ÌÈÈÈÚ‰ ÔÎÂ˙

Ë ¯·„ Á˙Ù

1 Ô¯Á‡‰ ·Ï˘‰ :˙„ÈÒÁ‰

23 ¯Ó‡Ó‰ ÈÏ¢· ˙¯ډ – ‰È„Ù ‰·È·Á

˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙È˘‡¯Â Ë"˘Ú·‰

41 Ì˘ ÏÚ· Ì„‡ '¯ – ۯˆ ÏÈ˘Ú‰ '¯ ȇ˙·˘‰ ‡È·‰

46 Ì˘ ÏÚ· Ì„‡ '¯ ÏÚ „ÂÚ

:ÌÈÁÙÒ

48 ۯˆ‰ ¯ÙÒ È˜È˙ÚÓ ˙Ó„˜‰ .‡

:ۯˆ‰ ¯ÙÒ ˙ÂÈÏ‚¯Ó ÔÓÏÊ Ìȯه '¯· ‰˘ÚÓ .·

52 ϯ٠ÛÒÂÈ ÈÊ‚Ó ‰ÓÈ˘¯

56 (‡) ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – Ò·ÈÏ ‰„Â‰È .‚

60 (·) ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„ .„

64 Ë"˘Ú·‰Â ÌÈ„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙¯·Á ÏÚ ˙¢‡¯‰ ˙ÂÈ„ډ È˙˘

:ÌÈÁÙÒ

82 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

86 ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ ÌÈÈÁÏ ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚Ó ·˙ÎÓ .‡

87 ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚Ï ÒÈÈ ÛÒÂÈÓ ·˙ÎÓ .·

89 ÔÓÏ‰Ó Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ ÌÈÈÁÓ ·˙ÎÓ .‚

91 ÚÓ„‰ „Ê ¯ÙÒ· ‰È‚ȉÓ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ÏÚ ÒÂÓÏÂÙ‰

102 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

106 ·ÂË Ì˘ ÏÚ· χ¯˘È '¯ Ï˘ ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Â˙ÂÓ„

:ÌÈÁÙÒ

139 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„ .‡

144 ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚Ï Òү χÂÓ˘Ó ·˙ÎÓ .·

146 ?·ÂË Ì˘ ÏÚ· χ¯˘È '¯ ÏÚ ˙Ó‡

148 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

149 „"Θ˙–Í"˜˙ ˙Â˘Ó Ï‡¯˘È ı¯‡Ó ˙¯‚ȇ È˙˘

162 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

164 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ „‚ ÂÒÂÓÏÂÙ ϷÈÈÏ Ï‡¯˘È '¯ ÔÈÈÚÏ

175 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

177 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ÏÚ ‡·Â„ ‰ÓÏ˘ '¯ Ï˘ Â˙„Ú

180 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

:˙ÂÈÁÈ˘ÓÏ ˙˜·„ ÔÈ·

˙„ÈÒÁ· ÌÈÈËÒÈÓ ÌÈÈÂÈÚ¯ ÌÈ˷ȉ

185 ˙„ÈÒÁ·Â ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ· ˜È„ˆ‰ ‚˘ÂÓ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰

226 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – τȇ ‰˘Ó

230 ˙„ÈÒÁ· Ï‚ς‰

˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙È˘‡¯· Ìȉχ ÌÚ "˙ÈÓÈËȇ ˙¯˘˜˙‰" ‡ "˙˜·„"

237 (‰˘ÚÓ ‰Îω)

259 ÁÙÒ – τȇ ‰˘Ó

268 ˙È„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙¯ÙÒ· "Ï΢‰ ˙ÂÓ„˜" ‚˘ÂÓ ڄÂÓ È˙Ï·‰

277 Ï΢‰ ˙ÂÓ„˜Â ÈÏÂȉ‰ ,ÂÓÈ˘¯‰ – Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙Ò‡

280 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙È˘‡¯· ÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ „ÂÒȉ ϯË

:ÌÈÁÙÒ

306 ˙„ÈÒÁ· ÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ ÔÂÈÚ¯‰ – Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙Ò‡ .‡

313 ÒÈÈÂ ÛÒÂÈ ÏÚ – Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙Ò‡ .·

316 χ¯˘È ˙¯ÂÒÓ· Ìȯ˙Ò ÌȘȄˆ Â"Ï

321 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

ÌȯÙÂÒ ÌȯÙÒ ÏÚ

325 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ‰„˘· ¯·Â· ÔÈË¯Ó Ï˘ Â˙ÏÂÚÙ ÏÚ

330 ˙„ÈÒÁÏ ¯·Â· ÔÈË¯Ó Ï˘ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ

348 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰¯Â‡È˙Ï ˙¯ډ ‰ÓÎ – ¯·Â· ÔÈ˯Ó

354 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Â ¯·Â· ÔÈÈÚÏ ‰¯Ú‰ „ÂÚ

356 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Â ¯·Â· ˙ÈÈ‚ÂÒÏ „ÂÚ

ÏÚ ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ :‰ÏÈÏ˘Ï ˙¯Â˜È·Ó – È·ˆ¯ ÌÂÏ˘

358 ¯·Â· Ï˘ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙ÒÈÙ˙

...‰Ú„È ˙„‰È‰˘ ‰Â¯Á‡‰ ‰Ï„‚‰ ˙ÈÊÂÈ‚Èϯ‰ ˙ˆ¯Ù˙‰‰

370 (·Â·Â„ ÔÂÚÓ˘ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È·)

?Ë"˘Ú·‰Ó ÌÈÈ¯Â˜Ó ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ

374 (ÍÂÏ· ÌÈÈÁ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È·)

377 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

„"·Á ‰∆˘Ó

380 (ÔÈ· ˜ÁˆÈ ÌÈÈÁ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È·)

383 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

384 ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Â Ò˜¯Ó Ô¯‰‡

393 ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÁÙÒ – ÛÒ‡ „„

˙ÂÁ˙ÙÓ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·

395 ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· ÌÈÂȈ ÌȯӇӉ Ï˘ Ô¢‡¯‰ ÌÓÂү٠̘Ó

398 ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·‰ ÌȯˆȘ‰ Á˙ÙÓ

403 ˙ÂÓ˘ Á˙ÙÓ

411 ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó Á˙ÙÓ

413 Ìȯ·ÈÁ Á˙ÙÓ

416 ÌÈÈÈÚ Á˙ÙÓ

¯·„ Á˙Ù

Ìȯ˜ÂÁ‰ ÈÏ„‚Ó Ìȯ˘Ú‰ ‰‡Ó· ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ˙·¯˙‰ Ï˘ Á¯‰ ȘÚÓ ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚˙Ȅ‰ȉ „ÂÒ‰ ˙¯Â˙ ‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ‰ ,˙‡˙·˘‰ ,‰Ï·˜‰ Ï˘Â ÏÏη ˙„‰È‰ ÈÚ„Ó Ï˘˘ÓÁ Ìȯ˘Ú – "¯Ó‡ ÚÈ·È ¯Â„Ï ¯Â„" .1982 ˙˘· ÂÓÏÂÚ ˙È·Ï Íω ,˯ٷÌÈ¢ ÌÈÓÂÁ˙· Â˙¯ÈˆÈ Ï˘ ÒÂÓÚ‰ ÌȯÙÒ‰ Û„Ó ÁΠ,Â˙¯ÈËÙ ¯Á‡Ï ‰˘˙ÈÚ„Ó‰ Â˙˘¯ÂÓ ÒÂÈη ˘È ÌÚË ‰Ó :‰Ï‡˘Ï ‰ÚÓ ˘˜·˙Ó ,Ê‡Ó ¯Â‡ ‡¯˘Ïη ‰Ï ˘È „ÁÂÈÓ Ï˜˘Ó ÂÊ ‰Ï‡˘ ?ÂÈÈÁ ÈÓÈ· ÒÙ„ ¯·Î ‰·Â¯˘ ,‰¯ÂÊÙ‰‡Ï‡ ,Âȯ˜ÁÓ ˙ÈÊÁ· „ÓÚ ‡Ï˘ ˜¯ ‡Ï ‰Ï‡ .ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ȯ˜ÁÓÏ ¯Â˘˜‰ÌÁȯ ¯Ó ,‰¯Â‡ÎÏ ,Ì‰Ó ÌÈ·¯ ,̯·ÁÓ ˜Ï˙Ò‰ Ê‡Ó ÂÙÏÁ˘ ¯Â„‰ ˙¢ Íωӷ˘Ï˘· ̇ ,‰ÈÙ ÏÚ ‰¯Ú˜‰ ˙‡ ÂÎÙ‰˘ ÌÈ˘„Á ÌȇˆÓÓ Ï˘· ̇ – ÌÓÚË ÏËÈÂ

?ÌÓ‡‰ .·˘Â‰˘ ˙·¢˙ Âχ˘˘ ˙Âχ˘ ,˙¢„Á ˙Âȯ˜ÁÓ ˙ÂÈ¢¯Ù‰ÓÓ ;"Ô¯Á‡‰ ·Ï˘‰ – ˙„ÈÒÁ‰" Â˙‡ˆ¯‰ ˙‡ ÌÂÏ˘ ‡˘ 1938 ˙˘·˘¯„Ó‰ ˙È·· ÂÈ˙‡ˆ¯‰ ˙¯„Ò· Ô¯Á‡‰ ˜¯Ù‰ ‰Ê ‰È‰ .¯ÙÒÏ ˙¯˙ÂΉ ˙‡ ÂÏËMajor Trends ¯ÙÒ· ,1941 ˙˘· ‰Â˘‡¯Ï ÂÒÂ΢ ,˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ· ÌÈÓ¯ÂÙ¯ ÌÈ·¯ÏÌ‚¯Â˙˘ ,‰Ê ¯ÙÒ .(˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ· ÌÈȯ˜ÈÚ ÌÈÓ¯Ê) in Jewish Mysticism˙¯Â˙ ˙·‰ ÏÚ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈÚÈÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÓ Â„ÂÚ ‰È‰ ,(˙ȯ·ÚÏ ‡Ï ͇) ˙·¯ ˙ÂÙ˘Ï"Ô¯Á‡" – "Ô¯Á‡ ·Ï˘"Î ÌÂÏ˘ ÈÈÚ· ʇ ‰˙Ó„ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ .˙Ȅ‰ȉ „ÂÒ‰Ï˘ Â˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ ˙¯˘Ù‡ .ÌÂÈÒ ÛÂÒ Ï˘ Ô·ÂÓ· Ì‚ ÊÓ¯ӷ ,ÈÁΉ Ï˘ Ô·ÂÓ·,¯Ó‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÂÈÒ‰ ˙Â¯Â˘· ˙ÈÓÈÒÙ ‰Èȉ˙· ‰Â„ ˙„‰È· ÛÒÂ È¯Â˜Ó ÈËÒÈÓ Ì¯Ê"„·Ï· Ìȇȷ"Ï ˙ˆ¯Á‰ ‰ÚÈ·˜‰ ˙‡ ¯È˙‰ ,˙ȘÙÒ ‰ˆÈ¯˜ ÔÈÚÓ· ,ÌÂÏ˘ ÈÎ Û‡

.‰ÂÓÎ ÌȯÂÒÙ¯ÙÏ ‡Ï‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙ ˙‡ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ˘ ÈÓÎ ÌÂÏ˘ ÈÈÚ· ‰ÒÙ˙ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰˘ „ÂÚ· ͇˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ È˙¯Â˜È·‰ ‰¯˜ÁÓ ,‰Ï˘ ÌÂÈÒ‰ ˜¯Ù· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰ÓˆÚ ‡È‰Â ˙Ȅ‰ȉ‰Óˆ‰ ˙ÈÚ„Ó‰ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·‰ ÍÎ ÏÚ „ÈÚ˙ .ÂÈÏÂ˙ÈÁ· ÔÈÈ„Ú ˜ÙÒ ÈÏ· ‰È‰ÏÚ ˙Âίډ‰Â ˙ÂÚ„‰ ÂÈ‰È 1.‰Ê ˜¯ÙÏ ÁÙÈÒ ‰˙‡˘Â ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ Â˙¢¯Ï ‰„ÓÚ˘Ôȇ ,ÂÈ‰È ¯˘‡ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Â ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰˜ÈËÒÈÓ‰ ‰„˘· ʇ ÈÓ ÂÏÁ˘ ˙ÂÈÂÁ˙Ù˙‰‰

1ÌÈÂÎ„Ú ÌÂÏ˘ ۯȈ ,‰ˆÂÙ‰ ‡È‰˘ ,1954 ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ˙¯Â„‰ÓÏ ,˙·¯ ˙¯„‰Ó· ÒÙ„ ¯ÙÒ‰ÌÂ˘Ó Ô‰ ,Â˙¯Â„‰ÓÓ ‰ËӢ‰ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ÏÚ ˜¯ÙÏ Û¯Èˆ˘ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·‰ .ÌÈÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·

.‰Ï ˜Â˜Ê ȯ·Ú‰ ‡¯Â˜‰ Ôȇ ˙˘ÂÈÓ ‡È‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó Ô‰ ‰ÓˆÚ ‰‡ˆ¯‰Ï ˙Ú‚Â ‰È‡ ‡È‰˘

,(ͯÂÚ) ÔÈË˘È·Â¯ ̉¯·‡ :˜¯Ù‰ Ï˘ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ Ì‚¯˙‰ ˙ÒÙ„‰· ‰ÈÂˆÓ ‡È‰ ,ÌÈÙ ÏÎ ÏÚ.52–51 'ÓÚ ,Á"Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ,‰È˙„ÏÂ˙·Â ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙¯Â˙· ÌȘ¯Ù

ȯ·„ Á˙Ù

,‰ÓÂˆÚ ‰ÎÙ‰Ó ¯·Ú ÌȯÁ‡‰ ˙¯„‰ È˘· ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ Ôȯ¯ÂÚ˙¢ È‰Ï˘· Ì˙‡ ˙ÂÊÁÏ ‰È‰ Ô˙È ‡Ï˘ ÌÈ„ÓÓ· ·Á¯˙‰Â ,˙È˙ÂÓΠ˙È˙ÂÎȇÂÓˆÚ ÌÂÏ˘ ,¯˙ȉ ÔÈ· ,Ìȇ¯Á‡ ÂÊ ‰ÎÙ‰ÓÏ .˙ӄ˜‰ ‰‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘‰

.ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙-È„ÈÓÏ˙ ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ÔΠ,Áȉ˘ ˙„ÂÒÈ‰Â‰Ê ÌÈÁˆÓ ÌÈÓÎÁ È„ÈÓÏ˙˘ Ì˘Î ,‡· ¯Â„ Íω ¯Â„˘ ‡Â‰ ÌÏÂÚ Ï˘ ÂÚ·Ë,ÂÈ‰È˘ ÏÎÎ ÌÈ„·Î ,Ìȯ˜ÂÁ Ï˘ ̉Ȃ˘È‰ ‰„Ó˙‰· ÌÈÁ· ÔÎ ‰Îω· ‰Ê ˙‡Ì˙ˆ˜Ó ‰‡Ï‰ Ìȯ·ÚÂÓ ÌȯÓ˙˘Ó Ì˙ˆ˜Ó – "‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ÔÈ„"Ï ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ Ì‰Â̘ÏÁ· ‰ÏÚ ÂÈÓ· „ÁÂÈÓ Ï¯Â‚ ,‰‰Â .ÌÈÁÎ˙˘Ó˘ ÌÙÂÒ ˙ÈÂÂÊ Ô¯˜Ï ÌÈÁ„ÌȇˆÓÓ‰ Û‡ ÏÚ ÛÏÁ˘ ÔÓʉ ˙¯ÓÏ .‰˙·È·Ò·Â ˙„ÈÒÁ· ÌÂÏ˘ ȯ˜ÁÓ Ï˘,ÔÈÈ„Ú Â¯˙ ÂÈ¯Ó‡Ó – ÂÈ˙ÂÁ‰Ó ‰ÓÎ Ï˘ ÔÙ˜Â˙ ÏÚ ¯ÂÚ¯ÚÏ Â‡È·‰˘ ÌÈ˘„Á‰Ì˙Ú˘· ·˘Á˘ Ìȯ˜ÁÓ .¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙· ͯ„ ¯Â¯Ó˙ ‰ÈÙ Ô·‡ ,Âȉ˘ Ì˘Î,‰‡¯Â‰· ‡ ¯˜ÁÓ· ˘˜·Ó „ÂÚ Ì‰Ï Ôȇ ÌÈ„„ˆ È≈„ƒ· ÏÂÎÈ·Î ÌÈÏËÂÓ ÌÈÈ˙ÙÂÓÌÂȉ „Ú ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ȯ˜ÂÁ ,¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙‡ ‰„Ó˙‰· ÔÈÊ‰Ï ÌÂÏ˘ ȯ˜ÁÓ ÂÎÊ „‚ÓÂÂÎÙ‰ Íη .˙˜ÂÏÁÓ ÁÂÎÈ ÍÂ˙Ó Ì‡ ‰·Á¯‰Â ‰ÓÎÒ‰ ÍÂ˙Ó Ì‡ ,̉Èχ ÌÈ·˘ËÏ· ‰Ê ¯˘˜‰· .ÂÓˆÚÏ˘Î ¯Â˜Ó ˙ÈÁ·· ,ÌÈ˙ÚÏ ,˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ Âȯ˜ÁÓ˙˘· ‰Â˘‡¯Ï ¯Â‡ ‰‡¯˘ ,"Ë"˘Ú·‰ Ï˘ ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Â˙ÂÓ„" Â¯Ó‡Ó „ÁÂÈÓ·Ï·ÂÈ .Ë"˘Ú·‰ ÏÚ Â˙Ú˘· ڄȉ ·ˆÓ Ú˜¯ ÏÚ Í¯„ ı¯ÂÙ ¯Ó‡ÓÏ ‰È‰Â ,1960ÈÎ Ú·˜Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ,Ë"˘Ú·‰ ¯˜ÁÓ· ÈËÓ¯„‰ ÈÂÈ˘‰ Û‡ ÏÚ ,ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÌÈ˘

.ÂÊ ‰È‚ÂÒ· ÔÈÈÚÏ ˘˜·Ó˘ ÈÓ ÏÎÏ ˙ÈÁ¯Î‰ ‡ˆÂÓ ˙„˜ ÔÈÈ„Ú ‡Â‰ ‰Ê ¯˜ÁÓÏ˘ ·Á¯ ¯˘˜‰· ÍÈ¯Ú‰Ï ‡ÂÙ‡ ˘È ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ Ï˘ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ȯ˜ÁÓ ˙‡ÈÒÁȉ ËÂÚÈÓ‰ Û‡ ÏÚ .·ˆÈÚ ÏÚ ÂÓˆÚ ÌÂÏ˘ ˙ÚÙ˘‰Â ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ ˙„ÏÂ˙·˘ ÌÂÁ˙ Ïη ËÚÓÎ ‰¯˜˘ ÂÓÎ – ÌÂÏ˘ ÁÈψ‰ ˙„ÈÒÁ· ȯ˜ÁÓ‰ ˜ÂÒÈÚ Ï˘˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ ÏÚ Ì˙ÚÙ˘‰˘ ,ÌÂÁ˙‰ Ï˘ „ÂÒȉ È‚˘ÂÓÓ ‰ÓÎ ÔÂÎÏ – Ú‚˙‡ ÔÈʉÏ ˙ÂÎÙÏ ÌÈÎÈ˘ÓÓ Ì‰ ‡Ï‡ ,¯„· ˜¯ ‡Ï ̉È˙Â˙‡ Â˙ ‰˙‡¯Â‰Â¯˘‡Î Ì‚Â ,ÂÈ˙˜ÒÓÓ ˙ˆ˜Ó ¯گÚ˙ ¯˘‡Î Ì‚ .ÌÂȉ „Ú ¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÈÚÓÂÈ˙·Â˙ ȯ‰ ,˙¯Á‡ ‡ ÂÊ ‰È‚ÂÒÏ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ· ‰ÚË ÈÎ ÌÈ·¯ Ìȯ˜ÂÁ ÏÚ ÌÎÒÂÓ·Á¯ ÒÈÒ· ̉ ,ÌÂÁ˙‰ ˙‡¯Â‰Ï ¯˜ÁÓÏ ÂÏÁ‰ ڷˢ ÌÈ‚˘ÂӉ ˙Âȯ˜Ӊ˘Â„ÈÁÎ ˙˜·„‰ ˙ÒÈÙ˙ ˙‡ ¯ÈÎÊ ÂÏω „ÂÒȉ È‚˘ÂÓ ÔÈ·Ó .˙¯Â˜È· ‡ ‰ÓÎÒ‰Ï˙‡ ,˙„ÈÒÁ· ÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ ÔÂÈÚ¯‰ Ï˘ ÂÏÂ¯Ë ˙‡ ,˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ Ô‚¯‡Ó Ô¯˜ÈÚÎÂÁÂÎȉ ˙‡Â ,Ë"˘Ú·‰ Ï˘ ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Â˙ÂÓ„· ÈËÓÊȯÎ-È‚‡Ó‰ „ÂÒȉ ˙˘‚„‰

.˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰˙Â‰Ó ÏÚ ¯·Â· ÔÈË¯Ó ÌÚ Ï‰È˘ ȯ˜Ú‰˙ÂÎȯˆ Ôȇ˘ ˙ÂÓÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ÔÓ ‡È‰ ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ¯Â„ ÏÚ ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ ‰·¯‰ Â˙ÚÙ˘‰,„ÂÒ‰ ˙¯Â˙ ‰Ï·˜‰ ȯ˜ÂÁÏ Ô¢‡¯Â ˘‡¯Î ,¯Ú¯ÂÚÓ È˙Ï·‰ „ÓÚÓ 2.‰È‡¯Ì‚ ,ÂÈ˙˜ÒÓ ˙‡ ÂÏ·È˜Â Â¯Â‡Ï ÏÏΠͯ„· ÂÎω ÌÈ·¯‰ ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙˘ ÍÎÏ ‡È·‰

2,¯·Â· ÏÚ ¯·„Ï ÂÈÙ ˙‡ ÌÂÏ˘ Á˙Ù˘Î ˙Á‡ ÌÚÙ" :ÂÊ ‰˘ÂÁ˙ ÌÈ‚ˆÈÈÓ Ìȇ·‰ Ìȯ·„‰Ìȯ˜ÂÁ‰ ,ÂÏ Ô˙È ‰Ê· ‡ˆÂÈÎ .'¯·Â· Ï˘ ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙Ó ÂÁ‡ ȯ‰ ÂÏÂÎ ÂÁ‡' :¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰

ÂÈ„ÈÓÏ˙Ó ÂÁ‡ ȯ‰ ÂÏÂÎ ÂÁ‡' :ÌÂÏ˘ ÏÚ ÌÂÈÎ ¯ÓÂÏ ,ÌÈÈÈ·‰ ¯Â„ Ï˘ ˙„‰È‰ ÈÚ„Ó·

¯·„ Á˙Ù‡È

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:˙¯Â˜È·Ï ‰ˆ¯Ú‰ ÔÈ· ‰Ú˘ ,ÂÊ ˙ÏËÂËÓÏ ÌÈÈÈÈÙ‡ 1953 ˙˘· ÒÈÈÂ

‰ÎÊ ‡Ï ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙ÁÈÓˆ ˙È˘‡¯ ÏÚ È¯Ó‡Ó˘ ÏÚ ·¯ ¯Úˆ È˙¯Úˈ‰˙‡ ¯˘‡ ÌȘ Í¯Â‡Ï È‡ ÚÚÂ˙Ó ÈÎ È˙·˘Á ÈÓe˙Ï .È„‡ ψ‡ ‰ÓÎÒ‰Ï‡Ï ÒÙ˙ È¯Ó‡Ó ÈΠȇ ÚÓ¢ ̇˙Ù ,È„‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â„Â·Ú ÂÂ˙‰ ÌÂÂÈ·χ È˙‡· ‡Ï ȯ‰Â .̉ÈÏÚ ˜ÂÏÁÏ ‡·Î ‡Ï‡ ·¯ ȯ·„ ÏÚ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï ‡·ÎÌÈÏη ˘Ó˙˘Ó È˙‡ˆÓ ,È„‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â„Â·Ú ˙ÂÁ‰Ó ˙˜ÒÓ ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï˙Ï·‚ÂÓ ‰„ÈÓ· ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏÂȈÂÒ ÌÈÏη „Â‡Ó ˙Ï·‚ÂÓ ‰„ÈÓ· ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏÂÎÈÒÙÈ„‡Ï ‰„ÂÓ È‡ !È˘¯„ ˜Úˆ ‰È‰ ¯ÓÂÁ‰˘ ˙ÂÓ˜ӷ ˜¯ ˙Ó‡·Â ,Î"‚,˙ÈÏÈÏ˘‰ Ï"¯ ,˙ÈÏÏΉ Â˙„ÓÚ ˙‡ ·˙ÎÓ· ÈÏ ¯È·Ò‰Ï Á¯Ë˘ Â˙Á¯Ë ÏÚ...È˙È·˘ ÔÈÈ·‰ ˙Òȯ‰Ï ˙Â˯ÂÙÓ ˙ÂÈ˯٠˙ÂÁÎÂ‰Ï È‡ ‰ÙˆÓ Ô·ÂÓÎÂ

3...‰Ó‚٠‰È‡˘ ÔÈÎÒ· ËÁ¢ ,ÂËÁ˘· ÈÎ È„‡ ÏÚ ¯Ó‡ ¯·ÎÂ

,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ Ï˘ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙ÒÈÙ˙ ˙‡ Û˜˘Ï ˘˜·Ó ÂÈÙÏ˘ ÌȯӇӉ ı·Â˜-ÏÚ·˘ Ìȯ·„·Â ‰‡¯Â‰· Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ ÌÈÒÙ„ÂÓ‰ Âȯ˜ÁÓ· ˜¯ ‡Ï ‡ËÈ· ‰˙‡˘Ï˘ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏÂÏÈÙ ÌÈÁÂ˙È ÍÂ˙Ó ,ÌÈ˘ ˙¯˘Ú ͢ӷ ‰˘·‚˙‰ ÂÊ ‰ÒÈÙ˙ .‰ÙÌÚ ,ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ÌÈ˙ÈÓÚ ÌÚ ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ ÍÂ˙Ó ,ÌÈÈ„ÈÒÁ ˙¯˜Ó ˙ÂȯÂËÒȉ ˙„ÂÚ˙.ÂÓˆÚ È„ÈÒÁ‰ ‰ÁÓ‰ È· ÌÈ„ÓÂÏÓ ÌÚ Û‡Â ˙„ÈÒÁ ‰Ï·˜ ȯ˜ÂÁ ,ÌÈÂȯÂËÒÈ‰Ï˘ ‰˙ˆÈ¯ÙÏ Â‡È·‰˘ ÌÈ¢‡¯‰ ÌÈÎωӉ ژ¯‰ ÌÂÏ˘Ï Â¯¯·Â‰Â ·Ï˙‰ ÍÎ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ÏÏÂÁÓ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÓ„ ,È„ÈÒÁ‰ „ÒÓÓ‰ ˙¯Âˆ ,‰ÚÂ˙Î ‰˙¢·‚˙‰Â ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ÏÚ ˙ÈÏ·˜‰ ˙‚‰‰ Ûˆ¯· ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰˙¯Â˙ ÈÙ‚ ÔΠ,‰· ÌÈËÏ· ÌÈ˘È‡ÂÂȯ˜ÁÓ· .‡ÒÈ‚ Í„È‡Ó ˙ȇ˙·˘‰ ‰ÚÂ˙Ï ‰·Â‚˙Π,‡ÒÈ‚ „ÁÓ È"¯‡‰ ˙Ï·˜ Ú˜¯˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰ÓÏÂÚ ˙‡Â ‰ÈÈÙ‡ ˙‡ ·ˆÈÚ˘ ÌÈȯ˜ÈÚ‰ Ìȇ˘Â· ÌÂÏ˘ Ú‚˙ÂÓ„Ï ÒÁÈ·Â ‰Ï˘ ÌÈίډ ÌÏÂÒ· ˙˜·„‰ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÈÊÎ¯Ó :˙ÈËÒÈÓ ‰ÚÂ˙ÎÈ‚ÂÏÂÎÈÒÙ‰ ˘Â¯Èى ˙¯ÈÙÒ‰ Ï˘ Ô„ÓÚÓ ,ÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ Á˙Ó‰ Ï˘ ÂϘ˘Ó ,˜È„ˆ‰

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ÂÏÒη ·"Î ,˙¯Á‡ ˙ÂÚÈ„È ,"˘È‡‰Â ÏÚÙÓ‰ – ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚" ,¯‚ÈÂÏ ·˜ÚÈ) "'ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘.(1 'ÓÚ ,˙ÂÓ‡ ,˙¯ÙÒ ,˙·¯˙ ,Á"Ï˘˙

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.(‡"È˘˙) ÊË ÔÂȈ· ÒÙ„˘ ,"˙È„ÈÒÁ‰

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.‰Ê ¯ÙÒ· ¯·Â„È ,ÌȯÁ‡ ÌÈ·¯ ÏÚ ,‰Ï‡ ÏÎ ÏÚ .Â˙‚˘‰ ÈÙ.ÈÚ„Ó‰ ÂÏÚÙÓ Ï˘ ÍÏÓ‰ ͯ„ ˙‡ ˙„ÈÒÁ· ȯ˜ÁÓ‰ ˜ÂÒÈÚ· ‰‡¯ ‡Ï ÌÂÏ˘˙‡ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ͯη ÏÂÏÎÏ ÂÁψ‰ ÔÎ ÏÚ ,ÌÈ·¯ Ìȇ ‰Ê ÌÂÁ˙· Â˙„Â·Ú ˙¯Ù˙‡ ,˙ȯ·Ú· ‰Â˘‡¯Ï ,ԇΠ‡·‰ ,˙‡Ê Û‡ ˙‡Ê ‡Ï 4.˙ÂÒÙ„‰ ÂÈ˙Â„Â·Ú ÏÎ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó .˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ˙È˘‡¯· ÌÈÈÁÈ˘Ó‰ ˙„ÂÒȉ ÏÂ¯Ë ÏÚ ÌÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ¯ӇÓ

.ȯ·Ú‰ ‡¯Â˜Ï ÔÈÓÊ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‰Î „Ú ˙ÈÏ‚‡· ¯˜ӷ ·˙ΉÒÙ„‰ ˙ÂÈÂÚË .˘„ÁÓ ÂÒل‰ ‰‚‰ ,˜„· ‰Ê ¯ÙÒ· ÂÒÂ΢ ÌȯӇӉ ÏÎÌÈÈÂ¯Ê Âȉ˘ ÔÂ˘Ï È˘˜ÚÓ·Â ÌÈ˘Â·È˘· ÔÈ„‰ ‡Â‰Â ,˜Â˙ ¯Â˜Ó· ÂÏÙ˘ ˙·¯Í‡ ,ÌÂȉ ÌȂ‰‰ ‰·È˙Ή ÈÏÏÎÏ ÂÓ‡˙‰ ˜˙‰ ÌȯӇӉ ÏÎ .Ì˘ ȇ ‰Ù ȇÌȯ˜Ó ‰Óη .ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ „ÁÂÈÓ‰ ‚ÒÏ ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ‰·È˙ÎÏ ¯˜È „·ΠÍÂ˙Ó‡¯˘ ÂȯӇÓÓ ¯Ó˘˘ ÌÈÒÈÙ„˙ ÈÏ¢· ÂÓˆÚ ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯˘ ÌȘÈ˙‰ ÂÈÙÏ Â„ÓÚ‡ˆÓ ̉·˘ Ìȯ˜Ó· .Ì¯Â˜Ó ÔÂȈ ÍÂ˙ ˙¯ډÏ ÌȯӇÓÏ Âٯˆ ‰Ï‡Â ,¯Â‡Â٘‰ ,¯Ó‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÂÓÂÒ¯Ù Ê‡Ó ˘„Á˙‰˘ ,ÈÎ„Ú ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· Ú„ÈÓ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï ÔÂÎϯÙÒ·˘ ÌȯӇӉ ÏÎ ËÚÓÎ .< > ÌÈ˙ÂeÊÓ ÌÈȯ‚ÂÒ· ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÈ˙„˜ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙¯˘˜‰‰Â Ú˜¯‰ ˙‡ ÚȈ‰Ï :˙¯ËÓ È˙˘Ï ÔÂÂÎÓ ‡Â‰ ¯˜ÈÚ·˘ ,„ÁÂÈÓ ÁÙÒÏ ÂÎÊÂ˙ÚÙ˘‰Â Â˙ÂÏ·˜˙‰ ˙‡ ,Ô˙È˘ ÏÎÎ ,¯‡˙Ï ÌÈÂÒÓ‰ ¯Ó‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÈÙ¯‚ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰‰Ó ÏÎ ÏÚ ,Ô΄ÂÚÓ Â‡ ÌÈÏ˘Ó ,ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· Ú„ÈÓ ˜ÙÒÏ ;¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙ ÏÚ

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‰‡¯ ÔÎ ÂÓÎ .„È ·˙η ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈ·¯ ÌȘÈ˙ · ,(R 245.1˘) ÂÏ˘ ˙‰‚‰‰ ˜˙ÂÚ ¯ÙÒ ˙ȯ˜ ,"(ÌȘ˙ ˙ÂÙÒ‰) ·ÏÒ¯· È„ÈÒÁ ˙¯ÙÒ Ï˘ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È·Ï" ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚

‰‡¯ ‰Ê ÂÏÚÙÓ ÏÚ .(ÌÈËȯ٠Ìȯ˘Ú Ï˘ ‰ÙÒ‰ ÌȘÈ˙) 570–565 'ÓÚ ,(ı"¯˙–Ë"Ù¯˙).121 ,(471 'ÒÓ) 119 ,È–Ë 'ÓÚ ,Ò"˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ,˙¯ÚÂÓ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈÏ·È· :·ÏÒ¯· ,ÛÒ‡ „„

Max) ¯‰Ï Ò˜Ó Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ ÏÚ ÌÂÏ˘ ÌÒ¯Ù˘ „Â‡Ó ‰¯ˆ˜ ˙È˙¯Â˜È· ‰¯Ú‰ Ì‚ ÂËÓ˘‰

Lohr, Beitrage zur Geschichte des Chassidismus, I: Begriff und Wessen des Chassidismus,

.32 'ÓÚ ,(‰"Ù¯˙) · ¯ÙÒ ˙ȯ˜· ‰ÒÙ„ ÂÊ ‰¯Ú‰ .(Leipzig 1925

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¯ËÂÚ ÌÈÁÙÒ‰ ˙ˆ˜Ó .ÌÂÏ˘ Ï˘ ¯˜ÁÓ ÒÙ„ Ê‡Ó ÌÈÂÒÓ‰ ‡˘Â· ˘„Á˙‰˘˙·‰· ÌÈ¯Â˘˜‰ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ ‡ ÌÈÈ¢‡¯ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó Ô‚Π,˙ˆÂÁ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙·

.Â˙ÂÏ·˜˙‰·Â ¯Ó‡Ó‰Ì˘¯‚˘ ÌÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ÌȯÙÒ‰ ÛÒ‡ ,"ÌÂÏ˘ ˙ÈȯÙÒ"· ‰ÏÂÎ ‰˙˘Ú ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙·ÏÓÈÓ‡ω ÌȯÙÒ‰ ˙È·Ï Â˙ÂÓÏ˘· Â˙¯ÈËÙ ¯Á‡Ï ¯·Ú‰˘Â ÂÈÈÁ ÏÎ ÁÙÈË ÌÂÏ˘.‰Ï·˜‰Â ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ ȯ˜ÂÁ ˙¢¯Ï ÌÂȉ „ÓÂÚ ‡Â‰ Ì˘Â ,ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ȇËÈÒ¯·È‡‰Â˜ÙÒ Ôȇ ,ÏÏÂΉ ÈÚ„Ó‰ ÂÏÚÙÓ· ¯˜ÈÚ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ˙„ÈÒÁ‰ Ï˘ ‰¯˜ÁÓ Ì‡ ̂ȯÙÒ ˜¯ ‡Ï ÍÎ ÏÚ Â„ÈÚÈ .„Â‡Ó „Ú ÂÏ ‰¯˜È ·ÏÏ ‰·Â¯˜ ‰˙ȉ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰˘Ï„‚ ̯ÙÒÓ˘ ,¯˜ÁÓ È¯ÙÒ Ô‰ ¯Â˜Ó ȯÙÒ Ô‰ ,ÂȯÙÒ ÛÒ‡·˘ ÌÈ·¯‰ ˙„ÈÒÁ‰Ì˘¯˘ ˙¯ډ‰ ÈÙχ Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ 5,Â˙ÈȯÙÒ·˘ ˙¯Á‡‰ ˙ÂÈ˙¯ÙÒ‰ ˙·ÈËÁ‰ ÏÎÓÂÏ ˜ÈډϠÌȯÙÒ· ÔÈÈÚÓ˘ ÈÓ ÏÎ ÔÈÊ‰Ï ˙ÂÎÈ˘ÓÓ˘ ˙¯ډ ,ÌÙ‚ ÌȯÙÒ·

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·È·‡-Ï˙ ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ,χ¯˘È ÌÚ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ‚ÂÁ‰ ,ÛÒ‡ „„ ¯ÂÒÙ¯Ù

ȇËÈÒ¯·È‡‰Â ÈÓ‡ω ÌȯÙÒ‰ ˙È· ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ ˙ÈȯÙÒ ,Ò·ÈÏ ¯˙Ò‡ ¯"„

,χ¯˘È ˙·˘ÁÓÏ ‚ÂÁ‰ ,ÌÂÏ˘ Ì˘¯‚ ˘"Ú ‰¯„˙˜‰ ,Ò·ÈÏ ‰„Â‰È ¯ÂÒÙ¯ÙÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ȯ·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È‡‰

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Contents

Preface ix

Hasidism: The Latest Phase 1Haviva Pedaya, Some Notes on “The Latest Phase” 23

The Besht and the Emergence of Hasidism

The Sabbatean Prophet Heshel Tsoref – Adam Ba’al Shem 41

More on Adam Ba’al Shem 46Appendicesa. The Preface of the Copyists of Sefer ha-Tsoref 48b. Rabbi Ephraim Zalman Margulies and Sefer ha-Tsoref:

A document from Joseph Perl’s Archive 52c. Yehuda Liebes, Bibliographic Appendix (A) 56d. David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix (B) 60

The First Two Testimonies on Hasidic Groups and the Besht 64AppendicesDavid Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 82a. A Letter from Gershom Scholem to Haim Liberman 86b. A Letter from Joseph Weiss to Gershom Scholem 87c. A Letter from Haim Liberman to Israel Mehlman 89

The Polemic against Hasidism and Its Leadersin the Book Nezed ha-Dema 91

David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 102

The Historical Image of Rabbi Israel Ba’al Shem Tov 106

Appendicesa. David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 139b. A Letter from Shmuel Werses to Gershom Scholem 144

A Fact about Rabbi Israel Ba’al Shem Tov? 146David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 148

Two Epistles from Palestine, 1760, 1764 149David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 162

On Israel Lobel and his Anti-Hasidic Polemics 164David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 175

Shlomo Dubno’s Testimony about Hasidism 177David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 180

From Devekut to MessianismIdeological and Mystical Aspects of Hasidism

The Development of the Concept of the Zaddikin Jewish Mysticism and Hasidism 185

Moshe Idel, Bibliographic Appendix 226

Gilgul in Hasidism 230

Devekut or Communion with God in Early Hasidism 237Moshe Idel, Bibliographic Appendix 259

The Sub-conscious and the Concept of Kadmut ha-Sekhelin Hasidic Literature 268

Esther Liebes, Reshimu, Hyle and Kadmut ha-Sekhel 277

The Neutralization of the Messianic Element in Early Hasidism 280Appendicesa. Esther Liebes, The Messianic Idea in Hasidism 306b. Esther Liebes, On Joseph Weiss 313

The Thirty-Six Hidden Righteous Men in Jewish Tradition 316

David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 321

On Books and Authors

On Martin Buber’s Work in the Field of Hasidism 325

Martin Buber’s Interpretation of Hasidism 330Martin Buber, Some Notes on the Descriptionof Hasidism 348

Another Note on Buber and Hasidism 354

More on Buber and Hasidism 356Shalom Ratzabi, From Criticism to Denial:Gershom Scholem on Buber’s Hasidism 358

A Review of Simon Dubnow’s Geschichte des Chassidismus 370

Original Epistles of the Besht? 374David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 377

A Review of Haim Yitzhak Bunin’s Mishneh Habad 380David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 383

Ahron Marcus and Hasidism 384David Assaf, Bibliographic Appendix 393

Bibliography and Indexes

Bibliographic Listings of the First Publication of the Articles 395

Works Cited 398

Indexes of Names, Places, Books and Subjects 403