oct 13, 2020 kek-ph direct search of dark matterppmiuchi/work/pre_int/miuchi...2020/10/07 ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Direct Searchof
Dark Matter
ACT 1 Introduction
ACT 2 Direct Search Review
ACT 3 Topics
Oct 13, 2020
KEK-PH
Kentaro Miuchi(Kobe University)
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ACT 1:Introduction
see also
日本物理学会誌第75巻(2020年) 第2号 68-76頁交流
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Dark Matter
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• DM: seen in various scales in the universe• @ galaxy: rotation curves(1970~)
• @ cluster of galaxies: collision ofgalaxy clusters (2007~)
• @ universe: CMB and other observations(2002~)
Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 29(1991)409
plasma(baryon)
mass(dark matter)
rotation curve
Plank team
cluster collision pie chart of the universe
GR !
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log(宇宙の進化)
log(W
IMPの存在量
)
観測値
現在
σv 大
i ) ii ) iii )
σv 小
誕生
DM
対消滅
対生成
DM
SM
SM
WIMP⇔SM
WIMP存在量の時間変化
annihilate
production
log (history of the universe )
presentstart
log
(WIM
Pabundance
)
observed
large σv
small σv
WIMP abundance evolution
• DM candidates: thousands of them• “good”candidates would solve other problems
• AXION (CP problem in QCD)
• Primordial black hole (BHs are there!)
• WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles)
• WIMPs• Produced in the early universe
• Annihilaterate ∝ cross section × velocity
• Freeze out at some pointabundance is fixed
• σ~weak scale explains present abundance⇒WIMP miracle !
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• WIMP hunting• WIMP-SM(standard model particle, i.e. quarks) particle interaction
• Direct search
• Indirect search
• Collider
DM
対消滅
対生成
DM
SM
SM
indirect
collider
dire
ct
WIMP huntingcomplementary,
synergy
This year
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• Collider• LHC @ CERN
• Missing E signal
• Searches with various ways
• No hint so far
Kentaro Miuchi JGRG2019 6
simulation
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• Indirect Search• WIMPs annihilate @ Galactic Center,
Dwarf Galaxy, sun…
• No conclusive result yet
Kentaro Miuchi
JGRG2019 7
DMDM
NASA/FERMI
CTA
e+/e-
anti-particle
ν
γ
ICECUBE
SUPER-KAMIOKANDE
CTA
FERMI
AMS
NASA/AMS
ICRRICECUBE
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Direct Search
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Direct Detection
CYGNUS
G. C.
Jun.
Dec.
v0=220km/s
v☉=230km/s
DM HALO
@ LAB
nucleus
Solar System
Kentaro Miuchi 91
• WIMP signal• nuclear recoil: elastic scattering
• energy
• nucleus dependence
• seasonal modulation
• direction
nuclear recoil
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Direct Detection
CYGNUS
G. C.
Jun.
Dec.
v0=220km/s
v☉=230km/s
DM HALO
@ LAB
nucleus
Solar System
Kentaro Miuchi 101
target
target
nucleus dependence
• WIMP signal• nuclear recoil: elastic scattering
• energy
• nucleus dependence
• seasonal modulation
• direction
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Direct Detection
CYGNUS
G. C.
Jun.
Dec.
v0=220km/s
v☉=230km/s
DM HALO
@ LAB
nucleus
Solar System
Kentaro Miuchi 111
target
seasonal modulation
target
Jun.
Dec.
• WIMP signal• nuclear recoil: elastic scattering
• energy
• nucleus dependence
• seasonal modulation
• direction
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Direct Detection
CYGNUS
G. C.
Jun.
Dec.
v0=220km/s
v☉=230km/s
DM HALO
@ LAB
nucleus
Solar System
Kentaro Miuchi 121
• WIMP signal• nuclear recoil: elastic scattering
• energy
• nucleus dependence
• seasonal modulation
• direction
Kentaro Miuchi
cosθ 1-1
M=80GeVσ=0.1pb
(θ:angle between the nuclear recoil directionand constellation CYGNUS)
direction
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zDirect Detection
CYGNUS
G. C.
Jun.
Dec.
v0=220km/s
v☉=230km/s
DM HALO
@ LAB
nucleus
Solar System
Kentaro Miuchi 131
target
direction
target
Jun.
Dec.
• WIMP signal• nuclear recoil: elastic scattering
• energy
• nucleus dependence
• seasonal modulation
• direction second half of this talk
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Kentaro Miuchi 14
• Technologies• Ordinary radiation detectors
• Background: electron recoil
• more than two info⇒ reject electron BGs
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History
Kentaro Miuchi 15
• leading technologies• semiconductor ⇒ scintillators⇒ cryogenic detectors (bolometers)⇒liquid noble gas
Direct search history
limit
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ACT 2:Direct Search Review
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Direct Search Review
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Direct Search Review
1. Mainstream : Large Detectors
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Kentaro Miuchi 19
• DAMA (NaI)• 250kg NaI scintillators
• Annual modulation were reported:1998~
• Latest 2.46 ton year 12.9 σ
• SOMETHING is detected
No BG explains this modulation
No natural DM model explains, either…
DAMA
DAMA/LIBRA
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• Explaining DAMA with BG• Long discussion on BG modulation
• Muon?
• Muon & neutrinos• Solar neutrino has largest flux in winter. (Sun closer.)
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 20
• No, not enough neutrinos
• None worked so far ...• So the right way is to ...
Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:3196
PRL 113, 081302 (2014)
• No, muon comes laterMUON
DAMA
Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2064
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• DAMA:Strong tension with other nuclei• Recent papers don’t show DAMA’s area.
• It doesn't mean DAMA signal is gone...
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 21
SISD
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• Other NaI detectors• COSINE(106kg), ANAIS (112kg)
• Annual modulation measurement
• Consistent with null and DAMA, yet.
• SABRE• North and South
• PICOLON• Pure crystal
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 22
Need to be stay tuned.
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液体キセノンの直径 約1m
XMASS検出器
• Liq Xenon:1 phase (liquid-only) detector• XMASS
• Observation 2013 Nov.~2019 Mar.
• 642× PMTs
• 800kg liquid xenon
• One of the main results ”fiducial paper”• “self-shielding” of liquid xenon
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• XMASS fiducial paper: limit• Fitting the obtained energy spectrum with BG + WIMP
• Consistent with the BG model
Kentaro Miuchi 24
• Best limit as a 1-phase liq. Xe detector• (Learned lesson) Reduction of the systematic error is
important for an effective BG reduction
XMASS DM limits
WIMP fit ersults
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• XMASS other results• Kaluza-Klein solar AXION
• Extra dimension AXION: mass ~keV
• Thermally produced in the Sun ⇒ gravitationally trapped⇒ decays in the detector
Kentaro Miuchi 25
N.Oka et. al.expected signal
result
• First experimental limit!
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• Liquid Xe/Ar:double-phase (liquid+gas)• XENON1T, LUX, PandaX-II (Xe) , DARKSIDE(Ar)
• Several 100kg ~ 1ton
• z position can be known
• Electron background can be discriminated
Kentaro Miuchi 26
Double phase detector principleXENON detector
PMT
PMT
liquid Xe
gas Xe
light yield
time
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• XENON1T• Some events in ROI
• ER :radon neutron:neutrons from α particle
Kentaro Miuchi 27
red:nuclear recoil (signal) region
gray:BG (electron) region
AccidentalElectron
PRL 121, 111302 (2018)
PRL 121, 111302 (2018)
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• XENON1T 1ton・year result
Kentaro Miuchi 28
fitting
• 4.1×10-47cm-2 @30GeV
• Leading the direct detection
• SUSY predictions are investigated
PRL 121, 111302 (2018)
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• Next• XENONnT
• LZ
• PANDA-X
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 29
1.4×[email protected]×10-48cm@40GeV
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• Next• XENONnT
• LZ
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 30
1.4×10-48cm@50GeV
• Final phase of construction
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Direct Search Review
2. New Trend : Low Mass DM
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• You may know better than I...
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 32
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Kentaro Miuchi 33
• Bolometers• Leading technology before Xe detectors• First “DAMA killer”• Shift to low energy WIMPs
Direct search history
limit
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• Bolometers• Low energy threshold ⇒ low mass DM
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 34
CRESST-III detector
CRESST-III result
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KEK-PH Oct. 2020
• CCD• DAMIC
• pioneer of low threshold
• SENSEI• skipper CCD• sensitive to single electron• DM-electron channel
Kentaro Miuchi 35
DAMIC
PLB 711 (2012) 264–269
DAMIC
0.5g
threshold 40eV
CRESST
XENON 10
SENSEI
1.9g
24days
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• Liq. noble gas: S2 only analysis• can lower threshold ⇒ low mass WIMPs
• DARKSIDE(Ar)
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 36
PRL 121, 081307 (2018)
PRL 121, 081307 (2018)
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• XENON S2 only• Improved 4-7 GeV limits
• note: lighter nucleus (Ar) is better for low mass WIMPs
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 37
PRL 123, 251801 (2019)
PRL 123, 251801 (2019)
target
target
nucleus dependence
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Kentaro Miuchi 38
• And still lower: MIGDAL• Low mass search with“MIGDAL effect”
• Ordinary nuclear recoil : ionization along the track
• Low energy recoil : ionization efficiency is low⇒ cannot be detected
• Very rare case electrons are emitted
PRL123, 241803 (2019)
PRL123, 241803 (2019)
PRL123, 241803 (2019)
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Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 39
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Direct Search Review
3. Others
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• Bubble chamber• PICO
• Superheated chamber• Threshold-type detector• Best SD sensitivity
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 41
PRD 100, 022001 (2019)
C3F8 52kg
1167kgdays
2.45keV threshold
3 events remained
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• Fluorine advantage• SD search
• different “Neutrino floor”fromxenon
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 42
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ACT1 SUMMARY• DAMA, Xenon(SI), Fluorine (SD)
Kentaro Miuchi 43
PRD 100, 022001 (2019)
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ACT1 SUMMARY• DAMA, Xenon(SI), Fluorine (SD)
Kentaro Miuchi 44
PRD 100, 022001 (2019)
PRD 100, 022001 (2019)
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Intermission
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ACT 3:Topics
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Topics
1. Electron Recoil (ER) signal
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• XENON ER excess• 0.65 tonne-years exposure
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 48
arXiv 2006.09721 (to appear in PRD )
https://web.bo.infn.it/xenon/sito_web_Bologna/docs/
xenon1t_er_excess_20200617.pdf
⇐ for NR search
PRL 121, 111302 (2018)
⇩ for ER search
arXiV 2006.09721
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KEK-PH Oct. 2020
Kentaro Miuchi 49
arXiV 2006.09721
• Detector response• Energy scale & Efficiency
• Both confirmed independently
• Demonstrated with 220Rn calibration data
arXiV 2006.09721
DM run calibration
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Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 50
arXiV 2006.09721
• Background• Radioactive isotopes (214Pb: radon daughters)
214Pb
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• Results
• Excess between 1-7 keV
• 285 events observed
• 232 events expected(BG only)
• 3.3 σ Poisson fluctuation
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 51
arXiV 2006.09721
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• Tritium?• 3.2σ
• 3H/Xe =( 6.2 ± 2.0 ) × 10-25 mol/mol
• Two possible source• cosmogenics: made from xenon by cosmic-ray
• atomosperic: H2O (HTO) or H2 (HT)
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 52
• 100 ppb level of H2 canexplain this amount.
• i. e. O2 < 1ppb
• Compared the significance with other sources.
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• And, off you went!
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 53
see also
広島サーベイ @ ダークマターの懇談会2020
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• XENONnT
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 54
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Topics
2. MIGDAL
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Kentaro Miuchi 56
• And still lower: MIGDAL• Low mass search with“MIGDAL effect”
• Ordinary nuclear recoil : ionization along the track
• Low energy recoil : ionization efficiency is low⇒ cannot be detected
• Very rare case electrons are emitted
PRL123, 241803 (2019)
PRL123, 241803 (2019)
PRL123, 241803 (2019)
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Kentaro Miuchi 57
• MIGDAL effect ?• A. B. Migdal J. Phys. USSR 4(1941)449
• calculated (predicted)
• nuclear recoil ⇒ excitation / ionization
• caused by a sudden change of the nuclear velocity
• small probability
• Ibe et. al. 2018• reformulated
• energy momentum conservation
• probability conservation
• can be used for DM search
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• Low mass WIMP search by MIGDAL effect
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 58
LUX: PRL 122(2019)131301
EDELWEISS: PRD 99(2019)082003
CDEX: PRL 123 (2019) 161301
XENON: PRL 123 (2019) 241803
SENSEI: arXiv:2004.11378v1
PRL123, 241803 (2019)
Standard WIMP detector down to 100MeV
CAVEAT: Migdal effect itself is yet to be observed.
loose 3orders of magnitude if we use Bremsstrahlung only.
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• Why MIGDAL observation is difficult?• Neutron beam for nuclear recoil• Standard elastic scattering (Nuclear Recoil): huge background• Signal: NR + electron track ~0.1 keV
• << energy resolution• << spatial resolution
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 59
n
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• Migdal challenge
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 60
CERN-UK
JP
https://indico.cern.ch/event/872501/contributions/3730586
/attachments/1985262/3307758/RD51_mini_week_Pawel
_Majewski_ver2.pdf
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• CERN-UK (in preparation)• Straightforward method
• Nuclear track +electron track with gaseous detector
• Demonstrations OK fornuclear recoil / electron recoil each.
• Hard to discriminate from standard nuclear recoil
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 61
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• Our approach (proposal)• Detect characteristic signal
“two-cluster” events
• Help to reduce huge background
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 62
any “MIGDAL anomaly” prediction?
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Topics
3. Directionality
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• Directional search:concept “CYGNUS”• More robust evidence than annual modulation
• Study the DM nature after discovery
Kentaro Miuchi 64cosθ 1-1
M=80GeVσ=0.1pb
expected anguler distribution
(θ:angle between the nuclear recoil directionand constellation CYGNUS)
clear forward scattering
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40cm
World-wide CYGNUSNEWAGE/CYGNUS-KM
Kamioka, Japan
SF6 / CF4
Strip readout
CYGNUS-OZ
Stawell, Australia
R&D leading to 1 m3
Long-term plan 10 m3
CYGNO-Initium
Gran Sasso, Italy
He CF4 (SF6)
sCMOS+PMT readout
CYGNUS-10
Boulby, UK
10m3 He:SF6
GEM + wire readout
CYGNUS-HD10
SURF, USA
He:CF4:C4H10
Strip readout
KEK-PH Oct. 2020Kentaro Miuchi 65multi-site observatory
2020 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1468 012044
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• NEWAGE(Kobe+)• 3D tracking
• μ-PIC
• SKYMAP
• CF4 gas • High spatial resolution
• Spin-Dependent search
• Proposal
• First directional search
• Underground measurements
Kentaro Miuchi 66
PLB 578 (2004) 241
PLB 654 (2007) 58
PLB 686 (2010) 11, PTEP (2015) 043F01S, TAUP2019
PTEP (2020) ptaa147
020406080100120140160180
galactic longitude
180200220240260280300320340
ga
lac
tic l
ati
tud
e
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80SKYMAP (measured DATA)
T.Ikeda TAUP2019
NEWAGE limits
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• Realistic simulation (strip readout)
Kentaro Miuchi 67
even 10m3 detector
can start exploring Xe neutrino
floor
arXiv 2008.12587
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Toward discovery
• Potential to search beyond the “neutrino floor”where large detectors are reaching.
solar
atmospheric
ecliptic coordinate8B
WIMPS
distinguishable
expected
68
WIMPs
8B ν’s
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• CYGNUS After Discovery: astronomy/cosmology• Test the HALO model
• (ex)Sagittarius stream
Kentaro Miuchi 69streams, debris…
standard HALO
standard HALO +stream
GC
Our GALAXY
SUN
constellation
“CYGNUS”
galacticcoordinate
expected
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• scan r value
• Halo model test• isotropic (1-r) + anisotropic(r) DM HALO model indicated by n-
body simulation (r~0.3)
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 70
• main observables: energy +direction(θ) ⇒2D fitting
• next:
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• CYGNUS After Discovery : particle physics• Some interaction provide characteristic angular distributions
Kentaro Miuchi 71
SI SD
angular distribution
operator
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ACT2 SUMMARY
• ER signal• XENONnT/LZ are in preparation
• MIGDAL• Observation
• Directional Detectors:gas detectors• Clear evidence・DM nature study
Kentaro Miuchi 72
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Thank you!
Kentaro Miuchi KEK-PH Oct. 2020 73
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backups
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Kentaro Miuchi 75
latest results
• Latest results• DAMA
annual modulation
• bolometers
• liquid xenon
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76
• Cross section
• Enhancement factor C
• SI interaction
A: atomic number
• SD interaction (contribution of either proton or neutron is considered)
• λ: Lande factor
• J : total spin of the nuclei
•
•
N
2
N
2
N 4 CGF constant coupling Fermi:
mass reduced :
2
N
N
N
FG
MM
MM
2AC
)1(2 JJC
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• XENONnT• Neutro BG(1.3events/4ton year) ⇒ neutron Veto(nVeto) detector
• Load Gd in the water
Kentaro Miuchi 77
D.Ramirez
@TAUP2019
0.2% Gd loaded water
120×additional PMTs
laser calibration system
neutron background in XENONnT
nVeto
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• 方向感度の重要性• 2002年ノーベル物理学賞(ニュートリノ天文学)
数を数えた実験(Davis)+ 方向に感度を持つ実験(小柴)
Kentaro Miuchi 78X 何とか NEWAGE
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Future
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• Upcoming detectors: XENONnT, LZ• Fiducial mass: several ton
• Constructions ongoing: observation 2020~
• Japanese group (Kobe, Nagoya, Tokyo) joinedXENONnT in 2017
• Goal: a few ×10-48cm2
Kentaro Miuchi 80
XENONnT projection
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Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 81
strip readout with
various threshold
C. O’hare, S.Vahsen
preliminary
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• UK / Boulby• pioneered this field (DRIFT)• 1m3 detector running underground (Boulby)
for years• low BG, large volume
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 82
• 10m3 chamber design ongoing
• low BG vessel design w/ simulation
• R&D for GEM and wire readout
• clean space underground at Boulby
• easy to excavate more
Boulby Underground Lab
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• JAPAN / Kamioka• pioneered 3d-tracking (direction sensitive) (NEWAGE)• C/N-1.0 chamber (18 × 30×30 cm2 detectors)
• chamber ready• TPC cage (w/ resistive sheet), feedthrough being commissioned
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 83
50cm
40cm
C/N-1.0 chamber
TPC cage
• Negative ion studies
• 3-D tracking
• MPGD gas avalanche simulation
• ASICs for negative ion strip readout
• > 5k channels made
• chip test started
See T.Ikeda’s Talk for NEWAGE
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Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 84
See E.Barracchini’s Talk• Italy / GranSasso (intended)• Focusing optical readout
• Two parallel R&D paths• electron drift
• negative ion drift
• 1m3 scale detector funded asdemonstrator for 30-50m3
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• US / SURF(intended)• Focusing on pixel, strip readout (HD)
• Extensive prototyping completed
• CYGNUS HD1 1-m3, demonstrator for 10 m3, proposed
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 85
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• Australia / Stawell• Excavation of new lab
started - operation in 2020
• Space available in 2020 for 1 m3 CYGNUS TPC, 10 m3 in 2025?
• DM community recently funded - includes R&D for CYGNUS
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 86
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• CYGNUS① 確実な証拠• 世界を呼び込んで暗黒物質の発見・性質解明
• O(10) 事象で前方散乱の証拠 (c.f. 季節変動 O(1e4)事象)
Kentaro Miuchi 87
Kentaro Miuchi
cosθ 1-1
M=80GeVσ=0.1pb
期待される反跳角分布
(θ:はくちょう座の方向と原子核反跳の方向のなす角)
明確な「前方散乱」
期待されるスカイマップ
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CYGNUS: community• 7×bi-annual workshops (2007-)
CYGNUS 2019 @Roma
• 2×review papers, another is coming
TAUP2019Kentaro Miuchi 88
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ActivitiesOverviewActivitiesHighlightsSummary
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• proto-collaboration (2016-)• >50 researchers
• discussion on-going for actual collaboration
CYGNUS: collaboration
steering committee
E. Baracchini (GSSI)
G. Lane (ANU, Canberra)
K. Miuchi (Kobe)
N. Spooner (Sheffield)
S. Vahsen (Hawaii)
TAUP2019Kentaro Miuchi 90
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量子エレクトロニクス
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• 量子情報とダークマター ①• 少ない数の電子を使ってダークマターサーチ
• DarkSide S2-only 解析
Kentaro Miuchi 92
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• 電子数>4を利用
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 93
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Kentaro Miuchi 94
• 低質量DMでよい制限
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• 量子エレクトロニクス• 2018年1月 鹿野氏セミナー@神戸
Kentaro Miuchi 95
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• “QBIT”• 磁場を感じる
• アクシオン探索できんじゃね?
Kentaro Miuchi 96鹿野セミナー201801@神戸
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• DM アクシオン
• 電子と相互作用• 電子1個との相互作用は小さい
⇒「マグノン」を用いる
Kentaro Miuchi 97池田
物理学会2018年秋
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Kentaro Miuchi 98
池田物理学会2018年秋
池田物理学会2018年秋
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Kentaro Miuchi 99鹿野セミナー201801@神戸
池田物理学会2018年秋
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Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 100
• 実験• アクシオンデータ
というか量子情報のBGデータ
• 量子情報のデモンストレーション=我々のキャリブレーション
池田物理学会2018年秋
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• 結果
• この先:Q値(カップリング)を上げながら大きくしたい
• ちなみに:マグノン-GHz重力波のカップルもある(らしい)Kentaro Miuchi 101
池田物理学会2018年秋
1903.04843
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Highlight 2: Negative ion TPC Study• Pioneered by DRIFT group
• Minority carrier discovery (CS2+O2, Occidental group)• use several ion species with different drift velocities
•
• SF6 discovery (2015, UNM group). • z-fiducialization 7.3mm FWHM
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 102
small diffusion
⇒ z fiducialization possible ⇒LOW BG !
minority carriers (CS2 )
z-fidutilization (SF6)
2017 JINST 12 P02012
Phys of DU 9-10 (2015) 1
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• to be CYGNUS: Trackings• strip readout + ASICs
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 103
α Tomonori Ikeda (Kobe)
JPS Mar2018
paper in preparation
LTARS2016 + Wellesley’s micromegas
resistive-strip readout
3D tracking+ fiducialisation
for optical redout: See E.Barracchini’s Talk
2D tracking
2019 J. Inst. 14 T01008
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Kentaro Miuchi 104
• NEWAGE/CYGNUS• 方向感度の国際共同フレームワーク:CYGNUS
• 5人のsteering committeeの1員として議論をリード
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• NEWAGE 検出器 NEWAGE-0.3b• 検出容積: 31×31×41cm3
• ターゲットガス: CF4 at 0.1気圧 (エネルギー閾値 50keVee)
• 冷却活性炭を用いたガス循環システム
Kentaro Miuchi 105
GEM- 31×32 cm2
- 8-segmented- hole pitch : 140m- hole diameter: 70m- insulator : LCP 100m- gain : ~5- made by Scienergy, Japan
-PIC(Micro-pixel chamber) - 31×31cm2
- pitch : 400m- gain : ~1000- made by DNP, Japan
Field cageDrift length: 41cm PEEK + copper wiresNEWAGE-0.3b外観
NEWAGE-0.3b内部
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• NEWAGE技術(1/3):「低放射能」• 低バックグラウンド(低放射能)化:材料中のウラン、トリウム(U、Th)を低減
• 新学術「地下素核」(H26-H30)、「地下宇宙」(R1-R5)
Kentaro Miuchi 106
106
30cm
30cm
「地下素核」で開発した30cm角 low-α μ-PIC(NIM submitted)
BGの低減(1/50以下)に成功さらなる低BG化 進行中
材料探索 エネルギースペクトル
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• NEWAGE技術(2/3) :「陰イオンガスTPC」• セルフトリガーのTPCでは不可能だったドリフト方向の絶対値決定
• 海外グループによって初報告
• 三次元飛跡検出(w/ASIC開発)と組み合わせた独自の発展
Kentaro Miuchi 107
Tomonori Ikeda JPS
Mar2018
2019 J. Inst. 14 T01008
三次元飛跡+絶対値決定のはじめての例
絶対値決定の例
時間差
ドリフト速度の違う複数種のイオン⇒ 時間差から絶対値
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• NEWAGE技術(3/3) :「抵抗シートTPC」• 連続抵抗(市販のシート)を使ったTPC電場形成
• ワイヤータイプよりシンプルな構造 一様な電場
Kentaro Miuchi 108
PTEP 2019 (2019)063H01
従来型TPC
15cm
10cm
抵抗シートTPC
wire TPCの電場乱れによるもの
μ飛跡
検出点の残差
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• WIMP探索• 加速器実験:LHCなど
• 対消滅:FERMI、CTAなど
• 直接探索 ⇒ 本講演
Kentaro Miuchi 109
• 相補的 探索 / 性質解明
JHEP10(2015)134
WIMPの反応
直接探索と加速器実験
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• マグノンでGHz重力波• 理論屋さんが式をこねくり回すと重量波もカップルするらしい
Kentaro Miuchi 110
1903.04843
h:重力波よるひずみ
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Kentaro Miuchi 111
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Kentaro Miuchi 112
光量分布カット
時間分布カット
• XMASS fiducial paper: BG(バックグラウンド) study• fiducialカット後でO(10-3) counts/keV/kg/days を達成
• 各種手法(高エネルギーのスペクトル、Ge検出器での部材選定)でBGを評価
• 系統誤差を詳しく評価
カットとエネルギースペクトル
BG見積もり
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• Migdal効果• XENON:低質量DMまで感度
Kentaro Miuchi 113
• この現象自体未確認
• 特徴的なトポロジー(原子核反跳+特性X線) ⇒ ガスで実証を!
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• CYGNUSとして目指したいこと• 世界を呼び込んで暗黒物質の発見・性質解明
Kentaro Miuchi 114
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Kentaro Miuchi 115
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• World-wide SF6 activities (convener: Miuchi)• Wide varieties of MPGD(micro patterned gaseous detectors)
• very active, new comers are welcome!
NewMexicothick(400um) GEM (3×3cm2)CERN 0.5mm pitch,Φ0.3mm
Kobethin(100um) GEM (10×10cm2) Scienergy, 140um pitch,Φ70um+ μ-PIC(10×10cm2) DNP, 400um pitch strip readouttriple thin (100um) GEM Scienergy, 140um pitch,Φ70um
gas gain2000@30Torr30,40,(60) Torr
gas gain2000@20Torr
Italytriple thin(50um) GEM (3×3cm2)CERN, 50um pitch,Φ30um
gas gain5000@ 175Torr, 2000@370Torr
WellesleyMicromegas (10×10cm2)CERN(gap 128um and 256um)
gas gain300@40Torr
Sheffieldthick(400um) GEM(50×50cm2)UK , 0.5 um pithΦ0.3um
gas gain6000@30,40Torr
116
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• KOBE’s activity μ-PIC in SF6• tracking test (α-rays)• ASIC development• simulation (Garfield++)
117
Liq argon electronics (LTARS2014)
GEM (LCP 100um-thick)+μ-PIC
PIN photodiode for trigger
detection volume
1.28×1.28×16.1 cm
anode(32ch) cathode(32ch)
Tomonori Ikeda
SF6 20 Torr
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• ASIC development for strip readout• Wide dynamic range(1.6pC)
• Large Cdet (300pF)
118
two types of architectures were implemented in LTARS 2016
static-gaindynamic-gain
Miki Nakazawa
JPS Mar2018
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• ASIC (cont’d)• Test at Wellesley (Oct 2018) coupled with
micromegas
• 16ch+16ch active area
119
α
charge propagation on
resistive strip
2D tracking of α was confirmed
Test at Sheffield (Dec 2018) ongoing
LTARS 2018 being designed.
M. Nakazawa et.al
To appear in JINST
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2 相式液体キセノンXENON 1T:2T active
LUX:370kg
pandaX-II 500kg
ガンマ線除去
120
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• 2-phase Liquid Xenon• γ rejection
王道Xe 低mass低温 SD見るならSDD 忘れちゃいけないNaI
121
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Kentaro Miuchi 122
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• 系統誤差• plate gap 40~130μm (図では代表値85μm)
Kentaro Miuchi 123
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WIM
P-核子散乱断面積
(cm
2)
WIMP質量 (GeV)
(90%C.L.)
・低質量暗黒物質探索:先行研究の領域を排除
PLB 719 (2013) 78
観測結果
124
・ボゾン的なsuper-WIMPと呼ばれる種類の暗黒物質探索
Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(2014) 121301(editor’s choise)
・非弾性散乱をする暗黒物質探索
PTEP(2014)063C01
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Standard WIMP search
K.Kobayashi, XMASS, TAUP
2015, Torino, Italy125
LUX
XENON100
CDMS-Si
CoGent ML (2014)
DAMA/LIBRA (2009 Savage)
Xe10-S2
XMASS
XMASS2013
±1 σ
expected
±2 σ
expected• Leff uncertainty is taken
into account.
• Figure is drawn by
Method 1. The
difference between two
methods are within 30%.
• DAMA/LIBRA region is
mostly excluded by our
measurement.
Assuming standard WIMP, data is fitted with the following equation:
V0: 220.0 km/s
Vesc: 650.0 km/s
ρdm: 0.3 GeV/cm3
Lewin, Smith (1996)
Model assumption
by annualmodulation
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神戸大 inXMASS
細川ソース・物理解析(XMASSの花形:季節変動解)析 )
2016年3月細川D論Physics Letters B 759(2016), pp. 272-276
その他:ラドン計の開発PTEP(2015) 033H01
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神戸大 in XMASS
岡ホース・新型PMT開発・物理解析
2015年2月岡D経過発表
ICRRホームページ
液体キセノン800kg
液体キセノン5t
→物理解析:KK solar AXION探索
余剰次元のアクシオン が太陽中で作られている可能性がある!
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• 現状
Kentaro Miuchi 129
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Xenon 1T 2017結果
34.2 live-days
1042kg fiducial mass
7.7×10-47cm2
赤線より下はBGフリー
今後:上からの染み出しもありうる(214Pb,85Kr)
e・ガンマ 青バンド
原子核 赤バンド
DM run 赤バンドの下側を使う
王道Xe 低mass低温 SD見るならSDD 忘れちゃいけないNaI
130
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Kentaro Miuchi 131
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忘れちゃいけないNaIDAMAにまつわるエトセトラ
250kgのNaIシンチレータ
1.33ton・年の観測
14サイクルの季節変動 (9.3σ)
中性子、太陽ニュートリノなどでの説明が試みされた⇒ 結局十分なモデルは構築されず。
キセノンなどの実験では排除 ↔ NaI実験では未試験
DAMAはまだ生きている。 今年か来年あと7年分でるはずだが。。。132
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“CYGNUS” concept
CYGNUS
G. C.
Jun.
Dec.
v0=220km/s
v☉=230km/s
DM HALO
@ LAB
nucleus
Solar System
WIMP-wind detection
TAUP2019Kentaro Miuchi 133cosθ 1-1
M=80GeVσ=0.1pb
directionality
(expected)
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直接探索のこれから
暗黒物質これまでこれからまとめ
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CYGNUS: Directional Detection• Clear Discovery
+ study the nature of DM after discovery
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 135
cosθ1-1 0
0
20
40
M=80GeVσ=0.1pb
[count/
3m
3/ye
ar/bin
]
θ
DM
Nucleus
seasonal
modulation
(expected)
directionality
(expected)
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Toward discovery
• Potential to search beyond the “neutrino floor”where large detectors are reaching.
solar
atmospheric
ecliptic coordinate8B
WIMPS
distinguishable
expected
136
WIMPs
8B ν’s
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CYGNUS: community• 7×bi-annual workshops (2007-)
CYGNUS 2019 @Roma
• 2×review papers, another is coming
TAUP2019Kentaro Miuchi 137
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• proto-collaboration (2016-)• >50 researchers
• discussion on-going for actual collaboration
CYGNUS: collaboration
steering committee
E. Baracchini (GSSI)
G. Lane (ANU, Canberra)
K. Miuchi (Kobe)
N. Spooner (Sheffield)
S. Vahsen (Hawaii)
TAUP2019Kentaro Miuchi 138
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ActivitiesOverviewActivitiesHighlightsSummary
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40cm
World-wide CYGNUS (ver. TAUP2019)CYGNUS-KM
Kamioka, Japan
SF6 / CF4
Strip readout
CYGNUS-OZ
Stawell, Australia
R&D leading to 1 m3
Long-term plan 10 m3
CYGNO-Initium
Gran Sasso, Italy
He CF4 (SF6)
sCMOS+PMT readout
CYGNUS-10
Boulby, UK
10m3 He:SF6
GEM + wire readout
CYGNUS-HD10
SURF, USA
He:CF4:C4H10
Strip readout
TAUP2019Kentaro Miuchi 140multi-site observatory
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• UK / Boulby• pioneered this field (DRIFT)• 1m3 detector running underground (Boulby)
for years• low BG, large volume
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 141
• 10m3 chamber design ongoing
• low BG vessel design w/ simulation
• R&D for GEM and wire readout
• clean space underground at Boulby
• easy to excavate more
Boulby Underground Lab
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• JAPAN / Kamioka• pioneered 3d-tracking (direction sensitive) (NEWAGE)• C/N-1.0 chamber (18 × 30×30 cm2 detectors)
• chamber ready• TPC cage (w/ resistive sheet), feedthrough being commissioned
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 142
50cm
40cm
C/N-1.0 chamber
TPC cage
• Negative ion studies
• 3-D tracking
• MPGD gas avalanche simulation
• ASICs for negative ion strip readout
• > 5k channels made
• chip test started
See T.Ikeda’s Talk for NEWAGE
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Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 143
See E.Barracchini’s Talk• Italy / GranSasso (intended)• Focusing optical readout
• Two parallel R&D paths• electron drift
• negative ion drift
• 1m3 scale detector funded asdemonstrator for 30-50m3
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• US / SURF(intended)• Focusing on pixel, strip readout (HD)
• Extensive prototyping completed
• CYGNUS HD1 1-m3, demonstrator for 10 m3, proposed
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 144
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• Australia / Stawell• Excavation of new lab
started - operation in 2020
• Space available in 2020 for 1 m3 CYGNUS TPC, 10 m3 in 2025?
• DM community recently funded - includes R&D for CYGNUS
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 145
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低mass低温閾値を下げて低質量WIMPに特化
SuperCDMSlite (Ge) 閾値 56eVee 600g
EDELWEISS (Ge) 閾値 900eVnr 800g
CRESST-Ⅲ (CaWO4) 閾値 100eVnr 24g
王道Xe 低mass低温 SD見るならSDD 忘れちゃいけないNaI
146
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BG free?3実験とも、0事象ではない。
が低質量では十分良い探索能力。
conservativeに制限をつけているが、、、
王道Xe 低mass低温 SD見るならSDD 忘れちゃいけないNaI CDMS
CRESST 147
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HighlightsOverviewActivitiesHighlights
Summary
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Highlight 1: Feasibility Study• Realistic simulation (strip readout)
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 149
even 10m3 detector
(3 order magnitude higher than
the shown curves) can start
exploring Xe neutrino floor
1000m3
strip readout with
various threshold
Paper in internal review
C. O’hare, S.Vahsen
preliminary
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Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 150
strip readout with
various threshold
C. O’hare, S.Vahsen
preliminary
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Highlight 2: Negative ion TPC Study• Pioneered by DRIFT group
• Minority carrier discovery (CS2+O2, Occidental group)• use several ion species with different drift velocities
•
• SF6 discovery (2015, UNM group). • z-fiducialization 7.3mm FWHM
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 151
small diffusion
⇒ z fiducialization possible ⇒LOW BG !
minority carriers (CS2 )
z-fidutilization (SF6)
2017 JINST 12 P02012
Phys of DU 9-10 (2015) 1
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• to be CYGNUS: Trackings• strip readout + ASICs
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 152
α Tomonori Ikeda (Kobe)
JPS Mar2018
paper in preparation
LTARS2016 + Wellesley’s micromegas
resistive-strip readout
3D tracking+ fiducialisation
for optical redout: See E.Barracchini’s Talk
2D tracking
2019 J. Inst. 14 T01008
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Summary
• CYGNUS: direction sensitive DM direct search
• community, collaboration
• multi-site observatory (1m3 ⇒ larger scaledetectors)
• New comers (physics, detectors…) are welcome!
Kentaro Miuchi TAUP2019 153
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Physics after discovery
154
• DM property, halo model
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Physics after discovery
• Astrophysics• Sagittarius stream
streams, debris…
standard HALO
standard HALO +stream
GC
Our GALAXY
SUN
constellation
“CYGNUS”
galacticcoordinate
expected
155
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156
can be studied by directional information!
Physics after discovery
AstrophysicsDibris
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Physics after discovery• Particle physics①
• Test the interaction by scattering angle
some operators are distinguishable
SI SD
157
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Physics after discovery• Particle physics②
• inelastic scattering
iDM (inelastic scatterings dark matter) and normal
darkmatter ( FFeDM (form factor elastic dark matter)) show different angular DISTRIBUTION
158