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Page 1: یوجبشنادروگتاهراوهگزbayanbox.ir/view/1696346280284382007/Plates-07-Shells-01-Membrane-to... · Pointed dome (Tomb of Atreus, Greece, 1325 B.C.) (Ctesiphon, Iraq,

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ز گهواره ات گور دانش بجوی (ص)حضرت ایپمبر اکرم

دانشکده فنی و مهندسی گروه مهندسی عمران

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تنش های غشائی در پوسته ها

(Membrane Stresses in Shells)

فصل هفتم

دورانی های پوسته غشایی نیروی عمومی معادالت -1

مرکزی متقارن بار اثر تحت دورانی های پوسته -2

متقارن شکل تغییر -3

نامتقارن بار تحت دورانی های پوسته -4

کلی شکل با ای استوانه های پوسته -5

(Contents)فهرست مطالب

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مقدمه

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Stadium in Jeddah

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Barrel Shells, Oakland Airport

Reinforced Concrete Roofs

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Rennbahn Madrid - Torroja 1935 - abgespannte Wellenschale mit ca. 13 m Kraglänge

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Palazetto dello Sport in Rom - Nervi 1958-60

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• BP-Tankstelle Autobahn Bern – Zürich Schweiz

Toronto Sky Dome

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Montreal Olympic Stadium

Stadionüberdachung

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سازه ورزشگاه

ورزشگاه اودام

تحلیل نیروها و تغییر

شکل سازه

معرفی سازه

3تصویر

2تصویر

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سیستم های چادری سیستم های چادری با پایه ها و نقاط اتصال متناوب

سیستم هایی باا قااااگار یااااگی شااایانی نقااااط اتصال

سیستم های چادری نمونه اجگا شده

استادیوم المپیک مونیخ

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42

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Early branch development of domes

Hemispherical dome (Haghia Sophia, Turkey, 6th century)

Pointed dome (Tomb of Atreus, Greece, 1325 B.C.)

Catenary dome (Ctesiphon, Iraq, 6th century)

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Forces in Arches and Vaults

HT = Horizontal thrust LT = Line of thrust which represents the successive action of the voussoirs W = Vertical weight of the masonry and overload (dead and live) T = Thrust, resultant force of the horizontal thrust and weight

Forces in Arches and Vaults

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Imam Dome, in Isfahan (1612-38 (A.D.)

Imam Dome, in Isfahan (1612-38 (A.D.)

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:فرضيات

1 .است كوچك پوسته ميان انحناي شعاع به پوسته ضخامت نسبت-1Rt

.است كوچك پوسته ضخامت با مقایسه در ها مكان تغيير انداره-2

Z .باشد مي كردن صرفنظر قابل نيز اندازه-4

تئوری پوسته های نازک(Theory of Thin Shells)

0~,0 ZxZyZ

بر عمود و صفحه صورت به شكل تغيير از بعد پوسته ميان بر عمود صفحات-3 .مانند مي باقي پوسته ميان

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غشایی نيروهای سيستم

(Membrane Forces)

خمشی نيروهای سيستم

(Bending Forces)

تنش های غشائی(Membrane Stresses)

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عمل مقاومت در مقابل بار یک پوسته(Load Resistance Action of a Shell)

t= 0.4 mm ضخامت

و دست، فشار توسط مرغ تخم سخت شکستن مثال قاشق ضربه توسط مرغ تخم راحت شکستن

t/r=0.4/20=1/50=0.02 بنابراین

در یک تخم مرغ، r= 20 mm دوران محور حول انحناء شعاع

دست فشار توسط مرغ تخم سخت شکستن مثال قاشق ضربه توسط مرغ تخم راحت شکست و

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محور دوران

منحنی مداری

منحنی نصف النهاری

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محور دوران

منحنی مداری

منحنی نصف النهاری

(Meridional Angle) النهاری نصف زاویه = (Parallel Angle) مداری زاویه =

r1 = ضلع به مربوط النهاری نصف شعاع CD (محور بیرون آن مرکز (است واقع دوران

r2 = ضلع به مربوط مداری شعاع AC (واقع دوران محور روی آن مرکز (است

((طول واحد بر) مداری نیروی = (Parallel (Hoop) Force)

محور دوران

منحنی مداری

منحنی نصف النهاری

واحد بر) النهاری نصف نیروی = (Meridional Force) (طول

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Basic Structural Principles

Shells

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Basic Structural Principles

Forces in Arches and Vaults

HT = Horizontal thrust LT = Line of thrust which represents the successive action of the voussoirs W = Vertical weight of the masonry and overload (dead and live) T = Thrust, resultant force of the horizontal thrust and weight

Basic Structural Principles

Forces in Arches and Vaults

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Basic Structural Principles

Forces in Arches and Vaults

Structural Systems of Domes

• Single-Shell Domes

• Double-Shell Domes

• Triple-Shell Domes

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Single-Shell Domes

Double-Shell Domes

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Double-Shell Domes

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• Imam Dome, in Isfahan (1612-38 (A.D.)

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Triple-Shell Domes

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Iranian Arches

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Brick Arrangment

Annular Course

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_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

شکل گنبد های بنایی بدون ممان و بدون کشش(The Shape of Momentless Tensionless Masonry Domes)

What Is the Shape of the Meridional

Curve and Thickness Variation of

Masonry Domes without Tensile

Stresses and Bending Moments?

_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

1cos)( rrprNrNd

d

rpr

N

r

N

21

* Equilibrium Equations for Symmetrically

Loaded Shells of Revolution:

_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

* By Eliminating in Regions where It

May Become Tensile, That Is : N

0N

\1

0rhh

Bph

Ar

cos

sin1ln

22

Thickness

Radius

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In Taj-al-Mulk dome (1088 A.D.) with its striking

geometry, containing the Golden Ratio and Golden Mean spiral:

* For weight loading the dimensions of the dome exactly

match the mathematical formulae for the shape of the

meridional curve and thickness variation of masonry

domes without tensile stresses and bending forces.

_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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وزن بار تحت الملک تاج گنبد در النهاری نصف های تنش (مربع متر بر نیوتن 500000 = فشاری مقاومت)

وزن بار تحت الملک تاج گنبد در مداری های تنش (مربع متر بر نیوتن 50000 = کششی مقاومت )

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_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

* The resultant stresses due to the system of bending

forces are negligible compared with the system of

membrane forces not only for weight load but also

for wind and temperature and more significantly

for the dynamic effects of earthquakes.

Taj-al-Mulk Dome

Taj-al-Mulk dome, variations of forces along the

height at the critical section _____________________________________________________________________ Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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Taj-al-Mulk dome, variations of bending

moments along the height at the critical section. _____________________________________________________________________ Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Taj-al-Mulk Dome

Taj-al-Mulk Dome, Mode Shapes

Hz803.371 f

f2 47 427 . Hz

_____________________________________________________________________ Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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f3 55182 . Hz

Hz574 f

____________________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Taj-al-Mulk Dome, Mode Shapes

f5 63833 . Hz_____________________________________________________________________ Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Taj-al-Mulk Dome, Mode Shapes

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* Is Very Small.

* Is Negligible.

* Natural Frequencies: 37.8,

47.4, 55.2, 57 and 63.8 Hz

M

M

_____________________________________________________________________ Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Taj-al-Mulk Dome

Stresses in the Taj-al-Mulk Dome at the Critical Section

____________________________________________________________________ Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

* The resultant stresses due to the system of bending

forces are negligible compared with the system of

membrane forces not only for weight load but also

for wind and temperature and more significantly

for the dynamic effects of earthquakes.

_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Taj-al-Mulk Dome

* FE Analysis Shows:

Different Shapes of Cross-Section, or

Meridional Thickness Variation

Would Increase the Magnitude of

Internal Stresses and Forces.

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* Persian architecture is the Sacred

Geometrisation of Divine Beauty.

_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

* Persian architecture is the Sacred

Geometrisation of Divine Beauty.

_____________________________________________________________________

Mehrdad Hejazi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg., Univ. of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

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مثالبر واحد سطح را pسقف گنبدی کروی شکل زیر تحت بار وزن

:مطلوبست. در نظر بگیرید .نیم کرویتعیین تنش ها برای یک گنبد –الف

صورتی در گنبد این برای کششی و فشاری های تنش کنترل -ب قطر و cm 20 ضخامت دارای و شده ساخته آجری مصالح از کهm 26 باشد.

.گنبد موضعی کمانش کنترل -ج

The Golden Ratio * It is often designated by the Greek letter Φ, for

Phideas (circa 490-430 B.C.), Athenian sculptor and artistic director of the construction of the Parthenon, who supposedly used the Golden Ratio in his work.

* Found in fundamental forms: plants, flowers,

viruses, DNA, shells, planets and galaxies.

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* The Golden Ratio is the unique ratio of two terms when the ratio of the larger term to the smaller term is in the same way as the smaller plus larger to the larger.

= (1+√5)/2 = 1.618

longer = shorter = 1

Sum = 2

* The Golden Ration symbolises the regeneration and progression and extension from the Unity as each generation is linked to its ancestors. It is the perfect division of the Unity.

* The Golden Ratio is the most pleasing aesthetic proportion.

*

*

....)))))../11/(11/(11/(11/(11/(11 432322 ;;1;1/1

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1AB

1 FBEG

)618.1(EB, )618.0(11 GB

,

)382.0(11 FGGI

,

)382.0(1 2FG

,

)236.0(1 3JG

The Golden Ratio in the pentagon and pentagram

Human canon and the Golden Ratio.

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The Fibonacci Series in the chronology of rabbit populations.

The Fibonacci Series in the distribution of leaves around a central stem: 3 leaves in 5 turns, 5

leaves in 8 turns.

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* The Divine Ratio as sacred measure

and aesthetic proportion in order to

embody the spirit in the matter.

* Greeks sought divinity at the Oracle of

Del-Phi.

* Pythagoras was initiated in Egypt’s

Mystery School temples in the ancient

city of Phi-la-del-Phi-a.

The Great Pyramid and the Golden Ratio.

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Parthenon, the Golden Rectangle.

1

Spirals

* The spiral created by a recursive nest of

Golden Rectangles found in:

** In snake coil

** In an elephant trunk

** In the cochlea of the inner ear

** In the shape of the Nautilus

pompilius shell

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Nautilus pompilius, the Golden Mean spiral.

Seed distribution in sunflower and pinecone based on the Golden Spiral.

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* For the Pythagoreans this form symbolises

the dynamics of the rhythmic generation of

the cosmos, and represents universal love.

* In Persian architecture, arabesque patterns

are based on ascending spirals with

succession of form elements indicating the

idea of infinity and multiplicity, as the

creation of the universe; return to the Unity.

Arabesque as the cosmic spiral, the journey towards the Unity

through multiplicity, Chahar-Bagh madrassa, Isfahan, 1706-14

A.D.

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* For a Hemispherical Dome under Self

Weight:

cos1

coscos1 2

prN

If then: 0N

0coscos1 2

Then

1

2

51cos

Or

0551

The Meridional Force at this Angle Is

Inversely Proportional to the Golden Ratio:

)1

(cos1

1

prprN

Golden Angle

Golden Force

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نصف که) ماکزیمم فشاری تنش و پوسته سطح واحد وزن :با برابرند ترتیب به (است النهاری

= (300) X 13 / 0.20

= 19500 kg/m2 = 1.95 kg/cm2

< fc = 30 kg/cm2 O.K.

مخرج و صورت از گنبد ضخامت باال، معادله در که شود توجه .است ضخامت از مستقل شده محاسبه تنش و گردد می حذف

p = rt = 1500 X 0.2 = 300 kg/m2

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وزن بار تحت الملک تاج گنبد در النهاری نصف های تنش (مربع متر بر نیوتن 500000 = فشاری مقاومت)

:با است برابر (است مداری که) ماکزیمم کششی تنش

= 300 X 13 / 0.20

= 19500 kg/m2 = 1.95 kg/cm2

< ft = 3 kg/cm2 O.K.

مخرج و صورت از گنبد ضخامت باال، معادله در که شود توجه .است ضخامت از مستقل شده محاسبه تنش و گردد می حذف

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وزن بار تحت الملک تاج گنبد در مداری های تنش (مربع متر بر نیوتن 50000 = کششی مقاومت )

:بزرگ قطر با حتی ،وزن بار تحت بنایی گنبدهای برای

فشاری مقاومت از تر کوچک بسیار ماکزیمم فشاری تنش -1 .است

معموال است مداری صورت به که ماکزیمم کششی تنش -2 .است کششی مقاومت از تر کوچک

.کند می قائم های ترک ایجاد صورت این غیر در - رینگ از توان می قائم های ترک ایجاد از جلوگیری برای •

.کرد استفاده بند پشت دیوار یا کش، یا کششی، های از قبل توان می قائم های ترک ایجاد از جلوگیری برای •

تغییر را قوس شعاع زاویه به رسیدن .داد

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Majid-i-Jami, Ushturjan, 1315-16 A.D.

Majid-i-Jami, Ushturjan, 1315-16 A.D.

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Rahim Khan Mosque, Isfahan, 19th Century A.D.

Rahim Khan Mosque, Isfahan, 19th Century A.D.

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Rahim Khan Mosque, Isfahan, 19th Century A.D.

Rahim Khan Mosque, Isfahan, 19th Century A.D.

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Masjid-i-Naw, Isfahan, 1854 A.D.

Masjid-i-Naw, Isfahan, 1854 A.D.

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Masjid-i-Naw, Isfahan, 1854 A.D.

Masjid-i-Naw, Isfahan, 1854 A.D.

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Masjid-i-Naw, Isfahan, 1854 A.D.

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End

Membrane Stresses in Shells