КЛОЧКОВ В.В.ЮЛЬМЕТОВ А.Р.АГАНОВ А.В.

МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ ФИЗИКАИ ТЕРМОДИНАМИКА

Конспекты лекций для студентовнефизических специальностей

КАЗАНЬ 2013

≈ ≈

= /

= , +

= , ⋅= , = °

= / ≈⟨ ⟩ ≈ √ ≈

/ = = .

= , / = , ⋅ /

= , ⋅

= .

= , / = , /

= / = , ⋅ ⋅ , ⋅ / , = , / ⋅ .

= .

= = ,

= /

= / ,

= / .

= = ,

= ,

= /

= == == =

F = p ,

p = p − p = v − v .= =

= − (− ) = .

= + / = / .

= = ./

⟨ ⟩ = = ,

=

= ⟨ ⟩ = .

/ = / =

= ⟨ ⟩

= = ⟨ ⟩ .

= / = ( / )/

= ⟨ ⟩ .

= ( / )

⟨ ⟩ = .

⟨ ⟩ = ,

= + + … + /

= ⟨ ⟩ = = .

= = + +…+= = ( + + … + ) = + + …+ ,

+ + > <+

− ( + ) = ,

= − .

= ,

= = .

= − .

= − .

=

− = .

= / = / ,

= / = /=

= / = / ,=

= / .

( )

( ) =/

− ⋅ .

( )

( ) = .

( )

/

/ = ( ) ,

= / = / .

⟨ ⟩

⟨ ⟩ = ( ) .

( )

⟨ ⟩ = / = / .

∶ ⟨ ⟩ ∶ = √ ∶ / ∶ √ = ∶ , ∶ , .

= /( )

( )( ) = ( )

⋅ = / ( ) / / / .

⟨ ⟩

⟨ ⟩

⟨ ⟩⟨ ⟩

⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ ,

⟨ ⟩ = √ ⟨ ⟩ .

⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ / ⟨ ⟩ = / √ ,

=⟨ ⟩ =

⟨ ⟩ / = ⋅

= − ( / ) ,

/

= ( / ) ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ .

> / <

= − ( / ) ,/

= ( / ) ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ .

> / <

= − ( / ) ,/

= ( / ) ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ .

= = .

=

==

=

∑ = +=

/⟨ ⟩

⟨ ⟩ = .

/

⟨ ⟩ = .

= ⟨ ⟩ = = ,

= = ,

= /

= − +

= + .

= +

= + ,

= =

= = = ,

=

= .

= .

( )

= + .

= .

= ,= /

=

= =

=

= =

= = = ,

= = .

= = .

=

= = ,

= + = + .

= = + = + .

= +

= .

= = .

=

=

= .

= = ,= =

= +=

= = = = ,

= /

> >< <

== +

= −

=

= − = ( − ) .

+ = .= ( )/

+ = ,

+ = ;

+ = ;

+ = ;− = / = −

= /

= = .

= = +

>= >> < <

= = ,

= = + = + ,

= = + .

⋅ ⋅/ ⋅ / ⋅

>

<

= > ,

= < ,

= −

= + = ,

= − ,

= = − = − .

= = − = − ,

= = ( / )= = ( / )

= ,

= .

/ = / .

= − = − = − ,

/ =

= = = = ,

= / = +

= + = + /

= = + = ( + ) .

= − = = + .

= = =

= ≡ ,

/ /= [ ( / )]

= [ ( / )]= = = =

−− − −

−− −

− − −− − − −

<<

=

→ =

=

== = , ⋅

= ,

= /

= /

= .

= +

= +

= − .= = −= =

== ( )

= – = − + = − ( − ) ,= − .

= + = + = + ( ) = ( + ) ,

= + .

= – = + – .

>

=

=≫

≫

= =<

>( ) = − /

=

− =

= − .

= ∼ ( / )

= − − ,

+ ( − ) = .

+ ( − ) = ,

= /

≫

>

<

= − = + − − .

<>

° °

≫ ≈

=

= , = , ° =

/

≠ ≠ ≠ ≠≠ ≠ = = ° ≠ °≠ ≠ = = = °= ≠ = = = °= = = = ≠ °= ≠ = = ° = °= = = = = °

⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ = .

( / )

⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ = .

⟨ ⟩ = ⟨ ⟩ + ⟨ ⟩ = .

= = ,

= = , /( ⋅ )

= = ≈ /( ⋅ ) .

= .

≈

= ,

/

> / <

= ,

( )