Insecurity from Excessive Security — Critique on Japan’s Attempts at Constitutional Reform and Rearmament
|
180

, 21
:
(insecurity) ‘’ ? ‘’
‘’ .

‘’ .
.
‘’
‘’ .

. ‘’

.
The article problematizes a prevailing assumption in international se-
curity literature that the lack of security equals insecurity. Instead,
this article adopts a postmodern view that international insecurity can also
be created by excessive security. This article aims to investigate how Ja-
pan’s continuous attempts at constitutional reform and rearmament can
be problematic in terms of regional security in Northeast Asia. Thus, im-
munological and neurological perceptions of ‘security’ are introduced to
highlight features of contemporary international security in the 21st century
_.indb 180 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
181 21
that are distinct from the Cold War period. Based on neurological insight,
it is argued that Japan’s rush towards constitutional reform can be per-
ceived as a political undertaking to produce a status change rather than to
maintain a status quo. Eventually, it would unnecessarily provoke Japan’s
neighbours in the region by engendering excessive security, which may
undermine the stability in Northeast Asia.
keywords Northeast Asia, Ontological (In)security,
Japanese Peace Constitution, Normal Country
_.indb 181 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
182
, ,
, , ,
.
‘’ ‘’
. ,

.
(‘ ’)
,

.
‘’
.

. .
.
(insecurity) ‘’ ?
‘’ ‘’
. , ‘(threat)’
1 ‘’ ‘’
.
_.indb 182 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
183 21
(balance)’ ( ) ‘’
. ,
·

(Hertz 1950,
157-159). (Robert Jervis)
‘ (deterrence model)’
,
‘ (spiral model)’ (Jervis
1976). ,
‘
(misperception)’

(Jervis 1976).2
,
,
‘’ ‘’

.
21 .

2 Jervis(1978) .
_.indb 183 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
184
’
.
.
. II

, III ‘’

. IV ‘’
‘’
, ‘’

.
21


.
II : ‘ ’
‘ ’
‘’

_.indb 184 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
185 21

(Buzan 1991; 1997; 1998).



(Booth 2005). ,
,

. , ,
.
.
. ,


(Hansen
2000).


. ,
,
(: ).
_.indb 185 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
186

‘’ ,
.

. ,
,
,
, ,
‘’

.
, ‘’
(zero-sum game)
20 . 19
100
‘ ’ , ‘ ’
.
,
. 1

‘’ . ‘’
.
, (post-war nation re-
_.indb 186 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
187 21
.
‘ ’
.

.

. (George W. Bush Jr.)
(, , ) ‘
’ . ,


, (, self) (, others)
()
.
.


. 9·11 . 2001
(The Patriot Act)
. ,
,
.
_.indb 187 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
188
.
() .
,

. (tolerance)



.
. ‘’
2001 9 11
. ,
‘(legal aliens)’,
. 2005 7 7 21

2(homegrown terrorists) ‘
’ .
()
.
.
‘’
_.indb 188 2017. 6. 8. 1:29
189 21
. (populist)
(UKIP: The UK Independence Party, BNP: The
British National Party ) ‘
(British Job for British People)’ ,
,
.
2011 5
(David Cameron)
.

, 1 (non-EU
citizens) , 2 EU
. 2011
EU
EU
EU , ,
.
‘’ ‘’
‘/’
(· 2016).


. ‘
_.indb 189 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
190
,
.
,
()
.
‘’
‘’
. (
) ( )

.
,
.
21 20
.
,
.
,


.
‘’
‘’ .
_.indb 190 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
191 21
/
. , ,
.
21

.
III 21 :

‘-’ ‘-’
.
‘
(foreign)’
(self-non-self model)(Matzinger 2007).


. ,
‘(preemptive action)’

_.indb 191 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
192
( 2007, 11-50).
.
() ()
. -
,
(a nation like no other)
(the
Un-American)
(Morone 2014, 22, 25). ,


,
(Hartz 1955).
“
,

” (· 2009, 139).
‘’
2
‘’
.
‘ ’, ‘ ’
,
_.indb 192 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
193 21
(High-tech War)
(military industry)
·
(). ,

, , ,
() . ,
‘’ 3 ‘’
. , ‘’
‘’ (security asset)
.
1 .
2. :

.
1.
20 21
1.
2. / /
3. -
4.
_.indb 193 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
194
2007, 11). ,
,
,
(friendly), (dangerous)
.

.
, .
, ‘(fat)’
(well-being)
( 2012, 17).
(Jean Baudrillard)
. ,

(Baudrillard 1993).
. ,


.
,

.
_.indb 194 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
195 21

( 2012, 18).
, 21


. , 21
20


.
. 21

. ,
‘’ ‘’ , ‘
’ ‘’ . ,


.

.
-
. ,
‘’,
_.indb 195 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
196
,
.

.
‘’ .
‘()’
. ,

. ,
,

,
()

.


_.indb 196 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
197 21
. ,

,
. ,


. (,
-‘’)
.
IV ‘’ :
‘’ ‘’


() .

.
.
1. :
2 1947
_.indb 197 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
198
.


.3
1950 7 8 , 1952 , 1954
(
2005, 71).
2
(
2015).4 1950 6 (John Foster Dulles)
()
, 1952 12
(personal representative) (
)
( 2005, 71; Schaller 1997, 65). 1953 7

3 1791
‘’
, 1947
( 2015, 213).
4
. , 1949 4 Dudge


(Schaller 1997, 18).
199 21
120).
‘ ’
‘ ’
‘ ’ .
(Robert
Murphy) . “[]

. 4
. …

”( 2015, 104
). ‘ ’
‘’ ,
(
2012).
‘’
‘’
( 2005, 68-69; 2015, 214). , 1952
11 “ ‘
’ ‘’
,
‘’ ”
( 2005, 72). , 1954 12
_.indb 199 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
200
() ‘ ’
9 1 ( 2005,
72; 2002, 464, 518).

.
. ,
.
,
‘ ’
, ‘ ’ .5
2
.6 ,

. ,

5 , “
,
”. ,
.
.
··
. ‘’ ‘ ’
( 2015, 12, 16).
6 2006 12 20 , 2 131
106(80.9%) . 2
(306) 35% ( 2006, 145-146).
_.indb 200 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
201 21
.
2. :


.
‘’
.
1980 1990
.
1955 ,

.7 , ()


.8 ,
.
7 , 50
·

( 1964)
8 2
.
(Ozawa 1994).
202
.

,
.
1990

.
‘’, ‘
’( , ), ‘’ ‘
’ 2012 12
( 2013, 94-
104). ,
,
( 2013, 97).


. , 2

.


.
‘ ’ .
_.indb 202 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
203 21


.

.
.
, 1996 , 1997
() , 2002
.
2001

,

. , 2


1.

/

204
.9

. (,
[])


.


21 .
(Donald Trump) ‘’
,

(Yoshida
2016).
( 2005, 75).
,

. ,

,
9
. (2009); (2016).
_.indb 204 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
205 21
( 2005, 75).
,
.

. ,

. , ()
. ,

. ,
.
.

.

, ‘
(normalization)’ .



_.indb 205 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
206
.
. ,


.
, ‘=’
.
‘==
’

.



. ,

. 30%
, 60%
,
.
,

.
_.indb 206 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
207 21
,
(status
change) .

. 2 ‘
’
, ,

(
[reverse course]).
(the restoration of status quo) .
,

. ·
·
,


‘’ .

. , ‘’

.

_.indb 207 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
208
.



.


.

.


.

,
.
V
. ,
‘/ = / ’
_.indb 208 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
209 21
‘’()
‘(in-between)’
.
) . , , , (security)
(insecurity),
,
.

, ‘(/)’ .

.
,

.
, 21 1) () ()
, 2)

.

_.indb 209 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
210

.
,
.
‘(normalization)’
.

.
.
.


.
. ,
,
.



.
, ()
_.indb 210 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
211 21
)
( ).

,
.


. 20



.
,
.
.
,

. ,
.

,

_.indb 211 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
212
. , 21


. ,
‘’ ‘
’
‘’ (relational International
Relations theory) .
_.indb 212 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
213 21
19:2, pp. 141-160.
. 2005. “ .” 33:3, pp. 65-
80.
16:1, pp. 213-245.
. 2012. “ () : ‘
’ .” 37 pp. 173-203.
_______. 2015. : . .
. 2010. . . .
. 2016 “ 55 : .” 59 3, pp.
1-24.
. 2013. “ ’ :
.” 29:1, pp. 91-121.
·. 2016. “Brexit :
.” 2016 : EU
(2016.12.2, , ) .
·. 2009. “ .”
18 3, pp. 137-163.
. 2012. . .
Baudrillard, Jean. 1993. translated by James Benedict. The Transparency of Evil:
Essays on Extreme Phenomena. London and New York: Verso.
Buzan, Barry. 1991. People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International
Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. 2nd ed. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
____________. 1997. “Rethinking Security after the Cold War.” Cooperation and
Conflict. 32:1. pp 5-28.
Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework
for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Booth, Ken(ed.). 2005. Critical Security Studies and World Politics. London and
Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner.
Camilleri, Joseph A. 1994. “Security: Old Dilemmas and New Challenges in the
Post-Cold War Environment.” Military Geography: The Changing Role of
the Military. 34:2, pp. 135-145.

214
Cottey, Andrew and Derek Averre(eds.). 2002. New Security Challenges in
Postcommunist Europe: Securing Europe’s East. Manchester and New
York: Manchester University Press.
Hansen, Lene. 2000. “The Little Mermaid’s Silent Security Dilemma: The Absence
of Gender in the Copenhagen School.” Millennium. 29:2, pp. 289-306.
Hartz, Louis. 1955. The Liberal Tradition in America: The Interpretation of
American Political Thought since the Revolution. New York: Harcourt,
Brace & World.
Herz, John H. 1950. ‘Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma’. World
Politics. 2:2, pp.157-180.
Hughes, Christopher. 2004. Japan’s Re-emergence as a ‘Normal’ Military Power.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
30:2. pp. 167-214.
Kaldor, Mary. 1999. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era.
Stanford C.A.: Stanford University Press.
Matzinger, Polly. 2007. “Friendly and Dangerous Signals: Is The Tissue in
Control?” Nature Immunology. 8:1. pp.11-13.
Morone, James A. 2014. The Devils We Know: Us and Them in America’s
Raucous Political Culture. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Samuels, Richard J. 2007. Securing Japan: Tokyo’s Grand Strategy and the
Future of East Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Schaller, Michael. 1997. Altered States: The United States and Japan since the
Occupation. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Murphy, Robert. 1964. Diplomat Among Warriors. New York: Garden City.
Osada, Masako. 2002. Sanctions and Honorary Whites: Diplomatic Policies
and Economic Realities in Relations between Japan and South Africa.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Phillips, Tom. 2016. “China ‘seriously concerned’ after Trump questions Taiwan
Policy.” The Guardian(2016.12.12). https://www.theguardian.com/us-
policy [: 2016.12.14].
Yoshida, Reiji. 2016. “Trump remarks prompt debate over cost of Japan-US
Defense ties.” The Japan Times(2016.5.16). http://www.japantimes.co.jp/
news/2016/05/16/reference/trump-remarks-prompt-debate-cost-japan-u-s-
215 21
. 1964. ‘1955’. . 4.
_.indb 215 2017. 6. 8. 1:30
216
Foundation)

“Nation Branding for Survival in North Korea: The Arirang Festival and
Nuclear Weapons Tests”, “ ?:
”, “· ‘ ’ ·
”, “Adieu, Nuclear Security Summit, and Next?”, “-
: ”, “EURATOM: Bridging ‘Rapprochement’
and ‘Radiance’ of France in the Post-war”
ejrcho@nahf.or.kr