အ�ပင ဒအမအကငျေျတြတ က ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ တဥ�ခငျ�စေကန စတငၾကရမာပါ။ အစ�ရဟာ ဥေပဒက မတြစာ ကငနျသျ�ေျအာင၊ ထငသလျ မကငနျသျ�မ ေျအာင၊ အပစ5တစေအပ� တ�ခာ�အပစ5ေျတြတ

ထက ပျမကျ�ျာသာေျပ�ဆကဆ တာမ�မလပမေျအာင ေျသခာၾကပမတေျပ�တ အခနျ�က႑ေကန ေျ ဆာငရြငZကေျပ�ဖျ႕က ေအရ�ႀက�လပါတယ။

ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျတ5႕တဥ�ခငျ�စေအနန႕လညျ� ခ�ျတရာ�န႕ အ�ပနအကလနေျလ�စာ�မႈ ဆျတအမအ ကငျေျတြတ ကငနျသျ�ရမာ အမနပါပ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ တဥ�န႕တဥ� သညျ�ခြခငfျလႊတၿပ� ေတလ�တစာ�ဆ ကဆ ၾကဖ႕ လငယေျတြတေအပ� တျကသြကတ နျ� အာ�ေျပ�ၾကဖျ႕ ေကနာျတ5႕ ႀက�စာ�ရပါမယ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ သမငျ�ေတလာက အႀက�မာ�ဆျ� ျ�ပနာေျတြတထမာ လမ�ေျရ�ခြျျ�ခာ�မႈ ျ�ပနာဟာ တခအပါအဝငပဆျတာ ထငZာ�လပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာလညျ� လ

မ�ေျရ� ခြျျ�ခာ�မႈက ေျကာျလႊျာ��ျျငဖ5ျ႕ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ႀက�ပမျ�မႈရ႕ အစတအ ပငျ�အ�ဖစ အရ ပသာ�အြခငေျအရ�ဥေပဒန႕ ဆ�ၵမ ေျပ�ပငရြင:ငျ ဥေပေဒတြတက အတညျ�ပေျရ�ကစေzတြတ၊ ခတကဆ �ၵ�ပ

မႈေျတြတန႕ ဆန႕ကငကန႕တြကကမႈေျတြတ၊ ေျဒါကတ ာကငျ� (မာတငလTသာကငျ�) ကစေzတြတ ပါဝင:ပါတ ယ။ ဒါေျပမ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတက ျ�ျလျ�သာ�န႕ စတပ5ငျ�ဆျငZာ ေျျ�ပာငျ�လၿပ� လေတယာကa ာ က

ယန႕႐ပZညစြညသငျ�ပငမတ႐ျေျလ�န႕ သတျ႕က ေျလ�စာ�ဖျ႕ မထကတ နနဘT�ဆျတာ မဟတပါလာ�လျ႕ သျ�မငလာၾက�ခငျ�ဟာလညျ� ဒႀက�ပမျ�မႈရ႕ အစတအ ပငျ�တရပျ�ဖစပါတယ။

ေျနာကၿပ� ခငဗာ�တ႕ ႀက�ျ�ပငျ�လာတအခါ ခငဗာ�တျ႕သငယ:ငျ�ေတယာကေျယာကက တ�ခာ� လေတယာကက 5 ခငဗာ�တ႕န႕ ကြျျ�ပာ�ေျနတာေျၾကာငျ ျ�ျမျ:တ နာမညေျတြတ၊ ႐ငျ�ပတနာမ

… ညေျတြတ တပေျခ�တာ ေျတြတ႕ဖ�ပါလမျမယ တကယေျတာ အဒအခါမာ ခငဗာ�အလပက ဒလေျတြတ� တာ မနနကနကနတနညျ�လမျ�မဟတဘ T�ဆျတာ သ႕က ေျျ�ပာရမာပါ။ တကယလ 5႕ ခငဗာ�ဟာ ခရစယာေနတယာ

… ကျ�ဖစၿပ� မဆလငေျတြတက ငါမနျ�တယလ 5ျ႕ ေျျ�ပာတ သငယ:ငျ�မာ�ရရင သငယ:ငျ� ဒဘာသာ … … က ငါလညျ� မယျဘ�ဆျတာ မငျ�သပါတယ ဒါဟာ မာ�ေျနတ အကငျပလျ႕ ငါထငတယ မဆ

… လငလTထကလညျ� တေ႕လ�စာ�ရမယလ 5႕ ငါထငတယ အစရသ�ဖငျ ေျျ�ပာဖ႕ေကတာ ခငဗာ�ေသဘာ … … ပါပ။ ခငဗာ�ဟာ ဗဒၶဘာသာဝငတဥ�ျ�ဖစၿပ� ခငဗာ�ေျျ�ပာခရင အ ခငဗာ�တ႕အပစ5ထမာ ေတယာ

ကေျယာကက ဟ�ၵေျတြတ ကေျတာ တမ�ဆကဆ မ ျ�ဖစမယလ 5႕ ေျျ�ပာတာ ၾကာ�ခရင ရငျ�လငျ�ထ တေျဖာျေျျ�ပာရမာက ခငဗာ�အလပပါပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ခငဗာ�ေအနန႕ ခငဗာ�ေအပ� ဘယလ 5 ၾသဇာသ

ကေျရာကမႈမ�ပ ရေျနရေျန သညျ�ချ�ခငျ�၊ စျလငကြျျ�ပာ�ျ�ခငျ� န႕ ေျလ�စာ�ျ�ခငျ�တရာ�ေျ တြတ ကနျယစာ� အတအလငျ� ထတေျဖာျေျျ�ပာဆျျ�ခငျ�ဟာ ေအရ�အႀက�ဆျ�အရာပလျ႕ ေက နာျ ထငပါတယ။

… တကယလ 5႕ ခငဗာ�က ဆတဆ တျေျနလျကမယဆ 5ျပါစ႕ ဒါဆျရင သညျ�မခတတတ လေျတြတဟာ စငျ�မ ငနျက5 အပငစ�တြသာ�ၿပ� စကာ�ရည5ပြျစညျ�မဥျ�ေျတြတက သတျ႕ ထငသလျ ျ�ပၾေကတာမာေျပါ ။

ေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငမႈအတြတက လအပတ အရာေျတြတထက တခဟာ အဆေငမျ�ပတေအနအထာ�မ�မာေျတာ င၊ ေျရပနျ�မစာ� လႀကကမမာ�တအခါမ�မာေျတာင (ေျျ�ပာသငနျတာက) …ထတေျျ�ပာရပါတယ

အထ�သ�ဖငျ ေျရပနျ�မစာ� လႀကကမမာ�တအခါမ�မာေျပါ ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ခငဗာ� ေအနန႕ ၾသ ဇာပႀက�မာ�လာတာန႕အမ ဒတနဘ5�ထာ�မႈေျတြတ ကယစာ� ဆကလ ကၿပ� ထတေျဖာျေျျ�ပာဆျလမျမ

ယလ 5႕ ေကနာျ ေျမာျလငျပါတယ။ … ေျကာငျ�ၿပ ေျနာေကတ ယာက ဘယသ Tေျမ�မလ

… … အေျက ေကနာျဆကသြကသ ာ�မယ အခ ေကနာျဘာလပမလဆျရင ေကနာျဆကသြကသ ာ�မာက ေျယာကျာ�ေျ … …လ�၊ မနျ�ေကလ�၊ ေျယာကျာ�ေျလ�၊ မနျ�ေကလ� တရာ�မတမႈရတာ ေျသခာေျအာငလ5ျ႕ပါ

ဘာလ႕လဆျေျတာ ေကနာျ ကနဥ� မန႕ြခနျ�ထမာ ထညေျမျ�ပာခတာက ေအအာငျ�မငဆျ� လ႕အ ဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတဟာ သတ႕ရ႕ အမ�သမ�ေျတြတန႕ မနျ�ေကလ�ေျတြတက ေတလ�တစာ� ဆကဆ ၾ

ကပါတယ။ အလမမဟတZင သတ႕ ေျအာငျ�မငမာ မဟတပါဘ�။ (ၾသဘာသမာ�) … … …အကႌအဝါေျလ�န႕ ေကလ�မ ဒမာ လကေျျ�မႇျာကျ�ေပနတာ။ အျေျက ေျစာငျပါဥ�

မျကက ႐ဖနျ� ေရအာင

ေျမ�။ ။ ကမက ေျမ�ြခနျ�ေျမ�ြခငျေျပ�တအတြတက ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယ။ ကမက ( ေျြဖ�ယြမန - မသဘြကပါ) ပါ။ ကခငဗမာ က�ပာ�ျ�ဖစပါတယ။ အာဆယေအရ�န႕ပတသ ကၿပ� ေျမ�လပါတယ။ ဒေျတာ

… ကမ ေျမ�ြခနျ�က အာဆယမာ ကြျျ�ပာ�တ ျ�ျျငငေျရ�စနစေျတြတန႕ မတညတ ဒမေကရစတြလ တလ ငရြပ:ငျ အဆငနျအတနျ�အမ�မ� ရေျနပါတယ။ ဒ ကြျျ�ပာ�မႈေျတြတဟာ အာဆယေျပါငျ�စညျ�ေျ

ရ�မာ စနေျခ�မႈေျတြတ ျ�ဖစလာမယလ 5႕ ထငပါသလာ�။ ေျနာကၿပ� ဒအခနaာ အာဆယေျပါငျ�စညျ�ေျ ရ�အတြတက တြတနျ�အာ�ေျပ�ရမယျ အခနေျကာငျ�လျ႕ ယျၾကညပါသလာ�။ ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယ။

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ အာဆယ ၁၀- ျ�ျငငရ႕ ေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငအာ�လျ�န႕ ေအမရကန- အာဆယ ထပသ�စ ညျ�ေျဝ�ပြျမာ ေကနာျ ေျတြတ႕ဆျြခငျ ရခပါတယ။ ဒေျတာ သတငျ�ေျကာငျ�က အာဆယဟာ

တြလန: တ ျ�ျစေျတြတအတြတငျ�မာ ေျပါငျ�စညျ�ေျရ�က ျ�မႇငနျတငဖ5ျ႕ ႀက�စာ�လာတေျနရာမာ၊ သဘာေဝဘ�အ�ျရာယ ကယဆ ယေျရ� ဒါမမဟတ ျ�ပညသT႕ကနျ�မာေျရ� ဒါမမဟတ ပငလယျ�ပငလျျ�

ချေျရ� န႕ ပညာေျရ�တျ�တကေျရ�ေျတြတမာ ရညမနျ�ခက ပႀက�မာ�လာပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ေျ ပါငျ�စညျ�ေျရ�ဟာ ပၿပ� ပၿပ� ျ�ဖစေျပ�လာမာ ေျရာငလႊမရဘ�လ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။

ဒေျတာ ေကနာျေျမာျလငျ:ကက ေျပါငျ�စညျ�ေျရ�က အာ�ေျပ�ျ�မႇငနျတငျ�ခငျ�အာ�ျ�ဖငျ ဒမေက ရစန႕ လ႕အြခငေျအရ� ေျတြတလ ျ�ပနာေျတြတေအပ� ပၿပ� ေျကာငျ�ေျကာငျ�ြမငရြနမန ေျဆာငရြငZ

ကေျနတ ျ�ျငငေျတြတဟာ ဒလ မတတ မျ�ေျကာငျ� မရတ ျ�ျျငငေျတြတေအပ� ဒလ ျ�ဖစလာေျစဖျ႕ ေအကာငျ�ျ�မင ၾသဇာသကေျရာကမႈေျတြတရလာမယလ 5႕ပါပ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒါေျတြတ တကယလ ညျ�

… ေကနာျထငျ�မငမတအတျငျ� ျ�ဖစေျနတယလ 5႕ ယဆမပါတယ။ နာ�ေျထာငပါဥ� ေကနာျ သမၼတ ျ�ဖစကာစက ျ�မနမာျ�ပညဟာ အာဏာရငစနစ အႀက�အကယ ကငနျသျ�ေျနတနျ�ပါ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ အာဆယ

ထပသ� အစညျ�ေအဝ�က ေကနာျတကဖ5ျ႕န႕ ပတသ ကလ 5႕ အ�ငငျ�ြပာ�မႈေျတြတလညျ�ရခပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျေျတာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပည မာ တြလတလ ပမႈေျတြတ မရေျသ�လျ႕ပါပ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ေကနာျထ

… ငပါတယ သမၼတဥ�သနျ�စနaာ ဒမေကရစ လမျ�ေျၾကာငျ�ေျပ� ေျလာကလ မျ�ခတ အငဒ5န�ရာ� ရ႕ SBY ( အငဒ5ျန�ရာ� သမၼတ Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono) လ ေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငေျတြတန႕အတ

ရေျနတာေျၾကာငျ (ၾသဘာသမာ�) … … က ေျတြတ႕လာ� အငဒ5န�ရာ�ေျတြတက ၾသဘာေျပ� က … fနၾကၿပ သမၼတႀက� ဥ�သနျ�စနaာလညျ� ပြပငfျလငျ�တ လ႕အဖြဖ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတဟာ ဘယ

လျပၿပ� ေျအာငျ�မင လာတယဆ 5တာက သျ�မငလာမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျ ယဆပါတယ။ တခါ အာဆယမာ သပါဝငေျဆာငရြငZကေျနမႈ ကလညျ� ဒ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညမာ အတြသနငကT�ေျျ�ပာငျ�ေျရ� လပငနျ�စဥေျတြတစ

တငဖ5႕ လမျ�ြဖငျေျပ�ရာမာ ေအပါငျ�လက�ဏာေျဆာငတ ၾသဇာသကေျရာကမႈ ရမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။

ဒါေျပမ ြပငfျလငျ�မႈ ပနညျ�ပါ�ေျသ�တ ဒါမမဟတ ဒမေကရစ ပနညျ�ပါ�ေျသ�တ တငျ�ျ�ပညေျ တြတန႕ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ထေျတြတ႕ဆကဆ ေျနတာေျတာငမပ သတျေ႕တြတ ေျနာကေျၾကာငျ�ျ�ပနေျလာ

ကတ အခါ၊ သတေ႕တြတ ဒမေကရစ ကငနျသျ�မႈ ပါ�လာ�လာတအခါ အ�ပေသဘာေျဝဖနမႈေျတြတကလ ညျ� ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ဆကလ 5ပေျနဖျ႕ ေအရ�ႀက�ပါတယလ 5ျ႕ ေကနာျ ထငပါတယ။ ဒါက တခါေတေလ

တာ လပZခကပါတယ။ အာဆယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာေငအတာျမာ�မာ�က တဥ�န႕တဥ� ေမဝဖန ခငၾကဘ�လ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျရင ဒါဟာ ေမလ�စာ�ရာ ကတယလ 5႕ သတ႕ ထငလ5ျ႕ပါ။ ၿပ�ေျ

တာ ဘယျ�ျျငငမ လျ�ဝၿပ�ျ�ပညျစျတယဆ 5ျတာ မရေျတာ ကယက ျ�ျျငငတ�ျျငငက တြသာ�ေျဝဖနလ5 ကZင ကျယနျက5လညျ� တ�ခာ� ျ�ျငငေျတြတက ျ�ပနေျဝဖနမာက သတျ႕ စ�ရမေျနၾကပါတယ။

ဒါေျပမလညျ� ေျန႕ရသမ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕�ပညသTေျတြတကယစာ� လပေျဆာငေျနသမက ေကနာျ တျ႕အာ�လျ� တ�တကေျအာင ႀက�စာ�ၾကဖျ႕ဟာ ပနျ�တျင ပ ျ�ဖစသငနျတယလ5ျ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတ

ယ။ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5အတြတက ေကနာျ အရမျ� ဂဏယ Tပါတယ။ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5 ဟာ ကမၻာတဝမျ�လျ�က ေျကာငျ�ျ�မတမႈမာ�အတြတက တြတနျ�အာ�ျ�ဖစတယလ5႕ ေကနာျ ယျၾက

ညပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ရ႕ မဝါေဒတြတေအပ� ေျဝဖနမႈေျတြတက ေကနာျနာ�ေမထာငဘေျနခရင၊ တ�ခာ�တျငျ�ျ�ပညေျတြတက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ေအၾကာငျ� ဘာေျေတြတျ�ပာေျနတယဆ 5ျတာ ြပငြျပငfျလ

ငျ�လငျ� လက:နာ�ေမထာင:ရင ေကနာျaာ သမၼေတကာငျ�ေတယာက ျ�ဖစမာ မဟတပါဘ�။ တခါေတ ေလတာ ဒေျဝဖနမႈေျတြတဟာ မတရာ�သ�ဖငျ ေျဝဖနေျနတာလ႕ ေကနာျထငမပါတယ။ တခါေတလလ

ညျ� ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေအတာျလကသြကလ ငရြနသာ�လ႕ လေျတြတဟာ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5က အ�ပစတင:ငေျန ၾ ကတယလ 5႕ ေကနာျထငမပါတယ။ တခါေတေလတာ သတျ႕ နညျ�နညျ� ေျလ�ပ လပၿပ� သတျ႕ဟာ

သတျ႕ ေျစာဒကတကေျနၾကတယလ 5႕ ထငပါတယ။ ကမၻာေျပ�က ျ�ပနာအာ�လျ�ေအပ� ေအမ ရကန က ဘာလ႕ တခခမလပသလ ဆျတာပ ေျျ�ပာေျနၾကပါတယ။ တခါတရ ကယနျတာဝနက5ယမယဘ

…ေကနာျတ5႕က ေျကာငျ�တြသာ�ေျအာင ျ�ပငေျပ�ေျစခငတ တျငျ�ျ�ပညတခ႕လညျ� ရပါတယ။ အ ၿပ�ေျတာ ေကနာျတ5႕က ေျကာငျ�ေျအာင ျ�ပငေျပ�ဖျ႕ ႀက�စာ�ျ�ပနေျတာလညျ� ကပတ 5႕က

… စေzတြတ ခငဗာ�တ႕က ဘာလ႕ ဝငရြငစကဖကZတာလလျ႕ ေျျ�ပာၾက�ပနေျရာ။ ဟတပါတယ တခါေတ လ နညျ�နညျ�ေျတာ ကဘြuၿမ�တျခငစရာပါ။

ဒါေျပမ တကယေျတာ ဒလ ေျဝဖနမႈေျတြတ ေကနာျတ5႕ ခယေျနရတယဆ 5ျတာက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ဟာ ေျ ကာငျ�ၿပ ဒမဝါဒက တျ႕ ဒလကငနျသျ�သငနျသလာ� ဆျၿပ� အ�မေျတြတ�ေျတာေျနတယလ 5႕ အဓ

ပၸာယZပါတယ။ တျငျ�ျ�ပညတျပညက5 ေကနာျတ5႕ အကအညေျတြတ ေျပ�ေျပမ အဒတျငျ�ျ�ပညဟာ ေျ ေရပ�ဆလတစက အပ:ပေျနတနျ�ပျ�ဖစၿပ� လထဆက ေမရာကသြကသ ာ�တာ မ� ရ�ျျငတ အခါမ�မာ ေက

နာျတ5ျ႕လပZပaာ မနZ႕လာ�? စစတပတခက ပၿပ� ြစမျ�ရညထကျ�မကလ ာေျအာင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေျလကငျေျ ပ�လျကေျပမ ဒ စစတပaာ ဖ�ျပ: ပျ�ခယမႈေျတြတ ဆကလ 5ပေျနတနျ�ပ ဆျတအခါမ�မာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕လပZ

ပaာ မနZ႕လာ�? ဒလ ေျဝဖနမႈေျတြတက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ြဖငေျမပ�ဘ�ဆျရင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ဟာ ပၿပ� ေျကာ ငျ�မလာ�ျျင၊ မတ�တကလ ာ�ျျငပါဘ�။

ၿပ�ေျတာ ေကနာျတ5႕အာ�လျ�ဟာ ပၿပ�ေျကာငျ�ြမနေျအာင ႀက�စာ�ဖ႕ စတဝငစာ�သငနျတယလ5႕ထ ငပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလ ဆျရင ဘယသ Tမ ၿပ�ျ�ပညျစျတယZယလ 5႕ မရသလ ဘယျ�ျငငမလ ၿပ�ျ�ပ

ညျစျတာမဟတပါဘ�။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ အာဆယဟာ အတြလေနအရ�ႀက�တ က႑မာ ပါဝငကျျပဖျ႕ အြခငနျအ လမျ�ရေျနတယလ 5႕ ေကနာျ ေအသအခာ ထငျ�မငမပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ ဒေကန႕ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�ရ႕

သဘာဝအေရၾကာငနျက5ပ ေျပါငျ�စညျ�ေျရ�ကေျတာ ေျရာငလႊျလ႕မရပါဘ�။ ခရ�ေျတြတ အရမျ� တြသာ�လာေျနၾက၊ အငတာနကလ ညျ� အရမျ�သျ�ေျနၾက၊ စမတဖ5နျ�ေျတြတလညျ� အမာ�ႀက�

သျ�ေျနၾကပါၿပ။ ဒကျ ေကနာျ ကာ�န႕ လာတေတလာက လတျငျ� စမတဖ5နျ�ေျတြတကငေျ … … နၾကတာက�။ ေကနာျ လအမာ�ႀက�ကေျတြတ႕ပါတယ အကႌသာ မရရငေျနမယ စမတဖ5

နျ�ေျတာ ကငျ�ျျငၾကသာ�က�။ ဒေျတာ ဒါက ဘာကဆျလသလဆျရင ဒေျန႕ ထတက နနအမ�မ�ရ႕ ထတလ 5ပေျရ�လပငနျ�အမာ�စဟာ ပစzညျ�တခရ႕ အစတအ ပငျ�ေျတြတက ျ�ျျငငငါ�ခေျလာကမာ ထတလ 5

ပၿပ� သတ႕က ပစေအနအထာ� တမ�မ�န႕ ေျပါငျျ�စညျ�တပဆနငလ5ျကပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ သတျ႕က ကမၻာအ�ျ႕ ေျရာငျ�ခပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဘာပျ�ဖစေျေနန ေျပါငျ�စညျ�ျ�ခငျ�ေကတာ

ျ�ဖစလာမာပါပ။ ဒေျတာ ေျမ�စရာရတာက ေကနာျတ5ေ႕တြတဟာ တြလတလ ပမႈေျတြတ တ�တကေျစမယျ အ ြခငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတ တျ�တကေျစမယျ အဆငျျ�မငျျ�မငနျတခမာ ေျပါငျ�စညျ�ၾကမလာ� ဒါမမ

ဟတ တြလတလ ပမႈေျတြတ နညျ�ပါ�တျ အြခငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတ နညျ�ပါ�တ အဆငျနမျနမနျတခမာ ေျပါငျ�စ …ညျ�ၾကမလာ�။ အဆငျျ�မငျျ�မငျ ေျပါငျ�စညျ�ၾကမယလ 5ျ႕ ေကနာျ ယျၾကညပါတယ

ၿပ�ေျတာ အာဆယအဖြျ႕ဝငအမာ�စကလညျ� ဒလမျ�ကပ ေျငရြရ�လမျမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျ ယျၾကညေျနမပါတယ။

… ေျကာငျ�ၿပ ခ ေျယာကျာ�ေျလ�ေျတြတအလညျပါ။ ေကနာျက ေျယာကျာ�ေျလ�ေျတြတကလညျ� … … မခြျျ�ခာ�ခငပါဘ�။ ဒက လႀက�မငျ� ဟတပါတယ မတဆ တေျမႊ� ျ�ႈတ:မျ�ေျမႊ�န႕။ ဟတၿပ

… … … မကက ႐ဖနျ� ဒက လာေျနပါၿပ ကယျေျနရာမာ ပ ကယေျနလ႕ရပါတယ အျ အျ … … …သတထာ�ပါ ထနျ�ထာ�လကပါဥ� သလကမတြသာ�ေျအာင

… … ေျမ�။ ။ ဟယလ 5 သမၼတႀက�အဘာ�မာ� ေကနာျနာမညက ေျကာျသTရဟနျ� ပါ ဥေပေဒကာငျ� သာ�ပါ။ ေကနာျ ေျမ�ြခနျ� ေကတာ ခခနမာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ဟာ ဒမေကရစအတြသနငကT�ေျျ�ပာငျ�ေျရ� မာ

ရေျနပါတယ၊ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕�ျျငငဟာ က႑တျငျ�မာ စနေျခ�မႈမာ�ြစာန႕ ရငဆ5ျငေျ နရပါတယ။ ဒေျတာ သမၼတႀက�သာ ျ�မနမာ�ျျငငရ႕ သမၼတႀက�ျ�ဖစ:မယဆ 5ျရင (ရယသ မာ��ျ

ငျ ၾသဘာသမာ�) ဘယက ႑က အရငဆျ� အာ႐ျစကမာပါလ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕�ျျငငက တျ�တ ကေျအာင ဘယလ 5မာ� ေျဆာငရြငZကမာပါလ။ ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယ။ (ၾသဘာသမာ�)

… … သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ေျကာငျ�ပါၿပ ေကနာျေျျ�ပာလကပါေရစ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ဟာ သမာ�တျငျ�ျ� … ပညမာ အ�မတမျ�ပၿပ� ေျပ��ပလာ ျ�ဖစၾကသဗ (ရယသ မာ�) … … အ ကယနျတ5ျငျ�ျ�ပညထမာ ဆျရ

ငေျတာ လတျငျ�က ေျစာဒကတကၾ ေကတာတာပ။ ခငဗာ�ေျျ�ပာတာမနနတကယလ5ျ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ ျ�မ နမာျ�ပညမာ စနေျခ�မႈမာ�ြစာ ရပါတယ။ အခေျလာေျလာဆယ ေအရ�အႀက�ဆျ� စနေျခ�မႈေက

တာ ဒမေကရစအတြသနငကT�ေျျ�ပာငျ�ေျရ� ၿပ�ေျျ�မာကေျစဖ႕ပလ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာ ငျ ေကနာျ အရငဆျ� အာ႐ျစကမာေကတာ လအမာ�ေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ေျျ�ပာဆျေျနၾကတအရာကပ ျ�

ဖစမယထ ငပါတယ။ နပါတတ စ - ေျနာကျ�ျစမာ ေျငရြရ�ေျကာကပြျကငျ�ပဖျ႕ လျပါတယ။ ေျ�ျာငျေျ�ျ�ေျရႊ႕ဆျငျ�

ဖျ႕ မသငျပါဘ�။ နပါတျ�ျစ - ကာလရညျ�မငfျလာတာန႕အမ အရပသာ�အစ�ရ လျ�လျ�လာ�လာ� အ�ဖစ ေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျရ�က အာမခမယျ ေအျ�ခခ ဥေပဒ ျ�ပငဆငေျရ� ျ�ဖစသငျပါတယ။ နပါတသ ျ� -

တြလတလ ငရြပစာထတေျဝြခငျ၊ တြလတလ ငရြပစာ ေျျ�ပာဆျြခငျန႕ ျ�ျျငငေျရ�အရ တြလတလ ငရြပစာ စညျ�႐ျ�ြခငျေျ တြတက ကာတြကယေျပ�မယျ ဥေပေဒတြတ ျ�ပ႒ာနျ�ေျပ�ဖျ႕ လျအပေျနပါတယ။

ေျနာကၿပ� ဒလပငနျ�စဥက5 အချငအမာခမတ၊ ဖြျ႕စညျ�ၿပ� ကငနျသျ��ျငမယဆ 5ျရင တ�ခာ�စနေျခ�မႈေျ တြတက ကငရြငတယေျျ�ဖရငျ�ဖျ႕ ကရယာေျတြတ ခငဗာ�လကထ ရေျနၿပလ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ

ျ�မနမာျ�ပညမာ စစမနနတ ဒမ ေကရစ ရရေျနၿပ ဆျရင ေျရာငလႊျလ႕မရ�ျျငေျအာင ဘာေျတြတျ�ဖစလာမ … လဆျတာဟာ ေျနာကထ ပအာ႐ျစ�စကစရာပါပ ၿပ�ရငေျတာ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�အြခငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတ ခမ

တေျပ�ရမာပါ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျရင ျ�မနမာ�ျျငငဟာ ခထကထ အရမျ� ဆငျ�ရတ ျ�ျျငငျ�ဖစေျန ဆမျ႕ပါ။ ဒါ အ�ပင ၂၁- ရာစထမာ ေကနာျတ5႕ ဘာသလာသလဆျေျတာ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�အြခငနျအလ

မျ�ေျတြတ အတြတက အရမျ�ေအရ�ပါတ ကရယာေျတြတဟာ လငယေျတြတ ပညာေျကာငျ�ေျကာငျ� တတဖ5ျ႕ ေျသခာမ ဆတာပါပ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ေကနာျနာ�လညထာ�တာက ျ�မနမာျ�ပညရ႕ ပညာေျရ�စနကစaာ

မဖြျ႕ၿဖ�ေျသ�ဘ�ဆျတာပါပ။ ခငဗာ�တျ႕အာ�လျ�ဟာ ေအတာျဆျ� ျ�မနမာေျကာငျ�သာ�ေျတြတက ကယစာ�ျ�ပတသေျတြတလျ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ လကေျတြတ႕ကက ေျျ�ပာရမယဆ 5ျရင ခငဗာ�

တ႕တြသာ�ဖျ႕ စာသငေျကာငျ�ေျတြတ လျ�ဝ မရေျသ�တ ေျက�ငရြရာအမာ�အ�ပာ�ရေျနတအ�ပင ေျ ကာငျ� အမာ�အ�ပာ�က ျ�ပသနာေျတြတက ဘယလ 5 ခြျျ�ခမျ�စတျ�ဖာသျ�သပZမလ ဆျတာထက

ေအၾကာငျ�အရာေျတြတက ဘယလ 5 အတြလတက ကZမလ ဆျတာကပ သငေျပ�ေျနၾကတယလ 5႕ ေကနာျနာ�လညထာ�ပါတယ။

ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒေျနရာမာ ေျအာငျ�မငလ5တ�ျျငငတျငျ�ဟာ လငယေျတြတအတြတက တြလတလ ပတ မသေငမနရ ပညာေျရ�စနကစတခက ျ�ပ႒ာနျ�ေျပ�ဖ႕လပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျေျတာ သတျ႕မာ ေအျ�ခခ

အရေညအတြသ�ေျတြတမရဘ ေျအာငျ�မငလာဖ႕ မရလ႔ပါ။ သတျေ႕တြတ စာဖတတ တၾ ကရပါမယ။ သ တေ႕တြတ သခၤျာတြတကျတတၾကရပါမယ။ သတေ႕တြတ တြကနပတာေျတြတန႕ အထျက ေအလာက အကတြu

မျ�ဝငZပါမယ။ သတျေ႕တြတ သပၸပညာရ႕ ေအျ�ခခနယာေမတြတက နာ�လညၾကရပါမယ။ ဒလျ ေအျ�ခခ အရေညအတြသ�ေျတြတ မရလ႕ေကတာ ဒေျန႕ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�ေျလာကမာ ေျလာျကနနသငျျ�မတတ အ

လပတခရဖ႕ အတြလန:ကပါ လမျမယ။

အခဆျ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညဟာ စကပ �ေျရ�ပ အာ�ထာ�ေျနရတြလနျ�တာေျၾကာငျ ေျျ�မယာအတြသငေျျ�ပာ ငျ�မႈျ�ပနာန႕ စကပ �ေျရ�က႑ရ႕ ထတလ 5ပမႈြစမျ�ရညတ5ျ�တကေျအာင ႀက�စာ�ရမႈဟာလညျ� လ

ကငငျ�ေအရ�ပါတ ျ�ပနာပလျ႕ ေကနာျ ယဆပါတယ။ ဒါက ျ�မနျမာျ�ပညမာသာမဟတဘ ဆငျ�ရ တ�ျျငငေျတြတ အမာ�အ�ပာ�မာလညျ� ျ�ဖစေျနတာပါ။ ဥပမာ ျ�ပရရင အာဖရကမာ အနာဂတက 5ေျ

ကတြu�ေျြမ�ျ�ခငျ�လ႕ ေျခ�တလႈပZာ�မႈတခ စတေငအကာငအထညေျဖာျေျပ�ခပါတယ။ အဓက ရ ညမနျ�ခကက လယသ မာ�ေျတြတ ထတလ 5ပမႈတ�တကေျေစရ�ပါ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ဆငျ�ရ�ြျမျ�ပါ�တ ျ�ျငငအမာ�

အ�ပာ� က လယသ မာ�ေျတြတဟာ တြလန: တ ျ�ျစ- ၂၀၀ ���� �� ေျလာကကသတ႕သျ�ခတ နညျ�နာေျတြတက သျ�ေျ နၾကတနျ�ပါ။ သတ႕ဟာ ကဘြu�ြျာ�ေျတြတက သျ�ၿပ� မ�က ေျမာျေျနရဆပါပ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ တ

ခါေတလဆျ နညျ�လမျ�သစေျတြတက တကယတ မျ� ေျစ�မႀက�လ ပါဘ�။ သတျ႕က သပၸန ညျ�ကသျ�စြျဖျ႕ပ လတာပ။

ၿပ�ေျတာ ျ�မနမာ�ျျငငလျ ျ�ျငငမ�မာ လယသ မာ�တဥ�က တြထကျ�ႈနျ� ျ�ျစဆတ�ေျစၿပ� ဝငေျြင ျ�ျ စဆတ�လာေျအာင လပေျပ��ျျငZင ခငဗာ�ဟာ ျ�တြကယဝမႈက ရတျ�ခညျ� တျ�တကေျအာင လပေျ

ပ�လျကတ ာမ႕ တခ႕�ပညသTေျတြတက စ�ြပာ�ေျရ� လပငနျ�ေျတြတ စတညေျထာငျ�ျျငမာပါ။ ခဆျ တ ခေ႕တြတက သတျ႕ရလျကတ အ�မတတ ခ႕န႕ လကသြယထ နစကတ စ� ေျထာငတာ မ� ျ�ဖစေျကာငျ�ျ�ဖစျ�ျျငမယ

ဒါမမဟတလ ညျ� စမတဖ5နျ�တလျ�ဝယ:ငဝယျ�ျနငလ5႕ ေျစ�တြကကထ မာ ေျစ��ႈနျ�ေျတြတဘယလ 5 ေအနအ ထာ�ရေျနတယဆ 5ျတာ သ�ျျငၿပ� ဒေအပ�မာ အ�မတထ 5တတ ာမ� မခေရတာဘ�။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေအျ�ပာ

ငျ�အလ ေျသ�ေျသ�ေျလ�ေျေတြတပမ တကယနျက5 ေအရ�ႀက�ပါတယ။ … က ေကနာေျကတာ ကတြuမျ�ကငသTပညာရေငတယာကမဟတေျပမ ေကနာျနာ�လညထာ�တာက ေျျ�မပငဆ5ျ

ငမႈန႕ ငာ�ရမျ�မႈမာ ဒလ ေျျ�ပာငျ�လမႈေျလ� ေျတြတလညျ� လအပပါတယ။ ဒါမ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတဟာ သတ႕လပအာ�ရ႕ တြထကက 5နေျတြတက ပငဆ5ျငထနျ�သမျ�ထာ��ျျငပါတယ။ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ

ေျျ�မတြကကေျပ�မာ အလနပလ5ပေျပမလညျ� တ�ခာ�ေတယာကက 5 ေျပ�လကZၿပ� ဘယေျတာမ မတ� တကျ�ျျငတ လယငာ�လျေ႕ခ�တ အ�ဖစမ�န႕ တကယတ မျ�ဆျရင ဆန႕ကငဘကအာ�ျ�ဖငျေျပါ ။

ဒေျတာ ဒမေကရစစနကစတခ ရလာၿပဆျရင ဒါေျတြတဟာ သဘာဝအတျငျ�ျ�ဖစလာမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျထ ငတ ဥပမာ ျ�ျစ:5ပ ရပါေျသ�တယ။

ေျကာငျ�ၿပ အခ မနျ�ေကလ�ေျတြတ အလညျပါ။ ဒေျတာ ေျဟာဒက မကမနန႕ ေကလ�မ။ လကက 5 အ� ပငျ�အထနက5 ေျဝ႕ယမျ� ျ�ေပနတာေျၾကာငျ သ႕မာ ေအကာငျ�ဆျ� ေျမ�ြခနျ�ရရမယ။

ေအရေ႕တာငအာရလငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငမာ�ဗဟာအဖြျ႕�ျငျ ေျတြတ႕ဆျပြျ တြတင သမၼတႀက� အျဘာ�မာ� ျ�ျငျ လငယမာ� ေအမ�ေအျ�ဖ (၂)

ျ�ျဝငဘာလ ၁၄- ရက၊ ၂၀၁၄-ခ�ျစ

ရနနကနနတကသလရနနက5နၿမ႕

ေျမ�ြခနျ�။ ။ မဂၤလာနနကပါ။ ကမနာမညက ျ�မၾကသငျ� ပါ။

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ အ အခ ေျန႕လညျ�ဖစေျနၿပေျလ (ရယသ မာ�) ။ ၾကညျZတာ ခငဗာ�က မနကက တ ညျ�က ေျစာငျေျနရတာ ျ�ဖစျ�ျျငZ႕။ (ရယသ မာ�) ဒါေျပမ ခေကတာ ေျန႕လညပါ။

ေျမ�။ ။ ကမက ေျအမလေ႕ခ��ျျငပါတယ။ ကမက YSEALI အဖြျ႕ဝငပါ။ ေျမ�ြခနျ�တခ ေျမ�ခငပါ တယ။ ကမ ေျမ�ြခနျ�က ခ ကမတ႕ သတငျ�အခကအ လကနညျ�ပညာ (IT) က လပေျဆာငေျနၾက

ပါတယ။ ေအမရကနaာ အငတက ျ�ျစဆ တ�ၿပ� ပါၿပ။ ဒေျတာ IT ြဖ႕ၿဖ�ေျရ�ဗဟျဌာန တခခမာ� က ညထေျထာငေျပ�ၿပ� လငယေျတြတအတြတက အလပအကင အြခငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတ ေျပ��ျျငမလာ�

လျ႕ပါ။

… သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ဒလျပါ အရပဘကလTမႈအဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတန႕ ေကနာျ ခပ စကာ�ေျျ�ပာခပါ … တယ အဒမာ လေတယာကက ျ�မနမာျ�ပည အငတာနက အသျ�ျ�ပမႈက က�ရာချငျ�ႈနျ�ေျလာကပ

ရေျသ�တယလ 5႕ ေျျ�ပာပါတယ။ ဆလတာက တျ�တကဖ5႕ ေျနရာအမာ�ႀက� ရေျနပါေျသ�တယ။ ျ�မနမာျ�ပည5 ျ�ျျငငမ�မာ IT ျ�ပနာေျတြတက ပထမဆျ�ေအနန႕ ေအျ�ခခ ေအဆာကအ အျ တညေျ … … ဆာကဖ5႕ပါပ ဝါယာလကပျ�ဖစျ�ဖစ တ�ခာ�နညျ�ေျတြတန႕ပျ�ဖစျ�ဖစေျပါ ဒါမ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတ

ဟာ စၿပ� ဆကသြကသ ယျ�ျျငၾကပါလမျမယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ အမာထညေျတြတ ရလာၿပဆတာန႕ တကယျ တျ�တကမႈက ေအပာထညေျတြတမာ ျ�ဖစေျပ�လာမာပါ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ပညာေျရ�ေျတြတ၊ ေျလကငနျသနငၾ

ကာ�ေျပ�မႈေျတြတန႕ ျ�ပညစြညတငျ�ျ�ဖစေျတြတ ထတလ 5ပျ�ျျငမႈေျတြတက အဒမာမ တကေယအ ရ�ပါလာမာပါ။

က ဒေျတာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ဘာလပမလဆျရင လျအပတ ေအျ�ခခေအဆာကအ အျေျတြတ တညေျဆာကေျ ရ�က ျ�မႇငနျတငေျပ�ဖျ႕ အရပဘကလTမႈအဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတနေ႕ရာ အစ�ရန႕ပါ ျ�ျစမ �လျ�န႕

အတတ ေျဆာငရြငZကသြကသ ာ�မာပါ။ ဒါေျပမ အမနနတကယ လျအပတာက ဘာလဆျရင လငယေျတြတကျ ေျလကငနျသနငၾကာ�ေျပ�ေျရ�က ေျသခာေျစဖျ႕လညျ� ျ�ဖစပါတယ။

ေျနာကၿပ� ဘာေျတြတျ�ဖစလာရမလဆတာရ႕ အစတအ ပငျ�တခက ေအမရကနမာဆျ IT ြဖ႕ၿဖ�တျ�တ ကလ ာမႈ အာ�လျ�လျလျ ဟာ ပဂၢလက က႑ေကန ျ�ဖငရြစသာ�တာပါ။ အစ�ရက သေျတသနလပငနျ�ေျ တြတမာ ရငျ��ျ�ျ�မႇျပျ�ျပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ အငတာနက စတက T�စတသ နျ�ဟာ အစ�ရရ႕ ေျေြငၾ

က�အကအညန႕ ဖြျ႕ၿဖ�တ�တကလ ာတာ ျ�ဖစပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ တကယတ မျ�ေျတာ ေျနာကထ ပ ဆကျ� ဖစလာတ World Wide Web ၿပ�ေျတာ အသျ�ခပ႐ဂရမေျတြတအာ�လျ�၊ ၿပ�ေျတာ လမႈမဒယာေျ

တြတ န႕ ကနတာအာ�လျ�ေကတာ ပဂၢလက က႑ေကန ဖြျ႕ၿဖ�တျ�တကလ ာတာပါ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျမ5ျ႕ ျ� မနမာျ�ပညမာ ဒမေကရစတညေျဆာကၿပ�တအခါ ဘာျ�ဖစလာရမလ ဆျတာရ႕ အစတအ ပငျ�တခက အဒ

အခါမာ ေအတြတ�ေအခ�သစေျတြတ တတြထငဖနနတ�မႈန႕ လပငနျ�သငရြစစန႕ဥ�တတြထငမႈေျတြတက အာ�ေျပ�ဖျ႕ ဥေပေဒတြတ ဘယလ 5 စစဥေျရ�ဆြျမလဆျတာက ရႈျ�မငၾကညျZမာလညျ� ျ�ဖစပါတယ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဥပမာျ�ပရရင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေျရ႕ဆကေျနတ ႀက�မာ�တ ကငရြနသယမႈ စတငတညေျဆာ ကေျရ�ျ�ဖစတ ထရနစ- ပစဖတ စပတTပ�ေျပါငျ�မႈထက အာရ�ျျငငေျတြတန႕ ကငရြနသယေျရ�ဆျငZာ ေျစစ

ပ|ႇ�ျႈငျ�မႈ ေျတြတမာ ေကနာျတ5႕ ျ�ငငျ�ခနေျနၾကရတ အ�ငငျ�အခနေျတြတထက တခဟာဆျရင ဉာဏပစzညျ� ကာတြကယေျပ�ေျရ�လအပ:ကပ ျ�ဖစပါတယ။ ပေျကာငျ�ြမနနတ လကသြယထ နစကတ စ�က ခငဗာ�က

တတြထfငလ5ကတ ယဆ 5ျရင ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ မပငရြင:ငျ႐ျ�က တြသာ�ၿပ� ခငဗာ�မပငရြင:ငနျက5 မတပျတငZ ပါတယ။ ဒါဟာ အသစတတြထငမႈျ�ဖစေျၾကာငျ� ခငဗာ�က ျ�ပရပါတယ။ ၿပ�တာန႕ ေျနာကပ5ငျ�မာ ဒ

လကသြယထ နစကအ သစက5 ထတလ 5ပ: ငတသမနနသကမဟာ ခငဗာ�ရ႕ ေအတြတ�အၾကက အသျ�ျ�ပတ အတြတက ခငဗာ�က ပ ကဆ ေျပ�ရမာပါ။ ဉာဏပစzညျ�ေျတြတအတြတကလ ညျ� ဒအတျငျ�ပါပ။ ခငဗာ�ဟာ Facebook တညေျ

ထာငဖ5ျ႕ ေအတြတ�အၾကေျေတြတပ�လာရင ဒေအတြတ�အၾကေကန ခငဗာ�ေအနန႕ အက�အ�မတ ရ ရေျစ�ျျငဖ5႕ လျအပပါတယ။

ၿပ�ေျတာ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရ ျ�ျျငငအမာ�အ�ပာ�န႕ ကမၻာတဝမျ�လျ�မာ ရေျေနသ�တ ျ�ပနာေျ တြတထက တခဟာဆျရင ဉာဏပစzညျ�ကာတြကယေျပ�မႈမာ အာ�နညျ�ေျနျခငျ�ပလျ႕ ေကနာျ

ယဆပါတယ။ ဆျလတာက တကယလ 5႕ ခငဗာ�ဟာ အၾကဉာဏေျကာငျ�ေျတြတရတ ြစန႕ဥ�တတြထင လပငနျ�ရငတဥ�ျ�ဖစမယ ဆျရင ခငဗာ�ရ႕ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�လပငနျ�က ဒမာ စ, လပ:ငမာ မဟတပါဘ�။ ဘာျ�ဖစ

လျ႕လဆျေျတာ ေျနာကတ ဆငျ ခငဗာ�သလာမာက ေတယာကေျယာကက ခငဗာ�ရ႕ ေအတြတ�အၾကေျ တြတက ခ�ၿပ� သတ႕ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�လပငနျ�က ေျကာကၿပ�စလနပလ5ျက႐ျပမ႕ပါ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေအ

… တြတ�အၾကေျတြတက ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ ခငဗာ�ပၿပ� စတငမခငလမျမာပ အဒမာက ဒါေျတြတ က ကာတြကယေျပ�ထာ�တယဆ 5ျတာ ခငဗာ� သတအတြတကေျပါ ။ ေျနာကၿပ�မ တ�ခာ��ျျငငေျတြတကျ ခင … ဗာ� ငာ�ရမျ�တာေျတြတ ဘာေျတြတ လပ:နငလ5ပမယ ဒါေျပမ အလပေျတြတန႕ အြခငနျအလမျ�ေျတြတ

ကျေျတာ တ�ခာ�ေျနရာမာပ စၿပ� ဖနတ�ရမာပါပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဥေပေဒၾကာငျ�ဆျငZာ ေအျ�ခခေျတြတ စတငတညေျထာငျ�ခငျ�၊ ဉာဏပစzညျ�ေျ

… တြတက အကာအတြကယေျပ�ျ�ခငျ� ဒါေျတြတအာ�လျ�ဟာလညျ� ဒျ�မနမာျ�ပညမာေျရာ ဒေျဒသတ ခလျ�မာပါ ချငမာတ IT ယဥေျက�မႈန႕ တတြထနငဆနျ�သစျ�ခငျ�ေဓလ ေျတြတ ရရေျစဖ႕ အတြလေနအရ�

ပါလာမာပါ။

… အေျက အခ ေျယာကျာ�ေျလ�ေျတြတ အလညျပါ။ ၾကညေျZအာင။ ေျဟာဒက လငယေျလ�န႕ … … ေျျ�ပာပါမယ။ အ ခဏ ခဏ ခငဗာ�ေကနာနျက5 ဒါႀက�အာ�လျ�ဖတျ�ပမာေျတာ မဟတပါဘ�ေျ

နာျ (ရယသ မာ�) … …ဘာလ႕လ ဆျေျတာ

…ေျမ�။ ။ ခငဗာ�က ေကနာျ ေျမ�ြခနျ�တခ ဖတျ�ပ

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ခငဗာ�ဒါက ခပျ�မနျ�မနအကဥျ�ခပၿပ� ေျမ�မျ�ဖစမယလ 5ျ႕ ထငပါရ႕ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလ …ဆျေျတာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ မ�ဖစ:င

ေျမ�။ ။ ဟတက ဟတက ၊ စာငရြရကတ မ�ပ ေကနာျေျပ�ခငတာပါ။ အတခပမတစ5ေျပါ ။ … သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ေျကာငျ�ၿပ ေကနာျ စာငရြရကပ ယလကပါ မယ (ရယသ မာ�)

ေျမ�။ ။ အေျက

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ က ဒမာ၊ ဟတၿပ။

ေျမ�။ ။ ေကနာျ ေျမ�ြခနျ�တခပ ေျမ�မာပါ။

… သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ဒမာေျတာ ၾကညျZတာ အငျ� ဒမာေျတာ ေျမ�ြခနျ� ၂၀- ေျတာငပါလာ� (ရယသ မာ�)

…ေျမ�။ ။ သမၼတႀက�က သေျစခင႐ျ

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ အဒထက တခပ ကပက 5 ေျမ�ပါလာ�။ ကနတာေျတြတ ကပဖတၾ ကညfျလ5ျကပါ မယ။

… … ေျမ�။ ။ ေကနာျေျမ�ြခနျ�က သမၼတႀက� သတအတျငျ� အမ�သာ�လက�ဏာ ဒါမမဟ … တ ျ�မနမာလက�ဏာေျပါ ေျလ အဒါက ဘယလ 5မာ� ဖနတ�ရမလဆျတာန႕ ပတသ ကလ 5႕ သမၼတႀက�

… ရ႕ အ�မငက5 သပါေရစ ကြျျ�ပာ�ၿပ� အာ�ေျကာငျ�တ လက�ဏာမ�မာ� သမၼတႀက�တျ ငျ�ျ�ပညမာ ရပါသလာ�

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ဟတၿပ။ ဒါ တကယျေျမ�ြခနျ�ေျကာငျ�ပါပ။ ဟတပါတယ၊ အရပဘကလTမႈအ ဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတန႕ ေကနာျဒါက ေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ခပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျေျတာ ကာလၾ

ကာျ�မငြျစာ လကနကက ငတ5က:5ျကေျနၾကတ တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ� အဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတန႕ အပစအခတZ ပစေျရ� န႕ ၿငမျ�ခမျ�ေျရ� ရရဖျ႕ ႀက�ပမျ�မႈေျတြတက ေကနာျတ5႕က အထ�က ေျထာက:

အာ�ေျပ�လ႕ပါ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ရခငျ�ပညနယမာ မဆလငေျတြတ ရငဆ5ျငေျနရတ ျ�ပနာတခ႕န႕ ပတသ ကၿ ပ�လညျ� ေကနာျတ5႕ ေျတြဆ�ေျ�ြျ�ၿပ� ျ�ဖစပါတယ။

… ဒါေျပမ အရပဘကလTမႈအဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတက ေကနာျ ဘာေျျ�ပာခသလဆျေျတာ ဟတပါတ ယ၊ တခ႕တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ� လမ�စေျတြတက ခြျျ�ခာ�ဆကဆ ျ�ခငျ�ေကန ကာတြကယေျပ�ဖ႕ ေအ

ရ�ႀက�ပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒမေကရစမာ တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ� လမ�စေျတြတက အာဏာရ အဖြျ႕အစ ညျ�ေျတြတ သတ႕အသက ၾကာ�ၾကေရအာင သတ႕ အခငျ�ခငျ�အၾကာ� စမေျဆာငရြငZက ရျခ

ငျ�ဟာ သဘာဝပါပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ ဥပမာအာ�ျ�ဖငျ ဒမျေကရစ ဖြျ႕ၿဖ�တျ�တကလ ာတအမ ၿမ႕ႀက�ေျတြတက အငယာလနလTမ�ေျတြတဟာ လာေျရာကစ5ေျဝ�ၿပ� အ

ဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတ တညေျထာငၾကၿပ�တအခါ အျငယာလနျ�ြျကခြယဖာ�ေအမရကနမာ�ရ႕ ေအရ�ကစေz တြတက တျ�ျ�မႇငျေျဆာငရြငZကလ ာ�ျျငၾကပါတယ။ ေျနာကၿပ� အာဖရကန-ေအမရကနေျတြတဟာလညျ�

သတျ႕ရ႕ တြလတလ ငရြပ:ငနျက5 ရာေျြဖၾကစဥက အာဖရကန- ေအမရကနေျတြတရ႕ ေအရ�က ျ�မႇငနျတငေျဆာ ငရြငZကေျပ�တ NAACP လ အဖြျ႕အစညျ�မ� ရခပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျမ5႕ လမ�စလက�ဏာန႕ ဒါမ

မဟတ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�ရာန႕ ဒါမမဟတလ ညျ� ေျဒသဆျငZာေအရ�ေျတြတန႕ ဖြျ႕စညျ�ထာ�တ အ ဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတဟာ ဘာမ မမာ�ပါဘ�။ ဒါက ဒမျေကရစဟာ ဘယလ 5ျ ေသဘာသဘာဝအာ�ျ�ဖငျ

အလနပလပသလ ဆျတာပါပ။ ခငဗာ�ရ႕ ေအရ�ေျတြတက ၾကာ�သၾေကစဖျ႕ ခငဗာ�န႕ ေသဘာထာ� တညတ သေျတြတ ဒါမမဟတလ ညျ� ခငဗာ�လျ လစာ�မ�ေျတြတန႕ အတတ ပ�ေျပါငျ�ျ�ခငျ�ပါပ။

ဒါေျပမ ျ�ပညသTေျတြတရ႕ လက�ဏာေျတြတဟာ အမ�သာ�လက�ဏာလညျ�ျ�ဖစတယဆ5တာ ဒမေကရစ အတြတက ေအရ�ႀက� တယလ 5႕ ေကနာျေျျ�ပာခပါတယ။ နယ�ေျယာကၿမေ႕တာျZ႕ လမျ�ေျေတြတ

ပ� ခငဗာ�ေျလာကသြကသ ာ�တအခါ အခ ဒမာရေျနတ အပစ5ထက အ�မငအာ�ျ�ဖငျပ5ၿပ� ကြျျ�ပာ�ျ�ခာ�နာ�တ လေျတြတက ေျတြတ႕ရပါလမျမယ။ မကလ ျ�ျ�ပာျ�ပာေျတြတ၊ ေျရႊဝါေျရာငဆပငေျတြတ ခငဗာ�ေျတြတ႕ရပါမ

ယ။ အသာ�မညျ�တသေျတြတ ေျတြတ႕ရပါမယ။ အာရသာ�ေျေတြတတြတ႕ရပါမယ။ မဆလငေျတြတ “ ” … “ေျတြတ႕ရပါမယ။ ဒါေျပမ ႀကကတ လက ခငဗာ�က ဘာလ လ႕ ေျမ�လကZငေျတာ ေကနာျ

” ေအမရကနပါ လျ႕ ေျျ�ဖတာ ခငဗာ� ေျတြတ႕ရပါလမျမယ။ က ေကနာျaာ အာဖရကန- ေအမရကန ဒါမမဟတ အာရ�ြျကခြယဖာ� ေအမရကန ဒါမမဟတလ ညျ� အငယာလ

နျ�ြျကခြယဖာ� ေအမရကန ျ�ဖစ:ငျ�ဖစပါလမျမယ။ ဒါေျပမ ပထမဆျ� ေကနာျေျျ�ပာမာေကတာ ေက နာျaာ ေအမရကေနတယာကပါ။

ေျနာကၿပ� ခငဗာ�တျ႕မာ ဒ အမ�သာ�စညျ�လျ�မႈ စတဓာတမ � မရဘ�ဆျရင ျ�ျျငငတ�ျျငငေအနန႕ ေျအာငျ�မငဖ5႕ အငမတန ခက:ပါလမျမယ။ အထ�သ�ဖငျ ျ�မနမာျ�ပည5ျ ျ�ျျငငငယမ�မာပါ။

ျ�ပညသTေျတြတဟာ လမ�စလက�ဏာက အမ�သာ�ေျရ�လက�ဏာထက ေျရ႕တနျ�တငေျနၾကရင ခငဗာ�တ႕ တျငျ�ျ�ပညဟာ အခနၾကာလာတာန႕အမ စတငၿပကြျလာၿပ� ဒမေကရစလညျ� အလပျ�ဖ

စမာမဟတပါဘ�။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဘျရညမနျ�ခက စတထ ာ�မ� ရရပါမယ။ ဒါေျပမလညျ� ဒါက ေျနာကပ5ငျ�မာ လမာ�စက တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ� လနညျ�စေျတြတက ေျစာဒကမ

တကၾ ကန႕လ႕ ေျျ�ပာဖျ႕အတြတက ဆငေျျ�ေခပ�လာစရာေျတာ မဟတပါဘ�။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလ ဆျေျတာ တျငျ�ရငျ�သာ�လနညျ�စေျတြတမာ ေျစာဒကတကစရာ တခ႕ အမနနတကယက 5 ရေျန�ျင

လျ႕ပါ။ ေျနာကၿပ� လမာ�စေျတြတ ေျဆာငရြငZကZမယျ ကစေzတြတမာ ဘာကေအရ�ႀက�သလ ဆျတာ … ရ႕ အစတအ ပငျ�တခက ဘာလဆျရငေျတာ တကယေျတာ ခငဗာ�တျ႕မာ အမ�သာ�ေျရ�လက�

ဏာတရပ ရမယဆ 5ရင ဆျလျရငျ�က ခငဗာ�တျ႕ဟာ လနညျ�စေျတြတအတြတကလ ညျ� ထညျစဥျ� စာ�ေျပ�ရမာျ�ဖစပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျေျတာ လနညျ�စဝင ေတယာကေျယာကက 5 မမတတ မ

ဆကဆ ဘ�ဆျရင ခငဗာ�တ႕�ျျငငက ဆ�ဆ�ဝါ�ဝါ� ေျရာငျ�ပနaပ လာမာမ႕ပါပ။ လမညျ�ျ�ပညသTေျတြတက မမတတ မဆကဆ သမ ေအမရကနaာ သ႕အလာ�အလာရေသလာက အ�ပညျ

အဝ ေျနထင တြသာ��ျျငမာ မဟတပါဘ�။ ျ�ပညသTလထတရနပလျ� မဆ�ၵေမပ��ျငတာ ဒါမမဟတ ဥေပဒအရ ကာတြကယမႈ ေမပ��ျျငတာေျတြတ ရခစဥအခါက ေအမရကနမာ အမညျ�စကခြကစနျ�ထငျ�ခပါတယဆ 5ျတ အခက

ဟာ အဒအခကပါပ။ ဘာလ႕လဆျရင ဒါက တြလတလ ပေျရ�ေျၾက�ငာစာတမျ�ပါအခကအ ာ�လျ�န႕ ေအျ�ခခဥေပဒ၊ တရာ�ဥေပဒစ�မ�မႈေျတြတက ဖနတ�ပါတယ။ ဒါကပ အာ႐ျအ�မငမာ�မႈေျတြတလျမ� ျ�ဖ

စေျစပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျပ လမႈအြခငေျအရ�လႈပZာ�မႈေျတြတ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ ေျပေ�ပါကလ ာတအခါ

ဒါဟာ အာဖရကန- ေအမရကနေျတြတရ႕ ေျအာငပြျသကသ ကသ ာ မဟတေျတာဘ ေအမရကနZ႕ ေျအာင ပြျျ�ဖစပါတယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလ ဆျရင ဒါက ဘာက ျ�ေပနသလဆေျတာ တတငျ�ျ�ပညျ�ဟာ လ

… တငျ�အတြတက စဥျ�စာ�ေျပ�ၾကမယ လတခ႕အတြတကသ ာ မဟတဘ T� ဆျတာကပါ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ဒါ ဟာ လနညျ�စေျတြတေအပ� မမတတ ဆကဆ တယဆ 5ျတ ေအမရကနZ႕ အမ�သာ�လက�ဏာ အတြတက

ေျအာငပြငပပါပ။

ဒေျတာကာ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညအပါအဝင အာဆယ�ျျငငတျငျ� ဒျ�ပနာေျတြတက စဥျ�စာ�ဖျ႕လျၿပလ႕ ေကနာျ ျ�မငပါတယ။ လေျတြတရ႕ ကြျျ�ပာ�ျ�ခာ�နာ�မႈေအပ� ေျလ�စာ�ဖျ႕လပါတယ။ ခြျျ�ခာ�

ဆကဆ မႈ ခေျကာငျ� ခရ�ျျငတ လနညျ�စေျတြတရ႕ နစနာမႈ ေျတြတေအပ� ခငဗာ�တျ႕ အာ႐ျစကေျပ� ဖျ႕ လျပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမလညျ� ေျအာငျ�မငဖ5႕ရာအတြတကေျတာ လမာ�စေျေတြတရာ လနညျ�

စေျတြတပါ၊ အာဏာရသေျတြတ ေျရာ အာဏာမသေျတြတပါ အမ�သာ�လက�ဏာဆျတ ေအတြတ�အ�မ ငေျတာ ရရမာ ျ�ဖစပါတယ။

ေျနာကထ ပ ေျမ�ြခနျ��ျစ:5အတြတက ေကနာျမာ အခနZပါေျသ�တယ။ ေျနာကထ ပ ေျမ�ြခနျ��ျစ:5ပါ။ သေကတာ တခပ လ႕ ေျျ�ပာတာပ။ ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျ ျ�ျစ:5 ေျျ�ဖပါမယ။

ေျတြတ႕လာ�၊ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ သျ�ေျယာကထ က ေတယာကေျပါ ။ ဘယလ 5 ေသဘာရလ၊ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ သျ�ေျ … ယာကထ က ဘယသ T ျ�ဖစသငနျသလ ဘယသ T႕က ေကနာျေျခ�ရမလ။ ခငဗာ�တျ႕က သငယ:ငျ�ေျတြတ

လာ�၊ အျေျက ဒါဆလ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ပ ဆျ�ျ�ဖတပါလာ�။ (ရယသ မာ�) ဘယလ 5ျေသဘာရသလ။ အေျက … … ဟတၿပ ကာ�- ဗလဆ ြျၾကတာေျပါ ။ က ၾကညေျZအာင(ရယသ မာ�) … ဘယသ T�ျျငရြငသာ�လ။ အေျက

ဆကပါ။ က ခငဗာ�ေျပါ (ၾသဘာသမာ�)(ကာ�- ဗလဆ ြျတယဆ 5ျတာ ဆေျလာျေျအာင ျ�ပနထာ�တာပါ။ မသတသေျတြတအတြတက ေျျ�ပာရမယဆ 5ရင

မရငျ� အဂၤလပ ကစာ�နညျ�က rock, paper, scissors လ႕ ေျခ�ပါတယ။ stone, paper, scissors လ႕လညျ� ေျခ�ပါတယ။ ေအမရကနေျတြတက stone အစာ� rock လျ႕ သျ�ၾကတာ မာ�ပါတယ။

ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ငယငယက ကစာ�ခၾကတ ကာ�- “ ”ဗလ ဆြျတာန႕ အတတပါပ။ ဗလ၊ ကာ�၊ ေျသနတ အစာ� ေျကာကတ ျ� (rock) ၊ စက (paper) န႕ ကပေျၾက� (scissors) ဆျၿပ� ေအခ�ေအဝေ�ျ�ပာ

ငျ�တြသာ�တာေျလ�ပ တြကာပါတယ။ - စကာ�ခပ) ခငဗာ� ဘာန႕�ျျငရြငသာ�တာလ။ ခငဗာ�က ဗလလ ာ� ေျသနတလ ာ�။ ခငဗာ�က ဗလလ ာ�၊ ကာ�လာ�၊ ေျသနတလ ာ�။

ေျမ�သ။ ။ ဗလပါ။

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ဗလ?

ေျမ�သ။ ။ ေကနာျက ဗလ!

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ေျၾသာျ ခငဗာ� ဗလလ ာ�?

ေျမ�သ။ ။ ဟတက ပါ။

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ က ဟတၿပ။

ေျမ�။ ။ မဂၤလာပါ (ျ�မနမာလေျျ�ပာ) သမၼတႀက� ခငဗာ�။ ေကနာျက ျ�မနမာျ�ပည (မၾကာ�ရ) ေအ မရကနစငတာကပါ။ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေျလာေျလာဆယမာ သမၼတႀက� အရေငတခါကလ ာတနျ�က မန႕ြခ

နျ�ေျျ�ပာခတ ရနနကနနတကသလ၊ ဘြျ႕�ျငျ�သဘင:နျ�မေအၾကာငျ� သတငျ�႐ပZင ႐ကေျနပါတယ။

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ဟတပါတယ။ အရေငတခါကတ 5နျ�က ေကနာျ ဒေျရာက:ပါတယ။

ေျမ�။ ။ ဟတက ။ ဒေျတာ သမၼတႀက�သတအတျငျ� ရနနကနနတကသလက 5 ၂၀၁၃- ခ�ျစ - မ�ျစက ျ�ပငရြနဖ ငfျလ5ကပါၿပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညမာ အဆငျျ�မငျပညာေျရ�စနကစက5 ျ�ပနလညတညေျဆာကဖ5ျ႕အတြတ

က အေစကာငျ�ျ�ဖစမယလ 5႕မာ� ထငပါသလာ�။

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ေျကာငျ�ၿပ ဒါကေျတာ တကယနျက5 အေစကာငျ�ပလျ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ ဒါေျ ပမ ေကနာျအရငက ေျျ�ပာခ သလျပ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညရငဆ5ျငZမယျ အဓက စနေျခ�မႈေျတြတထက တခဟာ ပ

ညာေျရ�စနကစက5 ျ�ပနလညတညေျဆာကဖ5ျ႕ပလျ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒါက ခပေျစာေျစာေျ လ�စရမယလ 5႕လညျ� ထငပါတယ။ အသကအ ငယဆ ျ�ေျတြတဆေကနက စရမယလ 5ျ႕ ယဆပါတယ။

သပၸေကန ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေျလလာသငယTခသေမတြတထကတခဟာ ဆျရင ခငဗာ�ဘဝေတလာကလ ျ�မာ အမာ�ဆျ� သငယT ေျလလာခရတအခနaာ ခငဗာ�က ေျြမ�ြဖာ�ခေနကန အသကသ ျ��ျစအငရြရယအ ထပလ႕ ဆျပါ

တယ။ ခငဗာ� ေျြမ�ြဖာ�ခန ေကန အသကသ ျ��ျစအထၾကာ�ကာလမာ ခငဗာ�ရ႕ ဥ�ေျ�ျာကa ာ အဖြျ႕ၿဖ� ဆျ�အခနပါတ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဥပမာေျျ�ပာရရင ေကနာျတ5ျေ႕တြတ ေျလလာသငယTခတာဟာ စာဖတတ အခ

နျ�ဖစပါသတ။ ေကလ�ေျတြတ စာမဖတတ တေျသ�ခငမာေျတာင မေဘတြတက ေကလ�ေျလ�ေျတြတက စာဖ … တျ�ပတအခါ ေကလ�ေျတြတဟာ ေျဝါဟာရက ချင:5ျငမာမာ တညေျဆာကေျနပါၿပ ၿပ�မ ဘယ

… လျစာဖတZမလ ဆျတာက ေျနာကပ5ငျ�ကမ ေျလလာသငယTၾကပါတယ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျရင သတျေ႕တြတ ဒစကာ�လျ�ေျတြတက ထပကာထပကာ ၾကာ�ဖ� ေျနလျ႕ပါ။

ဒါဆျရင ေကနာျ ဒါက ဘာေျၾကာငျ ေျထာကျ�ပရသလဆျေျတာ တကသလပညာေျရ�ကသာ ပ ပနအာ႐ျထာ�ေျနၿပ� ေကလ� ေျတြတ အသကသ ျ�ေျလ�ငါ��ျစအငရြရယေျလာကမာ ဘာေျတြတျ�ဖစသလဆျ

တာက ဂ႐မစကZင ပညာေျရ�စနစေျကာငျ�တခရ႕ ေအျ�ခခအတျျ�မစန႕ လြျတြသာ�မယ ဆျတာက ျ�ေပနပါတယ။

ေျနာကၿပ� ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာလညျ� ဒါဟာ မနနကကနပါတယ။ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕မာ ကမၻာေအကာ ငျ�ဆျ� တကသလစနစ ရပါတယျ။ ေကနာျ သသသာသာႀက�က ဘကလ 5ျကၿပ�ေျျ�ပာပါတယ။ ဘာ

လျ႕လဆျရင ေကနာျaာ ေအမရကန ျ�ပညေျထာငစ5 ရ႕ သမၼတမျ႕ပါ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေအမရ ကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ ရသမအာ�လျ�ဟာ ကမၻာေျပ�မာ ေအကာငျ�ဆျ�ပ လျ႕ ေကနာျယTဆပါ

တယ။ ဒါေျပမ ဘယသ Tမဆျ ေကနာျတ5႕မာလညျ� တ�ခာ�ဘယေျနရာကမ မယဥျ�ျျငတ တကသလန႕ ေျကာ

လပ ပညာေျရ� စနစ ေျတြတ ရပါတယလ 5႕ ခကန႕လကန႕ ေျျ�ပာခငလညျ� ေျျ�ပာၾကမယ ထငပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျတ5႕မာ ျ�ပနာေျတြတ ရေျနဆ ပါပ။ ဒထက တခကဆရင မလတနျ�န႕ အလယတ နျ�အ

ဆငျေျတြတက ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျရ�လပဖ5ျ႕ ေကနာျ အခနအမာ�ႀက� သျ�ခပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျ တာလညျ� အဒထကေျတာင ပေျစာတ၊ ေကလ�ဘေဝစာေျစာပငျ�ပညာေျရ�လ႕ ေကနာျတ5ျေ႕ခ�

တ စနစေျတာင ရပါတယ။ ေကလ�ေျတြတက အေစကာငျ�ေျစဖျ႕ပါ။ ဒါမ သတျ႕ ေျကာငျ�စတ ကတ အခါ အက�ရာစာလျ�ေျတြတက သၿပ�သာ�ျ�ဖစေျနၿပ� ငယငယေျလ�ကတညျ�က စာစဖတတ

တေျန�ျျငေျအာငပါ။ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညမာလညျ� ဒါဟာ ေအျ�ခခ အာ႐ျစကZမယနျကစzအ�ဖစ ေျနာကဆ ျ�မာ ျ�ဖစလာမယလ 5႕ ေကနာျ ေျမာျလငျပါတယ။

ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျၾကာ�ခတာေကန ေျျ�ပာရမယဆ 5ျရင တကသလေျတြတမာ လျအပေျနတ ျ�ပျ�ပ ငေျျ�ပာငျ�လေျရ�ေျတြတထက တခဟာ ဌာေနတြတအာ�လျ�မာ တကသလေျတြတန႕ ေျကာငျ�

သာ�ေျတြတက သင႐�ေျတြတက ပျတြသငျ�ျ�ပ႒ာနျ��ျျငရြငစမျ�ရဖ႕န႕ ကမၻာတဝမျ�လျ�ရ႕ ေျနရာ တျငျ�က သတငျ� အခကအ လကေျတြတ ရရ�ျျငရြငစမျ�ရဖျ႕ ေျသခာေျအာင ေျဆာငရြငZကေျပ�ရမယ

လျ႕ ထငပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒါက မကစမတၿပ� ေအသမတဖ5႕သငတ ကဥျ�ေျျ�မာငျ�တလမျ�စဥမ � မ ဟတပါဘ�။ ဘာလ႕လ ဆျေျတာ ေအကာငျ�ဆျ�တကသလေျတြတ ဆျတာ ဘယလ 5ေျတြတ�ရမလဆျ

တာက သငေျပ�ၿပ� ဘာကေျတြတ�ရမလ ဆျတာ မသငပါဘ�။ ဟတZ႕လာ�။ ေျကာငျ�ြမနနတ ပညာေျ ရ�စနကစဆ5ျတာ အခကအ လကေျတြတက သဖျ႕လေျပမလညျ� အခကအ လကေျတြတခညျ� သဖျေ႕တာ မ

ဟတပါဘ�။ ျ�ျစ န႕ ျ�ျစေျပါငျ�ရင ေျလ�ရတယ၊ ငါ�မဟတဘ T�ဆျတာ ခငဗာ�သဖျ႕လျပါတယ။ ဒါဟာ ေအရ�ႀက�တ အခကပါ။ ဒါ အ�ပင ေျမ�ြခနျ�ေျတြတက ဘယလ 5ေျမ�ရမလ၊ ၿပ�ေျတာ ျ�ပနာ တ

ခက ဘယလ 5ျ ေအသအခာ�ျႈငျ�ခနေျဝဖနဆနျ�စစမလ၊ ေျနာကၿပ� အခကအ လကန႕ အ�မငက5 ဘယလ 5ျခြျျ� ခာ�မလ၊ တခါ မတညတ ေအတြတ�အ�မငျ�ျစ:5က ဘယလ 5�ျႈငျ�ယဥမလ ဆျတာေျတြတကလညျ� သ

ဖျ႕လျပါတယ။

ၿပ�ေျတာ တခါေတလ အဆငျျ�မငျပညာေျရ� ၾကာရညမရတ တျငျ�ျ�ပညေျတြတမာ သငယTမႈလ မျ�စဥက5 ြဖငျေျပ�ရမာန႕ ဆန႕ကငၿပ� ကဥျ�ေျျ�မာငျ�တြသာ�ေျအာင ႀက�စာ�ေျနတ အ�ျရာယ

ရေျနတယလ 5ျ႕ ေကနာျထငပါတယ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ဒအက�ေအျ�ပာငျ�ကာလ အတြတငျ�န႕ ျ�ပျ�ပငေျျ�ပာ ငျ�လေျရ�ေျတြတ ျ�ဖစေျပေ�နဆမာ ဒ ျ�မနမာျ�ပညက တကသလ ေျကာငျ�သာ�ေျတြတ ေျဖာျျ�ပခ

ငေျနတာဟာ ဒါပဆျတာ ေျသခာတယလ 5ျ႕ ေကနာျ ယဆပါတယ။ … …ေျကာငျ�ၿပ၊ ေျနာကေျမ�ြခနျ�တခစာ ေကနာျမာ အခနZပါေျသ�တယ။ ေျနပါဥ� ေျနပါဥ� ေျ

နပါဥ�။ ေျအာျaစေျနဖျ႕ မလျပါဘ�။ ပထမဆျ�ေျျ�ပာခငတာက မနျ�ေကလ�ေျတြတအာ�လျ� လ ကေျတြတခလကပါ။ ဘာလ႕လဆျေျတာ ေျယာကျာ�ေျလ�၊ မနျ�ေကလ�၊ ေျယာကျာ�ေျလ�၊ မနျ�

… ေကလ� ဒလ တလညျစတြသာ�မယလ 5ျ႕ ေကနာျေျျ�ပာၿပ�သာ�ပါ။ ဒတယတခက ျ�မနမာျ�ပညကမဟ တတ တ�ခာ�တျငျ�ျ�ပညေျတြတက ေျကာငျ�သာ�ေျတြတ ဒမာဘယေျလာကZပါသလ? …အျေျက

… ေကနာျ ထငပါတယ အာဆယ စညျ�လျ�မႈအက�အတြတကန႕ ဒါဟာ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရလငယေျခါ …ငျ�ေျဆာငမာ�ဖရမ ျ�ဖစတာမျ႕ ေကနာျ ေျတာငျ�ဆျရမာက

ေျမ�။ ။ (မၾကာ�ရ)

… … … … … သမၼတႀက�။ ။ မဟတဘ T� မဟတဘ T� မရပါဘ� ပထမဆျ� ဒလမရပါဘ� ေက … နာျေျျ�ပာၿပ�သာ�ပါ အမ�သမ�ေျတြတ ေျနာကေျမ�ြခနျ�က ေျမ�ြခငျမရေျတာပါဘ�။ ခငဗာ�က

ဘယက ပါလမျ?

ေျမ�။ ။ (မၾကာ�ရ)

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ က ခငဗာ�က ျ�မနမာျ�ပညကပ။ ေျကာငျ�ၿပ။ ခငဗာ�က ဘယက လ (ရယသ မာ�) ။ ထျငပါ။ ခ … ငဗာ�က ဘယက လ။ ေျကာငျ�ၿပ။ ေကနာျ ဒလလပပါေရစ ဒလ႕က ေကနာျေျမ�ပါမယ။ ေျဟာဒမာ

ဖလစပင က အမ�သာ�ေျလ�။ က လပပါ။ (ၾသဘာသမာ�) ။ ခငဗာ�စၿပ� ေျအာျaစေျနတာက�။ ခငဗာ�က ေကနာျ ေျခေ�တာင ေမခ�မဘ�။ (ရယသ မာ�)

ေျမ�။ ။ မဂၤလာေျန႕လညခငျ�ပါ သမၼတႀက�။ ေကနာျနာမညက ႐ငယန လ�ဝစ မဒရစပါ။ ေကနာျက ဖ …လစပငကပါ။ ေကနာျက သမၼတႀက� ေျျ�ပာတြသာ�တ လေျတြတထက

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ခငဗာ�ေအၾကာငျ� ေကနာျ အခေျလ�တင ေျျ�ပာခတာပါ။

… ေျမ�။ ။ ဟတက ၊ ဟတပါတယ ဒလေျျ�ပာေျတာ ေကနာျမကလ ျ�ေျတြတထ မကZညဝေျစခပါတယ။ … ေကနာျတ5႕က ပါဝငေျစတ အတြတက ေအျ�ပာငျ�အလမာ လငယေျတြတ ဘာလပျ�ျျငၾကသလ

ဆျတာန႕ပတသ ကလ 5ျ႕ ေကနာနျက5 စျ�ပလငယ ေျတြတထက တဥ�အ�ဖစ ေျျ�ပာဆျခတအတြတက ေျက�ဇ�အထ�တငပါတယ။

ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျ တကယျေျမ�ြခနျ�က ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5န႕ အာဆယဟာ ရာသဥတေအျ� ပာငျ�အလန႕ ပတသ ကတ ထတျ�ပနမႈတခက ထတျ�ပနၾကမယလ 5႕ မၾကာေျလ�ခငကတင သရလျကZပါ

တယ။ အဒါ ဘာေျတြတလဆျတာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕က ေျျ�ပာျ�ပ�ျျငမလာ�လျ႕ သခငပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ “ ” ဒါဟာ ကတျေသဘာတညခက ရယ၊ ရာသဥတ ေျျ�ပာငျ�လျ�ခငျ�က တာ�ဆ�ေျစာငfျၾကညျ

ဖျ႕ အမနနတကယႀ က�ပမျ�ေျဆာငရြငZကေျနၾကတ တ�ခာ� ရာသဥတေျျ�ပာငျ�လမႈ ႀက�ပမျ�ခ ကေျတြတရယန႕ ဘယလ 5ျမာ� တြကာျ�ခာ�ပါသလ။ ေျက�ဇ�တငပါတယ။ (ၾသဘာသမာ�)

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ေျကာငျ�ပါတယ။ ဒေျတာ ပထမဆျ�ေအနန႕ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ သပၸန႕ အခကအ လ ကေျတြတက စတည5ကၾ က ေရအာင။ ကမၻာၿဂဟa ာ ပေျ�ြျ�လာေျနပါတယ။ ဒလ ကမၻာၿဂဟႀ က�

ပေျ�ြျ�လာရတ ေအၾကာငျ�ရငျ�က လသာ�ေျတြတရ႕ လပေျဆာငမႈေျတြတေကန ဖနလျအမဓာတေျ ြငေ႕တြတ ထတလ ႊတေျနလ႕ပါ။ ဒဓာတေျြငေ႕တြတက အပေျတြတက ဖမျ�ထာ�ၿပ� အပခနတ5ျ�လာေျစ ပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဒေကန အဆ�သသရာစတငလညပတလ 5႕ ပပပလာၿပ� ေျရခေျတြတ အရညေျပာျက

လာပါတယ။ ဆကေျဘ�ရ�ယာ�လျေျဒေသတြတမာ ေျျ�ေမအာကေျအ�ခလႊျာေျတြတက မသနျ�ဓာ တေျြငေ႕တြတ စထတလ ႊငျေျနပါၿပ။ ဂရငျ�လနျ�က ေျရချ�ပငႀက�ေျတြတ စၿပ� ေျပာေျကနပါၿပ။

ဒေျတာ ဒါက ပၿပ�ေျတာင ပေျ�ြျ�ဖျ႕ ျ�ဖစလာပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ အပခနေျတြတတ�လာတာေျၾ ကာငျ ကမၻာတဝမျ�မာ ကပေျဘ�အ�ျရာယေျတြတ ေကရာကျ�ျငတ သကေျရာကမႈ ေျတြတျ�ဖစေျ

ပ�လာ�ျျငတ လမျ�ေျၾကာငျ�ေျပ�မာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ဟာ ေျရာကေျနပါတယ။ ဘာလျ႕လဆျေျ တာ အပခနေျျ�ပာငျ�လ လာတာန႕အမ ရာသဥတပျစေျတြတ ေျျ�ပာငျ�လတြသာ�လျ႕ပါ။ သမာ�႐�

ကမတသ 5နZာသေျတြတဟာ သ႕ဟာသက လျ�ဝဥျ ဆန႕ကငဘက အခနက5 ေျျ�ပာငျ�တြသာ��ျျငပါတယ။ တ ခနက စကပ �ေျျ�ေမတြတ ရခဖ�တေျဒေသတြတဟာ ရညာ�တ မ�ေျခါငေျရရာ� ေျဒသ ေျတြတအ�ဖစ ႐တတ ရ

က ေျျ�ပာငျ�ကနပါၿပ။ ရာသဥတ မတခဖ�တေျဒေသတြတဟာ ႐တတ ရက ေျရလႊမျ�မ�တာေျတြတ ျ�ဖ စက5နပါတယ။ ဖြျ႕ၿဖ�ၿပ��ျျငငေျတြတမာ ဒသကေျရာကမႈေျတြတက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေျတြတ႕�မငေျနရပါတ

ယ။ ဒါက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ျ�ျငငမာက ေျတြတ႕�မငေျနရပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ဆငျ�ရတ�ျျငငေျတြတမာလ ညျ� ဒသကေျရာကမႈေျတြတက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေျတြတ႕�မငေျနရပါတယ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ဒသကေျရာကမႈေျ တြတက ကတြuနျ��ျငငေျတြတမာလညျ� သသသာသာပ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ေျတြတ႕�မင ေျနရ ပါတယ။ တကယ

လ႕ အပခနေျတြတသာ ဆကျ�မငနျတကလာေျနမယဆ 5ျရင သမဒၵရာေျတြတဟာ ျ�ျစေျပ သျ�ေျေပလာ က ျ�မငနျတကလာမာျ�ဖစၿပ� ဒကတြuနျ��ျငငေျတြတ အာ�လျ�က ဝါ�ၿမတြသာ��ျျငပါတယ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဒါဟာ ဗဟျစနေျခ�မႈတရပ ျ�ဖစျ�ျျငပါတယ။ ၂၁- ရာစမာ လသာ�ေျတြတ ရငဆ5ျငေျ နရတ ေအရ�အႀက�ဆျ� စနေျခ�မႈ ဟာ ဒါက ထနျ�ခပျ�ျျငဖ5ျ႕ပါပ။

အခဆျရင သတငျ�ေျကာငျ�ေကတာ ဒျ�ဖစစဥက5 ေျ�ျ�ေျတြက�တြသာ�ေျအာင ေကနာျတ5႕ စလပျ�ျျ ငေျနပါၿပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ အပခနaာ အဆငနျတခအထပ ျ�မငနျတကလာ�ျျငမာျ�ဖစၿပ� ေကနာျတ5ျေ႕တြတ ျ�

ပျ�ပငမႈေျတြတ လပေျနရရငေျတာင မ ကပေျဘ�ဆျကတ အဆငနျအထေျတာ ေျရာကမလာ�ျငေျတာပါ ဘ�။ ဒါေျပမ ဒါေျတြတက လပျ�ျျငဖ5႕အတြတက ေကနာျတ5ျေ႕တြတဟာ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ� လပငနျ�ေျတြတက

ညကစ|မျ�ြစမျ�အငအစာ� သန႕ရငျ�တြစမျ�အငအျျဖစ ေျျ�ပာငျ�လပစZပါမယ။ ဆျလတာက ေျလြစ မျ�အငန႕ ေျေနရာငျ�ခညစြည�မျ�အငက5 ေကနာျတ5႕ စၿပ� ဖြျ႕ၿဖ�ေျအာင လပZပါေျတာမယ။ ဆျလ

တာက လ႕အဖြျ႕အစညျ�ေျတြတဟာ ြစမျ�အငက5 ပၿပ�အက�ရြစာ သျ�ရပါမယ။ ဆျလတာက ေက နာျတ5ျ႕ဟာ ေျဘ�ကငျ�တ ျ�ျကလ�ယာ�ြစမျ�အငက5 အသျ�ခဖျ႕ နညျ�လမျ�ေျတြတ ရာေျြဖရပါ

မယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျေျတာ သတ႕ဟာ ေျဘ�မကငျ�လျ႕ပါ။ ဒါေျပမ ဒြစမျ�အငက ဖနလျအမ ဓာတေျြင႕ ထတလ ႊတျ�ခငျ� မရပါဘ�။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ဒအတြတက ေအျ�ဖတခထ မရပါဘ�။ ဒျ�ပနာ

အတြတက ေအျ�ေဖတြတ အမာ�ႀက� ရေျနပါတယ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5န႕ တ႐တျ�ပညဟာ ကမၻာေျပ�မာ ဒဓာတေျြင႕အထတလ ႊတ

ဆျ��ျျငငေျတြတဆျတာ တခ႕လညျ� သတထာ�မၾကပါလမျမယ။ ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5ဟာ အထတလ ႊတဆ ျ�ျ�ဖစ:ၿပ� အခ တ႐တက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕က ေျကာျတကသြကသ ာ�ပါၿပ။ မမတတ ေျျ�ပာရမယဆ 5ျရ

ငေျတာ တ႐တျ�ပညက လတဥ�ခငျ�စဟာ ေအမရကနက လတဥ�ခငျ�စထက ြစမျ�အငသျ�စြျမႈ ေျလာ နညျ�ၿပ� ဖနလျအမဓာတေျြင႕ထတလ ႊတမႈမာလညျ� ပၿပ�နညျ�ပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ တ႐တေျတြတက

ေအမရကနေျတြတထက လအမာ�ႀက� ပမာ�ပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာလညျ� တ႐တျ�ပညဟာ ဆကၿပ� ြဖ႕ၿဖ�တျ�တကေျနတာန႕အမ သတေ႕တြတ ကာတြဘနနဘ

ယေျလာက ထတလ ႊတ ေျနသလဆျတေျနရာမာ ေအမရကနန႕ စၿပ� ယဥလာ�ျငမယဆ 5ျရင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ဘယေျတာမ အသကZငျ�ျျင ေျတာမာ မဟတပါဘ�။ ေတယာကမ မရငျ�ျျငေျတာပါဘ�။ အ�ၵယ

ဆျလညျ� ဒလပါပ။ ဒါက သတျ႕ လဥ�ေျရ သကသ ကေျၾကာငျပါပ။ ေကနာျအရငက ေျျ�ပာခသလပ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရလညျ� ဒတျငျ�ပါပ။ ဒမာ ကမၻာလဥ�ေျရရ႕ ဆယပျတပျရေျနပါတယ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေကနာျတ5႕အာ�လျ� ဒထမာ အစတအ ပငျ�တခအ�ဖစ ပါဝငေျနမာပါ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ေအမ … … ရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5န႕ တ႐တျ�ပည သမၼတ ရန႕ အစညျ�ေအဝ�မာေျပါ ၂၀၂၀-ခ�ျေစကန

စၿပ� ေကနာျတ5႕ ျ�ျစျ�ျျငငလျ� ဖနလျအမဓာတေျြင႕ ေျလာေခရ�က ပနျ�တျငအျျဖစ ေအလ�အနက သတမတထ ာ�ေျၾကာငျ� ေျၾကညာခပါတယ။

… အာဆယက ေကနာျတ5႕ အာ�ေျပ�အာ�ေျျ�မႇျာကျ�ပခငတာေကတာ အာဆယ�ျငငတ�ျငငခငျ�ဟာလ ညျ� သတ႕ရ႕ ဖနလျအမဓာတေျြင႕ထတလ 5ပမႈက ဘယလ 5 ေျလာခမလဆတ ပနျ�တျငက5 သတမတေျ

ဖာျျ�ေပစခငတာပါပ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ကမၻာေျပ�က ျ�ျျငငအာ�လျ�သာ ၂၀၁၅- ခ�ျစမာ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕က ငျ�ပမယျ ပရစ|လာခမာ ရညမနျ�ခကႀ က�ႀက�န႕ ပနျ�တျငေျတြတ သတမတ:တကလ ာ�ျနငၾကမယဆ 5ျရ

ငေျတာ ဒါဟာ ဖနလျအမဓာတေျြငေ႕လာေခရ� စေျပါငျ�လပေျဆာငမႈ အတြတက ေအျ�ခခအ�ဖစ အသျ�ေျတာျ:�ျျငမာပါ။

ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ဘာလပZမလဆျတာ သေျေနသာျျ�ငာ�လညျ�ပ ဒ အက�ေအျ�ပာငျ�ဟာ ခက: … ပါလမျမယ ဘာလျ႕လ ဆျရင ဥပမာတခပ ေျပ�ပါ မယ - အငဒ5ျန�ရာ�ပါ။

…ပရသတတ ဥ�။ ။ ေျဟ�

သမၼတႀက�။ ။ ဒါက ခငဗာ� ၾသဘာေျပ�ခငတာ ဟတ:ငမ ဟတပါလမျမယ။ ဆအနျ�ေျတြတ စကဖ5႕အ တြတက သစေျတာေျတြတ အရမျ�က ျ�မနျ�မနဆနကနဆန ခတလ ပစေျနတာပါ။ ခဆ ဆအနျ�စျကပ �ေျရ�က အ ရမျ� အ�မတမာ�ၿပ� ေျျ�မအမာ�ႀက�ပငတ ေျျ�မပငZငႀက�ေျတြတန႕ ကမၸဏႀက�ေျတြတက ဒ ဆ

အနျ�လပငနျ�ေကန ေျြငအမာ�ႀက� ေရနၾကပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ အလပအကင ေျတြတလညျ� ဖန တ�ေျပ�ပါတယ။ ဒါေျပမ ဆမၾတာ�န႕ ေျဘာျနယက သစေျတာေျတြတအာ�လျ� ေအျ�ပာငZငျ�လ ကမယဆ 5ျရင ေျတာ ရာသဥတေအပ�မာ ဆ�ဝါ�တ အက�သကေျရာကမႈန႕ အဆျ�သကသြတသ ာ��ျျငပါတယ။

ြစမျ�အငက႑က ေျထာကပေျပ�ေျနတ အာဆယ�ျျငငေျတြတ ရပါတယ။ အခဆျ ဒါက မၾကာခဏ ဆျသလျပ ေအကာငျ�ဆျ�ရညစြညရယ:ကလ 5ျမ�က ျ�ဖစေျနပါၿပ။ ဓာတဆ ေျတြတ ေျစ�ပေျပါလာေျအာင

ဒါမမဟတ လပစစဓာတအ ာ�ေျတြတ ေျစ�ပသကသ ကသ ာသာန႕ေရအာင ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ လပ:ငပါတယဆ 5ျတ အၾက အစညနေ႕ပါ ။ ဒါမလညျ� ဆငျ�ရတသေျတြတ သျ��ျျငလာမာပါ။ ဒါေျပမ ျ�ပနာက ြစမျ�အငက႑က ပ

ပ�ေျထာကပေျပ�တအခါ ြစမျ�အငက5 ေျလာသျ�ဖျ႕ တြတနျ�အာ�ေျတြတ မရေျတာပါဘ�။ ဒါေျၾ ကာငျ ပျမနနအာ�ျ�ဖငနျဆ5ျရင ေျလာငစာဆအတြတက ေျထာကပမႈအမာ�အ�ပာ�ရတအခါ အဒ စ�ြပာ�ေျရ�

စနစေျတြတမာ ြစမျ�အငသျ�စြျပျဟာ အရမျ�က ထေျရာကမႈမရေျတာဘ ေျလထညကစ|မျ�မႈေျတြတ ပၿပ� ထတလ ႊတေျပ�ပါတယ။

ြစမျ�အငက5 အက�ရရ အသျ�စြျဆျ��ျငငေျတြတဟာ ြစမျ�အငက႑က ေျထာကပမႈ ေမပ�႐ျသာမက တ ကယေျတာ ြစမျ�အင သျ�စြျမႈေအပ�မာ အြခfနလညျ� ေျကာက:ပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ခငဗာ�

တျ႕ ျ�မငျ�ျျငတာက ေျရန ေအျ�မာကအ မာ�ထတလ ပတ ေျနာျေျဝ�လ�ျျငငမ�မာ ဓာတဆ ေျစ�က တဂါလ … က ၆ ေျဒ�လာ၊ ၇ ေျဒ�လာေျလာက ရေျနတနျ�ပါပ။ အ လတာ န႕ဆျရငေျတာ ေကနာျဖ5ျ႕

ဘယသ Tမာ� လတာက ေျျ�ပာငျ�ၿပ� တြတကေျပ�ခငပါသလ? ဘယလ 5ပျ�ဖစျ�ဖစ အရမျ�ေျစ�ႀက�တယေျပါ ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျ အာဆယ�ျျင င တ�ျငငခငျ�စက ေကနာျတ5ျ႕ ဘာေျေတြတမာျလငျမသလဆျတာရ႕ အစ တအ ပငျ�တခက ကာြဗနနထ5တလ ႊတမႈေျတြတက ေျလာခဖျ႕ ဒါမမဟတလ ညျ� အနညျ�ဆျ�ေျတာ ကာြဗနနထ5

တလ ႊတမႈ တျ�ျ�မငfျလာတာေျတြတက တျေ႕�ျ�တြသာ�ေျစဖျ႕န႕ ေျနာကမ ဒါေျတြတက တ�ဖညျ�ျ�ဖညျ� ခငျ� ေျလာခတြသာ�ဖ႕ လျအပတ အဆငျေျတြတက ေျလာကလ မျ�ဖ႕ရာ စတပ5ငျ�ျ�ဖတထ ာ�မႈေျတြတပါပ။

ေျနာကၿပ� ဒါေျတြတက ေျန႕ခငျ�ညခငျ� လပZမာလ မဟတေျပမ အတြသနငကT�ေျျ�ပာငျ�မႈကေျတာ စတေငZတာမာပါ။

ဒါေျၾကာငျမ5႕ အငဒ5န�ရာ�လမ� တျငျ�ျ�ပညတျပညက5 ၾကညျမယဆ 5ရင သစေျတာခကသြတထ ငမႈေျတြတက ေျ လာခပစဖ5ျ႕ ကတကဝတန႕ ေျလာငစာပပ�မႈက ျ�ဖညျ�ျ�ဖညျ�ခငျ� ေျလာခၿပ� အဆျ�သတဖ5ျ႕

… ဒ�ျစ:5န႕တင အငဒ5ျန�ရာ�ဟာ အထ�ေျလ�နကတ ကာြဗန ေျလာေခရ�ပနျ�တငက5 ေျရာကZလာ�ျငမာပါ။

ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ ေကနာျ သဘာဝပတဝနျ�ကင ကာတြကယေျရ�ေျအဂငစက ဓာတအ ာ�ေျပ� စက႐ျေျတြတက ေျလထထက ထတလ ႊငနျတ ဖနလျအမဓာတေျြင႕ ပမာဏက နညျ�ဥေပဒန႕ ကန႕သတ

ဖ႕ ေကနာျ ညႊfနၾကာ� ထာ�ပါတယ။ ၿပ�ေျတာ ကာ�ေျတြတမာ ေျလာငစာက အက�ရြစာ အသျ�ခဖျ႕ စ�ႈနျ�ေျတြတ ျ�ျစဆတျ� ထာ�ၿပ�ပါၿပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ျ�ျစအနညျ�ငယ အတြတငျ�မာ၊ ဒရာစ�ျစအလ

ယပ5ငျ�ေျလာက - ၂၀၂၅- … ခ�ျစေျလာကေျပါ ဓာတဆ တဂါလက ေျမာငျ��ျငတ မငျ�ႈနျ� ျ�ျစဆ တ� မလာဘ�ဆျရင ေအမရကနျ�ပညေျထာငစ5မာ ခငဗာ� ကာ�ေျရာငျ�လ႕ေရတာမာ မဟတပါဘ�။

ဒါေျၾကာငျမ5ျ႕ ခငဗာ�တျေ႕တြတဟာ ဒါကျရဖျ႕ အတြသနငကT�ေျျ�ပာငျ�ေျရ�ကာလအတြတငျ�မာ တ ညေျဆာကZပါမယ။ ဒါေျပမ ေကနာျတ5႕ အခက စရမာပါ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ဒါဟာ လငယေျတြတ ဘာေျၾ

ကာငျ ဥ�ေျဆာငZမလဆျတာက ေျျ�ပာဖျ႕ ရာသဥတ ေျျ�ပာငျ�လမႈဟာ ၿပ�ျ�ပညျစျတ ဥဒါ ဟ႐ဏတ ခလျ႕ ေျျ�ပာၾကာ�ရငျ� ေကနာနျအတြတက နဂျ�ခပဖ5ျ႕ ေျနရာေျကာငျ�တခ ျ�ဖစေျကာ

ငျ�ျ�ဖစပါလမျမယ။ ဘာေျၾကာငfျလဆျေျတာ လႀက�ေျတြတက အ႐ႈပထ5တေျတြတ ဖနတ�ခၿပ� သတျေ႕တြတက တြသာ�ၾ

ေကတာမာပါ။ ဒေျနာကမာေျတာ ခငဗာ�တျေ႕တြတ (ၾသဘာသမာ�) ခငဗာ�တေ႕တြတက ဒါေျတြတက ကငရြငတ ယေျျ�ဖရငျ�ၾကရမယနျသTေျတြတပါ။ ေျနာကၿပ� ဘာျ�ဖစသလ ဆျေျတာ လႀက�ေျတြတက သ

တျ႕နညျ�န႕ သတ႕ လပ:ၾကပါတယ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ခငဗာ�တ႕ အသကႀ က�လာတာ န႕အမ ဒါေျ တြတက ဒအတငျ�ပ အ�မလနပလာတာမ႕ ငါလညျ� ဒလပ ဆကလ 5ပေျနတာပ လျ႕ ခငဗာ�တျ႕ ေျျ�ပာ

… ဖ႕မာ�ပါတယ လပက5ငဖ5႕ ပျေျကာငျ�တ နညျ�ေျတြတရေျနတာေျတာငမပေျပါ ။ … လငယေျတြတက သတျ႕ ေျမ�ၾကပါလမျမယ ေျကာငျ�ၿပ ဘာလ႕ ဟျနညျ�န႕လပZမာလ။ ဒ

နညျ�န႕စမျ�ၾကညfျၾကေရအာငေျပါ ။ ဒလ စနေျခ�မႈက လက:ဖျ႕ စတအ ာ�ထကသ နမႈမ�ေျတြတန႕ န ညျ�သစေျတြတ စမျ�သပၾကညfျလ5ျျ�ခငျ�ေျတြတ၊ အတတမာ တြတယၿငေမနမႈ ဒါမမဟတ အနာဂတက 5 ေျ

… မာျၾကညျမႈေျတြတ ဒါဟာ ခငဗာ�တ႕အာ�လျ� ကယစာ�ျ�ပေျနၾကတ အရာေျတြတ ပါပ။ ဒါေျၾကာငျ ေကနာျတ5႕ရ႕ ေအရေ႕တာငအာရလငယေျခါငျ�ေျဆာငမာ�ဗဟာအဖြျ႕ဝင အစအစဥမာ

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Remarks by President Obama and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma in Joint Press Conference | November 14, 2014http://m.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/14/remarks-president-obama-and-daw-aung-san-suu-kyi-burma-joint-press-confeAung San Suu Kyi ResidenceRangoon, Burma12:35 P.M. MMTDAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  I'm sorry if we've kept you waiting. Let me just begin by saying what a great pleasure it is for me to welcome President Obama again to my house and to be able to meet all of you.I would just like to say that there have been those who have been saying that there is tension between the United States and the National League for Democracy or perhaps with me. I would like to make it quite clear that the friendship between the United States and those who have been struggling for democracy in Burma is a very strong one.  We may view things differently from time to time but it will in no way affect our friendship.And I have absolute confidence that the United States will continue to support us with regard to the democratic transformation and that when Burma becomes a fully functioning democracy in accordance with the will of the people, we will be able to say that among those friends who enabled us to get there, the United States was among the first.So please don't think -- please don't worry that there will be any problems between the United States and those working for democracy in Burma.  We all believe in the same values.  We all believe in the same principles.  We may sometimes think that there are different ways of getting to the goal that we wish to achieve, but these differences are part of the democratic tradition.  Democracy allows people to have different views, and democracy makes it also -- makes us also responsible for negotiating an answer for those views. I would like all of you to feel welcome in this country, and I would like all of you to feel that you can join us in hoping for better days.  But at the same time, I always warn against over-optimism because that could lead to complacency. Our reform process is going through, let’s just say, a bumpy patch.  But this bumpy patch is something that we can negotiate with commitment and with the help and understanding of our friends from all over the world.  So let us not exaggerate the differences and the difficulties.  But at the same time, let us not exaggerate the rosy picture either.What we need is a healthy balance between optimism and pessimism.  We need to view the situation for what it was.  But at the same time, we all have to be confident that we will get there -- we will get where we want to get to, because that’s what our people want.  In the end, it’s the people of Burma who will decide where this country is going to and which way and how and when.So we accept responsibility for the state of our country, but at the same time we welcome the support and the help of our friends.  And we always appreciate them very greatly.Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Well, good afternoon, everybody.  Mingalaba.  It is wonderful to be back in Rangoon and to once more have the opportunity to spend time with Aung San Suu Kyi.   As we know, it was in this house that she endured years of confinement -- never giving up hope, never wavering in her determination to build a free and democratic Burma.  Daw Suu, you helped set this country on a better path.  I’m grateful for your friendship and for the hospitality that you’ve shown in opening your home up not only to me, but to all these people. When I made my first historic visit to Burma, this country was just taking preliminary steps towards democracy.  And in the past two years, important changes have been made.  The economy has begun to grow.  Political prisoners have been set free.  There are more newspapers and media outlets.  Children have been released from the military.  And these are all important changes that have opened up greater opportunity for the people of Burma. 

At the same time, as Aung San Suu Kyi just said, it’s clear how much hard work remains to be done and that many difficult choices still lie ahead.  The process for reform is by no means complete or irreversible.  For many, progress has not come fast enough or spread far enough.  People need to feel safe in their homes and not be subject to arbitrary harassment by authorities or individuals acting with impunity.  People need to be empowered to pursue their dreams.  And as Burma approaches important national elections next year, it will be critical to ensure that all of Burma’s people can participate in shaping the future of their country.As a member of parliament and the head of the rule of law committee, Aung San Suu Kyi is working hard to make government more transparent, more accountable, to protect the rights of all the Burmese people, to promote reforms that would expand the political space for more people to contribute their voices.  But implementing the major political and economic reforms that are necessary to keep Burma advancing toward democracy is going to take a great deal of political will and no small amount of determination.  And we, as friends of the Burmese people, are clear-eyed about the scale of the challenges that remain, and recognize that we cannot remain complacent. Today, Daw Suu and I had a wide-ranging discussion about how the United States can help facilitate and bolster Burma’s democratic transition.  We talked about the need for stronger rule of law, for elections that are free, fair and inclusive, and for continued constitutional changes that will move Burma more fully towards a civilian government. We spoke about how we can work together to promote national reconciliation and defuse sectarian tensions among Burma’s diverse ethnic groups.  Specifically, I stressed the need to find durable and effective solutions for the terrible violence in Rakhine state -- solutions that end discrimination, provide greater security and economic opportunities, protect all citizens, and promote greater tolerance and understanding.  Strengthening human rights protections for all of Burma’s people is an essential step to realizing the vision we share for the future of this beautiful country. The last time I stood here, I made a pledge to the people of Burma -- that if we continued to see progress toward reform, the ties between our countries would grow stronger, and the United States would continue to do whatever it could to help ensure Burma’s success.  Over the last two years, I think we’ve made good on that pledge, and I want to reiterate the commitment to match continued reforms with greater support and friendships in the future. We’re committed to working directly with the people of Burma, and not just the government.  So later today, I’m looking forward to speaking with representatives of Burma’s civil society groups and with young leaders from Burma and all across Southeast Asia who are working to create greater opportunities for themselves and for future generations.  I think these new voices are going to be critical to making sure that reforms are sustainable and meaningful to people across the country and across the region.So, Daw Suu, thank you again for welcoming us here today.  We continue to look to you for inspiration as well as resolve, and I know that you will continue to be a fierce advocate on behalf of the people of Burma, a future of democracy, and I know that you will be a strong partner with the United States. Thank you.  Questions? DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  Who’s speaking?PRESIDENT OBAMA:  I’ll go first.  Christi Parsons.Q  You have been traveling in countries with long histories of repressing freedom of expression and censorship.  And it was interesting yesterday that President Xi seemed to be saying that reporters who have problems have themselves to blame.  And so I wonder to what extent you feel the need to contend with these ideas with leaders in this region as you travel.  And what do you say to them?  And by way of example, I might ask you -- Attorney General Eric Holder says no journalist will go to prison for doing his or her job, on his watch.And so I ask about the case of James Risen, the journalist who is facing this prosecution for not revealing his source in a leak prosecution.  I wonder if that’s -- are you speaking specifically about this case, and is that your position as well?And if I may, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, ask you -- how concerned are you about the violence against ethnic minorities in your country, and specifically the Rohingya people?  And what do you believe is your responsibility to speak out about it?  Thank you very much. PRESIDENT OBAMA:  The issue of press freedom is a constant concern in my interactions with the Chinese government.  It’s an issue that I’ve raised with the President here in Burma.  I’m pretty blunt

and pretty frank about the fact that societies that repress journalists ultimately oppress people as well, and that if you want a society that is free and vibrant and successful, part of that formula is the free flow of information, of ideas, and that requires a free press.  That is part of our tradition.As I explained to President Xi in China, it’s in our DNA.  We believe in the primacy individuals being able to pursue their dreams, endowed with certain inalienable rights.  And we believe that when governments censor or control information, that ultimately that undermines not only the society, but it leads to eventual encroachments on individual rights as well.I can't comment, Christi, on any particular pending case, as you know -- that's sort of an iron-clad rule -- or any particular prosecution.  I can read back to you what Attorney General Holder has said, which is no journalist is going to go to jail for doing their job.  And I don't think you're suggesting that there's -- that the two cases are comparable.  But I recognize that in our own society we have to constantly balance the need for certain national security issues to remain secret with journalists pursuing leads wherever they can. And the good news is, is that we've got courts and we've got a First Amendment.   And we got a whole bunch of tools to ensure that that balance is properly debated and adjudicated. But I think that when I am traveling, it is important as the President of the United States to not just talk about our interests, but also to talk about our values.  Sometimes it has an impact; sometimes it doesn't.  Although I was impressed that Mark Landler got an answer to his question from President Xi.   It might not have been the one he was expecting, but he did end up taking the question.  So you just keep on chipping away and seeing if we can make progress.Q  (Off-mic.)PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Hold on a second, Christi.  Don't try to segue into a second question. DAW AUNG SAN SUI KYI:  I think I better take over (inaudible) my time as well.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  There you go.DAW AUNG SAN SUI KYI:  The National League for Democracy always has been against violence of any kind, either on the racial grounds, or religious grounds, or ideological grounds.  We do not believe that violence really results in (inaudible).Our struggle for democracy has been carried out with a strong grasp on the principle of nonviolence.  And also, we believe in the rule of law.  So if you ask how do we propose to resolve all of these problems of violence between communities, between different ethnic groups, we've got to start with rule of law.  People have to feel secure before they can start talking to one another.  We cannot achieve harmony without security.  People who feel threatened are not going to sit down and sort out their problems.So I would like to recommend, as the chair of the Rule of Law and Tranquility Committee -- don't forget that tranquility is also included -- that the government should look to rule of law.  It is the duty of the government to make all our people feel secure, and it is the duty of our people to learn to live in harmony with one another.If we want democracy, we have to be prepared to live by the principles of democracy.  We have to dare to live according to the principles of democracy.  I think we'll get there, but it will take us some time.  But we will remain fully committed to the principle of nonviolence.Q  Mr. President, I'd like to know about the Myanmar reforms.  You've been talking with the President and parliament speakers, and also you're going to talk with the civil societies group, and then youth.   So my question to you is that:  Have you got any specific agreement with the Myanmar government or President Thein Sein about Myanmar reforms such as constitutional change, and peace negotiation, peace process, and also 2015 general election?And also to Daw Aung San Sui Kyi, you've got a one-hour discussion with the President, and at the current (inaudible), as you said, it’s a bumpy situation.  So if you didn't make amendment, or you didn't change constitution, the NLD and you, yourself, is going to be very difficult after 2015 elections.  So have you talked about those issues with the President?  Or the President talk to you about U.S. support for you?  Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Well, the issue of making sure that reforms and the transition is fully realized was the main topic of our conversation and the main topic of my conversation with the President last night.

As I indicated before, there are signs of progress.  We shouldn't deny that Burma today is not the same as Burma five years ago.  But the process is still incomplete.  And I was very specific with the President in terms of how we will measure whether or not the transition has been fully realized. Number one, we expect elections to take place on time.  We do not want to see delays, because it's time for the voice of the people of Burma to be heard in a fair, free, transparent election.Number two, I indicated to the President that the constitution amendment process needs to reflect inclusion rather than exclusion, that there are certain provisions in the Burmese constitution that objectively don't make much sense.  Ultimately, what changes are made are up to the people of Burma.  But, for example, I don't understand a provision that would bar somebody from running for President because of who their children are.  That doesn't make much sense to me.Number three, we are very much in favor of the peace process, and I encourage the President to move forward in the negotiations.  He expressed some optimism about the ability to bring a deal to a conclusion.  But as Daw Suu has indicated, you have to be skeptical until it's actually done. Number four, I indicated that we are paying attention to how religious minorities are treated in this country.  Now, I recognize the complexities of the situation in Rakhine state.  On the other hand, consistent with what Daw Suu just said, I am a firm believer that any legitimate government has to be based on rule of law and a recognition that all people are equal under the law.   And discrimination against the Rohingya or any other religious minority I think does not express the kind of country that Burma over the long term wants to be.  And I know of no successful democracy in which sectarian or religious divisions are allowed to fester, or the people of different faiths are treated as second-class citizens.  Ultimately, that is destabilizing to a democracy.And finally, I expressed to the President the need to continue to make additional progress on basic issues of freedom and personal security, that journalists can't be jailed simply because they were critical of the government; that arbitrary arrests or individuals being in some fashion abused by government with impunity rather than being respected and treated in accordance with law, that that's a test of whether or not a society is moving towards a genuine democratic process.And the President yesterday acknowledged that some progress has been made, and there was more to do.  And our position will be to continue to measure what's happening on the ground, to consult with a wide range of groups here in Burma.  We will strengthen our relationship where we see progress.  Where we dn see progress.  Where we don’t see progress, then we will continue to express our concerns, and we will not be able to fully realize the kind of bilateral relationship that we want to have with Burma, the Burmese government, until we’ve seen some of these reforms completed.DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  You asked whether (inaudible) NLD to win the elections if the amendments to the constitution are not pushed through.  I think it’s too early to ask this question.  We’ve just spent one afternoon debating the question of constitutional amendment.  I think perhaps some of you may have heard that proportional representation is not going to be instituted.So when we started defending (inaudible) against proportional representation, there were many who said to us, you are a very small minority in the legislature; how can you hope to win this case?  It’s not a matter of wanting to win a case, it’s a matter of standing up for what you believe in, for what you believe is necessary for the future of our country.Now we are asking for a constitutional amendment not because we’re trying to win a case, but because we think that certain amendments are necessary if this country is to be a truly functioning democracy in line with the will of the people.  Because of that, we will persist in our efforts to have the constitution amended in the right way and within the framework of the law.  I’ve always put great emphasis on this because I want peace and tranquility in our country.  I want our people to learn to live under the rule of law, and to support and uphold the importance of the rule of law. So with regard to the constitution, we know that the people support our wish to amend it in certain ways, and we are prepared to negotiate with those who do not wish to amend the constitution.   I think that’s what democracy is all about.  We need a culture of negotiated compromise as the foundation for our democratic union.So we would like to -- it’s not just a matter of debating the case in parliament and winning Brownie points or Boy Scout points, or whatever they’re called.  But it’s just a case of standing up for what we think our country needs.  And we would like to talk to those who disagree with us.  That, again, is what democracy is about.  You talk to those who disagree with you; you don’t beat them down.  You exchange views.  And you come to a compromise, a settlement that would be best for the country.

I’ve always said that dialogues and debates are not aimed at achieving victory for one particular party or the other, but victory for our people as a whole.  Whatever we decide on should be seen as a victory for our nation, for the kind of democratic union that we have been trying to build up for decades.So please don’t worry about whether or not we will win the elections in 2015.  Of course, any party wants to win the elections.  I’m sure the President will tell you that.  (Laughter.)  But winning is not everything -- it’s how you win.  I’d rather lose than win in the wrong way.  And that is the way I want our party and our people to approach the problems that we have to tackle -- that we want to win in the right way.  We want to bring the changes of the constitution about in the right way. We want to build up a strong foundation for national reconciliation, which means reconciliation not just between the different ethnic groups and between different religious groups, but between different ideas -- for example, between the idea of military supremacy and the idea of civilian authority over the military, which is the foundation of democracy.So we want to exchange views and to come to an understanding with all those who at this moment do not yet agree with us.  And we are confident that we can come to such a settlement, come to such an agreement because, after all, I do believe that what all of us want is what is best for the country as a whole -- not just for particular individuals or groups or organizations. So while I tell you that you need not worry about what affects amendment or non-amendment to the constitution might have on the elections, I might as well ask you to vote for us when we do get there.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Pete Maer.Q  Mr. President, it seems the stage is set for even more confrontations between you and Republicans when you get home, if that’s possible.  We’re told that you’re soon going to sign the immigration reform executive order.  To what extent are you concerned about a Republican backlash from an action of that magnitude?And on two other issues, I’m wondering what your take is on the plan to pass a bill to build the Keystone pipeline that’s in the works now, before the State Department’s review process is over.  And Senator McConnell is angry over the climate deal that you had made with China.  How does all of this square with your post-election assessment that people want to, as you put it, get stuff done?And if I may also pose a question to you, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.   Thank you for hosting all of us here from the White House media corps.  As the President mentioned of the constitutional barring of you running in your country’s election, what do you think the impact will be from the President’s statement that was made here today on his strong opposition to that constitutional wording?  And what impact do you think it will have on the government here?  And is there anything more that you’d like to see him do?  Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Pete, the day after the election I said that there are going to be areas of agreement between me and Republicans, and there are going to be areas of disagreement.   There are going to be actions I take they don’t like, and there are going to be bills they pass that I don’t like.And I think, moving forward, that’s exactly what’s going to happen.  You’ve mentioned areas where we disagree.  I believe that America is a nation of immigrants.  Everybody agrees that the system is broken.  There has been ample opportunity for Congress to pass a bipartisan immigration bill that would strengthen our borders, improve the legal immigration system, lift millions of people out of the shadows so they are paying taxes and getting right by the law.  It passed out of the Senate.  I gave the House over a year to go ahead and at least give a vote to the Senate bilaterally; they failed to do so.   And I indicated to Speaker Boehner several months ago that if, in fact, Congress failed to act, I would use all the lawful authority that I possess to try to make the system work better.  And that’s going to happen.  That’s going to happen before the end of the year.But what I’ve also said to them -- and I said this during the lunch with the Speaker and Leader McConnell -- is that I am always interested in negotiating a legislative solution to the immigration problem, and that the minute they pass a bill that I can sign that fixes our immigration system, then any executive actions I take are replaced.So they have the ability to fix the system.  What they don’t have the ability to do is to expect me to stand by with a broken system in perpetuity.  And I would advise that if, in fact, they want to take a different approach, rather than devote a lot of time trying to constrain my lawful actions as the Chief Executive of the U.S. government in charge of our enforcing our immigration laws, that they spend some time passing a bill and engaging with all the stakeholders, the immigrant rights groups, the law

enforcement groups, the evangelicals, the business community, all of whom have said this is something that needs to be done, is way overdue.  And we’ve been talking about it for 10 years now, and it’s been consistently stalled.So with respect to Keystone, I’ve been clear in the past, Pete, my position hasn’t changed, that this is a process that is supposed to be followed.  Right now you have a case pending in Nebraska, where the pipeline would run through, in which a state court judge has questioned the plan.  And until we know what the route is, it’s very hard to finish that evaluation.  And I don’t think we should short-circuit that process.I have also noted that, as policy matter, my government believes that we should judge this pipeline based on whether or not it accelerates climate change or whether it helps the American people with their energy costs and their gas prices.  And I have to constantly push back against this idea that somehow the Keystone pipeline is either this massive jobs bill for the United States, or is somehow lowering gas prices.Understand what this project is.  It is providing the ability of Canada to pump their oil, send it through our land, down to the Gulf, where it will be sold everywhere else.  That doesn't have an impact on U.S. gas prices.  You know what does have an impact on U.S. gas prices is the incredible boom in U.S. oil production and natural gas production that's taken place under my administration. And if my Republican friends really want to focus on what's good for the American people in terms of job creation and lower energy costs, we should be engaging in a conversation about what are we doing to produce even more homegrown energy.  I'm happy to have that conversation.With respect to the climate change deal, I have been very clear that I have responsibilities as President not just to current generations, but to future generations.  The science is indisputable.  The planet is getting warm, and it is getting warmer in part because of man-made activity. And the release of carbon gases -- carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere can have a potentially devastating effect that will cost our country, could devastate communities, could increase the impact of natural disasters, and will have an impact worldwide that is destabilizing and could affect our national security.  That's not my opinion, by the way, that is the opinion of our Joint Chiefs of Staff, that climate change is a direct national security threat.Now the argument that I've received in the past has been either denial of the science or, alternatively, there's no point in us doing something about it despite us being one of the two largest emitters in the world, because if we do something and China doesn't do anything, we'll just put ourselves at a competitive disadvantage, we'll lose jobs to China, and the problem won't be solved anyway.I'm not going deny the science, but I took seriously the notion that we want all countries to participate in solving a global problem.  And so I engaged with China over a lengthy set of negotiations.  And by all independent accounts, for the first time, we got China to make a very serious commitment to constrain its greenhouse gases.  Why would anybody be against that?  That sounds like the right thing to do to me.  So that's a response to those specific ideas. But let me reiterate what I said at the top.  The fact that I disagree or Republicans disagree with me on a certain set of issues doesn't exclude us working together on a whole range of issues where we do agree.  They're interested in tax reform -- so am I.  Let's get to work.  They're interested in promoting trade that will create jobs and opportunity for U.S. workers and U.S. businesses -- all over it.  It's part of what this Asia trip has been all about.They're interested in rebuilding our roads, our bridges, our ports, our airports, putting people back to work, making sure we're competitive -- I'm game.  So the one thing that I think is going to be important for us to have a successful partnership over the next couple of years is not making disagreements on a single issue suddenly a deal-breaker on every issue.  Democracy can never work that way because there are always going to be some differences.   And when there are differences you can't elevate those differences above the commonalities.I'm sorry that was a long answer, but it was a lot of questions.Do you want to --DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  I'm sorry the President can't get away from all those.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  I know.  But before Daw Suu responds to the point about the constitutional amendment, I just want to emphasize, ultimately it's up to the people of Burma to make a decision about all these provisions.

I expressed an objective view that some of current provisions don't seem to have much grounding in common sense or precedent when you look at other constitutions around the world, and seem more focused on advantaging or disadvantaging certain players.  And one of the basic concepts of a constitution is that it creates a level playing field for all people, and then so I use that as an example not because I think my voice is the one that's most relevant in terms of the constitutional amendment process, but ultimately it's up to the people of Burma.Q  (Off-mic.)PRESIDENT OBAMA:  I did?  It doesn't make much sense to me.DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  I believe democracy should stand up for that principle. PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Absolutely.DAW AUNG SAN SUU KYI:  Well, I've always said that it's somewhat flattering to have a constitution written with me in mind.  But it shouldn't be done that way.  That's not how a democratic constitution should be written.  And we object to that clause not because -- not because it debars me from the presidency as such, but because it is against the principle of democracy and also unconstitutional.  The constitution says that all citizens should be treated as equals, and this is discrimination on the grounds of my children, my children's spouses, et cetera, et cetera. Now, this is not acceptable.  And our people are firmly behind us in our desire to change this clause.  And if President Obama said anything about the necessity to change a clause like that, they will love him very much for it.  (Laughter.)  So he will be very popular among our people.And as he said, in the end, it is up to our people to shape the destiny of our country, including the way the constitution is going to be rewritten.  And I think the majority of our people understand that this constitution cannot stand as it is if we want to make the full transition to democracy; 59(f), as you know, debars anybody who is children of -- the spouses of the children belong to -- are citizens of another country.And according to the law -- and I think the President will know the law better than I do because I'm not a lawyer -- according to the law, anybody who is over the age of 18, or whatever legal adult age may be in his or her country, is responsible for himself or herself.  Nobody else is responsible for that person. So from that point of view also, you cannot penalize anybody for what his or her adult children do.  From that point of view, it's illegal, it's against all norms of justice.  And from the point of view of democracy, it is not right to discriminate against one particular citizen.  You wouldn't like to be discriminated against, would you?So I think our people support the idea of amending this clause because -- not particularly because they want me to be president, perhaps because they do.  But I don't think it is so much because of that, but because they realize that this is unfair, unjust and undemocratic.Q  Thank you.  I would like to ask the question to Mr. President.  The question is, have you discussed about the very situation in Myanmar (inaudible)?  Because more journalists and politicians have been arrested, particularly (inaudible) under the present administration.  (Inaudible) how he responds to this (inaudible)?  Thank you.PRESIDENT OBAMA:  I didn't bring up specific cases with him.  I brought up a basic principle that I stated earlier, which is that a free press is a foundation for any democracy. We rely on journalists to explain and describe the actions of our government.  If the government controls the journalists, then it's very difficult for citizens to hold that government accountable.  It's a fairly straightforward proposition.  And I recognize that there is a transition process that's taking place, that there is a more robust debate today than there was the last time I visited.  But to go back to what we said earlier, we can't be complacent.  And we, as a government, are going to be troubled when we hear reports of journalists being imprisoned, being killed, being intimidated, or being censored.And when we engage with this government -- or any government -- and we have evidence that that's taking place, then we're going to raise it. Thank you very much.END1:10 P.M. MMT

Remarks by President Obama at Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative Town Hall, 11/14/14

http://m.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/14/remarks-president-obama-young-southeast-asian-leaders-initiative-town-ha

Yangon UniversityRangoon, Burma

3:43 P.M. MMT

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Hello, everybody!

AUDIENCE: Hi!

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Myanmar Luu Ngae Myar Min Galarbar! (Applause.) It’s wonderful to be back in Myanmar. Everybody, please have a seat. Have a seat. Oh, we got some signs -- “Reform is fake.” “Change…” -- okay, well, you guys will have a chance to ask questions later. Yeah, you can put them away. That’s why we’re here -- for a town hall. See, that’s the thing, when you have a town hall, you don’t have a protest because you can just ask the questions directly.

Two years ago, I was the first American President to visit this country, and I was deeply moved by the generous hospitality that greeted us here, and the sight of children waving the flags of both of our nations. And I was inspired by the incredible diversity and culture, and the various religious sites from different faiths and communities. And I was inspired again today, when I had the opportunity to visit the Secretariat -- the birthplace of modern Burma; the blueprint for democracy; a home to Burmese, Chinese, Indians, Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, and Christians who lived together peacefully -- an incredible example of multicultural and multi-faith diversity and tolerance. And it’s a profound symbol of this country’s rich diversity and this region’s potential.

Whenever I travel the world, from Europe to Africa, South America to Southeast Asia, one of the things I most enjoy doing is meeting young men and women like you. It’s more fun than being in a conference room. And it’s also more important -- because you are the young leaders who will determine the future of this country and this region. So I’m going to keep my remarks short at the top, because I want to take as many questions and comments from you.

As President of the United States, I’ve made it a priority to deepen America’s ties with Southeast Asia -- in particular, with the young people of Southeast Asia. And I do this for

reasons that go beyond the fact that I spent some of my childhood in Southeast Asia, in Indonesia. And that gives me a special attachment, a special feeling for Southeast Asia and this region. But I do it mainly because the 10 nations of ASEAN are home to about one in ten of the world’s citizens. About two-thirds of Southeast Asia’s population is under 35 years old. So this region -- a region of growing economies and emerging democracies, and a vibrant diversity that includes oceans and islands, and jungles and cities, and peoples of different races and religions and beliefs -- this region will shape the 21st century.

And that’s why I launched the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative -- to deepen America’s engagement with the next generation of leaders in government and civil society, in education and in entrepreneurship. And more than 10,000 young leaders like you have joined this Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative network, working to solve the challenges and seize the opportunities of this dynamic region in a spirit of mutual cooperation and respect. So earlier this year, I held a town hall just like this one, in Malaysia. And today, I’d like to take our next steps together with you.

When I took office nearly six years ago, I said the United States would extend our hand to any nation willing to unclench its fist. And here, after decades of authoritarian rule, we’ve begun to see significant progress in just a few years. There is more of a sense of hope in Myanmar, that was once so closed to the world, about the role that it can now play in the region and in the world.

But we know that a journey to progress is not completed overnight. There are setbacks and false starts, and sometimes even reverses. And that was true in America during our 238-year history. It’s happened here in the past two or three years. We’ve seen some progress, and we should acknowledge that progress.

We also know, though, that despite the fact that political prisoners have been released and people are more engaged in political dialogue, there’s a parliament and civil society is emerging -- despite all that, some reforms have not come quickly enough. There are still attacks against journalists and against ethnic minorities. America is still deeply concerned about the humanitarian situation in Rakhine state, and the treatment of minorities who endure discrimination and abuse.

On this visit, I’ve met separately with President Thein Sein and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, as well as members of parliament, and civil society leaders. And we discussed key reforms that have to be made to ensure that human rights and freedoms are respected, and the people of this country can reach for their rightful place in the region and the world. And I was also proud to announce that the Peace Corps will come here, to Myanmar, to deepen the ties between our people. It gives an extraordinary opportunity for young Americans to interact with young people here in Myanmar. And that people-to-people exchange is often as important or more important as government-to-government exchanges.

So progress is not inevitable. History does not always march forward. History can travel sideways and sometimes backwards. Building trust after years of conflict takes time. Being able to look past the scars of violence takes courage. Securing the gains of freedom and democracy requires good faith and strength of will, and tolerance and respect for diversity, and it requires vigilance from all citizens. The American people know well that rights and freedoms are not given; they have to be won through struggle and through discipline, and

persistence and faith. And it’s often young people who have led these struggles; who have compelled us to slowly but surely perfect our own union in America over time.

Now, I understand there's a Burmese saying. I've got to make sure that I say this right. Ngote mi thè daing -- help me out. Is that right? -- tet naing hpyar yauk. (Applause.)

So for those Americans who don't speak Burmese as well as I do -- (laughter) -- that means, "Dive until you reach the sand, climb until you reach the top. Keep persevering."

And America is committed to helping the young people of this nation and this region climb until you reach the top. We believe in this nation. That's why I've come and visited twice in the last few years, because we see a future where democratic institutions can be accountable and responsive; where political activists are free; where elections are fair; where journalists can pursue the truth; where ethnic minorities can live without fear.

So we're betting on this country, but we're also betting on this region, because we see young people of different nations and religions and ethnicities who are eager to come together and address all the challenges that are out there: environmental protection; human rights; improving education; combating poverty; advocating for a greater role for women in business, in government and in society; increasing resilience in the face of natural disasters; spurring economic progress so more young people can follow in your footsteps and get a good education and have opportunity.

We see young leaders who embrace the diversity of this region not as a weakness, but as a strength, and who realize that even though we are all individually different and come from different traditions and different communities, we're stronger when we work together.

So the future of this region, your region, is not going to be determined by dictators or by armies, it's going to be determined by entrepreneurs and inventors and dreamers and people who are doing things in the community. And you're going to be the leaders who make that happen. Your generation has greater potential to shape society than any generation that's come before because you have the power to get knowledge from everywhere, and you have more sophistication and experiences than your parents or your grandparents. And you have now the chance to share knowledge and experiences with other young people all across this region and around the world. And that wasn't true 20 years ago or 50 years ago.

La Min Oo uses his power to tell the story of his fellow Burmese. He studied at Gettysburg College in the United States. The transformation that he watched unfold through Facebook inspired him to return home and make an award-winning documentary about the plight of Burmese farmers. And he says, "My country has been closed so long, there are a lot of stories to be told." So you young people have the chance to say -- to tell those stories. You have the power to improve institutions that are very important for democratic governance, like civil society, and an impartial judicial, and a free press, and private enterprise. And there's so much to build here.

In countries like this, it's critical that you get involved in that way. I'll give you an example. Ryan Louis Madrid dreamt of being a journalist. But as he stood surrounded by the wreckage of a typhoon in his beloved Philippines, he made himself into an instrument for his fellow citizens rebuilding. Today the organization he co-founded puts solar rooftops in developing and recovering communities. And he wants to use his skills to encourage other enterprising young people in developing countries to say in their countries and help their own people, to think globally and act locally. You have the power to remind us all that human dignity is not just a universal aspiration, but a human right.

So Wai Wai Nu spent seven years of her youth behind bars as a political prisoner. And she called it her "university about life." Today she uses that hard-earned degree to advocate for tolerance and acceptance, saying, "We too sacrificed many things for the same cause, that that is democracy."

You have the chance to overcome hatred and make sure that freedom rather than repression, hope rather than fear is governing your country. You have the power to set your own countries on a new and different path.

And in all of this, America wants to be your partner. We want to help any way that we can to help you shape your future. We want you to have the tools and the connections and the resources that you need to change the world.

So one way that we can do this, I'm announcing a significant expansion of the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative Fellowship, an exchange program that will bring 500 Southeast Asian leaders to the United States every year. And these fellows will have the chance to strengthen their professional leadership skills, network with one another, share experiences and ideas, and then come back home better prepared to lead your region and change the world.

So some of these fellows will benefit from five-week instruction at some of the best universities in America on issues like entrepreneurship and environmental stewardship and civil society and human rights. Others will have the chance to work in professional fellowships at state and local governments and NGOs across the United States. And, by the way, through this program that I hope some of you will be able to take advantage of, when you spend time in the United States our people learn from you. So it's not just you learning from us.

And when these fellows then return home with these new ideas and new experiences, our embassies and USAID missions will reach out and offer the support and resources to help make your dreams a reality. So today I'm proud to announce that America will convene a young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative Summit in this region every year, giving fellows the chance to share their successes with each other and strengthen their network to accomplish even more.

So I hope some of you will take advantage of this. I expect many of you will take up the mantle of reform from student activists like Aung San Suu Kyi and Min Ko Naing; take your rightful place as leaders in a stable and prosperous and progressive Southeast Asia. And as

you do, I promise you will have no better friend and partner than the United States of America.

So thank you very much. Kyeizu tin ba de. I now want to take your questions. (Applause.)

And I hope you don't mind, because it's a little warm in Myanmar, I'm going to take off my jacket. (Laughter.)

Okay, so there should be -- I've got a microphone, and there should be mics in the audience. And I'll take as many questions as I can before I have to go to Australia.

All right, who wants to go first? This young man right here.

Q I'm (inaudible.) I'm a third-year student, majoring in English at Sittwe University, Rakhine state, or as you would say, Rakhine state.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: I'm still working on my pronunciation. (Laughter.)

Q I've experienced some sectarian and racial balance firsthand in my region. So the question I would like to ask you to answer is: How can I be part of educating my generation to promote tolerance and respect cultural differences, and most of all, eradicate extremism among different ethnic groups?

PRESIDENT OBAMA: That's a great question. Thank you so much. I had a chance to meet with some civil society groups, and I had a press conference earlier today. Yesterday, I had a chance to meet with parliamentarians, including the speaker -- the two speakers, as well as Aung San Suu Kyi, and then spoke with the President. And to all of them, I said this: There is no example of a country that is successful if its people are divided based on religion or ethnicity. If you look at the Middle East right now and the chaos that’s taking place in a place like Syria, so much of that is based on religious differences. Even though they’re all Muslim, Shia and Sunni are fighting each other. If you look in Northern Ireland, then Catholics and Protestants fought for decades and only now have arrived at peace.

So in this globalized world where people of different faiths and cultures and races are going to meet each other inevitably -- because nobody just lives in a village anymore; people are constantly getting information from different places and new ideas and meeting people who are different from them –- it is critical for any country to abide by the basic principle that all people are equal, all people are deserving of respect, all people are equal under the law, all people can participate in the life of their country, all people should be able to express their views without fear of being repressed. And those attitudes start with each of us individually. It’s important that government play a role in making sure that it applies laws fairly, not arbitrarily, not on the basis of preferring one group over another.

But what’s also true is that each of us have to cultivate an attitude of tolerance and mutual respect. And for young people, we have to try to encourage each other to be tolerant and

respectful. So in the United States, obviously one of the biggest problems historically has been the issue of racial discrimination. And part of our efforts to overcome racial discrimination involve passing laws like the Civil Rights Law and the Voting Rights Law, and that required marches and protests and Dr. King. But part of the effort was also people changing the hearts and minds, and realizing that just because somebody doesn’t look like me doesn’t mean that they’re not worthy of respect.

And when you’re growing up and you saw a friend of yours call somebody by a derogatory name, a rude name because they were different, it’s your job to say to that person, actually, that’s not the right way to think. If you are Christian and you have a friend who says I hate Muslims, then it’s up to you to say to that friend, you know what, I don’t believe in that; I think that’s the wrong attitude, I think we have to be respectful of the Muslim population. If you’re Buddhist and you say -- you hear somebody in your group say I want to treat a Hindu differently, it’s your job to speak out. So the most important thing I think is for you to, in whatever circle of influence you have, speak out on behalf of tolerance and diversity and respect.If you are quiet, then the people who are intolerant, they’ll own the stage and they’ll set the terms of the debate. And one of the things that leadership requires is saying things even when it’s uncomfortable, even when it’s unpopular -- especially when it’s unpopular. So I hope that as you get more influence, you’ll continue to speak out on behalf of these values.

All right, who’s next?

Okay, I’m going to go –- now, the one thing I’m going to do is I’m going to go boy, girl, boy, girl to make sure that it’s fair, because one thing I didn’t say in my initial speech is societies that are most successful also treat their women and girls with respect. Otherwise, they won’t be successful. (Applause.)

The young lady in the yellow, right there, who had her hand up. Okay, hold on so we can get a microphone.

Q I am (inaudible). I am Kachin and Burmese. I would like to ask about the ASEAN affair. So my question is, there are different political system and different level of democratic freedom in ASEAN. Do you think those differences will cost challenges to ASEAN integration? And do you believe it is the right time to push for ASEAN integration? Thank you.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Of the 10 countries in ASEAN, I just had a chance to meet with all their leaders at the U.S.-ASEAN Summit. And the good news is that ASEAN has become more ambitious over the last several years in trying to promote integration, to work together on issues like disaster relief or public health or maritime security or improved education. And I think it’s inevitable that integration is going to happen more and more.

And my hope is that by encouraging integration, that the countries who are doing better on issues like democracy and human rights have a positive influence in bringing up those countries that don’t have such a good record. And we’ve actually I think seen that happen. Listen, when I first came into office, Myanmar was still very much a dictatorship. And there was some controversy about me participating in an ASEAN Summit because there was still

no freedom in Myanmar. And I think that President Thein Sein, because he was with leaders like SBY of Indonesia -- (applause) -- see there, all right, the Indonesians started cheering -- who had traveled the path of democracy, I think President Thein Sein began to see how more open societies were becoming more successful, and I think had a positive influence on -- I think his participation in ASEAN had a positive influence in providing an opening to begin the process of transition here in Myanmar.

But it’s important I think that even as we engage with countries that are less open or less democratic, that we also continue to apply constructive criticism where they fall backwards, where they fall short. And sometimes that’s hard to do. I think a lot of the leaders of ASEAN don’t like to criticize each other because they think that it’s not respectful. And no country is perfect, so they worry that if we criticize one country then somebody will criticize us.

But I think the goal should be for all of us to try to improve what we do on behalf of our people every single day. I’m very proud of the United States. I believe that the United States is a force for good around the world. But I wouldn’t be a good President if I don’t listen to criticism of our policies and stay open to what other countries say about us. Sometimes I think those criticisms are unfair. Sometimes I think people like to complain about the United States because we’re doing too much. Sometimes they complain because they’re doing too little. Every problem around the world, why isn’t the United States doing something about it. Sometimes there are countries that don’t take responsibility for themselves and they want us to fix it. And then when we do try to fix it, they say why are you meddling in our affairs. Yes, it’s kind of frustrating sometimes.

But the fact that we are getting these criticisms means that we’re constantly thinking, okay, is this how we should apply this policy? Are we doing the right thing when we provide aid to a country, but the country is still ruled by a small elite and maybe it’s not getting down to the people? Are we doing the right thing when we engage in training a military to become more professional, but maybe the military is still engaging in repressive activity? If we’re not open to those criticisms, then we won’t get better, we won’t improve.

And I think all of us should be interested in trying to get better, because none of us are perfect and no country is perfect. So I do think ASEAN has an opportunity to play a very important role. But integration is inevitable just because of the nature of economies today. There’s too much travel, there’s too much Internet, there are too many smartphones. When I was driving through here, everybody had a smartphone. I saw a bunch of people -- they didn’t have any shirt, but they had a smartphone. So what that means is -- and most manufacturing today of various products, the parts are made in, like, five different countries, and then they become integrated in some fashion. And then they’re sold all around the world. So integration is going to happen no matter what. The question is, do we integrate at a high level that improves freedom and improves opportunity, or are we integrating at a low level, where there’s less freedom and less opportunity. And I believe integrating at a high level, and I hope most members of ASEAN do also.

All right, it’s a guy’s turn now. I don’t want to discriminate against the men. This gentleman right here. Yes, with the mustache and the beard. There you go. There’s a microphone coming right here. You can just stay where you are. Careful. Hold on to her, so she doesn’t fall.

Q Hello, Mr. President Obama. My name is (inaudible) and I am studying law. My question is, now we are in the democratic transition, so our country is facing so many challenges in every sector. So if you were the President of Myanmar -- (laughter and applause) -- which sector you will focus on first? And how you will make our country develop? Thank you. (Applause.)

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, let me just say, you’re always popular in somebody else’s country. (Laughter.) When you’re in your own country, everybody is complaining. I think you’re right, Myanmar has so many challenges. I think the most important challenge right now is completing the transition to democracy. And so my first focus is I think the focus that many people have already talked about.

Number one, there needs to be an election next year. It shouldn’t be delayed. Number two, there should be constitutional amendments that ensure a transition over time to a fully civilian government. Number three, there needs to be laws put in place to protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, freedom to politically organize.

And I think that if that process is fixed and institutionalized and made permanent, and you now have the tools to deal with all the other challenges, and I think that inevitably what would happen if you had a genuine democracy in Myanmar is the focus next would then be on providing economic opportunity, because Myanmar is still a very poor country. And what we know in the 21st century is, is that the most important tools for economic opportunity are making sure that young people are getting a good education. And my understanding is, is that the education system in Myanmar is still under-developed. I think all of you represent the best of Myanmar’s students. But my understanding is there are many villages you go to where there’s really no schools, as a practical matter, and many of the schools still teach just how to memorize certain things rather than how to think critically about problems.

And every country at this point, if it wants to succeed, needs to put in place free, compulsory education for its young people -- because they just can’t succeed unless they have some basic skills. They have to be able to read. They have to be able to do mathematics. They have to have some familiarity with computers. They have to be able to understand basic principles of science. If you don’t have those basic tools, then it’s very hard to find a decent job in today’s economy.

Now, because Myanmar is still very agricultural, I think issues of land reform and trying to increase productivity in the agricultural sector is also a very immediate and urgent problem. This is true not just in Myanmar; this is true in many relatively poor countries. In Africa, for example, we initiated something called Feed the Future, and the whole goal is to improve the productivity of farmers. And farmers in many poor countries, they still use the same techniques that they used 200 years ago. They’re still using a buffalo or an ox, and waiting on the rains. And sometimes the new techniques, they're not necessarily expensive; it's just a matter of applying them scientifically.

And if you double yields for a farm and double income for farmers in a country like Myanmar, suddenly you have increased wealth, which means that some people now can start businesses. Maybe now somebody can take some of the profits they made and invest in a tractor, or they can start processing the rice that they produce so that they can gain

more value. Or they may be able to buy a smartphone so they know what the prices are in the market, and not get taken advantage of. So just small changes are really important.

Now, my understanding, and I'm not expert, is that some of that will also require some reforms in terms of land ownership and leasing so that people can keep the products of their labor, as opposed to just being essentially what we call sharecroppers in the United States, where you're working the land, but you're giving it over to somebody else and never getting ahead.

So those are just two examples of things that I think will happen naturally if you've got a democratic system in place.

All right, it's a young lady's turn. So this young lady in the glasses right here. She's waving very hard, so she must have an excellent question.

Q Good morning. My name is (inaudible).

PRESIDENT OBAMA: It's afternoon, though. (Laughter.) Maybe you've been waiting here since morning. (Laughter.) But now it's the afternoon.

Q But you can call me Amy (ph). I want to ask one question. My question is, now we are working on IT, so America is already doubled up in IT. So can you provide any development center of IT and job opportunity for youth?

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, I was just talking to the civil society groups, and there was one person there who mentioned that Internet penetration in Myanmar is still only about 9 percent, which means there's enormous room for growth. The issue for IT in a country like Myanmar is, first of all, setting up the infrastructure -- whether it's wireless or other methods -- so that people can start communicating. And once the hardware is in place, then where the real development happens is in the software. And that's where it's really a matter of education, training, and developing a homegrown capacity.

And so what we'll do is we'll work with both civil society groups, as well as the government, to find opportunities where we can promote the building of the infrastructure that's required. But what's really required is also making sure that young people are trained.

And part of what's going to have to happen is, in the United States most of the IT development happened through the private sector. Government invested in research, and so the idea of the Internet was developed with the help of government funding. But what became then the World Wide Web and then all the applications and social media and all that was really developed through the private sector. So part of what has to happen once democracy is installed in Myanmar is then also looking at how are you structuring laws to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship.

So, for example, one of the debates that we're having in trade negotiations with Asian countries in the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the big trade initiative that we're moving forward, is the need to protect intellectual property. If you invent a better tractor, then in the United States, you go to a patent office and you register your patent. You show that this is a new invention. And if anybody then wants to produce this new tractor, they have to pay you for using your idea. The same is true for intellectual property. If you come up with the idea of Facebook, then you need to be able to get a benefit from this idea.

And one of the problems I think that you still have in many countries in Southeast Asia and around the world is weak intellectual property protections, which means that if you're an entrepreneur with a good idea, you don't want to start your business here, because next thing you know somebody steals your idea and they just start their business. So you'd rather start the idea in the United States where you know that it will be protected. And then maybe you will lease to other countries, but the jobs and the opportunities will have been created someplace else.

So setting up regulatory structures, protections for intellectual property, all those things are also going to be very important in order to get a strong IT culture and an innovation culture here in Myanmar and throughout the region.

Okay, it's a man's turn. Let's see. I'm going to go with this guy right here. Hold on a second. Now, you're not going to read that whole thing, are you? (Laughter.) Because --

Q I read you a question --

PRESIDENT OBAMA: I think you have to summarize it quickly because we don't want --

Q Yes, yes, just want to give you a kind of sheet, cheat sheet.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Yes, I'll take the sheet. (Laughter.)

Q Okay.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: There you go. All right.

Q I have only one question.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: There are like -- there are 20 questions on here. (Laughter.)

Q Just want you to know --

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Why don't you just ask me one of them? I'll read the rest.

Q My question, as you know -- may I know your opinion about like how to create national identity, or like Myanmar identity -- different, strong identity in our country?

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Yes. That's a great question. Yes, I was talking about this with the civil society groups because we are very supportive of the efforts to get a ceasefire and a peace process with the ethnic groups that have been engaged in armed conflict for a long time. And we've already talked about some of the problems that the Muslim populations have faced in Rakhine state.

But what I said to the civil society groups is, yes, it is important to protect specific ethnic groups from discrimination. And it is natural in a democracy that ethnic groups organize among themselves to be heard in the halls of power. So in the United States, for example, as its democracy developed, the Irish in big cities, they came together and they built organizations, and they were able to promote the interests of Irish Americans. And African Americans, when they were seeking their freedom, you had organizations like the NAACP that promoted the interests of African Americans. So there's nothing wrong with groups organizing around ethnic identity, or around economic interests, or around regional concerns. That's how a democracy naturally works. You get with people who agree with you or who are like you to make sure that your concerns are heard.

But what I said is that it is important for a democracy that people's identities are also a national identity. If you walk down the streets of New York City, you will see people looking more different than this group right here. You'll see blue-eyed, blonde people. You'll see dark-skinned, black people. You'll see Asians. You'll see Muslims. You'll see -- but if you ask any of those people, “What are you?” -- I'm American.

Now I may be an African American or an Asian American or an Irish American, but the first thing I'll say is, I'm an American.

And if you don't have that sense of national unity, then it's very hard for a country to succeed -- particularly a small country like Myanmar.If people think in terms of ethnic identity before national identity, then I think over time the country will start breaking apart and democracy will not work. So there has to be a sense of common purpose.

But that's not an excuse then for majority groups to say, don’t complain, to ethnic minorities -- because the ethnic minorities may have some real complaints. And part of what is important for the majority groups to do -- if, in fact, you have a national identity, that means that you've got to be concerned with a minority also because it reflects badly on your country if somebody from a minority group is not being treated fairly.

America could not live up to its potential until it treated its black citizens fairly. That's just a fact, that that was a stain on America when an entire group of people couldn't vote, or didn't have legal protections. Because it made all the Declarations of Independence and Constitution and rule of law, it made that seem like an illusion.

And so when the Civil Rights Movement happened in the United States, that wasn't just a victory for African Americans, that was a victory for America because what it showed was that the whole country was going to be concerned about everybody, not just about some people. And it was a victory for America's national identity that it was treating minorities fairly.

And that's I think how every country in ASEAN, including Myanmar, needs to think about these problems. You need to respect people's differences. You need to be attentive to the grievances of minorities that may be discriminated against. But both the majority and the minority, the powerful and the powerless, also have to have a sense of national identity in order to be successful.

I got time for two more questions. Two more. He said one, but I'm going to take two.

See, it's going to be one of you three. What do you think? Who should -- out of the three of you, who should I call on? Are you friends? Okay, so why don't you decide? (Laughter.) What do you think? Okay, yes, rock, paper, scissors. Let's see. (Laughter.) Who won? Okay, go on. There you go. (Applause.)

What did you win with? Were you scissors or rock? Were you rock or scissors or paper?

Q Rock.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Rock.

Q I rock!

PRESIDENT OBAMA: You rock?

Q Yes.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Yes.

Q Mingalaba, Mr. President. I am from Burma from (inaudible) in American Center. Right now we're working on a documentary on Yangon University, Congregation Hall where you spoke the last time you came.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Yes, last time I was here.

Q Yes. So as you know, Yangon University has reopened last year, 2013. So do think it is a good start to rebuild the higher education system in Burma?

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, I think it's a great start. But I think -- as I said before, one of the biggest challenges Myanmar is going to face is rebuilding its education system. And I think it has to start early. It has to start from the youngest ages.

One of the things that we've learned from science is that the most that you will ever learn in your entire life happens from the time you're born until you're three years old. Between your birth and the age of three, that's when your brain is developing the most. And what we've learned, for example, is that when you read -- when parents read to young children even before the children know how to read, the children are building a vocabulary that will put them in a strong position then to learn how to read later on because they've heard the words over and over again.

And so I just make that point because it shows that if you're only worried about university education, but you're not worrying about what happens to children when they're three, four, five, six years old, then you're missing the foundation for a good education system.

And this is true in the United States, as well. We've got the best university system in the world. Obviously I'm biased because I'm the President of the United States, so I think everything in the United States is the best in the world.

But I think anybody objectively would say that we have a system of universities and colleges that is unequaled anyplace else. But we still have problems. And one of the things that I'm spending a lot of time on reform is the elementary, secondary school levels. And also, even earlier having what we call early childhood education to get children off to a good start so that by the time they go to school, they already know their alphabet and they can already start reading at an early age. And I hope that that ends up being a basic emphasis here in Myanmar.

But I also think that from what I've heard, one of the reforms that will need to take place in universities here is to make sure that in all the departments there is the ability for universities and students to shape curriculums and to have access to information from everywhere around the world, and that it's not just a narrow process of indoctrination. Because the best universities are ones that teach you how to think not what to think, right? A good education is not just knowing facts, although you need to know facts. You need to know that two plus two is four; it's not five. That's an important fact. But you also need to know how to ask questions, and how to critically analyze a problem, and how to be able to distinguish between fact and opinion, and how to compare two different ideas.

And I think there's a danger sometimes in countries that are -- don't have a long tradition of higher education to try to narrow the learning process, as opposed to open it up. And I think that that's something that I'm sure university students here in Myanmar will want to express during the course of this transition period and the reforms that are taking place.

All right, I've got time for one more question. Wait, wait, wait. No point in yelling. First of all, all the women have to put their hands down because I told you it was going to be boy, girl, boy, girl. And the second thing is, how many students are there from countries other than Myanmar who are here? Okay, so I think that in the interest of ASEAN unity, and because this is a Young Southeast Asian Leaders Forum, I've got to ask --

Q (Inaudible.)

PRESIDENT OBAMA: No, no, no, first of all, you can't -- I told you already that women aren't going to get a chance to ask the next question. Where are you from?

Q (Inaudible.)

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, you're still in Burma. All right. Where you from? (Laughter.) Sit down. Where you from? All right, let me -- I'm going to ask this guy, guy from the Philippines right here. Come on. (Applause.) You just started yelling. I didn't even call on you. (Laughter.)

Q Good afternoon, Mr. President. My name is Ryan Louis Madrid. I'm from the Philippines. I'm one of the person you --

PRESIDENT OBAMA: I was just talking about you.

Q Yes. And, yes, it gave me a little tear in my eyes. I thank you so much for putting us -- making me as, like, one of the models maybe for what youth can do for change.

But my question really is, I just learned recently that the U.S. and ASEAN will be making a climate change statement. I'd like to know if you could tell us what this is all about, and how this would be different from the Kyoto Protocol and other climate change efforts in making real efforts towards curbing climate change. Thank you. (Applause.)

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Good. So first of all, let's just establish the science and the facts. The planet is getting warmer. The reason the planet is getting warmer is because human activity is releasing greenhouse gases that is trapping heat and increasing temperatures. And because you start getting a negative feedback loop, as it gets hotter, ice melts. The permafrost in places like Siberia start releasing methane gases. Ice packs in Greenland start melting. That then makes it even warmer. And we're on a trajectory in which the temperatures could rise so high that it would have catastrophic impacts around the world because temperatures start changing, weather patterns shift. Traditional monsoon seasons might completely reverse themselves. Areas that once used to have arable land suddenly now have long droughts. Areas that used to be temperate suddenly get floods. We're seeing the impacts in developed countries. We see it in my own country. And we're seeing impacts in poor countries. And we're seeing impacts, obviously, in island nations where if the temperatures continue to rise, we'll end up with oceans that are two feet or three feet higher, and it could swallow up entire countries.

So this is perhaps the central challenge, the most important challenge facing humanity in the 21st century, is getting control of this.

Now, the good news is that we can begin to slow down that process so that the temperatures only go up a certain level, and although we'll have to make some adaptations, it doesn't become catastrophic. But in order to do that, we have to start transitioning our economies to clean energy rather than dirty energy. It means that we have to start developing wind power and solar power. It means that societies have to use energy more efficiently. It means that we have to find ways to use safe nuclear power because they don't -- that doesn’t emit greenhouse gases. So there's no single answer. There's a group of answers to the problem.

And some of you may be aware that the United States and China are the two biggest emitters in the world. The United States had been the biggest emitter; China overtook us. In fairness to China, each individual Chinese person probably uses less energy and emits less greenhouse gases than an individual American. But there are a lot more Chinese than there are Americans.

And if, as China continues to develop, they start matching the United States in how much carbon they release, we'll never survive. None of us. Same is true with India -- just because of the size of its population. And the same is true with Southeast Asia, which, as I said before, contains one out of every 10 people in the world.

So all of us are going to have to be a part of this. And the United States and China -- in a meeting with President Xi -- we announced that we are both going to set bold targets for greenhouse gas reductions from 2020 forward.

What we're encouraging ASEAN to do, individual ASEAN countries, is also to come up with goals for how they are going to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. And if all countries around the world put forward ambitious goals at a Paris conference that we're going to be having in 2015, then this can serve at the basis for collective action in reducing greenhouse gases.

But although we know what we need to do, the transition will be difficult because -- just to give you one example -- Indonesia.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yeah!

PRESIDENT OBAMA: You might not want to cheer about this -- has been cutting down its forests at a very high rate in order to accommodate the palm oil industry. Now the palm oil industry is very lucrative, and you have some very big landholders and big companies who are making a lot of money from the palm oil industry. And they create some jobs. But when you just deforest entire sections of Sumatra or Borneo, that can end up having a devastating effect on the climate.

There are countries in ASEAN that subsidize energy. Now, oftentimes this is with the best of intentions. The idea would be we want to make gasoline cheaper or electricity cheaper so that poor people can afford it. The problem is that when you subsidize energy, there's no incentive to use less energy. So typically when you have a lot of fuel subsidies, those economies are very inefficient in how they use energy, and they generate more pollution.

The countries that are most efficient in energy use, not only do they not subsidize energy -- in fact, they tax energy use. So you look like -- in a country like Norway, which produces a lot of oil, but gasoline there is still $6 or $7 a gallon, which in liters -- who wants to do a liter conversion for me? Anyway, it's very expensive.

So part of what we hope each country in ASEAN commits to is to take the steps that will be required to reduce or at least slow the growth of its carbon emissions, and then slowly start reducing them. And it doesn't have to be overnight, but the transition has to begin.

So if you look at a country like Indonesia, making a commitment to reduce deforestation, reduce and eventually end fuel subsidies, those two things alone could probably help Indonesia meet a very bold carbon reduction goal.

In the United States, I've instructed my Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the amount of greenhouse gases that power plants can send into the atmosphere. And we've doubled fuel-efficiency standards on cars. So in a few years, by the middle of the next century, by 2025, you won't be able to sell a car in the United States unless it is delivering twice as much mileage for every gallon of gas.

And so you can build in transition times to get this done. But we have to start now. And this is probably a good place for me to end by just saying that the issue of climate change is a perfect example of why young people have to lead.

Because old people, they've created a mess, and then they'll be gone. And then you -- (applause) -- you're the ones who have to deal with it. And also what happens is old people get set in their ways. So the older you get, the more likely you are to say, that's how it's always been so that's how I'm going to keep on doing it -- even if there's a better way to do things.

Young people, they're asking, well, why do I have to do it that way? Let's try it this way. And that kind of willingness to accept challenges and try things in a new way, to not be stuck in the past, or to look towards the future, that's what all of you represent.

So I'm hopeful that you have a chance to participate in our Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative Fellows Program. Maybe I'll see some of you in the United States. I'm sure all of you are going to do great things. And I hope all of you dream big and then work hard to achieve those dreams.

Okay? Thank you very much, everybody. (Applause.)

END5:01 P.M. MMT